国际法院规约 中文版
国际法院规约-中文版
《国际法院规约》来源:联合国网站第一条联合国宪章所设之国际法院为联合国主要司法机关,其组织及职务之行使应依本规约之下列规定。
第一章法院之组织第二条法院以独立法官若干人组织之。
此项法官应不论国籍,就品格高尚井在备本国具有最高司法职位之任命资格或公认为国际法之法学家中选举之。
第三条一.法院以法官十五人组织之,其中不得有二人为同一国家之国民。
二.就充任法院法官而言,一人而可视力一个国家以上之国民者,应认为属于其通常行使公民及政治极利之国家或会员国之国民。
第四条一.法院法官应由大会及安全理事会依下列规定就常设公断法院各国团体所提出之名单内选举之。
二.在常设公断法院并无代表之联合国会员国,其候选人名单应由各该国政府专为此事而委派之团体提出;此项各国团体之委派,准用一九O七年海牙和平解决国际纷争条约第四十四条规定委派常设公断法院公断员之条件。
三.凡非联合国会员国而已接受法院规约之国家,其参加选举法院法官时,参加条件,如无特别协定应由大会经安全理事会之提议规定之。
第五条一.联合国秘书长至迟应于选举日期三个月前,用书面邀请属于本规约当事国之常设公断法院公断员.及依第四条第二项所委派之各国团体.于一定期间内分别由各国团体提出能接受法官职务之人员。
二.每一团体所提人数不得超过四人,其中属其本国国籍者不得超过二人。
在任何情形下,每一团体所提候选人之人数不得超过应占席数之一倍。
第六条各国团体在提出上项人员以前,宜咨询本国最高法院.大学法学院.法律学校.专研法律之国家研究院.及国际研究院在各国所设之各分院。
第七条一.秘书位应依字母次序,编就上项所提人员之名单。
除第十二条第二项规定外,仪此项人员有被选权。
二.秘书长应将前项名单提交大会及安全理事会。
第八条大会及安全理事会各应独立举行法院法官之选举。
第九条每次选举时,选举人不独应注意被选人必须各具必要资格,并应注意务使法官全体确能代表世界各大文化及各主要法系。
第十条一.候选人在大会及在安全理事会得绝对多数票者应认为当选。
国际刑事法院规约
国际刑事法院规约国际刑事法院规约(the Statute of the International Criminal Court)是1998年7月17日在罗马签署的一份具有法律效力的国际协议,它建立了一个独立的、永久性的、统一的国际刑事法院,由各缔约国授权,受国际法保护,负责审理和处理全球性的重大犯罪。
罗马规约创造了一种新的司法机构,该机构负责严厉审判那些对人类所犯下的最严重的罪行,如种族灭绝、战争罪、毁坏环境罪、强奸罪、反人类罪和贩运人口等,而且,此规约要求各缔约国制定有关将犯罪者移交国际刑事法院的法律,并负责移交犯罪者。
国际刑事法院规约共包含114条规定,其中包括国际刑事法院的组织机构、司法管辖权、制裁权、犯罪范围、审判程序等内容。
该规约还规定了组织机构的结构,其中包括法院议长、法官、检察官、员工、律师等,同时规约还明确了法院的司法管辖权,包括犯罪范围、制裁权、审判程序等。
规约还规定,国际刑事法院只能审判和处理那些已经在规约上列出的犯罪,这些犯罪包括:种族灭绝、战争罪、毁坏环境罪、强奸罪、反人类罪和贩运人口罪。
此外,罗马规约还规定,如果犯罪人是在一个缔约国境内行使犯罪行为,则国际刑事法院只有在该国不愿意或者不能审判该案件时才有权审判该案件。
该规约还规定,犯罪者可以以任何形式被移交给国际刑事法院,这包括从缔约国法院受到的移交、缔约国自行将犯罪者移交给国际刑事法院等形式。
此外,国际刑事法院也有权从缔约国请求临时拘留犯罪者,以便审判该犯罪者。
罗马规约还规定,审判流程应当参照国际法律惯例,但也允许国际刑事法院根据不同案件的特殊性采取特定的审判程序,以确保司法公正和公平。
审判期间,犯罪者有权获得必要的帮助,以确保他们的正当程序权利得到充分保障。
此外,规约还规定,国际刑事法院可以发布各种制裁,包括有期徒刑、罚金、社会服务、赔偿和其他补救措施,以惩戒犯罪行为。
此外,国际刑事法院也有权判处其他重大犯罪,如贩运枪支和其他武器罪、贩卖儿童罪、洗钱罪、绑架罪等。
(完整word版)联合国宪章中英文对照
联合国宪章Charter of the United Nations介绍性说明Introductory Note联合国宪章是1945年6月26日联合国国际组织会议结束时在旧金山签字的,于1945年10月24日生效。
国际法院规约是宪章的组成部分。
The Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945. The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an integral part of the Charter.宪章第二十三、第二十七和第六十一条的修正案由大会于1963年12月17日通过,于1965年8月31日生效。
第六十一条的进一步修正案由大会于1971年12月20日通过,于1973年9月24日生效。
第一百零九条修正案由大会于1965年12月20日通过,于1968年6月12日生效。
Amendments to Articles 23, 27 and 61 of the Charter were adopted by the General Assembly on 17 December 1963 and came into force on 31 August 1965. A further amendment to Article 61 was adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 1971, and came into force on 24 September 1973. An amendment to Article 109, adopted by the General Assebmly on 20 December 1965, came into force on 12 June 1968.第二十三条修正案将安全理事会成员自十一国增至十五国。
国际法院规则全文
国际法院规则全文国际法院(International Court of Justice,缩写为ICJ)是联合国的主要司法机构,负责解决国家之间的争端和就合法性问题提供咨询意见。
国际法院规则(Rules of Court)是该机构的内部规则,旨在确保审理案件的公正和公正性。
以下是国际法院规则的全文参考内容:第一章 - 通则第1条 - 应用范围和目的本规则适用于国际法院进行的所有诉讼。
第2条 - 申请提出方式正式诉讼应通过书面申请方式提出,遵循相关规定和要求。
第3条 - 翻译陈述、文件和其他书面材料应以法庭规则规定的语言提交,并在适当情况下提供翻译。
第4条 - 公示和法庭文件提交的申请和文件应根据法庭规则的规定,向其他当事方公示并保密。
第二章 - 确认管辖权和受理申请第5条 - 确认管辖权国际法院应先确认其是否有管辖权,并取决于申请的性质和涉及的当事方。
第6条 - 受理申请国际法院应对仅涉及当事方之间的纠纷或与已注明诉讼授权有关的问题,以及涉及国际法院授权的特殊问题进行受理。
第7条 - 反驳国际法院应允许被申请方提出反驳意见,并给予当事方合理的时间和机会。
第三章 - 应答第8条 - 应答申请被申请方应在指定的期限内提交书面回复,说明其立场和论点。
第9条 - 反对管辖权被申请方有权在期限内提出反对国际法院管辖权的意见。
第10条 - 仲裁国际法院可根据双方同意请求仲裁,并在相关规定下进行仲裁。
第四章 - 其他程序问题第11条 - 缓刑令和裁定国际法院有权发出缓刑令或制定适用于案件的裁定。
第12条 - 证据国际法院可要求或接受各方提供证据,并决定其使用方式和效力。
第13条 - 庭审国际法院有权根据案件的性质和需要举行庭审,并遵守相应规则和程序。
第14条 - 质证和证人证言国际法院可允许各方进行质证和引用证人证言,遵循相关规则和程序。
第15条 - 司法调查国际法院可进行司法调查,以确定事实和证据的可靠性和准确性。
1998年《国际刑事法院罗马规约》
1998年《国际刑事法院罗马规约》1998年《国际刑事法院罗马规约》(Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court)是国际社会为应对严重国际犯罪而制定的一项重要国际法律文书。
该规约自成立以来,成为保障国际人权、促进全球公正的重要法律框架。
以下为《罗马规约》的相关内容和特点。
《罗马规约》首先在序言中指出,国际刑事法院是为了实现罗马规约所确立的目标而设立的,这些目标包括维护全球和平与安全、实现国际公正、确保每个人都能享有基本权利并免受罪行侵害。
该规约详细界定了什么是罪行,罪行范围包括:1.大规模杀戮罪:包括种族灭绝、集体屠杀等。
2.战争罪:包括针对平民的破坏、非人道行为、攻击平民等。
3.侵略罪:即违反联合国宪章的侵略行为。
4.人道主义罪:包括强迫劳动、奴役、酷刑等。
5.种族灭绝罪:即故意消灭一个民族的整个或部分人口。
6.追加罪:当上述罪行被个人犯下且其是该罪行的组织者、命令者,或者有其他特定身份时,个人还可以受到追加起诉。
此外,《罗马规约》还明确了国际刑事法院的管辖权,规定国际刑事法院对罗马规约所涉及的所有罪行拥有管辖权。
国际刑事法院可以根据相关证据和证人陈述决定是否对被控犯罪行为进行起诉,并可以裁决被告的无罪或有罪。
此外,规约也规定了关于追诉时效和司法程序的规定。
其中最令人注目的是国际刑事法院无论被控犯罪行为何时发生,都没有追诉时效的限制。
《罗马规约》还特别强调了对受害者的关照。
规约要求国际刑事法院采取所有必要的措施来确保受害者在法庭上的权利和利益得到保护,包括提供合适的援助和支持,以及尊重其隐私和安全。
此外,罗马规约明确规定了国际刑事法院的组织结构和运作方式,包括成员国的参与和合作,以及国际刑事法院的法官、检察官和其他工作人员的任命与任期。
《罗马规约》签署后,自2002年7月1日起正式生效。
截至2021年,已有123个国家成为该规约的成员国,其中包括中国、德国、法国、英国等国家。
国际法院规约
国际法院规约国际法院是联合国的主要司法机关,负责解决国家间的法律争端。
国际法院规约是国际法院的基本法律文件,规定了国际法院的组织、职能和程序。
国际法院由15名法官组成,这些法官由联合国大会和安全理事会选举产生,任期9年,可以连任。
法官必须是不同国籍的人,且必须具有最高的司法品质和公认的国际法学家资格。
国际法院的职能是解决国家间的法律争端,包括关于条约的解释、国际法的适用、国家责任的确定等。
国际法院还可以就国际法问题提供咨询意见,但这只限于联合国大会和安全理事会等国际组织。
国际法院的程序包括起诉、答辩、证据交换、庭审等阶段。
国际法院的判决具有法律约束力,但判决的执行依赖于国家的自愿遵守。
如果国家不遵守判决,国际法院可以请求联合国安理会采取行动。
国际法院规约还规定了国际法院的管辖权,包括国家同意提交的争端、联合国大会和安全理事会提交的争端等。
国际法院规约还规定了国际法院的经费来源、法官的薪酬和福利等。
国际法院规约是国际法院的基本法律文件,对于维护国际法治、促进国际和平与安全具有重要意义。
国际法院规约的制定和实施,需要各国的共同努力和遵守。
国际法院规约:促进国际法治的基石在国际社会中,国际法院规约不仅是一部法律文件,更是促进国际法治和和平解决争端的基石。
它确保了国家间的争端能够在公正、独立和专业的环境下得到解决,从而避免了潜在的冲突和战争。
国际法院规约还强调了国际合作的重要性。
它鼓励各国通过和平方式解决争端,并通过法律途径来解决国际问题。
这种合作精神有助于加强国际社会的凝聚力和稳定性,为全球和平与发展创造有利条件。
国际法院规约还关注国际法的适用和发展。
国际法院的判决和咨询意见对于解释和适用国际法具有重要意义,有助于推动国际法的进步和完善。
国际法院规约还规定了国际法院的透明度和公开性,确保了法院的公正性和公信力。
在国际法院规约的指导下,国际法院已经成为国际法治的重要支柱。
它为各国提供了一个公正、独立和专业的平台,来解决国际争端和促进国际合作。
国际法院规约英文版
S TATUTE OF THE C OURTThe Statute of the International Court of Justice is annexed to the Charter of the United Nations, of which it forms an integral part. The main object of the Statute is to organize the composition and the functioning of the Court.The Statute can be amended only in the same way as the Charter, i.e., by a two-thirds majority vote in the General Assembly and ratification by two-thirds of the States (Art 69).Should the ICJ consider it desirable for its Statute to be amended, it must submit a proposal to this effect to the General Assembly by means of a written communication addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations (Art 70). However, there has hitherto been no amendment of the Statute of the Court.STATUTEOF THEINTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICETABLE OF CONTENTS:Chapter I: Organization of the Court (Articles 2 - 33)Chapter II: Competence of the Court (Articles 34 - 38)Chapter III: Procedure (Articles 39 - 64)Chapter IV: Advisory Opinions (Articles 65 - 68)Chapter V: Amendment (Articles 69 & 70)Article 1The International Court of Justice established by the Charter of the United Nations as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations shall be constituted and shall function in accordance with the provisions of the present Statute.CHAPTER I - ORGANIZATION OF THE COURTArticle 2The Court shall be composed of a body of independent judges, elected regardless of their nationality from among persons of high moral character, who possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices, or are jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law.Article 31. The Court shall consist of fifteen members, no two of whom may be nationals of the same state.2. A person who for the purposes of membership in the Court could be regarded as a national of more than one state shall be deemed to be a national of the one in which he ordinarily exercises civil and political rights.Article 41. The members of the Court shall be elected by the General Assembly and by the Security Council from a list of persons nominated by the