英文论文翻译稿(精)

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论文英文文翻译

Guidance Notes for completing application formPart 1 Personal InformationEligibility to work at the British CouncilWe are only able to accept applications from individuals who have the right to work in the country to which they have applied.Personal InformationThe British Council’s normal retirement age is 65. If you are over this age, or within 6 months of it, at the time you apply to join us, in line with the Equality (Age) Regulations 2006, we will consider your application but reserve the right to reject it if we consider that we would be unlikely to derive sufficient benefit from your appointment in the period before your retirement.Criminal Convictions (UK)Subject to certain exempted occupations, convictions that are ‘spent’ under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 need not be mentioned. Please be aware that declaring a conviction will not automatically disqualify you from being employed unless this post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check.If the post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check, British Council is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people and expects all of its partners to share this commitment. Appointment to these roles are subject to enhanced Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) checks in the UK, and, where appropriate, equivalent systems overseas.Data ProtectionThe British Council will use the information you provide in this form to process your application. If your application is successful and you take up employment with the British Council, this form will be kept on your personnel file and some details from it will be held electronically by Human Resources in line with the Data Protection Act (1998). If your application is unsuccessful, this form willbe kept on file for one year after completion of the recruitment exercise and then securely destroyed.The British Council will treat all personal details in accordance with UK law and its own privacy policy. Under Data Protection law you have the right to ask for a copy of the information we hold on you, for which we may charge a fee, and the right to ask us to correct any inaccuracies in that information. If you do want more information about this please contact your local British Council office or the Data Protection Team dataprotection@. Part 2 Job-Related InformationDisabilityThe UK Disability Discrimination Act 1995 defines a person with a disability as someone who has a physical or mental impairment (including a learning or sensory impairment) that has a substantial and long term adverse effect on his/her ability to carry out normal day to day activities. In any country, it is British Council policy to interview all applicants who are disabled and who meet the essential criteria for an advertised job.Employment and professional informationPlease give details of your employment for the last 10 years, or since leaving full-time education if this is sooner, starting with the most recent employment. Account for all your time, including voluntary work or other periods away from work. Please be aware that it will not prejudice your application if you disclose a period of ill health or a period out of formal employment (e.g. time spent at home bringing up children).Other relevant experiencePlease note that this does not need to be limited to work experience. It can include experience of volunteering or of roles held within the community e.g. youth worker, community worker or leader etc..。

英语议论文范文带翻译

英语议论文范文带翻译As we all know, English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. It is the official language of many countries and is also widely used as a second language in many others. English plays a crucial role in international communication, business, science, and technology. Therefore, it is important for us to master English and be able to express our opinions and ideas effectively in this language.英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言之一，它是许多国家的官方语言，并且在许多其他国家也被广泛用作第二语言。

英语在国际交流、商业、科学和技术领域起着至关重要的作用。

因此，我们掌握英语，能够有效地用这种语言表达我们的观点和想法非常重要。

When writing an English argumentative essay, it is important to have a clear thesis statement that presents your main argument. This thesis statement should be supported by evidence and examples to strengthen your argument. It is also important to consider the opposing viewpoints and address them in a respectful and persuasive manner.在写英语议论文时，重要的是要有一个清晰的论点陈述，表达你的主要论点。

毕业论文翻译材料(中英)

