中国古代文明 英语 China
大学英语四级考试新题型-汉译英(中国历史与文化.社会、经济参考词汇)
中国历史与文化京剧 Peking opera 秦腔 Qin opera 功夫 Kung fu 太极 Tai chi口技ventriloquism 木偶戏puppet show 皮影戏shadow play折子戏 opera highlights 中国结 Chinese knot杂技 acrobatics相声 witty dialogue comedy刺绣 embroidery 泥人 clay figure 书法 calligraphy 中国画traditional Chinese painting 火药gunpowder印刷术printing造纸术paper-making 指南针the compass水墨画Chinese brush painting中国古代四大发明the four great inventions of ancient China青铜器 bronze ware 瓷器 porcelain；china 景泰蓝cloisonné秋千 swing唐三彩 tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty武术 martial arts 儒家思想 Confucianism儒家文化 Confucian culture道教 Taoism 墨家Mohism 法家Legalism 佛教Buddhism 孔子Confucius孟子Mencius 老子 Lao Tzu 庄子Chuang Tzu 墨子 Mo Tzu 孙子Sun Tzu象形文字 pictographic characters文房四宝（笔墨纸砚）the Four Treasures of the Study(brush, ink, stick, paper, and ink stone)《大学》The Great Learning 《中庸》 The Doctrine of the Mean《论语》The Analects of Confucius 《孟子》The Mencius《孙子兵法》The Art of War《三国演义》Three Kingdoms《西游记》 Journey to the West《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes《山海经》The Classic of Mountains and Rivers 《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror 《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals《史记》Historical Records 《诗经》The Books of Songs《易经》The I Ching;；The Books of Changes《礼记》The Books of Rites 《三字经》There-character Scriptures八股文eight-part essay五言绝句five-character quatrain七言律诗seven-character octave 旗袍 cheongsam中山装Chinese tunic suit唐装 Tang suit风水 Fengshui；geomantic omen 阳历 Solar calendar阴历 Lunar calendar 闰年 leap year 十二生肖 zodiac 春节the Spring Festival 元宵节the Lantern Festival清明节the Tomb-sweeping Festival端午节 the Dragon-boat Festival中秋节 the Mid-autumn Day重阳节the Double-ninth Day 七夕节the Double-seventh Day 春联 spring couplets 庙会 temple fair爆竹 firecracker 年画（traditional）New Year pictures压岁钱 New Year gift-money 舞龙 dragon dance元宵 sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯 festival lantern 灯谜 lantern riddle 舞狮 lion dance踩高跷 stilt walking 赛龙舟 dragon boat race 胡同 hutong 山东幕 Shangdong cuisine川菜 Sichuan cuisine 粤菜 canton cuisine 月饼 moon cake扬州菜 Yangzhou cuisine 油条 deep-fried dough sticks年糕 rice cake馒头 steamed buns 豆浆 soybean milk 花卷 steamed twisted rolls 包子steamed stuffed buns北京烤鸭 Beijing roast duck 拉面hand-stretched noodles 馄饨 wonton(dumplings in soup) 豆腐 tofu；bean curd麻花 fried dough twist 烧饼 clay oven rolls蛋炒饭 fried rice with egg皮蛋 100-year egg；century egg 火锅 hot pot 烽火台 beacon tower糖葫芦 tomatoes on sticks 长城the Great Wall of China秦始皇陵the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang 兵马俑Terra cotta Warriors and Horses大雁塔 Big Wild Goose Pagoda 丝绸之路 the Silk Road 华清池 huaqing Hot Springs敦煌莫高窟 Mogao Grottoes九华山 jiuhua Mountain五台山 Wutai Mountain泰山Mount Tai 峨眉山 Mount Emei 黄山 Mount Huangshan；the yellow Mountain故宫 the Imperial Palace 天坛 the Temple of Heaven午门 Meridian Gate大运河 Grand Canal 回音壁 Echo Wall护城河 the Moat 九龙壁 the Nine Dragon Wall居庸关 Juyongguan Pass 黄帝陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi十三陵 the Ming Tombs 苏州园林 Suzhou Gardens 西湖 West Lake 日月潭 Sun Moon Lake九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou Valley布达拉宫Potala Palace 鼓楼drum tower 针灸 acupuncture孔庙 Confiicius Temple 四合院quadrangle；courtyard complex 喇嘛Lama乐山大佛 Leshan Giant Buddha 转世灵通reincamated soul boy十八罗汉the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha 中药 traditional Chinese medicine《黄帝内经》 Emperor Huangdi’s Canon of Traditional 推拿 medical massage《神农本草经》 Shennong’s Herbal Classic 切脉 feeling the pulse《本草纲目》 Compendiwn of Materia Medica 旧石器时代 the Paleolithic age五禽戏 five-animal exercises 新石器时代 the Neolithic Age；New Stone Age封建的 feudal 母系氏族社会 matriarchal clan society 朝代dynasty秦朝 Qin Dynasty 汉朝 Han Dynasty 唐朝 Tang Dynasty 