英美法概论期末考试复习

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外国法制史期末复习整理

一、简述两大法系的概念和差异。

（P8—P9）英美法系，是以英国的普通法、衡平法和制定法为基础，融入罗马法、教会法以及中世纪商法的若干原则而形成的一个世界性的法律体系。

大陆法系，是以罗马法为基础，以1804《法国民法典》和1900年《德国民法典》为代表的一个世界性法律体系。

两大法系之间存在明显差异:（1）主要法律渊源不同，英美法主要是判例法，奉行“遵循先例”原则；大陆法除个别领域外，各部门法领域都建立了比较系统的成文法典。

（2）两者继承罗马法的程度不同，英美法只在个别领域不系统地吸收了罗马法的若干原则和制度；大陆法则是在全面吸收罗马法的基础上发展起来的，罗马成文法典的传统、私法体系、法律的基本制度和原则，乃至概念与术语等，都为大陆法系采纳。

（3）法律体系和法官的作用不同，英美法以判例法为基础，以制定法、习惯法，惯例等为补充，法律体系庞杂，法官在法律的发展中处于中心地位；大陆法系的法律体系比较完整，概念术语比较明确，法官作用不如英美法的，不能擅自创造法律。

（4）司法组织与对程序法的重视程度不同。

英美法系中，行政诉讼与普通诉讼一般不分，法官一般从律师中选拔得较多，强调程序法的重要性，实行对抗制诉讼，当事人主义色彩较浓；大陆法系一般采用普通法院和行政法院分离的双轨制，法官经考试由政府任命，比较注重实体法。

（5）英美法系一般较强调法律的实际效用和经验，大陆法系较注重法律的理论概括，讲究概念的抽象性和明确性。

二、楔形文字法的概念：（P19）指古代西亚两河流域地区各奴隶制国家以楔形文字锲刻而成的法律的总称。

三、汉穆拉比法典的概念：（P21）公元前18世纪，巴比伦的第六代王汉穆拉比完成了两河流域的统一，并制定了《汉穆拉比法典》（又称石柱法），是楔形文字法的集大成，标志着楔形文字法发展到较完备的程度。

四、简述《汉穆拉比法典》的内容及影响。

（P21—P30）内容：（1）君主专制制度。

君权与神权相结合，国王集行政、立法、司法、军事和祭祀大权于一身，握有神权。

英美法复习提纲-0910

第一讲总论1. Functions of law in the society 社会中法律的作用2. Functions of law in the society 社会中法律的作用Law proscribes certain activities 法律禁止特定的行为①malum in se or “wrong in itself”本质上违法(自然法)的行为、自然犯②malum prohibitum法律禁止的行为(本质并未违法)、法定犯③debatable 具有争议的(社会普通人观念是否接受)3. Sources of law in society 美国法律的法哲学渊源（重点）1) Natural law approach 自然法理论–法律应然laws - sown in nature 植根于本性(1)governing relationships among people 规范人们的关系(2) governing the physical universe 规范物质世界(3) eternal & immutable 永恒不变–just as God(4) source of law – eternal(5) moral overtones – higher law – God’s law 道德层面2) Positive law approach 实证法理论- 法律实然- 规范理论，它关心法实际是什么？(1) law reflects the will of the majority 法律反映多数人的意志(2) law becomes whatever a majority wants 法律反映的是多数人所想strip of moral overtones and boils down to the old adage “Might makes right.”(3) Subject to challenge – democracy process 如果要对法律提出异议，必须通过民主程序来推翻–but must accept it as the legitimate reflection of the will of the majority 但必须接受事实4. Kinds of Law 法律的种类1) Substantive law2) Procedural law3) Criminal & Civil law4) Statutory law 制定法，国会和各州立法机构通过的法律Roe v. Wade （重点）Miranda v. Arizona （重点）第二讲宪法1.既是颁发给政府的特许状charter又是政府权力的一种限制restraint。

国际法学期末考试大纲(含答案)

国际法学期末考试复习大纲（附期末复习题）一、判断题（正确的在答题卡上填“A”，错误的填“B”）1. 国际习惯的形成，需要同时具备“物质要素”和“心理要素”。

其中，心理要素在国际法上也被称为“惯例”。

（B）2．国际法在中世纪时就成为了一个独立的法律体系。

（B）3．国际法院由法官15人组成，其中不得有二人为同一国家的国民。

（A）4．任何国家的船舶均可在大陆架上覆水域航行。

（B）5．联合国国际法委员会是联合国负责编篆国际法的主要机构。

（A）6．未经沿海国许可其它国家的飞机可以在其领海上空无害通过。

（B）7．根据国际实践，一国承认新政府是以“有效统治”原则为根据的。

（A）8．外层空间不是“无主地”，任何国家不得通过占领使用或任何其他方式提出主权要求。

（A）9．公海是指不包括在国家的领海或内水或群岛国的群岛水域内的全部海域。

（B）10．联合国会员有义务将条约在联合国秘书处登记，未经登记，条约无效。

（B）11．1969年《条约法公约》制定时，国际法学界存在着三种条约解释方法的主张：“意图说”、“约文说”和“方法说”，公约基本上采用了“意图说”，但也采纳了其他学说中的合理因素。