原文Sometimes it becomes apparent that previous approaches to a problem haven’t quite worked the way you anticipated.Perhaps you just need to clear away the smoky residue of the past,take a deep breath,and try again with a new attitude and fresh ideas. In golf,it’s known as a“mulligan”;in schoolyard sports,it’s called a “do-over”;and in the computer industry,we say it’s a“reboot.”A reboot is what Microsoft has initiated with its new approach to the mobile phone market.With its clean look,striking fonts,and new organizational paradigms, Microsoft Windows Phone7not only represents a break with the Windows Mobile past but also differentiates itself from other smartphones currently in the market. Windows Phone7devices will be made by several manufacturers and available with a variety of cell providers.For programmers,Windows Phone7is also exciting,for it supports two popular and modern programming platforms:Silverlight and XNA.Silverlight—a spinoff of the client-based Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)—has already given Web programmers unprecedented power to develop sophisticated user interfaces with a mix of traditional controls,high-quality text, vector graphics,media,animation,and data binding that run on multiple platforms and browsers.Windows Phone7extends Silverlight to mobile devices.XNA—the three letters stand for something like“XNA is Not an Acronym”—is Microsoft’s game platform supporting both2D sprite-based and3D graphics with a traditional game-loop architecture.Although XNA is mostly associated with writing games for the Xbox360console,developers can also use XNA to target the PC itself, as well as Microsoft’s classy audio player,the Zune HD.Either Silverlight or XNA would make good sense as the sole application platform for the Windows Phone7,but programmers have a choice.And this we call“an embarrassment of riches.”Targeting Windows Phone7All programs for Windows Phone7are written managed code.Although the sample programs in this book are written in the C#programming language,it is also possible to write Windows Phone7applications in Visual .The free downloadable Microsoft Visual Studio2010Express for Windows Phone includes XNA Game Studio4.0 and an on-screen phone emulator,and also integrates with Visual Studio2010.You can develop visuals and animations for Silverlight applications using Microsoft Expression Blend.2The Silverlight and XNA platforms for Windows Phone7share some libraries,and you can use some XNA libraries in a Silverlight program and vice versa.But you can’t create a program that mixes visuals from both platforms.Maybe that will be possible in the future,but not now.Before you create a Visual Studio project,you must decide whether your million-dollar idea is a Silverlight program or an XNA program. Generally you’ll choose Silverlight for writing programs you might classify as applications or utilities.These programs are built from a combination of markup and code.The markup is the Extensible Application Markup Language,or XAML andpronounced“zammel.”The XAML mostly defines a layout of user-interface controls and panels.Code-behind files can also perform some initialization and logic,but are generally relegated to handling events from the controls.Silverlight is great for bringing to the Windows Phone the style of Rich Internet Applications(RIA), including media and the Web.Silverlight for Windows Phone is a version of Silverlight3excluding some features not appropriate for the phone,but compensating with some enhancements.XNA is primarily for writing high-performance games.For2D games,you define sprites and backgrounds based around bitmaps;for3D games you define models in3D space. The action of the game,which includes moving graphical objects around the screen and polling for user input,is synchronized by the built-in XNA game loop.The differentiation between Silverlight-based applications and XNA-based games is convenient but not restrictive.You can certainly use Silverlight for writing games and you can even write traditional applications using XNA,although doing so might sometimes be challenging.In particular,Silverlight might be ideal for games that are less graphically oriented,or use vector graphics rather than bitmap graphics,or are paced by user-time rather than clock-time.A Tetris-type program might work quite well in Silverlight.You’ll probably find XNA to be a bit harder to stretch into Silverlight territory,however.Implementing a list box in XNA might be considered“fun”by some programmers but a torture by many others.The first several chapters in this book describe Silverlight and XNA together,and then the book splits into different parts for the two platforms.I suspect that some developers will stick with either Silverlight or XNA exclusively and won’t even bother learning the other environment.I hope that’s not a common attitude.The good news is that Silverlight and XNA are so dissimilar that you can probably bounce back and forth between them without confusion!Microsoft has been positioning Silverlight as the front end or“face”of the cloud, so cloud services and Windows Azure form an important part of Windows Phone7 development.The Windows Phone is“cloud-ready.”Programs are location-aware and have access to maps and other data through Bing and Windows Live.One of the available cloud services is Xbox Live,3which allows XNA-based programs to participate in online multiplayer games,and can also be accessed by Silverlight applications.Programs you write for the Windows Phone7will be sold and deployed through the Windows Phone Marketplace,which provides registration services and certifies that programs meet minimum standards of reliability,efficiency,and good behavior. I’ve characterized Windows Phone7as representing a severe break with the past. If you compare it with past versions of Windows Mobile,that is certainly true.But the support of Silverlight,XNA,and C#are not breaks with the past,but a balance of continuity and innovation.As young as they are,Silverlight and XNA have already proven themselves as powerful and popular platforms.Many skilled programmers are already working with either one framework or the other—probably not so many withboth just yet—and they have expressed their enthusiasm with a wealth of online information and communities.C#has become the favorite language of many programmers (myself included),and developers can use C#to share libraries between their Silverlight and XNA programs as well as programs for environments. The Hardware ChassisDevelopers with experience targeting Windows Mobile devices of the past will find significant changes in Microsoft’s strategy for the Windows Phone7.Microsoft has been extremely proactive in defining the hardware specification,often referred to as a“chassis.”Initial releases of Windows Phone7devices will have one consistent screen size.(A second screen size is expected in the future.)Many other hardware features are guaranteed to exist on each device.The front of the phone consists of a multi-touch display and three hardware buttons generally positioned in a row below the display.From left to right,these buttons are called Back,Start,and Search:•Back Programs can use this button for their own navigation needs,much like the Back button on a Web browser.From the home page of a program,the button causes the program to terminate.•Start This button takes the user to the start screen of the phone;it is otherwise inaccessible to programs running on the phone.4•Search The operating system uses this button to initiate a search feature.The initial releases of Windows Phone7devices have a display size of480×800 pixels.In the future,screens of320×480pixels are also expected.There are no other screen options for Windows Phone7,so obviously these two screen sizes play a very important role in phone development.In theory,it’s usually considered best to write programs that adapt themselves to any screen size,but that’s not always possible,particularly with game development.You will probably find yourself specifically targeting these two screen sizes,even to the extent of having conditional code paths and different XAML files for layout that is size-dependent.I will generally refer to these two sizes as the“large”screen and the “small“screen.The greatest common denominator of the horizontal and vertical dimensions of both screens is160,so you can visualize the two screens as multiples of160-pixel squares:480320480800I’m showing these screens in portrait mode because that’s usually the way smartphones are designed.The screen of the original Zune is240×320pixels;the Zune HD is272×480.Of course,phones can be rotated to put the screen into landscape mode.Some programs might require the phone to be held in a certain orientation;others might be moreadaptable.You have complete control over the extent to which you support orientation.By default,Silverlight applications appear in portrait mode,but you’ll probably want to write your Silverlight applications so they adjust themselves to orientation changes.New events are available specifically for the purpose of detecting orientation change,and some orientation shifts are handled automatically.In contrast,game programmers can usually impose a particular orientation on the user. XNA programs use landscape mode by default,but it’s easy to override that.5In portrait mode,the small screen is half of an old VGA screen(that is,640×480).In landscape mode,the large screen has a dimension sometimes called WVGA (“wide VGA”).In landscape mode,the small screen has an aspect ratio of3:2or 1.5;the large screen has an aspect ratio of5:3or1.66….Neither of these matches the aspect ratio of television,which for standard definition is4:3or1.33…and for high-definition is16:9or1.77….The Zune HD screen has an aspect ratio of 16:9.Like many recent phones and the Zune HD,the Windows Phone7displays will likely use OLED(“organic light emitting diode”)technology,although this isn’t a hardware requirement.OLEDs are different from flat displays of the past in that power consumption is proportional to the light emitted from the display.For example, an OLED display consumes less than half the power of an LCD display of the same size, but only when the screen is mostly black.For an all-white screen,an OLED consumes more than three times the power of an LCD.Because battery life is extremely important on mobile devices,this characteristic of OLED displays implies an aesthetic of mostly black backgrounds with sparse graphics and light-stroked fonts.Regardless,Windows Phone7users can choose between two major color themes:light text on a dark background,or dark text on a light background.Most user input to a Windows Phone7program will come through multi-touch.The screens incorporate capacitance-touch technology,which means that they respond to a human fingertip but not to a stylus or other forms of pressure.Windows Phone7 screens are required to respond to at least four simultaneous touch-points.A hardware keyboard is optional.Keep in mind that phones can be designed in different ways,so when the keyboard is in use,the screen might be in either portrait mode or landscape mode.A Silverlight program that uses keyboard input must respond to orientation changes so that the user can both view the screen and use the keyboard without wondering what idiot designed the program sideways.An on-screen keyboard is also provided,known in Windows circles as the Soft Input Panel or SIP.XNA programs also have access to the hardware keyboard and SIP.译文有时候以前的方法显然无法达到预期效果，这时也许需要告别迷雾茫茫的过去。

英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）

英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，小编整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！英语作文范文带中文翻译Manyyearsago,themovieabouttheyouthbecameverypopular, everyyear,wecanseeman yhotmoviesabouttheprotagonist’spassedyouth.Peopleliketorec alltheirpassedyouth, whichmakessuchmoviessellgood.ButIfindthecommonthingsabo utthesemovies,alltheprotagonists’youthareaboutfighting,loveandothernegativethin gs.Iunderstandthedirectors’intention,they wanttotellpeopleyouthisnotperfectandhav ingpities.Ofcoursemovieisexaggerating,therealyouthisaboutstudying,atleast,mostp eoplehaveworkedsohardtogetintotheiridealcolleges.Whatthemoviesdescribemakeup somepeople’syouth,forwhichtheydon’thavethechancetoexperienc e.Weshouldnot bemisledbythesemovies,fortheteenagers,theirjobistostudy,sothattheycanhaveabright future.【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。

毕业论文的外文译文

毕业论文的外文译文Due to the increasing importance of communication and cooperation in today's globalized world, businesses are constantly looking for ways to improve their cross-cultural communication skills. One area where these skills are crucial is in the internationalization of companies, where firms require a deep understanding of the cultural differences in order to be successful. This requires a comprehensive understanding of not only language, but also the cultural norms and values of the target market. In this thesis, we will explore the importance of cross-cultural communication in international businesses and how it can be improved.The primary challenge in cross-cultural communication is the language barrier. While English is the dominant language in international business, many firms find that it's not enough to communicate effectively with their target market. There are cultural differences in the way people use language, as well as differences in nonverbal communication such as body language and facial expressions. For instance, in Japan, it's common to nod and smile even if one does not agree with astatement, whereas in the United States, a lack of disagreement often means agreement. These differences can lead to misunderstandings in business conversations, which can ultimately harm business relationships.In order to overcome these language barriers, companies need to invest in language training for their employees. This training should focus not only on the language itself, but also on the cultural norms and values associated with the language. For example, a Japanese training program might teach students about the concepts of harmony and respect in Japanese culture, and how these values influence the way people communicate with each other. By understanding these cultural norms, employees will be able to communicate more effectively with their Japanese counterparts.Another challenge in cross-cultural communication is understanding the cultural context of business interactions. In some cultures, business is conducted in a more formal manner, with a strong emphasis on hierarchy and protocol. In other cultures, business is more informal and relaxed. Companies need to understand these differences in order to work effectively in international markets.To overcome these context challenges, companies should incorporate cultural training into their employee training programs. Cultural training should focus on the history, customs, and traditions of the target market. It should also address the specific business practices and protocol required for success in that market.In conclusion, cross-cultural communication is a key determinant of success in international businesses. In order to succeed in foreign markets, companies must have a deep understanding of the language, cultural norms, and values of their target market. This requires a comprehensive training program that not only focuses on language skills, but also on the cultural context of business interactions. With the right training and support, companies can improve their cross-cultural communication skills and achieve success in global markets.。

英语议论文带翻译范文初中

Case study 2:Li Hua
Li Hua is another middle school student who initially struggled with English. However, with the guidance of his English teacher and the use of interactive learning materials, Li Hua made steady progress. He participated in English debates, wrote essays, and even gave presentations in English. These experiences helped build his confidence and improved his overall academic performance.
4. Speaking:
- Engage in conversations with English speakers.
- Join English clubs or conversation groups.
- Practice pronunciation by repeating phrases and sentences.
Conclusion:
Learning English is of utmost importance for middle school students. It opens doors to global communication, academic success, career prospects, and personal growth. By utilizing practical examples, templates, and enhancing English skills in reading, writing, listening, and speaking, middle school students can effectively develop their language abilities and be well-prepared for the future.