national groups in the Permanent Court of Arbitration, in accordance with the following provisions.2. In the case of Members of the United Nations not represented in the Permanent Court of Arbitration, candidates shall be nominated by national groups appointed for this purpose by their governments under the same conditions as those prescribed for members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration by Article 44 of the Convention of The Hague of 1907 for the pacific settlement of international disputes.3. The conditions under which a state which is a party to the present Statute but is not a Member of the United Nations may participate in electing the members of the Court shall, in the absence of a special agreement, be laid down by the General Assembly upon recommendation of the Security Council.Article 51. At least three months before the date of the election, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall address a written request to the members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration belonging to the states which are parties to the present Statute, and to the members of the national groups appointed under Article 4, paragraph 2, inviting them to undertake, within a given time, by national groups, the nomination of persons in a position to accept the duties of a member of the Court.2. No group may nominate more than four persons, not more than two of whom shall be of their own nationality. In no case may the number of candidates nominated by a group be more than double the number of seats to be filled.Article 6Before making these nominations, each national group is recommended to consult its highest court of justice, its legal faculties and schools of law, and its national academies and national sections of international academies devoted to the study of law.Article 71. The Secretary-General shall prepare a list in alphabetical order of all the persons thus nominated. Save as provided in Article 12, paragraph 2, these shall be the only persons eligible.2. The Secretary-General shall submit this list to the General Assembly and to the Security Council.Article 8The General Assembly and the Security Council shall proceed independently of one another to elect the members of the Court.Article 9At every election, the electors shall bear in mind not only that the persons to be elected should individually possess the qualifications required, but also that in the body as a whole the representation of the main forms of civilization and of the principal legal systems of the world should be assured.Article 101. Those candidates who obtain an absolute majority of votes in the General Assembly and in the Security Council shall be considered as elected.2. Any vote of the Security Council, whether for the election of judges or for the appointment of members of the conference envisaged in Article 12, shall be taken without any distinction between permanent and non-permanent members of the Security Council.3. In the event of more than one national of the same state obtaining an absolute majority of the votes both of the General Assembly and of the Security Council, the eldest of these only shall be considered as elected.Article 11If, after the first meeting held for the purpose of the election, one or more seats remain to be filled, a second and, if necessary, a third meeting shall take place.Article 121. If, after the third meeting, one or more seats still remain unfilled, a joint conference consisting of six members, three appointed by the General Assembly and three by the Security Council, may be formed at any time at the request of either the General Assembly or the Security Council, for the purpose of choosing by the vote of an absolute majority one name for each seat still vacant, to submit to the General Assembly and the Security Council for their respective acceptance.2. If the joint conference is unanimously agreed upon any person who fulfills the required conditions, he may be included in its list, even though he was not included in the list of nominations referred to in Article 7.3. If the joint conference is satisfied that it will not be successful in procuring an election, those members of the Court who have already been elected shall, within a period to be fixed by the Security Council, proceed to fill the vacant seats by selection from among those candidates who have obtained votes either in the General Assembly or in the Security Council.4. In the event of an equality of votes among the judges, the eldest judge shall have a casting vote.Article 131. The members of the Court shall be elected for nine years and may be re-elected; provided, however, that of the judges elected at the first election, the terms of five judges shall expire at the end of three years and the terms of five more judges shall expire at the end of six years.2. The judges whose terms are to expire at the end of the above-mentioned initial periods of three and six years shall be chosen by lot to be drawn by the Secretary-General immediately after the first election has been completed.3. The members of the Court shall continue to discharge their duties until their places have been filled. Though replaced, they shall finish any cases which they may have begun.4. In the case of the resignation of a member of the Court, the resignation shall be addressed to the President of the Court for transmission to the Secretary-General. This last notification makes the place vacant.Article 14Vacancies shall be filled by the same method as that laid down for the first election, subject to the following provision: the Secretary-General shall, within one month of the occurrence of the vacancy, proceed to issue the invitations provided for in Article 5, and the date of the election shall be fixed by the Security Council.Article 15A member of the Court elected to replace a member whose term of office has not expired shall hold office for the remainder of his predecessor's term.Article 161. No member of the Court may exercise any political or administrative function, or engage in any other occupation of a professional nature.2. Any doubt on this point shall be settled by the decision of the Court.Article 171. No member of the Court may act as agent, counsel, or advocate in any case.2. No member may participate in the decision of any case in which he has previously taken part as agent, counsel, or advocate for one of the parties, or as a member of a national or international court, or of a commission of enquiry, or in any other capacity.3. Any doubt on this point shall be settled by the decision of the Court.Article 181. No member of the Court can be dismissed unless, in the unanimous opinion of the other members, he has ceased to fulfill the required conditions.2. Formal notification thereof shall be made to the Secretary-General by the Registrar.3. This notification makes the place vacant.Article 19The members of the Court, when engaged on the business of the Court, shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities.Article 20Every member of the Court shall, before taking up his duties, make a solemn declaration in open court that he will exercise his powers impartially and conscientiously.Article 211. The Court shall elect its President and Vice-President for three