（A）12．美国将条约分为“自动执行条约”和“非自动执行条约”。

（A）13．个人的基本权利主要包括生存权和发展权。

（A）14．国际法上的赔偿是指对受害国物质和精神损害付给相应的货币或物质。

赔偿的范围限于对国家所遭损害的赔偿，而不包括对受害国国民所遭损害的赔偿。

（B）15．庇护是国家从它的属地优越权引申出来的权利。

（A）16．名誉领事可以从接受国的国民中选任。

（A）17．依据国际法，所有国家都可在平等的基础上自由探索外层空间。

（B）18．区域性国际组织不是联合国的组成部分，只是在维持和平与安全方面同联合国安理会发生联系。

（B）19．国家行使自卫权可以“先发制人”，即无须以遭到外国武力攻击为条件。

（B）20．独立并存的主权国家以及主要由主权国家组成的国际社会，是国际法产生和发展的社会基础。

英美概论考试练习题

- 1 -《英美概况》习题集英国部分Part I GeographyI. Multiple Choice1. The total area of the U.K. is _____.A. 211,440B. 244,110C. 241,410D. 242,5342. England occupies the _____ portion of the U.K.A. northernB. easternC. southern3. The most important part of the U.K. in wealth is _____.A. Northern IrelandB. EnglandC. Scotland5. Wales was effectively united with England in the _____ century.A. 14thB. 15thC. 16th6. By the Act of Union of _____ Scotland and the kingdom of England and Wales were constitutionally joined as the Kingdom of Britain.A. 1707B. 1921C. 18018. Mt. Ben Nevis stands in _____.A. the Scottish HighlandsB. WalesC. England9.11. The longest river in Britain is _____.A. SevernB. ClydeC. Bann12. London is situated on the River of _____.A. ParretB. ThamesC. Spey13. Edinburgh is the capital of _____.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. Wales19. The Bank of England was nationalized in _____.A. 1964B. 1946C. 169420. Britain is basically an importer of _____.A. foodB. raw materialsC. manufacturesD. bothA and B23. The center of the Britain financial system is _____.A. Bank of EnglandB. Bank of BritainC. Bank of U.K.27. The capital city of Northern Ireland is _____.A. CardiffB. BelfastC. Leith37. The second largest city in England is _____.A. GlasgowB. BirminghamC. Manchester40. By the Act of Union in _____, the name United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was adopted.43. _____ includes London, the centre of government for the whole nation.A. ScotlandB. Northern IrelandC. WalesD. EnglandII. Fill in the Blanks1. The U.K. is situated in _____ Europe.2. The full title of the U.K. is the United Kingdom of _____ _____ and _____ _____.3. The U.K. consists of England, _____, _____ and Northern Ireland.4. The largest part of U.K. is _____.5. The capital of England and of Great Britain is _____.8. The highest mountain in Britain is _____ _____.9. The “Backbone of England” refers to the _____.16. The Bank of England was founded in _____.17. The population of the U.K. is more than _____million.18. Britain is basically an exporter of _____.27. The British national anthem is _____ _____ _____ _____.28. The U.K. lies to the _____ of France.29. Westminster, the area of central government administration is situated in the _____ End.33. The capital city of Wales is _____.Part II HistoryI. Multiple Choice1. Julius Caesar invaded Britain _____.A. onceB. twiceC. three times2. King Arthur was the king of _____.A. PictsB. CeltsC. ScotsD. Jutes5. In 1653 _____ was made Lord Protector for life.A. Oliver CromwellB. Charles IC. William II7. The head of the church in Anglo-Saxon times was _____.A. the King of Denmark and NorwayB. the king of EnglandC. Julius CaesarD. the Archbishop of Canterbury9. The Vikings who invaded England at the turnof the 8th century came from _____.A. NorwayB. DenmarkC. FranceD. both A and B11. Norman Conquest began in _____.A. 1016B. 1066C. 103516. Charles I was beheaded in _____.A. 1649B. 1648C. 165321. The Glorious Revolution in 1688 was in naturea _____.A. coup d’etatB. racial slaughterC. peasant rising22. The Industrial Revolution laid a good foundation for the _____.A. factory of the worldB. expansion of marketsC. social upheaval25. The Great Charter was signed by _____ in 1215.A. King Henry IIB. King RichardC. King John38. In the Wars of the Roses the Lancastrians wire badges of _____ rose.A. whiteB. redC. pinkD. yellow41. In 1689 the “Bill of Rights” was passed. _____ began in England.A. The Constitutional MonarchyB. All Estates ParliamentC. House of Lancaster45. Under Elizabeth I _____ was restored, and she was declared “governor” of the church.A. the Roman ChurchB. the Catholic ChurchC. the Anglican Church46. In 1337 the hostility between England and _____ resulted in the Hundred Years’ War.A. FranceB. SpainC. Russia47. The religious persecution mainly existed during the reign of _____.A. CromwellB. Charles IC. Henry VIII48. England first became a sea power in the time of _____.A. Henry VIIB. Elizabeth IC. Victoria58. The Victorian Age was over the _____ began.A. Edwardian AgeB. Georgian AgeC. Elizabethan Age60. The Great Charter was essentially a _____.A. Culture MovementB. colonial documentC. feudal documentIII. Explain the Following Terms1. The Norman Conquest2. The Glorious RevolutionIV. Answer the Following Questions1. What, in your opinion, are the main causes for the slow growth of Britain’s economy since the Second World War?3. What importance did King Alfred hold in British history?Part III CultureI. Multiple Choice3. Public schools belong to the category of the _____ schools.A. stateB. independentC. local4. The pupils who had got the highest marks in the “eleven plus” examination would go to _____ school.A. grammarB. technicalC. secondary modern8. The universities of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh are called the four _____ universities.A. oldB. newC. Scottish13. In Britain education at the age from 5 to 16is _____.A. optionalB. compulsoryC. self-taught48. _____ is the biggest and most well-known church in London.A. WhitehallB. St. Paul’s CathedralC. Westminster Abbey49. _____ is the monarch’s present London home.A. Westminster PalaceB. Buckingham PalaceC. Whitehall PalacePart V Political SystemI. Multiple Choice1. The British Monarchy is _____.A. electiveB. democraticC. hereditary2. The Constitutional Monarchy started at the end of the _____ century.A. 17thB. 16thC. 15th6. The life of Parliament is fixed at _____ years.A. fourB. sixC. five11. The _____ is the core of leadership of the British government.A. CabinetB. Privy CouncilC. Crown15. The president (or head) of the House of Lordsin Britain is _____.A. Lord ChancellorB. SpeakerC. Prime minister17. It is the _____ who organizes the Cabinet and presides over its meetings.A. Prime MinisterB. Lord PresidentC. Speaker21. The following persons except _____ have no right to vote.A. certified lunatics (mentally illed person)B. criminalsC. government employeesD. peers who have seats in the LordsIII. Explain the Following Terms1. The Cabinet2. The SpeakerIV. Answer the Following Questions1. Can you say something about the English Monarchy?2. Which are the major parties in Britain? What are the characteristics of them?美国部分Part II. Multiple Choice3. In the west of the _____ lie the Colorado Plateaus and the Columbia Plateaus.A. Rocky MountainB. Coast RangeC. Cascades MountainsIV. Answer the Following Questions1. Give a brief presentation of the U.S. economy. Part II HistoryI. Multiple Choice1. The history of the U.S. is generally agreed to have begun in _____.A. 1620B. 1607C. 17762. The following states are among the first thirteen colonies except _____.A. MarylandB. South CarolinaC. DelawareD. Colorado6. The First Continental Congress was held in _____ in September, 1774.A. PhiladelphiaB. BostonC. New York7. The American War of Independence started in _____ and ended in _____.A. 1776, 1784B. 1775, 1783C. 1706, 171411. The Constitutional Convention was held in1787 to revise _____.A. The Articles of the ConfederationB. Bill of RightsC. Civil Rights12. The first ten amendments, known as _____, were added to the Constitution in 1791.A. the Bill of RightsB. the ArticlesC. Civil Rights16. The greatest contribution made by President Thomas Jefferson was his _____.A. abolishing the Sedition ActB. reducing taxesC. purchasing Louisiana from France17. The Second Anti-English War broke out in _____ and ended in _____. The U.S. won the war.A. 1812, 1814B. 1813, 1815C. 1814, 181632. In 1918 President _____ issued the “Fourteen Points”.A. Woodrow WilsonB. William H. TaftC. Theodore RooseveltD. Warren G. Harding36. The Ku Klux Klan was the most notorious terrorist society which persecuted the _____.A. blacksB. IndiansC. progressive people III. Define the Following Terms1. The Boston “Tea Party”2. The Westward MovementIV. Answer the Following Questions1. Please say something about the American War of Independence, including its cause, process andsignificance.Part III CultureI. Multiple Choice1. The popular kind of family in America is _____ family.A. nucleusB. looseC. largeD. blend17. American Independence Day fall on _____.A. the 4th of JulyB. October 31stC. March 20th18. Halloween is a _____.A. summer festivalB. night-time festivalC. sweethearts’ holidayD. pilgrims holiday IV. Answer the Following Questions1. What day in the US is the birthday of the nation?2. Who was Martin Luther King?4. What does Easter Sunday celebrate?Part V Political SystemI. Multiple Choice1. The Judicial Branch is headed by _____.A. the Supreme CourtB. CongressC. President2. The general election in America is held every _____ years.A. 5B. 4C. 6D. 3A. The CabinetB. The Supreme CourtC. PresidentD. Congress6. The political system of the US is based on the following except _____.A. federalismB. the constitutional monarchyC. the separation of powersD. respect for the constitutionE. the rule of law7. The US Federal Government is composed of the following except _____.A. the legislativeB. the standing committeeC. the judicialD. the executiveIV. Answer the Following Questions1. What is the role of the US congress?。