毕业论文英文翻译

毕业论文英文翻译Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment Abstract:This paper explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on employment. The rise of AI technologies has sparked concerns about its potential to replace human jobs. Through an analysis of existing literature and case studies, this study investigates the ways in which AI has affected various industries and job sectors. The findings indicate that while AI has the potential to automate certain tasks and reduce the need for human intervention, it also creates new job opportunities and contributes to economic growth. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of retraining and upskilling workers to adapt to the changing job market. Overall, this research contributes to a better understanding of the complex relationship between AI and employment and provides insights into proactive strategies to address the challenges posed by AI. Introduction:Artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful technology with the potential to transform various aspects of society, including the workforce. The rapid advancement of AI has raised concerns about potential job losses and increased automation. This study aims to explore the impact of AI on employment and identify strategies to mitigate negative effects. By examining existing literature and case studies, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of AI's influence on different industries and job sectors.Literature Review:The literature offers a wide range of perspectives on the impact ofAI on employment. Some studies suggest that AI will lead to significant job losses in sectors such as manufacturing, transportation, and customer service. They argue that AI technologies, such as autonomous vehicles and chatbots, can perform tasks previously done by humans more efficiently and at a lower cost. On the other hand, other studies argue that AI will create new job opportunities and enhance productivity. For example, the healthcare sector benefits from AI technologies by improving diagnosis accuracy and streamlining administrative processes.Case Studies:This study includes several case studies that examine the impact of AI on specific industries. The manufacturing industry, for instance, has experienced both job losses and job creation due to the introduction of AI. While certain tasks have been automated, new roles related to AI maintenance and programming have emerged. Similarly, the retail industry has witnessed the integration of AI technologies, leading to job displacement in traditional retail jobs but also the creation of new positions in data analysis and online customer support.Mitigation Strategies:To address the challenges posed by AI, strategies should focus on retraining and upskilling the workforce to adapt to the changing job market. Governments and organizations should encourage workers to acquire in-demand skills such as data analysis and AI programming. Additionally, collaboration between academia and industry is crucial to ensure that education and training programs remain relevant and effective. Finally, policies that support jobtransition and income support for displaced workers will help minimize the negative impact of AI on employment. Conclusion:The impact of artificial intelligence on employment is a complex and multifaceted issue. While concerns about job losses are valid, it is important to recognize that AI also creates new job opportunities and contributes to economic growth. By implementing proactive strategies, such as retraining and upskilling, societies can better navigate the changes brought about by AI and ensure a future where humans and machines can coexist harmoniously.。

毕业论文的英文翻译

毕业论文的英文翻译Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern Society Abstract:Artificial intelligence (AI) is a rapidly advancing field that has made significant contributions to various aspects of modern society. This paper aims to explore the impact of AI on society, including its benefits, challenges, and ethical considerations. The research methodology includes a comprehensive review of relevant literature and analysis of case studies.1. Introduction:Artificial intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence by computer systems. Advances in AI have led to the development of technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision. These technologies have found applications in diverse sectors, ranging from healthcare and finance to transportation and entertainment.2. Benefits of AI:AI has brought several benefits to society. One significant advantage is the automation of repetitive and mundane tasks, which has increased efficiency and productivity in various industries. For example, in manufacturing, AI-powered robots can complete complex tasks with precision and speed, reducing the need for human intervention. Additionally, AI has improved the accuracy and speed of medical diagnoses, leading to better patient outcomes.3. Challenges of AI:Despite its numerous benefits, AI also poses several challenges. One major concern is the potential loss of jobs due to automation. The displacement of workers by AI-powered machines raises questions about unemployment rates and income inequality. Moreover, the ethical implications of AI in decision making, privacy and security, and the potential for bias also need to be addressed.4. Ethical considerations:AI raises ethical concerns related to privacy, transparency, and accountability. As AI systems collect and analyze vast amounts of personal data, there is a need for strict regulations and safeguards to protect individuals' privacy. Furthermore, issues of transparency and accountability arise when AI algorithms make decisions that impact people's lives. The development of ethical frameworks and guidelines is crucial to ensure responsible AI usage.5. Case studies:The paper includes case studies to highlight the real-world impact of AI. One example is the use of AI in autonomous vehicles. Self-driving cars equipped with AI technology promise safer and more efficient transportation. However, accidents involving autonomous vehicles have raised concerns about liability and accountability. 6. Conclusion:Artificial intelligence has revolutionized various aspects of modern society, offering benefits such as increased productivity and improved healthcare outcomes. However, challenges related to job displacement, ethical considerations, and potential biases need to be addressed. To fully harness the benefits of AI whilesafeguarding society's interests, it is essential to develop and implement comprehensive regulations and ethical frameworks.。

英语议论文范文带翻译

英语议论文范文带翻译In the modern era, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, and its influence on education is profound and multifaceted. The integration of technology in classrooms has transformed the way teachers teach and students learn. It has opened up new avenues for interactive and personalized learning experiences that were previously unimaginable.Firstly, the use of educational technology, such as interactive whiteboards and tablets, has made learning more engaging for students. These tools allow for dynamic presentations and real-time interaction, which can cater to different learning styles and pace of understanding.Secondly, online learning platforms have democratized education by providing access to a wealth of knowledge and resources to students regardless of their geographical location. This has been particularly beneficial for students in remote areas who previously had limited educational opportunities.Thirdly, the advent of artificial intelligence in education has introduced adaptive learning systems that can tailor the learning experience to the individual needs of each student. These systems analyze student performance and adjust the difficulty level and pace of learning accordingly, ensuring that no student is left behind.However, it is also important to acknowledge the challenges that come with the integration of technology in education. Issues such as digital divide, where some students lack access to necessary technological resources, and concerns over student privacy and data security, need to be addressed.In conclusion, while the integration of technology in education presents challenges, its benefits in enhancing the learning experience and providing equal opportunities for all students are undeniable. As we move forward, it is crucial to find a balance that maximizes the advantages of technology while mitigating its potential drawbacks.在现代社会，科技已经成为我们日常生活不可或缺的一部分，它对教育的影响深远且多方面。

论文翻译稿(精)

The Cultural Differences of English IdiomsⅠIntroductionⅡThe文化与语言的关系Ⅲ英汉习语3.1英语习语3.2汉语成语Ⅳ的主要因素之间的差异,汉语和英语习语4.1不同的地理环境和生存境遇4.2个不同的传统和习惯4.3不同宗教和信仰4.34.4不同的历史典故4.44.5不同的理解,对相同客观事物4.6社会、科学的方向发展4.7经济和贸易发展。