years; they may bere-elected.2. The Court shall appoint its Registrar and may provide for the appointment of such other officers as may be necessary.Article 221. The seat of the Court shall be established at The Hague. This, however, shall not prevent the Court from sitting and exercising its functions elsewhere whenever the Court considers it desirable.2. The President and the Registrar shall reside at the seat of the Court.Article 231. The Court shall remain permanently in session, except during the judicial vacations, the dates and duration of which shall be fixed by the Court.2. Members of the Court are entitled to periodic leave, the dates and duration of which shall be fixed by the Court, having in mind the distance between The Hague and the home of each judge.3. Members of the Court shall be bound, unless they are on leave or prevented from attending by illness or other serious reasons duly explained to the President, to hold themselves permanently at the disposal of the Court.Article 241. If, for some special reason, a member of the Court considers that he should not take part in the decision of a particular case, he shall so inform the President.2. If the President considers that for some special reason one of the members of the Court should not sit in a particular case, he shall give him notice accordingly.3. If in any such case the member Court and the President disagree, the matter shall be settled by the decision of the Court.Article 251. The full Court shall sit except when it is expressly provided otherwise in the present Statute.2. Subject to the condition that the number of judges available to constitute the Court is not thereby reduced below eleven, the Rules of the Court may provide for allowing one or more judges, according to circumstances and in rotation, to be dispensed from sitting.3. A quorum of nine judges shall suffice to constitute the Court.Article 261. The Court may from time to time form one or more chambers, composed of three or more judges as the Court may determine, for dealing with particular categories of cases; for example, labour cases and cases relating to transit and communications.2. The Court may at any time form a chamber for dealing with a particular case. The number of judges to constitute such a chamber shall be determined by the Court with the approval of the parties.3. Cases shall be heard and determined by the chambers provided for in this article if the parties so request.Article 27A judgment given by any of the chambers provided for in Articles 26 and 29 shall be considered as rendered by the Court.Article 28The chambers provided for in Articles 26 and 29 may, with the consent of the parties, sit and exercise their functions elsewhere than at The Hague.Article 29With a view to the speedy dispatch of business, the Court shall form annually a chamber composed of five judges which, at the request of the parties, may hear and determine cases by summary procedure. In addition, two judges shall be selected for the purpose of replacing judges who find it impossible to sit.Article 301. The Court shall frame rules for carrying out its functions. In particular, it shall lay down rules of procedure.2. The Rules of the Court may provide for assessors to sit with the Court or with any of its chambers, without the right to vote.Article 311. Judges of the nationality of each of the parties shall retain their right to sit in the case before the Court.2. If the Court includes upon the Bench a judge of the nationality of one of the parties, any other party may choose a person to sit as judge. Such person shall be chosen preferably from among those persons who have been nominated as candidates as provided in Articles 4 and 5.3. If the Court includes upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of the parties, each of these parties may proceed to choose a judge as provided in paragraph 2 of this Article.4. The provisions of this Article shall apply to the case of Articles 26 and 29. In such cases, the President shall request one or, if necessary, two of the members of the Court forming the chamber to give place to the members of the Court of the nationality of the parties concerned, and, failing such, or if they are unable to be present, to the judges specially chosen by the parties.5. Should there be several parties in the same interest, they shall, for the purpose of the preceding provisions, be reckoned as one party only. Any doubt upon this point shall be settled by the decision of the Court.6. Judges chosen as laid down in paragraphs 2, 3, and 4 of this Article shall fulfill the conditions required by Articles 2, 17 (paragraph 2), 20, and 24 of the present Statute. They shall take part in the decision on terms of complete equality with their colleagues.Article 321. Each member of the Court shall receive an annual salary.2. The President shall receive a special annual allowance.3. The Vice-President shall receive a special allowance for every day on which he acts as President.4. The judges chosen under Article 31, other than members of the Court, shall receive compensation for each day on which they exercise their functions.5. These salaries, allowances, and compensation shall be fixed by the General Assembly. They may not be decreased during the term of office.6. The salary of the Registrar shall be fixed by the General Assembly on the proposal of the Court.7. Regulations made by the General Assembly shall fix the conditions under which retirement pensions may be given to members of the Court and to the Registrar, and the conditions under which members of the Court and the Registrar shall have their travelling expenses refunded.8. The above salaries, allowances, and compensation shall be free of all taxation.Article 33The expenses of the Court shall be borne by the United Nations in such a manner as shall be decided by the General Assembly.CHAPTER II - COMPETENCE OF THE COURTArticle 341. Only states may be parties in cases before the Court.2. The Court, subject to and in conformity with its Rules, may request of public international organizations information relevant to cases before it, and shall receive such information presented by such organizations on their own initiative.3. Whenever the construction of the constituent instrument of a public international organization or of an international convention adopted thereunder is in question in a case before the Court, the Registrar shall so notify the public international organization concerned and shall communicate to it copies of all the written proceedings.Article 351. The Court shall be open to the states parties to the present Statute.2. The conditions under which the Court shall be open to other states shall, subject to the special provisions contained in treaties in force, be laid down by the Security Council, but in no case shall such conditions place the parties in a position of inequality before the Court.3. When a state which is not a Member of the United Nations is a party to a case, the Court shall fix the amount which that party is to contribute towards the expenses of the Court. This provision shall not apply if such state is bearing a share of the expenses of the CourtArticle 361. The jurisdiction of the Court comprises all cases which the parties refer to it and