英美法概论总结复习.doc

英美法概论总结复习第四章，第四章，美美国宪国宪法法条条例例一、一、LLegislativepoweregislativepower立法立法权权，，给给予予国会国会，，参议参议院院与众议与众议院共同院共同组组成成二、二、Ecutivepowerxecutivepower行政行政权权，，给给予予总统总统任期四年，有任期四年，有权权提名副提名副总统总统三、三、JJudicialpowerudicialpower司法司法权权，，给给予予联联邦最高法院邦最高法院四、四、statesstates’’powerpower州州权权利利五、五、amendmentsamendments修修订宪订宪法法两两院三分之二以上院三分之二以上议员议员提提议议，或州，或州议会议会三分之二以上提三分之二以上提议议，形成，形成proposalsproposals提案，州提案，州议会议会四分之三以上同意四分之三以上同意或各州制或各州制宪议会宪议会四分之三以上同意才四分之三以上同意才获获得批准得批准六、六、supremacysupremacy宪宪法至高无上的地位法至高无上的地位七、七、ratiratificationfication批准，批准，宪宪法法获获得得认认可，有效可，有效宪宪法的修法的修订订FFreedomofexpression,religionandassemble(reedomofexpression,rel igionandassemble(集集会会))DDueprocessclauseueprocessclause正正当当程序程序条条款，是款，是宪宪法的一法的一条条重要原重要原则则EEqualprotectionqualprotection平等保平等保护护，法律地位，法律地位与与适用法律的平等适用法律的平等宪宪法的基本原法的基本原则则fundamentalprinciplesfundamentalprinciples11FFederalismederalis m联联邦制邦制22NNecessaryandproperecessaryandproper国会为国会为行使上述行使上述权权利，有利，有权权立法立法州州权权利利powerofstatespowerofstates没没有授予有授予给联给联邦的邦的权权力及在州力及在州没没有禁止的有禁止的权权利中由州享有，利中由州享有，为为residualstatepowerresidualstatepower剩余剩余权权力力33SSeparationofpowerseparationofpowers分分权权checksandbalanceschecksandbalances制衡制衡LLegislatureegislature立法机立法机关关属属于于国会国会cutivecutive行政部行政部门门总统总统及行政官及行政官员员，，执执行法律行法律JJudiciaryudiciary司法部司法部门门，最高法院，解，最高法院，解释释法律法律judicialreviewjudicialreview司法司法审查审查通通过过判例法形成判例法形成规规范的一范的一项项制衡措施制衡措施第五章第五章，，刑法刑法一、一、构构成犯罪行成犯罪行为为的要素的要素1,actusreus1,actusreus犯罪行犯罪行为为，包括，包括voluntaryvoluntaryactact有意有意识识作出的行作出的行为为和和omissionomission不作不作为为，存在法律上的，存在法律上的义务义务可是不作可是不作为为而而导导致犯罪的致犯罪的发发生生,,22，，mensreamensrea犯罪意犯罪意图图，也叫犯意，四，也叫犯意，四种种犯意，由高到低分犯意，由高到低分为为，，intentionintentionorpurposelyorpurposely故意，故意，knowledgeknowledgeorknowinglyorknowingly明知，采取放任明知，采取放任态态度度，，recklessnessorrecklesslyrecklessnessorrecklessly轻轻率率鲁鲁莽（莽（极极端端轻轻率有可能入罪），率有可能入罪），negligentlynegligently过过失疏忽（一般失疏忽（一般过过失不失不会会追究刑事追究刑事责责任）任）3,coincidenceconcurrence3,coincidenceconcurrence同同时发时发生在犯罪生在犯罪与与犯意之犯意之间间具有具有同同时时性性44，，causationcausation因果因果关关系系causeinfactcauseinfact事事实实原因（若不是原因（若不是这个这个行行为为就就不不会导会导致致这个结这个结果）果）causeinlawcauseinlaw法律原因法律原因二、二、legaldefenselegaldefense合法合法辩护辩护11，，excuseexcuse可得可得宽宽恕，如未成年，精神失常等恕，如未成年，精神失常等22，，justificationjustification正正当当理由，理由，证证明适明适当当，如正，如正当当防防卫卫，，紧紧急避急避险险等等33，，intoxicationintoxication酗酒，酗酒，voluntaryintoxicationvoluntaryintoxication自愿醉自愿醉态态不可不可辩护辩护，，involuntaryintoxicationinvoluntaryintoxication非自愿醉非自愿醉态态可可辩护辩护44，，mistakemistake错误错误法律法律错误错误和事和事实错误实错误55，，duduressress 胁胁迫，迫，不适用于不适用于murdermurder谋杀谋杀和和treasontreason叛叛国国罪罪66，，consentofthevictimconsentofthevictim受害人同意受害人同意，如安，如安乐乐死死77，，entrapmententrapment警察圈套警察圈套三、三、majorcrimesmajorcrimes主要罪行主要罪行英：（罪行英：（罪行轻轻重）重）treasontreason叛叛国国罪，罪，felonyfelony 重罪，重罪，misdemeanormisdemeanor轻轻罪罪美：（美：（诉讼诉讼程序）程序）summaryoffencesummaryoffence即即决决罪，罪，indictableoffenceindictableoffence可可诉讼诉讼罪，罪，hybridoffencehybridoffence混合程序罪混合程序罪几几种种罪行：罪行：A,A,HHomicideomicide杀杀人罪人罪,,分分为为11，，murdermurder预谋杀预谋杀人，人，传统内传统内涵涵：：maliceaforethoughtmaliceaforethought预谋杀预谋杀人人现现代代类类型：型：IIntenttokillmurderntenttokillmurder预谋杀预谋杀人人IIntenttodoseriousbodilyinjurymurderntenttodoseriousbodilyinjurym urder预谋预谋重重伤伤致死致死RRecklessindifferencetovalueofhumanlifeordepravedheartecklessind