宋朝 Song Dynasty元朝 Yuan Dynasty明朝Ming Dynasty 清朝 Qing Dynasty 皇太后 Empress Dowager秦始皇帝 Emperor Qinshihuang；the First Emperor of Qin成吉思汗 Genghis Khan 春秋时期 the Spring and Autumn Period汉高祖刘邦 Liu Bang，Emperor Hangaozu，founder of the Han Dynasty文成公主 Tang Princess Wencheng 慈禧太后 Empress Dowager Ci Xi 诸侯 vassal皇帝，君主 emperor；monarch 皇妃 imperial concubine太监 court eunuch 丞相，宰相 prime minister 祭祀 offer sacrifices少数民族 ethnic minority 西域the Western Regions 战国the Warring States中华文明 Chinese civilization 文明的摇篮 cradle of civilization鸦片战争 the Opium War 太平天国 the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom秦始皇统一中国 unification of the country by Emperor Qinshihuang戊戌变法 the Reform Movement of 1898 辛亥革命 the 1911 Revolution新民主主义革命 New-democratic Revolution五四运动 the May 4th Movement of 1919南昌起义 Nanchang Uprising 918事变 September 18th Incident长征 the Long March 西安事变 Xi’an Incident 南京大屠杀 Nanjing Massacre 孙中山 Sun Yat-sen毛泽东 Mao Tse –tong 抗日战争 the War of Resistance Against Japan蒋介石 Chiang Kai-shek 国民党 Kuomingtang 满族Manchu 蒙古Mongol士大夫 scholar-officials中华人民共和国 The People's Republic of China学者 scholar 政治家 statesman 社会地位 social status中国社会多元文化论 cultural pluralism文化适应 acculturation福利彩票 welfare lotteries社会保障 social security 独生子女 the only child in a family搬迁户 a relocated unit or household 班车 shuttle bus 青年single parent大龄青年 single youth above the normal matrimonial age 民工 migrant laborers家政服务 household management service 名人 celebrity 青春期 puberty农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labor 全民健身运动 nationwide fitness campaign全国人口普查nationwide census 社会保障 social insurance走私 smuggling暂住证 temporary residence permit/card青少年犯罪 juvenile delinquency性骚扰 sexual harassment 性别歧视gender/sexual nationwide 年龄歧视age nationwide 工作歧视 job nationwide 享乐主义 hedonism文盲 illiteracy贫富分化disparity between the rich and the poor 盗版 pirated/illegal copies一国两制 One Country，Two Systems三个代the There Represents Theory南南合作 South- South Cooperation两会 Two Conferences南北对话 South-south Dialog人大常委会 People’s Congress Standing Committee法制观念 awareness of law改革开放 reform and opening-up 法制国家a country with an adequate legal system公务员 civil servants 官僚主义作风 the bureaucratic style of work和谐并存 harmonious coexistence 计划生育 family planning计划生育基本国策 the basic state policy of family planning精神文明建设 the construction of spiritual civilization居委会 neighborhood committee 可持续发展 sustainable development科教兴国 national rejuvenation through science and education廉洁高效honesty and high efficiency 两岸关系 cross-straits relations两岸谈判 cross-straits negotiations 领土完整 territorial integrity民族精神 national spirit 普选制 general election system求同存异 seek common ground while shelving differences人大代表 NPC member 小康社会 a well-off society物质文明和精神文明 material and spiritual civilization小康水平 a well-off standard 一个中国原则 the one-China principle与时俱进 keep pace with the times 综合国力 overall national strength共同愿望 common desire “走出去”战略 going global不结盟 non-alignment 单边主义 unilateralism多变政策 multilateralism多极世界 multi-polar world人口老龄化 aging of population 人口出生率 birth rate 社区服务 community service道德法庭 court of ethics盗用公款 embezzlement 成人夜校 night school for adults在职进修班 on-job training courses 充电 update one’s knowledge政治思想教育 political and ideological education 初等教育elementary education大学城 college town大学社区college community高等教育 higher education高等教育“211 工程” the“211 Project”for higher education高等学府 institution of higher education 综合性大学 comprehensive university文科院校colleges of（liberal）arts 高分低能 high scores and low abilities理工科大学 college/university of science and engineering师范学院 teachers’ college；normal college高校扩招 the college expansion pian 高考（university/college）entrance examination教育界 education circle 教育投入 input in education九年义务教育nine-year