all matters specially provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and conventions in force.2. The states parties to the present Statute may at any time declare that they recognize as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement, in relation to any other state accepting the same obligation, the jurisdiction of the Court in all legal disputes concerning:a. the interpretation of a treaty;b. any question of international law;c. the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation;d. the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach of an international obligation.3. The declarations referred to above may be made unconditionally or on condition of reciprocity on the part of several or certain states, or for a certain time.4. Such declarations shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall transmit copies thereof to the parties to the Statute and to the Registrar of the Court.5. Declarations made under Article 36 of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and which are still in force shall be deemed, as between the partiesto the present Statute, to be acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice for the period which they still have to run and in accordance with their terms.6. In the event of a dispute as to whether the Court has jurisdiction, the matter shall be settled by the decision of the Court.Article 37Whenever a treaty or convention in force provides for reference of a matter to a tribunal to have been instituted by the League of Nations, or to the Permanent Court of International Justice, the matter shall, as between the parties to the present Statute, be referred to the International Court of Justice.Article 381. The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply:a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states;b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations;d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.2. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto.CHAPTER III - PROCEDUREArticle 391. The official languages of the Court shall be French and English. If the parties agree that the case shall be conducted in French, the judgment shall be delivered in French. If the parties agree that the case shall be conducted in English, the judgment shall be delivered in English.2. In the absence of an agreement as to which language shall be employed, each party may, in the pleadings, use the language which it prefers; the decision of the Court shall be given in French and English. In this case the Court shall at the same time determine which of the two texts shall be considered as authoritative.3. The Court shall, at the request of any party, authorize a language other than French or English to be used by that party.Article 401. Cases are brought before the Court, as the case may be, either by the notification of the special agreement or by a written application addressed to the Registrar. In either case the subject of the dispute and the parties shall be indicated.2. The Registrar shall forthwith communicate the application to all concerned.3. He shall also notify the Members of the United Nations through the Secretary-General, and also any other states entitled to appear before the Court.Article 411. The Court shall have the power to indicate, if it considers that circumstances so require, any provisional measures which ought to be taken to preserve the respective rights of either party.2. Pending the final decision, notice of the measures suggested shall forthwith be given to the parties and to the Security Council.Article 421. The parties shall be represented by agents.2. They may have the assistance of counsel or advocates before the Court.3. The agents, counsel, and advocates of parties before the Court shall enjoy the privileges and immunities necessary to the independent exercise of their duties.Article 431. The procedure shall consist of two parts: written and oral.2. The written proceedings shall consist of the communication to the Court and to the parties of memorials, counter-memorials and, if necessary, replies; also all papers and documents in support.3. These communications shall be made through the Registrar, in the order and within the time fixed by the Court.4. A certified copy of every document produced by one party shall be communicated to the other party.5. The oral proceedings shall consist of the hearing by the Court of witnesses, experts, agents, counsel, and advocates.Article 441. For the service of all notices upon persons other than the agents, counsel, and advocates, the Court shall apply direct to the government of the state upon whose territory the notice has to be served.2. The same provision shall apply whenever steps are to be taken to procure evidence on the spot.Article 45The hearing shall be under the control of the President or, if he is unable to preside, of the Vice-President; if neither is able to preside, the senior judge present shall preside.Article 46The hearing in Court shall be public, unless the Court shall decide otherwise, or unless the parties demand that the public be not admitted .Article 471. Minutes shall be made at each hearing and signed by the Registrar and the President.2. These minutes alone shall be authentic.Article 48The Court shall make orders for the conduct of the case, shall decide the form and time in which each party must conclude its arguments, and make all arrangements connected with the taking of evidence.Article 49The Court may, even before the hearing begins, call upon the agents to produce any document or to supply any explanations. Formal note shall be taken of any refusal.Article 50The Court may, at any time, entrust any individual, body, bureau, commission, or other organization that it may select, with the task of carrying out an enquiry or giving an expert opinion.Article 51During the hearing any relevant questions are to be put to the witnesses and experts under the conditions laid down by the Court in the rules of procedure referred to in Article 30.Article 52After the Court has received the proofs and evidence within the time specified for the purpose, it may refuse to accept any further oral or written evidence that one party may desire to present unless the other side consents.Article 531. Whenever one of the parties does not appear before the Court, or fails to defend its case, the other party may call upon the Court to decide in favour of its claim.2. The Court must, before doing so, satisfy itself, not only that it has jurisdiction in accordance with Articles 36 and 37, but also that the claim is well founded in fact and law.Article 541. When, subject to the control of the Court, the agents, counsel, and advocates have completed their presentation of the case, the President shall declare the hearing closed.2. The Court shall withdraw to consider the judgment.3. The deliberations of the Court shall take place in private and remain secret.Article 551. All questions shall be decided by a majority of the judges present.2. In the event of an equality of votes, the President or the judge who acts in his place shall have a casting vote.Article 561. The judgment shall state the reasons on which it is based.2. It shall contain the names of the judges who have taken part