ifferencetovalueofhumanlifeordepravedheartmurdermurder极极端端轻轻率率谋杀谋杀FFelonymurderelonymurder重罪重罪谋杀谋杀DDegreeegree：：FFirstdegreemurderirstdegreemurder一一级谋杀级谋杀（一（一级谋杀级谋杀及部分重罪及部分重罪谋杀谋杀）可判死）可判死刑刑SSeconddegreemurdereconddegreemurder二二级谋杀级谋杀（故意重（故意重伤谋杀伤谋杀，，极极端端轻轻率率谋杀谋杀，，部分重罪部分重罪谋杀谋杀）死刑以下，即）死刑以下，即终终身身监监禁及以下禁及以下22，，manslaughtermanslaughter非非预谋杀预谋杀人人voluntarymanslaughtervoluntarymanslaughter非非预谋预谋故意故意杀杀人人involuntarymanslaughterinvoluntarymanslaughter非非预谋过预谋过失失杀杀人人B,physicalinjuryB,physicalinjury伤伤害罪分害罪分为为BBatteryattery殴殴打打AAssaultssault企企图伤图伤害害MMayhemayhem重重伤伤C,burglaryC,burglary夜夜盗盗罪，罪，怀怀着着实实施重罪的意施重罪的意图图在在夜里打夜里打开并进开并进入他人住入他人住宅宅的行的行为为第六章，第六章，proceduralprocedurallawlaw诉讼诉讼法法英美英美诉讼诉讼制度的特点：制度的特点：AAdversarysystemdversarysystem对对抗制抗制PProcedureorientedrocedureoriented追求程序上的正追求程序上的正当当JJurysystemurysystem陪陪审团审团制度制度一、一、民事民事诉讼诉讼civilprocedurecivilprocedure11，，prepre--trialproceduretrialprocedure审审前程序前程序pleadingpleading诉诉答程序答程序plaintiffplaintiff原告原告filesacomplaintfilesacomplaint提交提交诉状诉状courtcourt法院法院向被告（向被告（defendantdefendant））发发出出传传票（票（summonsummon））defendantdefendant被告被告admissionadmission承承认认罪罪状状或或answeranswer答答辩状辩状或者或者councounterclaimterclaim反反诉诉（如果（如果对对原告有原告有诉讼诉讼））22，，discoverydiscovery证证据据开开示程序示程序33，，pretrialconferencepretrialconference审审前前会议会议44，，settlement/ADRsettlement/ADR和解和解与与替代程序替代程序55，，trialtrial审审理理A,juryA,jury（（传统传统上上1212人，人，现现在最少在最少66人）人）trialtrial陪陪审员审审员审判判挑挑选选陪陪审员审员HHearingandinstructionearingandinstruction听听审审DDeliberationandverdicteliberationandverdict议议事事审审判（判（联联邦需一直裁邦需一直裁决决，州不一定），州不一定）B,B,BBenchtrialenchtrial法院法院审审理理OOpeningstatementpeningstatement开开庭庭陈陈述，先原告后述，先原告后被告被告PPresentationresentation举证举证CClosingargumentlosingargument/statement/summation/statement/s ummation结结案呈案呈辞辞C,judgmentC,judgment判判决决MMoneydamageoneydamage金金钱损钱损害害赔偿赔偿EEquitablereliefquitablerelief衡平救衡平救济济（禁令（禁令injunctioninjunction或或实际实际履行履行specificspecificperanceperance））DDeclaratoryreliefeclaratoryrelief宣告式救宣告式救济济AAwardsofcostswardsofcosts诉讼费诉讼费用解用解决决二、二、刑事刑事诉讼诉讼criminalprocedurecriminalprocedure11，，PPretrialproceedingsretrialproceedings审审前程序前程序AArrestrrest逮捕（有逮捕（有证证无无证证逮捕逮捕warrantwarrant或或probablecauseprobablecause可能性根可能性根据）据）BBookingooking登登记记FFilingcomplaintilingcomplaint提起指控确定罪行提起指控确定罪行IInitialappearancenitialappearance初次聆初次聆讯讯，到庭，到庭PPreliminaryhearingreliminaryhearing预审预审听听证证IIndictmentndictment控告控告AArraignmentrraignment传讯传讯，提，提审审33，，pleabargain/negotiation/agreementpleabargain/negotiation/agreemen t变诉变诉交易交易pleadtoalessseriouschargepleadtoalessseriouscharge指控，罪名交易（指控，罪名交易（认认一一个个更更轻轻的罪）的罪）罪罪数数交易交易（（检检察官承察官承诺诺））刑刑罚罚交易（交易（对对所控罪所控罪认认罪，罪，检检察官向法官建察官向法官建议减轻议减轻刑刑罚罚））44，，trialandsentencingtrialandsentencingjuryselectionjuryselectionproofp roof三、三、证证据据evidenceevidence1,1,分分类类：：RRealevidenceealevidence实实物物证证据据DDocumentaryevidenceocumentaryevidence书书面面证证据据TTestimonialevidenceestimonialevidence证证人人证证言言JJudicialnoticeudicialnotice司法司法认认知知2,2,分分类类：：DDirectevidenceirectevidence直接直接证证据据CCircumstantialevidenceircumstantialevidence情形情形证证据据3,3,证证明明责责任任burdenburdenofproofofproof （（burdenofproductionburdenofproduction提出提出证证据据责责任任burdenofpersuasionburdenofpersuasion说说服服证证据据责责任）：任）：民事中，民事中，谁谁主主张谁举证张谁举证，原告，原告刑事中刑事中,,对对于于构构成要件成要件来说来说，公，公诉检诉检察官察官举证举证；被告；被告积极积极抗抗辩时辩时，，被告被告举证举证。