compulsory education 课外活动 extracurricular activities必修课 required/compulsory course 选修课 elective/optional courses考研take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools基础课 basic courses 专业课 specialized courses 课程表 school schedule教育大纲 teaching program；syllabus 学习年限 period of schooling学历 record of formal schooling 学分 credit启发式教学 heuristic teaching 人才交流 talent exchange人才战 competition for talented people商务英语证书 Business English Certificate（BEC)适龄儿童入学率 enrollment rate for children of school age升学率 proportion of student entering schools of a higher grade；enrollment rate硕博连读a continuous academic project that involved postgraduate and doctoral study素质教育quality-oriental education 填鸭式教cramming method of teaching希望工程 Project Hope 走读生 extern；non-resident student 住宿生boarder研究生 graduate student；post-graduate（student）应届毕业生 graduating student；current year’s graduate毕业生分配 graduate placement；assignment of graduate校园数字化 campus digitalization 校园文化 campus culture学汉语热 enthusiasm in learning Chinese学龄儿童 school-ager学历教育 education with record of formal schooling学前教育preschool education 学生减负alleviate the burden on student应试教育exam-oriental education职业道德work ethics；professional ethics记者招待会press conference 国家教委State Education Commission国家统计局State Statistical Bureau 职业培训 job training职业文盲 functional illiterate 智商 intelligence quotient（IQ)智力引进 recruit/introduce（foreign）talents 网络世界 cyber world助学行动 activity to assist the impoverished students 网络文化 cyber culture网络犯罪 cyber crime 网上购物 online shopping高产优质high yield and high quality高科技园 high-tech park 工业园区 industrial park 信息港 info poet火炬计划 Torch Program（a plan to develop new and high technology）信息革命information revolution 电子货币 e-currency 克隆 cloning人工智能 artificial intelligence（AI) 基因工程 genetic engineering生物技术 bio-technology 转基因食品 genetically modified food（GM food）基因突变 genetic mutation 网络出版 e-publishing 光谷 optical valley三维电影 three-dimensional movie虚拟银行 virtual bank信息化 informationization信息高速公路 information superhighway 纳米 nanometer新兴学科 new branch of science；emerging discipline nanometer个人数字助理 personal digital assistant（PDA) 数码科技 digital technology生态农业 environment-friendly agriculture 登月舱 lunar module技术密集产品 technology-intensive product 同步卫星 geostationary satellite神舟五号载人飞船 manned spacecraft Shenzhou V风云二号气象卫星 Fengyun II meteorological satellite多任务小卫星small multi-mission satellite（SMMS)多媒体短信服务Multimedia Messaging Service（MMS）电子商务 e-business；e-commerce 电子管理 e-management办公自动化 Office Automation(OA) 信息高地 information highland信息检索 information retrieval 电话会议 teleconference无土栽培 soilless cultivation 超级杂交水稻 super-hybrid rice科技发展 scientific and technological advancement 重点项目key project国家重点工national key project 南水北调South-to-North water diversion西电东送 West-East electricity transmission project西气东输 West-East natural gas transmission project网络造谣fabricating online rumors 停止服务closure/shutdown of service恶意侵害他人名誉 maliciously harming the reputation of others公司歇业 closure of business 道路封闭 road closure生态系统 ecosystem人为操作差错 man-made operational mistakes 海洋生态系统 manne ecosystem森林生态系统 forest ecosystem 垄断价格 to monopolize the price垄断市场 to monopolize/forestall/captive/corner the market限构思用汽车 to curb the purchase of vehicles for private use汽车限购vehicle purchase restrictions 车牌摇号 a lottery for license plates拍照单双号限行 odd-even license plate system 黑名单制度a blacklist system二代身份证 2nd-generation ID cards执业医师 practicing physician ; licensed doctor防伪技术 anti-forgery technology 非法交易 illegal transaction冒名顶替 identification fraud 洗钱 money laundering 挂失 to report the loss 补办to re-apply/post-register户籍 household registration居住证 residence permit山洪暴发 flash floods 水位 water level 低洼地区low-lying areas淹没农田 to inundate crops 直接经济损失 direct