[中文摘要] 随着经济的迅速发展，人们对了解异域文化的渴望也日益增强。

语言是文化的载体，习语是语言发展的结晶，是语言词汇的重要组成部分和精华。

中英两种语言都有大量的习语, 习语形式简洁而意义精辟, 使语言更加凝练且更具表现力。

本文主要从文化差异方面分析了中英习语的不同表达。

生存环境，宗教信仰，历史典故等方面的不同之处都在一定程度上决定着中英习语的多样性及差异。

只有在了解和掌握中英两种语言各不相同的文化渊源的基础上，才能顺利进行习语的翻译和研究。

[关键词]习语表达文化差异ⅠIntroduction文化研究目前盛行于西方世界的文化差异,并谈论,也已成为一种时尚圈中中国现在的。

成语是语言的一个特定部分,包括隐喻性短语,俚语白话、谚语等。

他们通常是高度专业化的意义和紧密相连的独特的文化特征和文化的态度。

据说成语是最文化元素,在任何语言加载的词汇。

尽管有无数的普遍现象,每一种文化都是独一无二的,有身体的信息不是所有人类社会所分享。

不仅存在巨大差异中英文之间的文化,还发生在汉语和英语习语。

习语也是最困难的事之一去学习和使用一门外语。

他们通常是相当困难的意义理解从个别单词。

许多成语承担适当的数据,具有较强的文化风味。

如果他们都翻译适当,不仅可以原精神和意义是忠实地传达了,清楚地理解和接收到的目标语言的读者,而且汉语和英语词汇可以丰富,以提供一个更广阔的文化视野。

ⅡThe文化与语言的关系正如我们已经看到的,文化是普遍存在的,多维的,复杂的,并且全能。

英语文章翻译范本五份

英语文章翻译范本五份英语文章翻译 1A Little Bit MoreToday is an excellent day for small improvements. Whatever is working for you, find a way to improve it just a little. There’s no need to make a huge change, just a small one, something you can do right now.If you called just one additional customer each day, over the course of the next month you would talk to about 20 new people. If you learned just one more new word each day, in the next year you would increase your vocabulary by more than 300 words.Small improvements can add up over time into big plishments. Look around you. Consider the work you do each day. Think about how you could do it just a little bit better.In a marathon race, each step the winner takes is just a little bit longer and a little bit faster than each stride taken by the 100th place finisher. Yet over the course of the race, that small difference adds up in a big way.Do just a little bit more today, and tomorrow too, and each day after that. Anyone can make just a small improvement, andthat can make a big, big difference.翻译：再多一点点今天就是你可以做改进的极好的一天。

英语稿件范文带翻译

比如，来自不同国家的软件开发人员组成的团队在进行协作项目时依赖英语进行沟通、分享思路和解决技术问题。如果没有共同的沟通语言，团队的生产力和效率将受到严重阻碍，导致最终产品的延迟和潜在错误。
Conclusion
结论
In conclusion, the importance of English in today's globalized world cannot be overstated. Whether it is in business, education, technology, or various other fields, English has become the language of opportunity and success. It is essential for individuals to invest in improving their English language skills, as it can open doors to new opportunities, facilitate cross-cultural communication, and enhance personal and professional growth.
比如，一家希望在全球扩大市场的中国公司依赖英语与其他国家的潜在合作伙伴和客户交流。如果没有良好的英语能力，该公司将难以应对国际商业的复杂性，并可能错失增长和扩张的宝贵机会。
Importance of English in Education
英语在教育中的重要性
English has also become the language of instruction in many educational institutions worldwide. Proficiency in English is crucial for students who wish to pursue higher education abroad, as many prestigious universities and colleges use English as the medium of instruction. Additionally, the majority of academic journals, research papers, and educational resources are also available in English, making it essential for academic and scholarly pursuits.

一篇经济类英文论文（含中文翻译）

The Problem of Social Cost 社会成本问题RONALD COASE 罗纳德·科斯Ronald Coase is Professor Emeritus at University of Chicago LawSchool and a Nobel Laureate in Economics. This article is fromThe Journal of Law and Economics (October 1960). Several passages devoted to extended discussions of legal decisions have been omitted. 罗纳德·科斯在芝加哥大学法学院名誉教授和诺贝尔经济学奖得主。

本文是其外法学与经济学杂志（1960年10月）。

专门的法律问题的决定的延伸讨论的几个段落已被省略。

I.THE PROBLEM TO BE EXAMINED This paper is concerned with those actions of business firms which have harm-ful effects on others. The standard example is that of a factory the smoke from which has harmful effects on those occupying neighbouring properties. The economic analysis of such a situation has usually proceeded in terms of a divergence between the private and social product of the factory, in which economists have largely followed the treatment of Pigou in The Economies of Welfare. The conclusion to which this kind of analysis seems to have led most economists is that it would be desirable to make the owner of the factory li-able for the damage caused to those injured by the smoke, or alternatively, to place a tax on the factory owner varying with the amount of smoke produced and equivalent in money terms to the damage it would cause, or finally, to exclude the factory from residential districts (and presumably from other areas in which the emission of smoke would have harmful effects on others). It is my contention that the suggested courses of action are inappropriate, in that they lead to results which are not necessarily, or even usually, desirable. 一、要检查的问题本文关注的是这些行动的企业有伤害他人有用的影响。

毕业论文外文翻译范例

外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。

论文英文翻译最终版

序号（学号）：040940131长春光华学院毕业设计（论文）译文Electronic technique电子技术姓名盛遵义教学院电气信息学院专业电子信息工程班级电信09401指导教师张淑艳（讲师）2013 年04 月10 日┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊Electronic techniqueFrom the world of radio in the world to a single chip， modern computer technology， industrial revolution， the world economy from the capital into the economy to knowledge economy。

Field in the electronic world， from the 20th century into the era of radio to computer technology in the 21st century as the center of the intelligent modern era of electronic systems。

The basic core of modern electronic systems are embedded computer systems (referred to as embedded systems)， while the microcontroller is the most typical and most extensive and most popular embedded systems。

radio has created generations of excellence in the world Fifties and sixties in the 20th century，the most representative of the advanced electronic technology is wireless technology， including radio broadcasting， radio，wireless communications (telegraph)，Amateur Radio， radio positioning，navigation and other telemetry， remote control， remote technology。

英语翻译论文范文

英语翻译论文范文In the contemporary era, the role of technology in education is undeniably significant. The integration of digital tools and platforms has transformed the way educators teach and students learn. This paper aims to explore the multifaceted impact of technology on modern education, focusing on bothits advantages and challenges.Firstly, technology has democratized access to education. With the proliferation of online learning platforms, students from diverse backgrounds can access a wealth of educational resources. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have made it possible for individuals to learn from renowned professors without the constraints of geographical location or financial limitations.Secondly, the use of technology in classrooms has enhanced the interactive and collaborative nature of learning. Interactive whiteboards, educational apps, and virtualreality (VR) are some of the tools that have made learning more engaging and immersive. These tools not only cater to different learning styles but also promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills.However, the integration of technology in education is not without its drawbacks. One of the primary concerns is the digital divide, where unequal access to technology can exacerbate existing educational disparities. Additionally,there is a risk of students becoming overly reliant on technology, potentially neglecting the development of essential skills such as critical reading and analytical thinking.Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological advancement presents challenges for educators. It requires continuous professional development to stay abreast of new tools and pedagogical approaches. The balance between traditional teaching methods and technology-assisted learning must be carefully considered to ensure that the educational experience remains holistic and well-rounded.In conclusion, technology has undeniably reshaped the landscape of modern education. While it offers numerous opportunities for enhancing learning experiences, it also presents challenges that need to be addressed. The key lies in harnessing the power of technology to supplement, not supplant, the educational process, ensuring that it serves as a tool for empowering students to become lifelong learners.。

毕业设计英文翻译(原文)