英美法概论复习提纲

英美法概论复习提纲一、重点词汇1.英美法概论General Introduction to Anglo-American Law2.英美法系the Anglo-American Leagal System3.法系legal families= law systems4.罗马法系Romanist Family5.德国法系Germanic Family6.北欧法系Nordic Family7.远东法系fast east law family8.宗教法体系religious legal systems9.比较法学家comparative jurists10.法律渊源legal sources11.正式渊源Formal Sources12.非正式渊源Informal Sources13.书面渊源Literary source14.公法Public law15.私法Private law (civil law)16.合同法Contracts17.侵权法Torts18.物权法Real and personal property19.信托法Trusts20.证据法Evidence law21.刑法Criminal law22.民法Civil law23.商法Commercial law24.公司法Corporation law25.税法Taxation law26.贸易规则Trade regulation27.宪法Constitutional law28.行政法Administrative law29.劳动法Labor law30.法律冲突conflicts of laws31.比较法comparative law30.法理学jurisprudence31.法制史legal history32.家庭法Family law33.继承法The law of succession34.普通法Common law35.衡平法Equity law36.习惯法Case law 37.制定法Statute law/Enacted law38.成文法Written law39.不成文法Unwritten law40.程序法Procedure law41.实体法Substantive law42.习惯法Customary law /Common law43.判例报告law reports44.判案陈述case stated45.中华人民共和国the People’s Republic of China46.民法通则General Principles of the Civil Law47.行政法规Administrative regulations48.地方立法Local legislation49.国际条约International Treaties50.法国民法典the French Civil Code51.法律委员会Law Commission52.全国人民代表大会the National People's Congress（NPC）53.全国人大常委Standing Committee of NPC54.全国人大法工委Law Commission of the National People's Congress55.国务院The state council56.巡回法官circuit judges57.最高法院Supreme Court58.上诉法院Court of Appeal59.高等法院High Court60.王室法院Crown Court61.治安法院Magistrates’Court62.郡法院County Court63.太平绅士Justice of the peace64.司法判决judicial decisions65.司法部门Judicial Branch66.立法部门Legislative Branch67.行政部门Executive Branch68.助教teaching assistants69.讲师lecturers70.助理教授assistant professor71.副教授associate professor72.教授professor二、英汉互译1.中华人民共和国民法通则General principles of civil law of People’s Republic of China2.于1987年1月1日生效To be effective/valid on January 1st , 1987.3.公民之间的财产关系和人身关系Property relationships and personal relationships among citizens.4.平等民事主体之间的关系relationships among civil subjects with equal status/equal civil subjects5.调整当事人之间的民事关系To adjust civil relationships among the parties/clients.6.当事人在民事活动中的地位平等Parties to civil activities shall have equal status.7.在民事活动中的自愿原则，公平原则，等价有偿原则、诚实信用原则The principle of voluntariness, the principle of fairness, the principle of making compensation for equal value, and the principle of honesty and credibility in civil activities.8.民事活动应当遵守这些原则All these principles shall be abided by/observed in civil activities.9.公民、法人的合法民事权益应受到法律保护The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall be protected by laws.10.在中华人民共和国领域内的民事活动，适用中华人民共和国法律the law of the People’s Republic of China shall apply to civil activities within the People’s Republic of China11.本法关于公民的规定适用于在我国领域内的外国人，无国籍人the stipulation of this law with regard to citizens shall apply to foreigners and stateless persons/ persons without nationality within our country.。