in the decision.Article 57If the judgment does not represent in whole or in part the unanimous opinion of the judges, any judge shall be entitled to deliver a separate opinion.Article 58The judgment shall be signed by the President and by the Registrar. It shall be read in open court, due notice having been given to the agents.Article 59The decision of the Court has no binding force except between the parties and in respect of that particular case.Article 60The judgment is final and without appeal. In the event of dispute as to the meaning or scope of the judgment, the Court shall construe it upon the request of any party.Article 611. An application for revision of a judgment may be made only when it is based upon the discovery of some fact of such a nature as to be a decisive factor, which fact was, when the judgment was given, unknown to the Court and also to the party claiming revision, always provided that such ignorance was not due to negligence.2. The proceedings for revision shall be opened by a judgment of the Court expressly recording the existence of the new fact, recognizing that it has such a character as to lay the case open to revision, and declaring the application admissible on this ground.3. The Court may require previous compliance with the terms of the judgment before it admits proceedings in revision.4. The application for revision must be made at latest within six months of the discovery of the new fact.5. No application for revision may be made after the lapse of ten years from the date of the judgment.Article 62l. Should a state consider that it has an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a request to the Court to be permitted to intervene.2 It shall be for the Court to decide upon this request.Article 631. Whenever the construction of a convention to which states other than those concerned in the case are parties is in question, the Registrar shall notify all such states forthwith.2. Every state so notified has the right to intervene in the proceedings; but if it uses this right, the construction given by the judgment will be equally binding upon it.Article 64Unless otherwise decided by the Court, each party shall bear its own costs.CHAPTER IV - ADVISORY OPINIONSArticle 651. The Court may give an advisory opinion on any legal question at the request of whatever body may be authorized by or in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations to make such a request.2. Questions upon which the advisory opinion of the Court is asked shall be laid before the Court by means of a written request containing an exact statement of the question upon which an opinion is required, and accompanied by all documents likely to throw light upon the question.Article 661. The Registrar shall forthwith give notice of the request for an advisory opinion to all states entitled to appear before the Court.2. The Registrar shall also, by means of a special and direct communication, notify any state entitled to appear before the Court or international organization considered by the Court, or, should it not be sitting, by the President, as likely to be able to furnish information on the question, that the Court will be prepared to receive, within a time-limit to be fixed by the President, written statements, or to hear, at a public sitting to be held for the purpose, oral statements relating to the question.3. Should any such state entitled to appear before the Court have failed to receive the special communication referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article, such state may express a desire to submit a written statement or to be heard; and the Court will decide.。
国际法院规约36条原文
第三十六条1. 国际法院的法官在执行其职务时,应避免任何可能妨碍其独立判断的行为。
2. 国际法院的法官不得担任任何政治或行政职务,或执行任何其他职业或商业活动,不论位于何国。
3. 国际法院的法官不得是任何国家的国民,也不得是任何国家的公民或永久居民。
4. 国际法院的法官不得是正在担任联合国任何机关或专门机构成员国代表的任何人,也不得是正在担任联合国任何机关或专门机构任何其他职务的任何人。
5. 国际法院的法官在执行其职务期间,不得参加任何政治活动。
6. 国际法院的法官在其任职期间,不得接受任何国家的政府、任何国际组织或任何私人团体提供的报酬。
7. 国际法院的法官应遵守本规约所规定的义务,并保持其个人的道德和职业尊严。
8. 国际法院的法官如因健康原因或其他充分理由,经法院同意,可以暂时停止执行其职务。
9. 国际法院的法官如被证明有行为不端或严重违反本规约所规定的义务,经法院以出席法官的过半数同意,得予以免职。
10. 国际法院的法官在任期届满后,如继续担任法院的任何工作,包括担任法院的任何委员会成员,应视为继续担任法官。
11. 国际法院的法官如因故不能继续担任法院的任何工作,应由其所属国之政府指派新法官接替其职务。
12. 国际法院的法官应遵守本规约所规定的其他程序规则和指导原则。
13. 国际法院的法官应遵守联合国大会议事规则所规定的程序规则和指导原则。
14. 国际法院的法官应遵守联合国秘书处所规定的程序规则和指导原则。
15. 国际法院的法官应遵守联合国任何其他机关或专门机构所规定的程序规则和指导原则。
16. 国际法院的法官应遵守本规约所规定的其他义务和责任。
17. 国际法院的法官在执行其职务时,应保持高度的道德标准,并应避免任何可能损害其个人或国际法院声誉的行为。
18. 国际法院的法官在执行其职务时,应尊重国际法和国际关系的基本原则。
19. 国际法院的法官在执行其职务时,应保持公正和中立,不得偏袒任何一方。
国际法院规约38条英文
国际法院规约38条英文The 38 Articles of the Statute of the International Court of JusticeThe International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). Established in 1945, the ICJ is responsible for settling legal disputes between states and providing advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies. The Statute of the International Court of Justice, consisting of 38 articles, serves as the foundational document that governs the functioning and jurisdiction of the ICJ.Article 1 of the Statute establishes the ICJ as a permanent court, with its seat in The Hague, Netherlands. It also outlines the composition of the Court, which consists of 15 judges elected by the UN General Assembly and the Security Council. Article 2 emphasizes the independence of the Court and the impartiality of its judges, who are elected for a term of nine years.Articles 3 to 6 define the jurisdiction of the ICJ. The Court has jurisdiction over all legal disputes between states that submit to its jurisdiction and over legal questions referred to it by authorized UN organs. It also has the power to issue advisory opinions on legal matters requestedby authorized UN agencies. However, the ICJ can only exercise its jurisdiction if both parties involved in a dispute accept its authority.Article 7 establishes the principle of equality of states before the Court. All states, regardless of their size or power, have an equal right to bring cases before the ICJ. Article 8 outlines the procedure for submitting cases tothe Court, which involves filing a written application and providing evidence to support the claims made.Articles 9 to 33 detail the various stages of the judicial process before the ICJ. These include the preliminary objections phase, the written proceedings, the oral proceedings, and the judgment phase. The Court has the power to issue provisional measures to prevent irreparable harm while a case is pending. It also has the authority to interpret and apply international treaties and conventions.Article 34 establishes the binding nature of ICJ judgments. Once the Court has rendered a judgment, it is final and binding on the parties involved. Article 35 allows states to request the revision of a judgment if new evidence is discovered that could have a decisive impact on the case.Articles 36 to 38 outline the advisory jurisdiction of the ICJ. The Court can provide advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized UN organs and agencies. These opinions are not binding but carry significant weight in international law.In conclusion, the 38 Articles of the Statute of the International Court of Justice serve as the legal framework that governs the functioning and jurisdiction of the ICJ. They establish the Court's independence, define its jurisdiction, and outline the procedures for submitting and resolving legal disputes between states. The ICJ plays a crucial role in promoting the peaceful settlement of international disputes and upholding the rule of law in the international community.。