编号：毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（原文）院（系）：桂林电子科技大学专业：电子信息工程学生姓名： xx学号： xxxxxxxxxxxxx 指导教师单位：桂林电子科技大学姓名： xxxx职称： xx2014年x月xx日Timing on and off power supplyusesThe switching power supply products are widely used in industrial automation and control, military equipment, scientific equipment, LED lighting, industrial equipment,communications equipment,electrical equipment,instrumentation, medical equipment, semiconductor cooling and heating, air purifiers, electronic refrigerator, LCD monitor, LED lighting, communications equipment, audio-visual products, security, computer chassis, digital products and equipment and other fields.IntroductionWith the rapid development of power electronics technology, power electronics equipment and people's work, the relationship of life become increasingly close, and electronic equipment without reliable power, into the 1980s, computer power and the full realization of the switching power supply, the first to complete the computer Power new generation to enter the switching power supply in the 1990s have entered into a variety of electronic, electrical devices, program-controlled switchboards, communications, electronic testing equipment power control equipment, power supply, etc. have been widely used in switching power supply, but also to promote the rapid development of the switching power supply technology .Switching power supply is the use of modern power electronics technology to control the ratio of the switching transistor to turn on and off to maintain a stable output voltage power supply, switching power supply is generally controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) ICs and switching devices (MOSFET, BJT) composition. Switching power supply and linear power compared to both the cost and growth with the increase of output power, but the two different growth rates. A power point, linear power supply costs, but higher than the switching power supply. With the development of power electronics technology and innovation, making the switching power supply technology to continue to innovate, the turning points of this cost is increasingly move to the low output power side, the switching power supply provides a broad space for development.The direction of its development is the high-frequency switching power supply, high frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into a wider range of application areas, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the miniaturization of high-tech products, light of. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance.classificationModern switching power supply, there are two: one is the DC switching power supply; the other is the AC switching power supply. Introduces only DC switching power supply and its function is poor power quality of the original eco-power (coarse) - such as mains power or battery power, converted to meet the equipment requirements of high-quality DC voltage (Varitronix) . The core of the DC switching power supply DC / DC converter. DC switching power supply classification is dependent on the classification of DC / DC converter. In other words, the classification of the classification of the DC switching power supply and DC/DC converter is the classification of essentially the same, the DC / DC converter is basically a classification of the DC switching power supply.DC /DC converter between the input and output electrical isolation can be divided into two categories: one is isolated called isolated DC/DC converter; the other is not isolated as non-isolated DC / DC converter.Isolated DC / DC converter can also be classified by the number of active power devices. The single tube of DC / DC converter Forward (Forward), Feedback (Feedback) two. The double-barreled double-barreled DC/ DC converter Forward (Double Transistor Forward Converter), twin-tube feedback (Double Transistor Feedback Converter), Push-Pull (Push the Pull Converter) and half-bridge (Half-Bridge Converter) four. Four DC / DC converter is the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter).Non-isolated DC / DC converter, according to the number of active power devices can be divided into single-tube, double pipe, and four three categories. Single tube to a total of six of the DC / DC converter, step-down (Buck) DC / DC converter, step-up (Boost) DC / DC converters, DC / DC converter, boost buck (Buck Boost) device of Cuk the DC / DC converter, the Zeta DC / DC converter and SEPIC, the DC / DC converter. DC / DC converters, the Buck and Boost type DC / DC converter is the basic buck-boost of Cuk, Zeta, SEPIC, type DC / DC converter is derived from a single tube in this six. The twin-tube cascaded double-barreled boost (buck-boost) DC / DC converter DC / DC converter. Four DC / DC converter is used, the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter).Isolated DC / DC converter input and output electrical isolation is usually transformer to achieve the function of the transformer has a transformer, so conducive to the expansion of the converter output range of applications, but also easy to achieve different voltage output , or a variety of the same voltage output.Power switch voltage and current rating, the converter's output power is usually proportional to the number of switch. The more the number of switch, the greater the output power of the DC / DC converter, four type than the two output power is twice as large,single-tube output power of only four 1/4.A combination of non-isolated converters and isolated converters can be a single converter does not have their own characteristics. Energy transmission points, one-way transmission and two-way transmission of two DC / DC converter. DC / DC converter with bi-directional transmission function, either side of the transmission power from the power of lateral load power from the load-lateral side of the transmission power.DC / DC converter can be divided into self-excited and separately controlled. With the positive feedback signal converter to switch to self-sustaining periodic switching converter, called self-excited converter, such as the the Luo Yeer (Royer,) converter is a typical push-pull self-oscillating converter. Controlled DC / DC converter switching device control signal is generated by specialized external control circuit.the switching power supply.People in the field of switching power supply technology side of the development of power electronic devices, while the development of the switching inverter technology, the two promote each other to promote the switching power supply annual growth rate of more than two digits toward the light, small, thin, low-noise, high reliability, the direction of development of anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, AC / AC DC / AC, such as inverters, DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardization, and has been recognized by the user, but AC / DC modular, its own characteristics make the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. Hereinafter to illustrate the structure and characteristics of the two types of switching power supply.Self-excited: no external signal source can be self-oscillation, completely self-excited to see it as feedback oscillation circuit of a transformer.Separate excitation: entirely dependent on external sustain oscillations, excited used widely in practical applications. According to the excitation signal structure classification; can be divided into pulse-width-modulated and pulse amplitude modulated two pulse width modulated control the width of the signal is frequency, pulse amplitude modulation control signal amplitude between the same effect are the oscillation frequency to maintain within a certain range to achieve the effect of voltage stability. The winding of the transformer can generally be divided into three types, one group is involved in the oscillation of the primary winding, a group of sustained oscillations in the feedback winding, there is a group of load winding. Such as Shanghai is used in household appliances art technological production of switching power supply, 220V AC bridge rectifier, changing to about 300V DC filter added tothe collector of the switch into the transformer for high frequency oscillation, the feedback winding feedback to the base to maintain the circuit oscillating load winding induction signal, the DC voltage by the rectifier, filter, regulator to provide power to the load. Load winding to provide power at the same time, take up the ability to voltage stability, the principle is the voltage output circuit connected to a voltage sampling device to monitor the output voltage changes, and timely feedback to the oscillator circuit to adjust the oscillation frequency, so as to achieve stable voltage purposes, in order to avoid the interference of the circuit, the feedback voltage back to the oscillator circuit with optocoupler isolation.technology developmentsThe high-frequency switching power supply is the direction of its development, high-frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into the broader field of application, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the development and advancement of the switching power supply, an annual more than two-digit growth rate toward the light, small, thin, low noise, high reliability, the direction of the anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, the DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardized, and has been recognized by the user, but modular AC / DC, because of its own characteristics makes the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance.The switching power supply applications in power electronic devices as diodes, IGBT and MOSFET.SCR switching power supply input rectifier circuit and soft start circuit, a small amount of applications, the GTR drive difficult, low switching frequency, gradually replace the IGBT and MOSFET.Direction of development of the switching power supply is a high-frequency, high reliability, low power, low noise, jamming and modular. Small, thin, and the key technology is the high frequency switching power supply light, so foreign major switching power supply manufacturers have committed to synchronize the development of new intelligent components, in particular, is to improve the secondary rectifier loss, and the power of iron Oxygen materials to increase scientific and technological innovation in order to improve the magnetic properties of high frequency and large magnetic flux density (Bs), and capacitor miniaturization is a key technology. SMT technology allows the switching power supply has made considerable progress, the arrangement of the components in the circuit board on bothsides, to ensure that the light of the switching power supply, a small, thin. High-frequency switching power supply is bound to the traditional PWM switching technology innovation, realization of ZVS, ZCS soft-switching technology has become the mainstream technology of the switching power supply, and a substantial increase in the efficiency of the switching power supply. Indicators for high reliability, switching power supply manufacturers in the United States by reducing the operating current, reducing the junction temperature and other measures to reduce the stress of the device, greatly improve the reliability of products.Modularity is the overall trend of switching power supply, distributed power systems can be composed of modular power supply, can be designed to N +1 redundant power system, and the parallel capacity expansion. For this shortcoming of the switching power supply running noise, separate the pursuit of high frequency noise will also increase, while the use of part of the resonant converter circuit technology