英美法律制度期末复习.doc

1. (有效赠与满足的三个条件)three requirements for an effective gifts:(1) delivery :Delivery is obvious in most cases, but some objects cannot be relinquished physically(2) donative intent: Donative intent (the intent to make a gift) is determined from the language of the donor and the surrounding circumstan ces.(3)acceptance by the donee: The final requirement of a valid gift is acceptance by the donee.2. (反向取得的四个条件)adverse possession:(1) Possession must be actual and exclusive, than is ,the possessor must take sole physical occupancy of the property.(2) The possession must be open ,visible and notorious, not secret and clandestine.The possessor must occupy the land for all the world to see.(3) Possession must be continuous and peaceable for the required period of time.(4) Possession must be hostile and adverse3. Battery (非法接触)andAssault(威吓)的异同:(1) Smilarity: Both have intention to make contact (2) Difference: contact : 1 .The first of intentionally inflicted injury is battery.Battery is the intentional, unconsented, harmful or offensive touching of another.2. Assault occurs when the defendants's acts intentionally cause the victim's reasonable apprehension of immediate harmful or offensive contact. The contact must be seen as imminent. Intention:ln case of the assault there is no physical harm to victim , it is just threat from criminal to victim. While in case of battery ,there must be some physical contact between criminal and victim.4. Conversion(侵占)的概念和特征：概念：Conversion is a special type of trespass.lt isan intentional interference with plaintiff's possession or owners hip of property that is so substantial that D should be required to pay the property's full value. It involves a major interference, more serious interference with the possesssor's rights.特征：(1) Conversion is anIntentional tort(2) Distinguishe d from trespass to chattels5. 地役权(1) An easement is the right of s person to make limited use of another persons' real property without taking anything from the property.(2) An easement, for example,can be the right to walkAcross another's property. Incontrast, profit is the rightto go on to land in possession of another and take away some part of the land itself or some product of the land6. (过失侵权的成立要素)elements of negligence:(1) the duty of care andIts breach (2) the injury(3) causation三.案例1 .火车爆炸案(可预见性foreseeability)1 ssues:1.How is the duty of due care that is owed determined?2. To whom does a party owe the duty of due care?Holding and Rule(Cardozo 一"Zone of Danger" rule)1. A duty that is owed must be determined from the risk that can reasonably be foreseenunder the circumstances.2. A defendant owes a duty of care only to those who are in the reasonably foreseeable zoneof danger.a. "there was nothing in the situation to suggest to the most cautious mind that the parcelwrapped in newspaper would spread wreckage through the station. If the guard had thrown it down knowingly and willfully, he would not have threatened the plaintiff's safety, so far asappearances could warn him."b. Without any perception that one's actions could harm someone, there could be no dutytowards that person, and therefore no negligence for which to impose liability.一个正常的小心谨慎的人所感知的危险的范围决定应承担责任的范围(the orbit Of the danger aSdiSQosed tO the eye Of reasonablevigilance would be the orbit of the duty)2 土地测量误差'Issues: 1.1s tacking of possess!on by subsequent occupants permitted if the land is occup ied under a mistake of fact?2.May a party prevail on aclaim of adverse possessionif physical use of theproperty was limited to summer occupancy?Holding and Rule1. Yes. Tacking of possessionby subsequent occupants ispermitted if the land is occupied under a mistake of fact provided the occupants are in privity.2. Yes. A party may prevail ona claim of adverse possessionif physical use of the property was limited to summer o ecu pa ncy.I ssue: 1. Is a claim of adverse possession defeated because the house was only used as asummer property?2. Can a person who has recorded title to a tract of land adjacent to his, but thinking that hehas correct title to the land which he possesses, tack his adverse possession onto theprevious periods of occu pancy which went before his?Holding: 1.No. T D establish continuity of possession, a person must only occupy the property for periods of time which are consistent with the nature of the property.2. \fes. Where there are several successive bona fide purchases and recordings of a deed toa tract of land adjacent to the tract of land occupied, and the cumulative possessions arelonger than the statute of limitations for actions to recover property, there is sufficient privity to permit tacking and thus establish adverse possession. Reasoning: 1. The court reasoned that the rule of continuity was not one requiring absolute mat he matical continuity, but rather if the land is occupied during the period of the year when it is capable of use, that is sufficient.2. The requirement of "privity" is intended to keep chains of unrelated squatters from voiding the title of the original owner, and clearly those are not the facts in this case. Each possessor was a bona fide purchaser from the previous one. Furthermore, where a person claims more than his deed describes, the question of privity is not defeated, so it should be the same for where the deeddescribes an adjacent parcel of land.I ssues1.1s tacking of possession by subsequent occupants permitted if the land is occupied under amistake of fact?2.May a party prevail on a claim of adverse possession if physical use of the property waslimited to summer occupancy?1 .Under WA property law, may a person who receives record title to tract A under themistaken belief that he has title to tract B (immediately adjacent to tract A) and who subsequently occupies tract B, for the purpose of establishing title to tract B by adverse possession, use the periods of possession of tract B by his immediate predecessors who also had record title to tract A?Holding and Rule1 .Yes. Tacking of possession by subsequent occupants is permitted if the land is occupiedunder a mistake of fact provided the occupants are in privity.2. Yes. A party may prevail on a claim of adverse possession if physical use of the propertywas limited to summer occupancy.3. Yes. When several successive purchasers received record title to tract A, under themistaken belief that they were acquiring tract B, immediately adjacent, and where possession of tract B is transferred and occupied in a continuous manner for more than 10 years bysuccessive occupants, there is sufficient privity of estate to permit tacking and thus establish adverse possession as a matter of law.。

英美法律制度期末复习 In the reign of Henry II

In the reign of Henry II (1154-1189) the king carried out a series of events that brought about radical changes in system of royal courts and a law common to all of England. The movement started with an implementation of the royal claim to ownership of all the land in England在亨利二世登基的时候(1154-1189国王进行了一系列的事件,彻底改变了系统中的王室法庭和律师共同所有的英格兰。

运动实现了皇家对所有权的要求所有的土地在英格兰Types and numbers of the writs — Register of WritsCouncil determined the types of writs that could be issued◆Functions of writsRemoval of the administration of justice from communal (local) and seignorial courts toward central administration of justice;Chief source were land cases.类型和编号的令状,请即登记的身上理事会的类型,确定可令状发行◆令状的功能切除的司法(局部)从公共和seignorial向中央司法法院;主要来源是土地的病例。

Keeping the division of advocacy and counseling has always been a tradition in England. Barristers: Barristers have the sole right to appear in the higher courts—Crown courts, High Court, Court of Appeal, and House of Lords. Barristers do not deal directly with lay clients, but only with solicitors.Solicitors: Solicitors perform the counselling function and may appear in lesser courts. 保持宣传和咨询的划分一直是一个传统在英格兰。

英美法系期末试题及答案

英美法系期末试题及答案【注意：以下内容为示例，并非真实试题及答案】Introduction本文将介绍英美法系的一些期末试题，以及对应的答案。

通过对这些试题的学习和理解，有助于对英美法系的基本原理和规定有更深入的了解。

试题一：合同法1. 根据英美法系的原则，请简述合同的四要素。

答：在英美法系中，合同的四要素是：offer，acceptance，consideration和intention to create legal relations。

合同需要有一个offer，即一方向另一方提供合同条件；接受这个offer即表示接受合同条件；合同双方需要有相互的对价（consideration），即互相交换的利益或价值；双方还要有意愿创造法律关系，即他们意图通过签订合同来受到法律保护。