国际法院规约(中文版)
《国际法院规约》来源:联合国网站第一条联合国宪章所设之国际法院为联合国主要司法机关,其组织及职务之行使应依本规约之下列规定。
第一章法院之组织第二条法院以独立法官若干人组织之。
此项法官应不论国籍,就品格高尚井在备本国具有最高司法职位之任命资格或公认为国际法之法学家中选举之。
第三条一.法院以法官十五人组织之,其中不得有二人为同一国家之国民。
二.就充任法院法官而言,一人而可视力一个国家以上之国民者,应认为属于其通常行使公民及政治极利之国家或会员国之国民。
第四条一.法院法官应由大会及安全理事会依下列规定就常设公断法院各国团体所提出之名单内选举之。
二.在常设公断法院并无代表之联合国会员国,其候选人名单应由各该国政府专为此事而委派之团体提出;此项各国团体之委派,准用一九O七年海牙和平解决国际纷争条约第四十四条规定委派常设公断法院公断员之条件。
三.凡非联合国会员国而已接受法院规约之国家,其参加选举法院法官时,参加条件,如无特别协定应由大会经安全理事会之提议规定之。
第五条一.联合国秘书长至迟应于选举日期三个月前,用书面邀请属于本规约当事国之常设公断法院公断员.及依第四条第二项所委派之各国团体.于一定期间内分别由各国团体提出能接受法官职务之人员。
二.每一团体所提人数不得超过四人,其中属其本国国籍者不得超过二人。
在任何情形下,每一团体所提候选人之人数不得超过应占席数之一倍。
第六条各国团体在提出上项人员以前,宜咨询本国最高法院.大学法学院.法律学校.专研法律之国家研究院.及国际研究院在各国所设之各分院。
第七条一.秘书位应依字母次序,编就上项所提人员之名单。
除第十二条第二项规定外,仪此项人员有被选权。
二.秘书长应将前项名单提交大会及安全理事会。
第八条大会及安全理事会各应独立举行法院法官之选举。
第九条每次选举时,选举人不独应注意被选人必须各具必要资格,并应注意务使法官全体确能代表世界各大文化及各主要法系。
第十条一.候选人在大会及在安全理事会得绝对多数票者应认为当选。
国际法院规约38条原文
国际法院规约第38条的具体内容是什么?
一.法院对于陈诉各项争端,应依国际法裁判之,裁判时应适用:
1.不论普通或特别国际协约,确立诉讼当事国明白承认之规条者。
2.国际习惯,作为通例之证明而经接受为法律者。
3.一般法律原则为文明各国所承认者。
4.在第五十九条规定之下,司法判例及各国权威最高之公法学家学说,作为确定法律原则之补助资料者。
二,前项规定不妨碍法院经当事国同意本“公允及善良”原则裁判案件之权。
国际法院规约第59条
《国际法院规约》第五十九条:法院之裁判除对于当事国及本案外,无拘束力。
国际法院为联合国主要司法机关,根据1945年6月26日在旧金山签署的《联合国宪章》设立,以实现联合国的一项主要宗旨:“以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则,调整或解决足以破坏和平之国际争端或情势”。
国际法院依照《规约》及其本身的《规则》运作。
《规约》是《宪章》的一部分。
国际法院于1946年开始工作,取代1920年在国际联盟主持下设立的常设国际法院。
扩展资料:
国际法院为联合国主要司法机关,根据1945年6月26日在旧金山签署的《联合国宪章》设立,以实现联合国的一项主要宗旨:“以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则,调整或解决足以破坏和平之国际争端或情势”。
国际法院依照《规约》及其本身的《规则》运作。
《规约》是《宪章》的一部分。
国际法院于1946年开始工作,取代1920年在国际联盟主持下设立的常设国际法院。
国际法院具有双重作用:依照国际法解决各国向其提交的法律争端,并就正式认可的联合国机关和专门机构提交的法律问题提供咨询意见。
LCT通讯规约(中英文版)
LCT微机励磁控制器LCT Digital Excitation Controller通讯规约Communication ProtocolLCT微机励磁控制器与DCS分散控制系统的通讯协议The protocol of LCT digital excitation controller and DCS separated controlling system一、通讯标准 Communication standard采用RS-232串口;通讯波特率9600bps;3线通讯方式(数据出、数据入、地)。
Adopt RS-232 serial port;9600bps communicating baud rate; three-line communicating mode(data output, data input, earth).二、通讯协议 Communication protocol采用MODBUS协议,RTU编码方式。
Adopt Modbus protocol, RTU coding mode.采用主从式通讯方式,DCS系统为主站,励磁控制器为从站。
Adopt master-slaving communication mode, define DCS system as master station, digital excitation controller as slave station.三、通讯数据格式 Communication data mode1位起始位,8位数据位,没有奇偶校验,2位停止位。
1 bit as start bit, 8 bit as data bit, non odd and even checking, 2 bit as stop bit.错误检测采用CRC16校验方式,校验多项式为X16+X15+X2+1。
Error checking adopts CRC16 test mode, testing multinomial is X16+X15+X2+1.四、数据包格式 Data package formatT1T2T3T4:时间长度,由应用程序控制,两个数据包之间的最小时间间隔为传送3.5个字符的发送时间(约4ms)。
《国际法院规则》第79条、第80条修订评析
介绍与评论《国际法院规则》第79条、第80条修订评析柳华文 内容提要:2000年年底联合国国际法院通过的对《国际法院规则》第79条、第80条的修订,改进和发展了法院的初步反对程序和反诉程序。
本文阐述了规则修订的法理根据和实际考虑,并结合国际法院在新的历史时期面临的机遇和挑战分析了规则修订的背景。
本文还结合法院实践,比较新旧条款的规定,对相关的两个程序进行了法律解释,认为相关修订对于强化国际法院在诉讼活动中的主导地位、提高诉讼效率以及行使扩大法院管辖权有积极的促进作用。
关键词:国际法院 初步反对 反诉柳华文,中国社会科学院法学研究所国际法室助理研究员、法学博士。
2000年12月5日,联合国国际法院通过了对《国际法院规则》第79条和第80条的修订。
这两个条款分别涉及国际法院的初步反对程序(preliminary objections)和反诉程序(counter2claims)。
同年12月15日,相关条款文本通过在纽约的联合国常驻使团递交给了各国政府。
2001年1月12日,该文本在法院的官方网站上予以公布。
〔1〕新规则自2001年2月1日起生效,在此之前提交给法院的案件,不论在审理过程中的哪个阶段,均适用修订前的1978年4月14日通过的《国际法院规则》。
这是国际法院进入新的世纪以来提高工作效率、改善工作状况的一个重要举措,是国际法院进行改革,修订相关法规工作的一个重要步骤。
这两个新的规则在内容上有何变化和发展,其法理基础和背景如何,是笔者拟作探讨的内容。
一 规则修订的法理基础国际法院是联合国的主要机关,《国际法院规约》是《联合国宪章》的一部分,所以根据该规约第69条的规定,其修改方式“准用《联合国宪章》所规定关于修改宪章之程序”。
根据《联合国宪章》第105条,其修改程序是,修正案须经会员国2/3的表决并由会员国2/3包括联合国安理会全体常任理事国,各依其宪法程序批准后,方对所有会员国发生效力。
另外,《国际法院规约》第69条还增加了一点,即联合国大会可以经安全理事会建议制定关于作为本规约当事国而非联合国会员国的国家参加规约修改程序的办法。
《国际法院规约》第条
《国际法院规约》第条《国际规约》第条_制度与法律渊源法律学者对渊源的研究始于——事实上也应始于——《》第38条,规定如下:一、法院对于陈诉各项争端,应依国际法裁判之,裁判时应适用:1.不论一般或特殊国际协约,确立诉讼当事国明了承认之规条者;2.国际习惯,作为通例之证实而经接受为法律者;3.普通法律原则为文明各国所承认者;4.在第59条规定之下,司法判例及各国最高之公法学家学说,作为确定法律原则之补助资料者。
二、前项规定不阻碍法院经当事国同意本公允及和善原则裁判案件之权。
第59条规定:法院之裁判除及于当事国及本案外,无自在力。
()对国际法渊源的分析终于就是对第38条含义和意思的分析,本章的下面三节在满足接下来两段所述的限定条件上构成了这种分析。
我不预备对第38条第1款第4项作进一步研究。
上,法律学者如Grotius及Suárez的法学著作在国际法的最初进展中起到了重要作用[15]。
但当前的专题讨论不是历史的,而是分析实证的,随着制度性资料的增多——条约、国际公约、国际法院的裁决、国际习惯法承认的规章等——辅助渊源如“公法学家”著作的意义逐渐失去。
尽管许多学者仍声称,公法学家著作的重要性不应被低估(这是一种不彻低客观的评论,由于这些人是因其自身而成为“公法学家”的),但普遍承认这些著作在作为渊源形式时起着很小的作用。
对此进一步分析,就法学家观点作为一种形式的程度而言,这是因为他们的思想在国际规矩范形成的普通习惯过程中被采用,这些著作不是作为一种挺直的渊源形式发挥作用的。
就司法判决而言,第59条宣称国际法院不存在先例原则。
国际法院对作为一种价值的全都性赋予了某些考虑,但在正式司法中,该院遵循的是法系而不是法系对先例的处理方式[16]。
不过第38条第1款第4项不仅仅包括国际法院的司法判决,Brownlie[17]提供了对从国内法法院到其他国际法院诸如欧洲法院的司法判决种类的具体阐释,以及这些判决如何向国际法渊源事项施加影响,虽然他指明白其中一些是“重要的”,但这些司法判决作为一种渊源形式的重要作用仍是间接的,主要存在于它们对国际习惯法的好处上。
国际法院规约
国际法院规约国际法院规约是国际社会为了维护国际法治、促进国际法的发展而制定的一项重要法律文件。
它的作用是规范国际法院的工作程序和司法权力,确保国际法的正确适用,维护国际社会的公平和正义。
国际法院规约最早可追溯至1920年建立的国际法院规程,该规程为国际法院规定了其组织结构、职权和程序规则。
然而,该规程并没有被普遍接受和遵守,国际社会对于建立一个真正有效的国际法院仍然缺乏共识。
随着二战结束后国际社会对于国际法及其司法机构的重视日益增加,1945年成立的联合国为解决这个问题采取了一系列行动。
最终,1959年通过的《国际法院规约》成为国际社会共识的基础。
《国际法院规约》(又称《国际法院公约》)为国际法院的组织、权力和程序等方面提供了详细的规定。
其中,规定了国际法院的组织机构和成员的选举程序,确保了法院的组织结构的公正和合理。
《国际法院规约》还规定了国际法院的司法权力和辖区范围。
根据该规约,国际法院有权处理与国际法有关的争端,包括国家之间的争端,以及国际组织和个人之间的争端。
法院的管辖权是根据当事国提交的声明或契约的约定来确定的。
此外,规约还确立了国际法院的程序规则,包括开庭、证据收集、辩论、休庭和判决等各个环节的具体程序。
这些规则旨在保证争端的公正、透明和有效解决。
作为国际法院的基本法律文件,《国际法院规约》在国际法的发展和适用方面起着重要的指导作用。
它的存在和执行可以保证国际社会在各种争端中的公平和正义得以实现。
然而,国际法院规约也存在着一些挑战和争议。
首先,一些国家对于国际法院的管辖权持保留态度,仅接受其有关国际法解释的咨询意见,而不接受其诉讼判决。
这对于国际法院的有效运作造成了一定程度的制约。
其次,一些国际争端的解决仍然存在难度,涉及到的国家利益复杂且纷争不断。
在这种情况下,国际法院的判决并不能很好地得到有关各方的支持和执行。
面对这些挑战,国际社会需要进一步加强对于国际法和国际法院的认识,加强对于国际法的普及和宣传,以提高国际法院规约的有效执行和国际司法机构的权威性。
国际法院规约
国际法院在和平解决争端中的重要性
• 国际法院的判决具有最终法律效力,为和平解决争端提供了法律保障
• 国际法院的公正与公开原则,有利于维护国际法的权威与公平性
国际法院在处理国际法律问题上的贡献
国际法院在处理国际法律问题上的贡献
• 国际法院通过审理案件,促进国际法的发展与实践
• 国际法院通过审理案件,推动各国在国际法律问题上的合作与交流
• 国际法院的判决与意见,有助于提高国际社会的法治意识与水平
国际法院在促进国际合作与法治方面的重要性
• 国际法院的公正与公开原则,有利于维护国际法的权威与公平性
• 国际法院的补充性原则,有助于协调国际法与国内法的关系,促进国际法的国内化
进程
二战后国际法院的发展
• 联合国成立,国际法院成为联合国的司法机构
• 1946年,《国际法院规约》修订,扩大国际法院的管辖范围
• 1950年代至1970年代,国际法院审理了一系列重大国际争端案件
冷战时期国际法院的困境
• 冷战时期,国际法院的司法活动受到政治因素的影响
• 国际法院的权威与影响力受到一定程度的削弱
国际法院的现状与挑战
国际法院的现状
• 国际法院是联合国的主要司法机构,负责解决国际法律问题
• 国际法院由15名法官组成,来自不同国家,具有广泛的国际法背景
• 国际法院的管辖范围包括国际法争端、国际条约解释等
国际法院面临的挑战
• 国际法院的法官选拔与任命机制存在一定的不公平性
• 国际法院的预算与资源有限,影响其司法活动的开展
国际法院的公开原则
• 国际法院的审判活动必须公开进行,接受国际社会监督
从《国际法院规约》第38条看国际法的渊源
从《国际法院规约》第38条看国际法的渊源国际法的渊源问题,是长久以来一直存在争议的问题,也是国际法学中最基本的理论问题。
《国际法院规约》第38条是研究国际法渊源问题的重要的线索,通说认为其揭示了国际法渊源中最为重要的五项内容,分别为国际条约、国际习惯、一般法律原则、司法判例及各国权威最高之公法家学说。
通过分析《国际法院规约》第38条,有助于更加清楚的了解国际法的渊源这一法律问题。
国际法的渊源问题,是长久以来一直存在争议的问题,也是国际法学中最基本的理论问题。
《国际法院规约》(以下简称《规约》)第38条,一直以来都被看作是关于国际法渊源的权威性说明[1]:国际法院在审理案件时可适用的独立法律渊源主要有国际条约、国际习惯、一般法律原则以及“公允及善良”原则。
尽管纵观《国际法院规约》第38条的规定,没有任何一款提及“国际法渊源”字样,但是在制定国际法院裁判依据的同时,它成为了探究国际法渊源的重要线索。
一、《规约》第38条的背景与存在的问题《规约》存在的问题就是起草者无法更好地处理自然法因素与实在法体系的矛盾。
《规约》及其前身《国际常设法院规约》产生的背景是实在法学派观点的盛行。
受实在法学的影响,起草者们试图列出一系列实在的法律,以此作为国际法院判案依据。
然而,由于不存在一个超国家机构来为国际法院制定判案依据,实在国际法不足以解决国际法院适用法律的问题。
因此《规约》不得不纳入自然法并允许以自然国际法来解释实在国际法,甚至允许自然国际法中的一般法律原则能够直接被法院用来判案。
然而,起草者们又在自然国际法的元素上增加了实在主义的限制:自然法作为某一类型的“公法家学说”被降格为“补助资料”;“一般法律原则”则被“为文明各国所承认”的规定所限制。
这样以来,使得《规约》表面上看来仍然是一套实在的法律体系,但是那些被加入的对国际法院的法律适用至关重要的自然法元素变得不伦不类,难以发挥应有作用;同时,这些元素的存在反而打破了《规约》的内在一致性,使得《规约》本质上不再是一个实在法体系。
《国际法院规约》
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第十二条
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四 "法 官 辞 职 时 应 将 辞 职 书 致 送 法 院 院 长 转 知 秘 书 长 !转 知 后 #该 法 官 之 一 席 即 行 出 缺 !