to achieve high frequency, in theory, but also reduce noise, but some The practical application of the resonant converter technology, there are still technical problems, it is still a lot of work in this field, so that the technology to be practical.Power electronics technology innovation, switching power supply industry has broad prospects for development. To accelerate the pace of development of the switching power supply industry in China, it must take the road of technological innovation, out of joint production and research development path with Chinese characteristics and contribute to the rapid development of China's national economy.Developments and trends of the switching power supply1955 U.S. Royer (Roger) invented the self-oscillating push-pull transistor single-transformer DC-DC converter is the beginning of the high-frequency conversion control circuit 1957 check race Jen, Sen, invented a self-oscillating push-pull dual transformers, 1964, U.S. scientists canceled frequency transformer in series the idea of switching power supply, the power supply to the size and weight of the decline in a fundamental way. 1969 increased due to the pressure of the high-power silicon transistor, diode reverse recovery time shortened and other components to improve, and finally made a 25-kHz switching power supply.At present, the switching power supply to the small, lightweight and high efficiency characteristics are widely used in a variety of computer-oriented terminal equipment, communications equipment, etc. Almost all electronic equipment is indispensable for a rapid development of today's electronic information industry power mode. Bipolar transistor made of 100kHz, 500kHz power MOS-FET made, though already the practical switching power supply is currently available on the market, but its frequency to be further improved. Toimprove the switching frequency, it is necessary to reduce the switching losses, and to reduce the switching losses, the need for high-speed switch components. However, the switching speed will be affected by the distribution of the charge stored in the inductance and capacitance, or diode circuit to produce a surge or noise. This will not only affect the surrounding electronic equipment, but also greatly reduce the reliability of the power supply itself. Which, in order to prevent the switching Kai - closed the voltage surge, RC or LC buffers can be used, and the current surge can be caused by the diode stored charge of amorphous and other core made of magnetic buffer . However, the high frequency more than 1MHz, the resonant circuit to make the switch on the voltage or current through the switch was a sine wave, which can reduce switching losses, but also to control the occurrence of surges. This switch is called the resonant switch. Of this switching power supply is active, you can, in theory, because in this way do not need to greatly improve the switching speed of the switching losses reduced to zero, and the noise is expected to become one of the high-frequency switching power supply The main ways. At present, many countries in the world are committed to several trillion Hz converter utility.the principle of IntroductionThe switching power supply of the process is quite easy to understand, linear power supplies, power transistors operating in the linear mode and linear power, the PWM switching power supply to the power transistor turns on and off state, in both states, on the power transistor V - security product is very small (conduction, low voltage, large current; shutdown, voltage, current) V oltammetric product / power device is power semiconductor devices on the loss.Compared with the linear power supply, the PWM switching power supply more efficient process is achieved by "chopping", that is cut into the amplitude of the input DC voltage equal to the input voltage amplitude of the pulse voltage. The pulse duty cycle is adjusted by the switching power supply controller. Once the input voltage is cut into the AC square wave, its amplitude through the transformer to raise or lower. Number of groups of output voltage can be increased by increasing the number of primary and secondary windings of the transformer. After the last AC waveform after the rectifier filter the DC output voltage.The main purpose of the controller is to maintain the stability of the output voltage, the course of their work is very similar to the linear form of the controller. That is the function blocks of the controller, the voltage reference and error amplifier can be designed the same as the linear regulator. Their difference lies in the error amplifier output (error voltage) in the drive before the power tube to go through a voltage / pulse-width conversion unit.Switching power supply There are two main ways of working: Forward transformand boost transformation. Although they are all part of the layout difference is small, but the course of their work vary greatly, have advantages in specific applications.the circuit schematicThe so-called switching power supply, as the name implies, is a door, a door power through a closed power to stop by, then what is the door, the switching power supply using SCR, some switch, these two component performance is similar, are relying on the base switch control pole (SCR), coupled with the pulse signal to complete the on and off, the pulse signal is half attentive to control the pole voltage increases, the switch or transistor conduction, the filter output voltage of 300V, 220V rectifier conduction, transmitted through the switching transformer secondary through the transformer to the voltage increase or decrease for each circuit work. Oscillation pulse of negative semi-attentive to the power regulator, base, or SCR control voltage lower than the original set voltage power regulator cut-off, 300V power is off, switch the transformer secondary no voltage, then each circuit The required operating voltage, depends on this secondary road rectifier filter capacitor discharge to maintain. Repeat the process until the next pulse cycle is a half weeks when the signal arrival. This switch transformer is called the high-frequency transformer, because the operating frequency is higher than the 50HZ low frequency. Then promote the pulse of the switch or SCR, which requires the oscillator circuit, we know, the transistor has a characteristic, is the base-emitter voltage is 0.65-0.7V is the zoom state, 0.7V These are the saturated hydraulic conductivity state-0.1V-0.3V in the oscillatory state, then the operating point after a good tune, to rely on the deep negative feedback to generate a negative pressure, so that the oscillating tube onset, the frequency of the oscillating tube capacitor charging and discharging of the length of time from the base to determine the oscillation frequency of the output pulse amplitude, and vice versa on the small, which determines the size of the output voltage of the power regulator. Transformer secondary output voltage regulator, usually switching transformer, single around a set of coils, the voltage at its upper end, as the reference voltage after the rectifier filter, then through the optocoupler, this benchmark voltage return to the base of the oscillating tube pole to adjust the level of the oscillation frequency, if the transformer secondary voltage is increased, the sampling coil output voltage increases, the positive feedback voltage obtained through the optocoupler is also increased, this voltage is applied oscillating tube base, so that oscillation frequency is reduced, played a stable secondary output voltage stability, too small do not have to go into detail, nor it is necessary to understand the fine, such a high-power voltage transformer by switching transmission, separated and after the class returned by sampling the voltage from the opto-coupler pass separated after class, so before the mains voltage, and after the classseparation, which is called cold plate, it is safe, transformers before power is independent, which is called switching power supply.the DC / DC conversionDC / DC converter is a fixed DC voltage transformation into a variable DC voltage, also known as the DC chopper. There are two ways of working chopper, one Ts constant pulse width modulation mode, change the ton (General), the second is the frequency modulation, the same ton to change the Ts, (easy to produce interference). Circuit by the following categories:Buck circuit - the step-down chopper, the average output voltage U0 is less than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity.Boost Circuit - step-up chopper, the average output voltage switching power supply schematic U0 is greater than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity.Buck-Boost circuit - buck or boost chopper, the output average voltage U0 is greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, the opposite polarity, the inductance transmission.Cuk circuit - a buck or boost chopper, the output average voltage U0 is greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, the opposite polarity, capacitance transmission.The above-mentioned non-isolated circuit, the isolation circuit forward circuits, feedback circuit, the half-bridge circuit, the full bridge circuit, push-pull circuit. Today's soft-switching technology makes a qualitative leap in the DC / DC the U.S. VICOR company design and manufacture a variety of ECI soft-switching DC / DC converter, the maximum output power 300W, 600W, 800W, etc., the corresponding power density (6.2 , 10,17) W/cm3 efficiency (80-90)%. A the Japanese Nemic Lambda latest using soft-switching technology, high frequency switching power supply module RM Series, its switching frequency (200 to 300) kHz, power density has reached 27W/cm3 with synchronous rectifier (MOSFETs instead of Schottky diodes ), so that the whole circuit efficiency by up to 90%.AC / DC conversionAC / DC conversion will transform AC to DC, the power flow can be bi-directional power flow by the power flow to load known as the "rectification", referred to as "active inverter power flow returned by the load power. AC / DC converter input 50/60Hz AC due must be rectified, filtered, so the volume is relatively large filter capacitor is essential, while experiencing safety standards (such as UL, CCEE, etc.) and EMC Directive restrictions (such as IEC, FCC, CSA) in the AC input side must be added to the EMC filter and use meets the safety standards of the components, thus limiting the miniaturization of the volume of AC / DC power, In addition, due to internal frequency, high voltage, current switching, making the problem difficult to solve EMC also high demands on the internal high-density mountingcircuit design, for the same reason, the high voltage, high current switch makes power supply loss increases, limiting the AC / DC converter modular process, and therefore must be used to power system optimal design method to make it work efficiency to reach a certain level of satisfaction.AC / DC conversion circuit wiring can be divided into half-wave circuit, full-wave circuit. Press the power phase can be divided into single-phase three-phase, multiphase. Can be divided into a quadrant, two quadrant, three quadrants, four-quadrant circuit work quadrant.he selection of the switching power supplySwitching power supply input on the anti-jamming performance, compared to its circuit structure characteristics (multi-level series), the input disturbances, such as surge voltage is difficult to pass on the stability of the output voltage of the technical indicators and linear power have greater advantages, the output voltage stability up to (0.5)%. Switching power supply module as an integrated power electronic devices should be selected。