2. 根据英美法系的原则，请简述下列合同类型的区别和特点：口头合同和书面合同。

答：口头合同是指双方通过口头表达达成的合同，而书面合同则是通过书面形式达成的合同。

在英美法系中，口头合同与书面合同的效力是平等的，但书面合同在法律上更容易执行和证明。

口头合同的特点是便捷、灵活，适用于日常生活中的小额交易，但可信度相对较低；而书面合同更适用于重要的商业交易，具有更高的可信度和法律效力。

试题二：侵权法1. 根据英美法系的原则，请简述侵权行为的三个要素。

答：在英美法系中，侵权行为的三个要素是：过失、损害和因果关系。

过失指行为人做出了不符合合理人标准的行为；损害是指侵权行为造成了他人的经济或人身损害；而因果关系是指侵权行为导致的损害与行为之间存在直接关联。

2. 根据英美法系的原则，请简述侵权法中的两种责任类型：严格责任和过失责任。

答：在侵权法中，严格责任和过失责任是两种常见的责任类型。

严格责任是指无需证明被告存在过失，只需证明被告承担了造成损害的行为。

严格责任适用于某些特定的情况，例如危险品的运输等。

而过失责任则要求原告证明被告存在过失行为，即没有遵守合理人的标准。

英美法概论知识点总结

英美法概论知识点总结English Law:- Common law system: The English legal system is based on the common law system, which is characterized by the use of judicial precedent and the doctrine of stare decisis. This means that previous court decisions are binding on lower courts and serve as a guide for future cases.- Sources of law: English law is derived from a variety of sources, including case law, statutes, and custom. While case law and statutes are the primary sources of law, custom can also play a significant role in shaping legal principles.- Court structure: The English court system is divided into two main branches: the criminal courts and the civil courts. The criminal courts deal with cases involving criminal offenses, while the civil courts handle disputes between individuals or organizations.- Legal professions: The legal profession in England is divided into two main categories: solicitors and barristers. Solicitors are legal professionals who provide legal advice and assistance to clients, while barristers are court advocates who specialize in representing clients in court.American Law:- Federalism: The American legal system is based on the principle of federalism, which means that it is divided between the federal government and the individual state governments. This division of powers and authority gives rise to a dual court system, with federal courts and state courts operating independently of each other.- Legal precedents: Like the English legal system, the American legal system relies heavily on legal precedents. This means that decisions made by higher courts serve as binding authority for lower courts, creating a system of stare decisis.- Role of juries: One unique feature of the American legal system is the extensive use of juries in both criminal and civil cases. Juries are responsible for determining the facts of a case and reaching a verdict based on the evidence presented to them.- Legal education and professions: In the United States, the legal profession is highly regulated and requires a formal education in law, usually culminating in a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree. Law schools across the country offer a rigorous curriculum to prepare students for the bar examination and future practice as attorneys.French Law:- Civil law system: The French legal system is based on the civil law tradition, which is characterized by a more codified and comprehensive body of laws. This system relies on theapplication of enacted laws and legal codes, as opposed to the reliance on judicial precedent seen in common law systems.- Role of judges: In the French legal system, judges play a significant role in applying the law to specific cases. They are responsible for interpreting and enforcing the law, and they often have more discretion in making decisions than judges in common law systems.- Legal codes: French law is heavily reliant on written legal codes, with the most famous being the Napoleonic Code, which was enacted in 1804 and serves as the foundation of many civil law systems around the world.- Legal professions: The legal profession in France is divided into two main categories: avocats and magistrats. Avocats are legal professionals who provide legal representation and advice to clients, while magistrats are judges who preside over court proceedings and make decisions in accordance with the law.Comparative Analysis:- Legal principles and values: Despite the differences in their legal systems, all three countries share certain fundamental legal principles and values, such as the rule of law, protection of individual rights, and the separation of powers.- Role of the judiciary: In all three countries, the judiciary plays a crucial role in interpreting and applying the law to specific cases. However, the degree of judicial discretion and the reliance on legal precedents vary between the common law and civil law systems.- Legal education and training: While all three countries require a formal education in law for individuals to practice as attorneys, there are differences in the structure and content of legal education programs. For example, the emphasis on case law in common law countries and codified law in civil law countries.- Legal professions and courts: The organization and structure of legal professions and courts also differ between English, American, and French legal systems. These differences reflect the historical, cultural, and political contexts in which these legal systems have developed.Conclusion:In conclusion, the legal systems of England, America, and France each have distinct features and characteristics that reflect their unique historical, cultural, and political contexts. While there are common principles and values that underpin all three legal systems, there are also significant differences in their sources of law, court structures, legal professions, and approaches to legal education. Understanding these differences is essential for lawyers, judges, and legal scholars to navigate the complexities of the global legal landscape and promote cross-cultural understanding and cooperation.。

国家司法考试《理论法学》复习全书【核心讲义】(英美法系)【圣才出品】

第五章英美法系考查小贴士本章平均每年考查2分，主要涉及美国宪法、英美司法制度等知识点。

考生应注意把握以下内容：（1）对于美国宪法，通常会结合宪法的基本理论、其他国家的宪法等知识点一并考查。

（2）对于美国的违宪审查制度，通常会结合其他监督审查机制来考查。

一、英美法系的历史沿革1．英国法的形成与发展（1）英国封建法律体系的形成，是伴随着普通去、衡平法和制定法的形成而发展起来的。

（2）资产阶级革命后，英国法最重要的变化是确立议会主权的地位；现代英国法的发展主要是委托立法大增、社会立法加强、选举制度完善。

1215年《大宪章》，是英国中世纪最重要的一部制定法，在历史上首次规定“非经合法裁判不得逮捕、监禁、放逐和没收财产”等，对英国宪法的发展产生了重要影响，根据它的规定逐渐形成英国义会。

2．美国法的形成与发展（1）殖民地时期的美国法18世纪之前的美国法比较原始和简陋。

到18世纪中期。

在美国占支配地位的是英国普通法。

（2）独立战争后的美国法1830年之后，《美国法释义》的问世以及各种美国法专著的出现标志着美国法走上独立发展的道路。

（3）南北战争后的美国法这是美国法的改，革与发展时期。

表现在：废除奴隶制度；确立土地自由转让制度；改革烦琐的诉讼程序；法学教育重心从律师事务所转到法学院校等。

（4）现代的美国法现代美国法与以前相比更具有自己的特色。

具体表现为制定法大量增加：行政机关权力扩大和国家干预经济立法大量颁布等。

二、英美法系的形成及其特点1．英美法系又称普通法系，是以英国普通法为基础发展起来的世界性法律体系。

伴随着英国的殖民扩张而形成，英美法系主要以判例法为法律渊源。

以日耳曼法为历史渊源，它的主要推理方法是归纳法。

2．美国法是英美法系的重要分支，开创了许多新的法律制度，如反托拉斯法、现代产品责任制度等。

美国还制定了世界上第一部资产阶级成文宪法。

陪审制度是英美法系的一个重要特点，发源于英国，为英美法系的一种民主象征。

英美概论考试复习题

The Society & Culture of Major English-speaking Countries英语国家社会与文化The UK1. What are the four nations which make up of the UK?这四个国家是什么构成的英国吗England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland2. The UK maintain links with its former colonial countries through a loose andvoluntary organization called ___________.英国保持联系前殖民国家通过宽松、自愿组织称British Commonwealth英联邦3. But more important today to consider modern Britain’s role in its internationalrelations is to emphasize its role as a member of _____但更重要的是今天考虑现代英国年代作用的国际关系是强调其角色的成员European Union欧洲联盟，欧盟4. What are the main religions in the UK? 什么是主要宗教在英国吗Anglicanism (英国国教), Catholicism天主教；天主教义, Christianism耶稣教；基督教, and others (e.g. Islam).5. British history has been a history of invasions. Can you list the invaders fromthe first to the last? 英国的历史上一直是侵略的历史。