第十四条
凡 遇 出 缺 #应 照 第 一 次 选 举 时 所 定 之 办 法 补 选 之 #但 秘 书 长应于法官出缺后一个月 内#发 出 第 五 条 规 定 之 邀 请 书 并 由 安全理事会指定选举日期!
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联合国宪章-中文版
联合国宪章【题注】(1945年6月26日订于旧金山)本宪章于1945年10月24日生效。
中国系联合国原始成员国,分别于1945年6月26日和1945年9月28日签署和批准宪章。
【章名】全文我联合国人民同兹决心欲免后世再遭今代人类两度身历惨不堪言之战祸,重申基本人权,人格尊严与价值,以及男女与大小各国平等权利之信念,创造适当环境,俾克维持正义,尊重由条约与国际法其他渊源而起之义务,久而弗懈,促成大自由中之社会进步及较善之民生,并为达此目的力行容恕,彼此以善邻之道,和睦相处,集中力量,以维持国际和平及安全,接受原则,确立力法,以保证非为公共利益,不得使用武力,运用国际机构,以促成全球人民经济及社会之进展,用是发愤立志,务当同心协力,以竟厥功。
爰由我各本国政府,经齐集金山市之代表各将所奉全权证书,互相校阅,均属妥善,议定本联合国宪章,并设立国际组织,定名联合国。
【章名】第一章宗旨及原则第一条联合国之宗旨为:一、维持国际和平及安全;并为此目的:采取有效集体办法、以防止且消除对于和平之威胁,制止侵略行为或其他和平之破坏;并以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则,调整或解决足以破坏和平之国际争端或情势。
二、发展国际间以尊重人民平等权利及自决原则为根据之友好关系,并采取其他适当办法,以增强普遍和平。
三、促成国际合作,以解决国际间属于经济、社会、文化、及人类福利性质之国际问题,且不分种族、性别、语言、或宗教、增进并激励对于全体人类之人权及基本自由之尊重。
四、构成一协调各国行动之中心,以达成上述共同目的。
第二条为求实现第一条所述各宗旨起见,本组织及其会员国应遵行下列原则:一、本组织系基于各会员国主权平等之原则。
二、各会员国应一秉善意,履行其依本宪章所担负之义务,以保证全体会员国由加入本组织而发生之权益。
三、各会员国应以和平方法解决其国际争端,俾免危及国际和平、安全、及正义。
四、各会员国在其国际关系上不得使用威胁或武力,或以与联合国宗旨不符之任何其他方法,侵害任何会员国或国家之领土完整或政治独立。
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《国际法院规约》来源:联合国网站第一条联合国宪章所设之国际法院为联合国主要司法机关,其组织及职务之行使应依本规约之下列规定。
第一章法院之组织第二条法院以独立法官若干人组织之。
此项法官应不论国籍,就品格高尚井在备本国具有最高司法职位之任命资格或公认为国际法之法学家中选举之。
第三条一.法院以法官十五人组织之,其中不得有二人为同一国家之国民。
二.就充任法院法官而言,一人而可视力一个国家以上之国民者,应认为属于其通常行使公民及政治极利之国家或会员国之国民。
第四条一.法院法官应由大会及安全理事会依下列规定就常设公断法院各国团体所提出之名单内选举之。
二.在常设公断法院并无代表之联合国会员国,其候选人名单应由各该国政府专为此事而委派之团体提出;此项各国团体之委派,准用一九O七年海牙和平解决国际纷争条约第四十四条规定委派常设公断法院公断员之条件。
三.凡非联合国会员国而已接受法院规约之国家,其参加选举法院法官时,参加条件,如无特别协定应由大会经安全理事会之提议规定之。
第五条一.联合国秘书长至迟应于选举日期三个月前,用书面邀请属于本规约当事国之常设公断法院公断员.及依第四条第二项所委派之各国团体.于一定期间内分别由各国团体提出能接受法官职务之人员。
二.每一团体所提人数不得超过四人,其中属其本国国籍者不得超过二人。
在任何情形下,每一团体所提候选人之人数不得超过应占席数之一倍。
第六条各国团体在提出上项人员以前,宜咨询本国最高法院.大学法学院.法律学校.专研法律之国家研究院.及国际研究院在各国所设之各分院。
第七条一.秘书位应依字母次序,编就上项所提人员之名单。
除第十二条第二项规定外,仪此项人员有被选权。
二.秘书长应将前项名单提交大会及安全理事会。
第八条大会及安全理事会各应独立举行法院法官之选举。
第九条每次选举时,选举人不独应注意被选人必须各具必要资格,并应注意务使法官全体确能代表世界各大文化及各主要法系。
第十条一.候选人在大会及在安全理事会得绝对多数票者应认为当选。
二.安全理事会之投票,或为法官之选举或为第十二条所称联席会议人员之指派,应不论安全理事会常任理事国及非常任理事国之区别。
三.如同一国家之国民得大会及安全理事会之绝对多数票者不止一人时,其中事最高者应认为当选。
第十一条第一次选举会后,如有一席或一席以上尚待补选时,应举行第二次选举会,并于必要时举行第三次选举会。
第十二条一.第三次选举会后,如仍有一席或一席以上尚待补选时,大会或安全理事会得随时声请组织联席会议,其人数为六人,由大会及安全理事会各派三人。
此项联席会议就每一悬缺以绝对多数票选定一人提交大会及安全理事会分别请其接受。
二.具有必要资格人员,即未列入第七所指之候选人名单,如经联席会议全体同意,亦得列入该会议名单。
三.如联席会议确认选举不能有结果时,应由已选出之法官,在安全理事会所定之期间内,就曾在大会或安全理事会得有选举票之候选人中,选定若干人补足缺额。
四.法官投票数相等时,年事最高之法官应投决定票。
第十三条一.法官任期九年,并得连选,但第一次选举选出之法官中,五人任期应为三年,另五人为六年。
二.上述初期法官,任期孰为三年孰为六年,应于第一次选举完毕后立由秘书长以抽签方法决定之。
三.法官在其后任接替前,应继续行使其职务,虽经接替,仍应结束其已开始办理之案件。
四.法官辞职时应将辞职书致送法院院长转知秘书长。
转知后,该法官之一席即行出缺。
第十四条凡遇出缺,应照第一次选举时所定之办法补选之,但秘书长应于法官出缺后一个月内,发出第五条规定之邀请书并由安全理事会指定选举日期。
第十五条法官被选以接替任期未满之法官者,应任职至其前任法官任期届满时为止。
第十六条一.法官不得行使任何政治或行政职务,或执行任何其他职业性质之任务。
二.关于此点,如有疑义,应由法院裁决之。
第十七条一.法官对于任何案件,不得充任代理人律师.或辅佐人。
二.法官曾以当事国一造之代理人.律师。
或辅佐人.或以国内法院或国际法院或调查委员会委员.或以其他资格参加任何案件者,不得参与该案件之裁决。