论文翻译举例英文作文范文

论文翻译举例英文作文范文英文，As an English-Chinese bilingual, I often find myself translating various types of documents, including academic papers. Here, I'll provide an example of a translated English essay into Chinese, adhering to the specified format.中文，作为一名英中双语者，我经常发现自己需要翻译各种类型的文件，包括学术论文。

在这里，我将提供一个将英文文章翻译成中文的例子，符合指定的格式。

英文，Imagine you're writing an essay on the impact of technology on modern education. Here's an excerpt from the introduction:Technology has revolutionized the landscape of modern education, bringing both opportunities and challenges. In today's interconnected world, classrooms are no longer confined to physical spaces; instead, they extend to virtual realms where students engage with educationalmaterials through online platforms and digital tools. This transformation has democratized access to knowledge, allowing learners from diverse backgrounds to participatein educational experiences previously inaccessible to them.中文：想象一下，你正在撰写一篇关于技术对现代教育的影响的论文。

英语议论文范文带翻译

英语议论文范文带翻译Introduction议论文是一种常见的英语写作形式，它旨在表达作者的观点并支持其立场。

本文将提供一篇英语议论文范文，并附有翻译，以帮助读者更好地理解和学习英语写作。

Sample EssayTopic: Should college education be free?In recent years, the issue of whether college education should be free has been widely debated. Some people argue that free college education would benefit society as a whole, while others believe that it would have negative consequences. In my opinion, college education should be free for all students.Firstly, free college education would help to reduce social inequality. Currently, many students from low-income families cannot afford to attend college, which limits their opportunities for upward mobility. By providing free college education, we can ensure that everyone has equal access to higher education, regardless of their financial background.Secondly, free college education would benefit the economy. With a more educated workforce, we would see increased productivity and innovation, which would in turn lead to economic growth. Additionally, free college education would reduce the burden of student debt, allowing graduates to invest in their future and contribute to the economy.Of course, there are some who argue that free college education would be too expensive and would lead to lower quality education. However, I believe that these concerns can be addressed through proper funding and regulation. By investing in education, we are investing in our future.In conclusion, free college education would have numerous benefits for society as a whole. It would reduce social inequality, benefit the economy, and provide opportunities for all students. Therefore, I believe that college education should be free for all.翻译主题：大学教育是否应该免费？近年来，是否应该免费提供大学教育的问题一直受到广泛讨论。

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刑事法律局限性的表现对于什么是可接受的行为，法律是主讲老师并指导着每一代人。

在美国的土地上，法律就是胡说八道的。

简介过去十年，法律学者越来越多地关注刑事法律影响社会规范和社会化方式的方式。

虽然这些想法并不完全是创新的，但刑事法律在社会建设中的作用却重新得到了关注和显现。

最近的奖学金提醒我们刑事法律在预防犯罪、实施法律制裁方面，不仅是不受欢迎的行为，而且也通过便利的陈文制裁，还会产生闲话、排斥、和丧失就业机会等副作用。

刑事法律不仅规范机会而且也规范首要的事项。

刑事法律不仅仅会提高不合法的行为的代价而且法律还教育公民如何避免这些毫无价值的行为。

有关术语和分类方面的分歧已经让奖学金这一新机构班的模糊不清，也许法律并不是解决这些问题的必要方法。

毫不夸张的说，刑法同时承担着多种相关和重叠的任作用。

这些作用包括：(1) 改变某些行为的社会意义，降低不受欢迎的行为和增加某些具有良好社会意义的行为的青睐；(2) 增加社会不法行为的制裁和减少对社会不法行为的奖励；(3) 增加社会回报和减少对偏隘行为的社会制裁；(4) 支持的执行机构符合社会规范的行为和制止不合法的社会规范的执行机制；(5) 使社会成员内化受认可的的社会规范和拒绝不受欢迎的社会规范；(6) 改变人们行为的方式，减少不合法行为，增减合法行为。

我更倾向于把刑法的这些作 - 1 -用看作为刑法的表达功能。

在这篇文章中，我将努力突出说明有关刑法表达方面的一些被忽略了的某些重要的特征和局限性，通过将这些元素融入到深究之中，我会尽力增加我们对刑法如何发挥作用的理解，尤其是法律为什么不能按照预先设想进行工作。

刑法的含义往往并不是一清二楚的：刑法经常会产生误解和争议。

在社会中，刑法更多的不仅仅是社会强制力，流行文化，媒体，宗教机构，弥漫性社会群体和其它权力网络都具有着重要的意义和作用。

当投入的工作，《刑法》可以将其竞争对手移动到行动里。

尽管其特定的强制力，《刑法》可以被抵抗所淹没的，并当发生这种情况，刑事法律的表达功能不会只有失败，它会适得其反。

为了更好地理解这些动态，我将密切关注富有表现力的刑事法律操作的一个示例。

该示例来自毒品犯罪的政策领域。

药物政策是好的工具，要检查操作的表达法，一部分原因是由于毒品犯罪的性质，使国家更多地依靠富有表现力的战术。

毒品犯罪没有离散的受害者可以报告犯罪，因此有助于监察及执法行动，因为它相对更重要的是控制行为的状态所塑造的含义和首选项。

毫不奇怪，自觉与表现力的药物政策会影响有关国家。

药物政策旨在"传达直接消息—药物使用是危险的、是错的和不能容忍"。

威廉〃贝内特，思想之父的药物禁止的现代阶段已往往谈到和在合理政策中显示为利己、富有表现力的条款。

" 哈钦森，原任团长U.S.Drug 执法当局，已发布的药物政策教育学、品味塑造出一个作用：如果我们作为一个国家想要阻止吸食毒品的危害不只是个人，作为一个整体的社会，我们怎么做呢？嗯，我相信我们通过法律可以做得到，说 - 2 -它是错的，因为它是有害的。

我们的法律反映社会的价值观。

法律是主讲老师和指导每一代人区分什么是可接受的行为。

毒品犯罪法律的目的是要表达其影响：他们的目的是要构造（作为不安全和不道德）毒品的社会意义，支持反对使用毒品，社会规范，塑造行为者在他们不愿意使用或交易毒品的方式的首选项。