你能列举侵略者从第一行到最后一行吗Rome Empire →Germanic peoples: the Anglo-Saxon →Vikings from northern Europe →Normans from northern France罗马帝国日耳曼人:盎格鲁-萨克逊维京人从北欧诺曼人从法国北部6. Who were the forefathers of the English?他们的先辈的英语吗Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁-撒克逊7. Who is King Arthur? Why do the contemporary English people think of KingArthur as their hero?谁是亚瑟王呢?为什么当代英国人觉得亚瑟王的英雄吗A great leader in a English legend derives from the fifth century AD. It is said thathe united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur.一个伟大的领袖,在英国传说中来自第五世纪广告。

英美法概论(最新版本)

英美法概论第一章普通法本章将介绍英美法的重要法源——普通法，包括普通法的基本含义、形成的原因以及学术观点。

重点是普通法形成原因之分析。

第一节普通法的含义一、普通法的含义（一）关于对common law的翻译“习惯法”抑或“普通法”？（二）普通法的含义1．原始含义：是指在13世纪爱德华一世时期形成的与地方习惯法相对称，在王室法院适用的通行于全英国的“习惯法”。

来源于教会法的jus commune,lex communis2．普通法的现代含义（1）与衡平法相对称即指原始含义上的普通法。

指从13世纪形成的在全英国普遍适用的共同的习惯法。

即由英国早期王室法院适用的通行于全国的习惯法。

（2）与制定法相对称，普通法就是判例法。

（3）与其他国家的法律相对称，普通法就是指英国法。

（4）与大陆法相对称，指与大陆法相对立的整个英美法。

包括普通法、衡平法、制定法。

二、与普通法相关的几个概念（一）判例法（case law）既指一种法律方法，也指一种法律.从法律方法角度讲，判例法是“是根据法院和法庭以往对特定案件所作司法决定而对其中设定的法律原则和规则进行概括的普遍术语。

从法渊角度讲，判例法是汇编判例的集合或者是作为证据的特定主题的法律，或者是由已决案件形成的法律，区别于制定法和其他法律渊源。

（二）案件（case）《布莱克法律字典》对“case”有不同含义广义理解上既包括已决案件，也包括未决案件。

狭义理解上，“案件”较为合适。

（三）先例（precedent）先例是“法院做出的决定或已决案件。

为后来出现的类似或相近案件提供了范例或者效力。

法院在先前案件中确立的原则基础上审理案件，在事实或法律原则上与待决案件相似的先前案件即为先例（四）遵循先例（stare decisis）遵循先例是适用判例法的原理或者规则。

第二节普通法的形成一、普通法形成的学术观点（一）国内关于普通法形成的主流学说普通法的形成与英格兰国王政府在司法领域的中央集权化的尝试分不开，1066年“诺曼征服”以后，原有的各地分散的习惯法给统一的全国管理带来了很大的不便和困难。

英美法概论期末考试试题

英美法概论期末考试试题# 英美法概论期末考试试题
## 一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）
1. 英国法的起源可以追溯到哪个时期？
A. 罗马帝国时期
B. 盎格鲁-撒克逊时期
C. 诺曼征服时期
D. 工业革命时期
2. 美国宪法的制定时间是：
A. 1776年
B. 1787年
C. 1789年
D. 1791年
3. 英国的法律体系属于：
A. 大陆法系
B. 普通法系
C. 宗教法系
D. 混合法系
4. 以下哪项不是美国宪法修正案的内容？
A. 言论自由
B. 宗教自由
C. 奴隶制
D. 携带武器的权利
5. 英国的法官在判案时主要依据：
A. 法律条文
B. 先例
C. 道德观念
D. 个人判断
## 二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）
1. 简述英国普通法的特点。

2. 美国宪法的基本原则有哪些？
3. 英美两国的司法审查制度有何异同？
## 三、案例分析题（每题25分，共50分）
1. 案例：假设有一位英国公民因言论自由受到限制而提起诉讼。

请分析英国法院可能如何判决，并解释其法律依据。

2. 案例：在美国，一位公民因违反州法而被逮捕，但该州法与联邦法存在冲突。

请分析美国法院如何处理此类冲突，并提供相关的法律依据。

## 四、论述题（共30分）
论述英美两国法律体系在全球化背景下的互动与影响，以及它们对国际法律实践的贡献。

请注意，以上试题仅为示例，实际考试内容可能与此不同。

考生应根据具体课程内容和教授的要求进行复习。

考试时应仔细审题，合理分配时间，确保答题的完整性和准确性。

法学概论期末考试答案

法学概论期末考试答案法学概论期末考试答案法学概论是学习法学的基础，以下是店铺整理的法学概论期末考试答案，欢迎参考阅读！一、单项选择题（每题2分，共80小题）1．法律是一种（）。

A、道德规范B、社会规范C、强制性规范D、任意性规范2．法制是指（）。

A、依法办事的制度B、治理国家的方式C、具体的法律制度D、法律制定的程序3．法治指的是（）。

A、一种治国方式B、有法可依C、法律面前人人平等D、违法必究4．我国的国体是（）。

A、民主集中制度B、人民代表大会制度C、人民民主专政制度D、社会主义制度5．行政法律关系的主体不包括（）。

A、国家行政机关B、人民法院C、行政相对人D、公安局6．法律是（）的体现。

A、多数人意志B、被奉为国家的统治阶级意志C、广大劳动人民意志D、统治阶级意志7．下列哪一个组织不享有法律议案的提议权（）。

A、全国人民代表大会B、人民政协C、全国人大常委会D、国务院8．我国宪法的解释权属于（）。

A、全国人大法律委员会B、最高人民法院C、国家主席D、全国人大常务委员会9．肖像权在法律关系中的客体地位应属于（）。

A、物B、行为结果C、智力成果D、精神财富10．法律规范的内在逻辑机构不包括（）A、假定B、处理C、权利义务D、制裁11．我国《公司法》上的公司不包括（）。

A、有限责任公司B、无限责任公司C、股份有限公司D、国有独资公司12．刑法的从旧兼从轻原则，是指（）。

A、新法与旧法相比，如果新法量刑较轻，则适用新法B、新法原则上无溯及力，但是，如果新法不认为是犯罪或者处刑较轻时，则适用新法C、新法无溯及力，应当按照旧法量刑，但是如果新法不认为是犯罪或者量刑较轻时，则适用新法D、将新法和旧法比较，哪个法不认为是犯罪或者量刑较轻的，就适用哪个法13．下列哪一项不属于刑事诉讼法的基本原则（）。

A、被告人有权获得辩护原则B、无罪推定原则C、法律面前人人平等原则D、合法性审查原则14．根据英美法系的传统，对法的基本分类依据是（）。