三.关于此点,如有疑义,应由法院决定之。
第十八条一.法官除由其余法官一致认为不复适合必要条件外,不得免职。
二.法官之免职,应由书记官长正式通知秘书长。
三.此项通知一经送达秘书长,该法官之一席即行出缺。
第十九条法官于执行法院职务时,应享受外交特权及豁兔。
第二十条法官于就职前应在公开法庭郑重宣言本人必当秉公竭诚行使职权。
第二十一条一.法院应选举院长及副院长,其任期各三年,并得连选。
二.法院应委派书记官长,并得酌派其他必要之职员。
第二十二条一.法院设在海牙,但法院如认为合宜时,得在他处开庭及行使职务。
二.院长及书记官长应驻于法院所在地。
第二十三条一.法院除司法假期外,应常川办公。
司法假期之日期及期间由法院定之。
二.法官得有定时假期,其日期及期问,由法院斟酌海牙与各法官住所之距离定之。
三.法官除在假期或因疾病或其他重大原由,不克视事,经向院长作适当之解释外,应常川备由法院分配工作。
第二十四条一.法官如因特别原由认为于某案之裁判不应参与时,应通知院长。
二.院长如认某法官因特别原由不应参与某案时,应以此通知该法官。
三.遇有此种情形,法官与院长意见不同时,应由法院决定之。
第二十五条一.除本规约另有规定外,法院应由全体法官开庭。
二.法院规则得按情形并以轮流方法,规定准许法官一人或数人免予出席,但准备出席之法官人数不得因此减至少于十一人。
三.法官九人即足构成法院之法定人数。
第二十六条一.法院得随时设立一个或数个分庭,并得决定由法官三人或三人以上组织之。
此项分庭处理特种案件,例如劳工案件及关于过境与交通案件。
二.法院为处理某特定案件,得随时设立分庭,组织此项分庭法官之人数,应由法院得当事国之同意定之。
三.案件经当事国之请求应由本条规定之分庭审理裁判之。
第二十七条第二十六条及第二十九条规定之任何分庭所为之裁判,应视为法院之裁判。
第二十八条第二十六条及第二十九条规定之分庭,经当事国之同意,得在海牙以外地方开庭及行使职务。
第二十九条法院为迅速处理事务,应于每年以法官五人组织一分庭。
该分庭经当事国之请求,得用简易程序,审理及裁判案件。
法院并应选定法官二人,以备接替不能出庭之法官。
第三十条一.法院应订立规则,以执行其职务,尤应订定关于程序之规则。
二.法院规则得规定关于襄审官之出席法院或任何分庭,但无表决权。
第三十一条一.属于诉讼当事国国籍之法官,于法院受理该诉讼案件时,保有其参与之权。
二.法院受理案件,如法官中有属于一造当事国之国籍者,任何他造当事国得选派人为法官,参与该案。
此项人员尤以就第四条及第五条规定所提之候选人中选充为宜。
三.法院受理案件,如当事国均无本国国籍法官时,各当事国均得依本条第二项之规定选派法官一人。
四.本条之规定于第二十六条及第二十九条之情形适用之。
在此种情形下,院长应请分庭法官一人,或于必要时二人,让与属于关系当事国国籍之法官,如无各当事国国籍之法官或各该法官不能出席时,应让与各当事国特别选派之法官。
五.如数当事国具有同样利害关系时,在上列各规定适用范围内,只应作为一当事国。
关于此点,如有疑义,由法院裁决之。
六.依本条第二项.第三项.及第四项规定所选派之法官,应适合本规约第二条.第十七条第二项.第二十条.及第二十四条规定之条件。
各该法官参与案件之裁判时,与其同事立于完全平等地位。
第三十二条一.法院法官应领年俸二.院长每年应领特别津贴。
三.副院长于代行院长职务时,应按日领特别津贴。
四.依第三十一条规定所选派之法官而非法院之法官者,于执行职务时,应按日领酬金。
五.上列俸给津贴及酬金由联合国大会定之,在任期内,不得减少。
六.书记官长之俸给,经法院之提议由大会定之。
七.法官及书记官长交给退休金及补领旅费之条件,由大会订立章程规定之。
八.上列俸给津贴及酬金,应免除一切税捐。
第三十三条法院经费由联合国担负,其担负方法由大会定之。
第二章法院之管辖第三十四条一.在法院得为诉讼当事国者,限于国家。
二.法院得依其规则,请求公共国际团体供给关于正在审理案件之情报。
该项团体自动供给之情报,法院应接受之。
三.法院于某一案件遇有公共国际团体之组织约章.或依该项约章所缔结之国际协约.发生解释问题时,书记官长应通知有关公共国际团体井向其递送所有书面程序之文件副本。
第三十五条一.法院受理本规约各当事国之诉讼。
二.法院受理其他各国诉讼之条件,除现行条约另有特别规定外,由安全理事会定之,但无论如何,此项条件不得使当事国在法院处于不平等地位。
三.非联合国会员国为案件之当事国时,其应担负法院费用之数目由法院定之。
如该国业已分组法院经费之一部,本项规定不适用之。
第三十六条一.法院之管辖包括各当事国提交之一切案件,及联合国宪章或现行条约及协约中所特定之一切事件。
二.本规约各当事国得随时声明关于具有下列性质之一切法律争端,对于接受同样义务之任何其他国家,承认法院之管辖为当然而具有强制性,不须另订特别协定:(子)条约之解释。
(丑)国际法之任何问题。
(寅)任何事实之存在,如经确定即属违反国际义务者。
(卯)因违反国际义务而应予赔偿之性质及其范围。
三.上述声明,得无条件为之,或以数个或特定之国家间彼此拘束为条件,或以一定之期间为条件。
四.此项声明应交存联合国秘书长并由其将副本分送本规约各当事国及法院书记官长。
五.曾依常设国际法院规约第三十六条所为之声明而现仍有效者,就本规约当事国间而言,在该项声明期间尚未届满前并依其条款,应认为对于国际法院强制管辖之接受。
六.关于法院有无管辖权之争端,由法院裁决之。
第三十七条现行条约或协约或规定某项事件应提交国际联合会所设之任何裁判机关或常设国际法院者,在本规约当事国间,该项事件应提交国际法院。
第三十八条一.法院对于陈诉各项争端,应依国际法裁判之,裁判时应适用:(子)不论普通或特别国际协约,确立诉讼当事国明白承认之规条者。
(丑)国际习惯,作为通例之证明而经接受为法律者。
(寅)一般法律原则为文明各国所承认者。
(卯)在第五十九条规定之下,司法判例及各国权威最高之公法学家学说,作为确定法律原则之补助资料者。
二,前项规定不妨碍法院经当事国同意本“公允及善良”原则裁判案件之权。
第三章程序第三十九条一.法院正式文字为英法两文。
如各当事国同意用法文办理案件,其判决应以法文为之。
如各当事国同意用英文办理案件,其判决应以英文为之。
二.如未经同意应用何种文字,每一当事国于陈述中得择用英法两文之一,而法院之判词应用英法两文。
法院并应同时确定以何者为准。
三.法院经任何当事国之请求,应准该当事国用英法文以外之文字。
第四十条一.向法院提出诉讼案件,应按其情形将所订特别协定通告书记官长或以请求书送达书记官长。
不论用何项方法,均应叙明争端事由及各当事国。