我会研究如何表达毒品法律在城市少数民族社区街道亚文化中的作用，但我不能精确地界定这种亚文化。

与其他任何亚文化相比，它不同的情况不只是个人是或不是其中一员，它更多是说个人或大或小的同它确定的真实程度上。

成员，换句话说，是程度的问题。

其结果是，给予严格定义的任何企图都将变得任意和迷糊不清。

有些国家采用了多种搜索条件，所指的就是这个社会的部分："城市贫民，""黑下层社会"，"犹太文化，""街头文化"和"嘻哈文化"等等。

我的意思是说主要是贫民窟居民，但我并不是生活在黑人区的所有人都是。

伊莱贾〃安德森描述了非洲裔美国人社区和内部司之间"体面民间"和"街头民间"的城市冲突。

" 我关注的是后者，甚至在我将松散地称之为"街头文化"内, 有多样性、分歧和冲突以及含糊不清和有争议的许多社会规范和社会意义 (作为其他地方）的街头文化。

矛盾的贫民区的生活，虽然他们做法只是排除简单的结论，但不呈现应力文化的分析是不可能的；事实上，这些含糊之处正是是故事的核心部分。

在本文中，我将"处理这些蕴含在在街头文化里的最棘手的深刻矛盾和多层次的声音和所表达的主题"。

街头文化是进行分析的重要场所，因为街头文化的成员都是药物政 - 3 -策似乎给人最直接处理的观众。

我们的民族意识，在一些大的程度上我涉及着城市少数民族社区的毒品问题：贫民区被视为毒品"源"问题的最严重的地方或毒品问题。

街头文化的成员都很可能会面临的毒品犯罪，特别是监禁中特定（和特别严重）制裁和刑事制裁"。

这些制裁的目的，部分是支持禁毒规范，"教"人药品是危险和不道德的。

描述性的社会学这篇文章表明《刑法》在该项目中的某些方面并没有成功，在一些方面它反而产生了适得其反的效果。

第二部分将描述街头意识形态和裂缝处理的社会意义和大麻使用。

除了传统的城市社会学的作品，我亦会研究各种各样的主要来源，包括嘻哈音乐、电影、杂志、诗歌和回忆录。

这些文化的案文表示的街头文化的成员所共享的含义，他们让我们看到街头的成员文化本身如何描述的毒品和毒品的法律含义。

这种案文在塑造在街头上的社会意义上还起到重要作用"。

在较小程度上，我将依靠访谈和我与现有和前期的用户和在康涅狄格州纽黑文的经销商，在2000 年至 2002年年间举行的非正式交谈的期间。

在第三部分，我将概述几个相关的概念，从社会学理论，包括应变理论、微分协会、贴标理论和理论的象征性行为。

这些概念将有助于解释为什么富有表现力的刑事法律会出现适得其反的效果。

第四部分将用于解释法律在第二和第三部分以及在规范奖学金中得出的结论。

街头文化的成员生活在社会的底层。

由于其在历史中处于从属地位，他们不信任主流机构和法律，尤其是《刑法》。

当刑法试图给他们一个有关毒品的教训时，他们怀疑别有用心。

重新实施刑事制裁上街头文化 - 4 -的成员挑起许多拒绝诚意和药物政策的正义。

作为回应，一些寻求叛乱和富有表现力的反对派的会把它用做手段。

药物政策本身具有叛乱和阻力的含义；和投资毒品犯罪，因此它削弱了其本身表达的目标。

药物政策和街头的意识形态街头文化是同主流社会疏远了的一种意识。

许多分析师注意到黑色的下层阶级有"对立违抗性文化"的特征，拒绝或甚至将反转主流"中产阶级"的价值。

有一些在关于这些索赔中，正确的东西却没有进一步阐述，存在肤浅和误导性。

这不是在街头文化拒绝所有的主流价值观，（就象这样的事，甚至有可能）。

因此，我们应该问：街头文化拒绝哪些值，为什么会这样？在有规范的街头文化中，采取奖励行动，被认为是"真正"或"正规的，" 而惩罚行动，被视为"行事白色"或"倔傲不逊"。

但只说明这些规范的一般性的原则，高一级的存在几乎没说明了什么，我们必须对行动得了哪些标签，以及为什么进行更深入、丰富的社会学探索。

在街头文化的社会学帐户中，我们应小心，不要假设其基本路径的性质，这事说起来似乎很容易做。

三十年以来出版的白社会学死亡，很难知道是否事情已经改变了哪怕很少的社会学家最初的学术方式，包括法律学院和更广泛的有关黑人区文化观点。

很多时候，我们假定街头文化是"虚无、非政治化，或只是毫无价值的，"和我们的黑色工人阶级的整个概念"用以作为我们喜欢的人区别于的不喜欢的人道德范畴，我们不能这样做，例如莫斯从安迪的黑人。

" Gwaltney 的受访者之一的名言所说：“我认为这人类学只是叫我黑鬼另一种方式罢了。

” 病理学的假设是有辱人格和歧视性的理论方法。

这是一个错误的思想，作为东西本质就 - 5 - 像是"一个少年，" 像白大写和反抗父母的中产阶层青少年街头文化的反对党。

街头文化包括年轻或年长的声音，决不是股脑儿不应从辩论与低龄的一种战术的公民的声音。

同时，我们应避免美化街道的思想，我们不应假定叛乱分子在街上是领导我们前进的英勇青年马克思主义者或者回到六十年代的荣耀。

街头文化和生活条件差的的聚居区，发生在那里的故事很多方面都是悲惨的。

意识形态的大街上，正如我将描述它，不一定应该是庆祝的东西。

但即使我们看到街头文化中存在的问题，我们必须问：刑事法律是有效的解决办法吗？甚至那些街头令人反感的人的思想，我们至少应设法了解它。

如果我们想要分析法如何形成规范，我们必须先了解什么规范存在于现实世界。

此外，即使我们想要使用刑法来取代破坏系统的规范，我们应该首先尝试理解赞同我们的目标受众的含义。

要解雇一开始就作为无知和明显假的街道思想不会有助于帮助我们减少犯罪：即使街头的看法是不准确的，他们仍以行动者的交互的方式挑战刑事法律，表达法寻求与特定区域性中参与者的话语。

它旨在"与他们匡威，问题存在很大的难度，而非仅与陌生人，比通常认识到要广"。

要同亚文化的对话，法律必须首先设法了解参加者们的含义；反身性的谴责或许只会成倍增加对话的困难。

街头文化的声音往往作为专属、种族主义，和敌对的主导文化的概念内涵。

街头文化里异化的痛苦的表达式和嘻哈的所有形式的艺术无处不在。

所以你说你从未听说过内城蓝军。

并且更重要的是你不知道在贫 - 6 -民窟乡亲背后墙上的生活有何指，一点不知道吗？然后换上你最好的西装，白衬衫和鞋子，来市中心站找了一份洗碗的工作，但你可能不符合资格......再去寻找一个居住的地方，然而什么也没找到。

当你为他们开始的战术的作用而感到沮丧时，你可以认识到他们是内城蓝军。

它会让你想要吼一声，举起你的双手。

大街上的很多人不信任社会的主流机构，包括教育制度、教会、媒体、好莱坞、医疗机构、美国的公司和经济系统的机构。

贫民窟居民认为素质教育是仅供有钱人，差的黑人学校被故意剥夺了充足的教学资源。

此外，街头文化的一些成员认为公立学校系统教宣传目的是要保持他们的下属的系统：控制学校系统的同一人控制监狱系统和整个社会系统。

自那时起，试图注意但他们奴役类并不对此感兴趣，他们眼里似乎只有荣耀欧洲人并声称非洲人只有一人的五分之三。

英文论文翻译稿(精)

论文 英文文翻译

英语议论文范文带翻译

毕业论文 翻译材料(中英)

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