economic loss大桥垮塌 bridge collapse 最严重受灾地区 worst-hit/worst-stricken area应急系统 emergency response system 闯红灯 running red light酒驾 drunk driving遮挡、污损牌号 blocking or defacing license plates扣分处罚 point penalty终身禁驾 lifetime ban from driving中国经济总需求 aggregate demand 总供给aggregate supply 电子工业 electronic industry企业文化 corporate/entrepreneurial culture企业形象 corporate image（CI）；enterprise image跨国公司 cross-national corporation 猪头公司 head-hunter创业精神 enterprising spirit；pioneering spirit外资企业 foreign-funded enterprise假日经济 holiday economy人力资源 human capital航空和航天工业 aerospace industry 飞机制造工业 aircraft industry汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 轻工业light industry信息产业 information industry 知识密集型产业 knowledge-intensive industry国有大中型企业 large and medium-sized state-owned en博彩业 lottery industry 制造业 manufacturing industry垄断行业 monopoly industry市场多元化 market diversification市场经济market economy购买力 purchasing power市场监督market supervision熊市 bear market牛市 bull market城镇化 urbanization 房地产 real estate 首付 down-payment业主 home owner个人购房贷款 individual housing loan经济全球化economic globalization经济特区special economic zones（SEZ）经济增长 economic growth 关税 tariff泡沫经济 bubble economy纳税人 tax payer 宏观经济 macro economy货币投放量the size of money supply 流动性过剩 excess liquidity 通货膨胀 inflation经济过热 overheated economy 抑制通货膨胀 curb inflation 贴现率 discount rate注入流动性 to inject liquidity 存款准备金率 reverse requirement ratio(RRR)公开市场业务 open market operation(OMO) 硬着陆 hard landing逆回购 reverse repurchase agreement; reverse repo引导降低市场借贷成本 to guide the market borrowing costs to a lower level稳健的货币政策 prudent monetary policy 软着陆 soft landing二十国集团 Group of Twenty 财政部长 Finance Minister 经济活力 economic vitality 全年预期经济增长目标 the expected growth for the whole year 硬资产 hard assets结构改革 structural reform大规模经济刺激计划 a massive economic stimulus package 软资产 soft assets 有型资产 tangible assets 经济走廊 economic corridor整顿市场秩序 to rectify the market order反垄断 antitrust; anti-monopoly定价浮动 price fluctuations 债务审计 audit of debt谋求利益最大化 to maximize profit 地方性政府债务 local government debt/liability 公共财政体制改革 an overhaul of the public finance system 债务管理 debt management 信用支持 credit support。
中国历史文化英语单词
长征 the Long March 西安事变 Xi"an Incident 南京大屠杀Nanjing Massacre 抗日战争 the War of Resistance Against Japan 毛泽东 Mao Tse-tong 孙中山 Sun Yat-sen 蒋介石 Chiang Kai-shek 国民党 Kuomingtang 中华人民共和国 the People’s Republic of China (PRC) 满族 Manchu 蒙古人Mongol 士大夫 scholar-officials 学者 scholar 诗人 poet 政治家statesman
社会地位social status
1.不可分割的一部分：可译为an integral part。 2.为振兴华夏做出了巨大的贲献：可译为has made great contributions to the prosperity of China，其中“华夏”： 即“中国”或“Байду номын сангаас华”，可直接译为China; “振兴”此处翻译 成了名词形式prosperity,还可译为revitalization;“做出了 巨大 的贡献”可译为 has made great contributions。 3.并驾齐驱：此处指两者(中医和西医)都得以应用，可简 单地翻译为both are being used。 4.独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式和丰富的典籍材料： 三个并列的名词短语，可分别译为unique ： I diagnostic methods, systematic approach和abundant historical literature and materials; “典籍材料”可理解为历史文献资料， 翻译为historical literature and materials。 5.引导并促进这一新兴产业的研究和开发：“引导”译为 guide; “促进”可译为promote，还可译为facilitate或 further; “新兴产业，，可译为promising industry,还可译为 new industry或emerging industry。 6.中医疗法：译为Chinese medication。
关于介绍中国的英语作文(精选6篇)
关于介绍中国的英语作文(精选6篇)**China: A Glimpse into its Vibrant Culture****1. Ancient History and Civilization**China, a country rich in history and culture, dates back over 5,000 years. Its ancient civilization, marked by the development of the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins, has left a profound impact on the world. The Great Wall, a symbol of China's strength and resilience, is a testament to the country's rich historical heritage.**古老的历史与文明**中国，一个历史和文化底蕴深厚的国家，其历史可追溯至5000多年。
以黄河和长江流域的发展为标志的古代文明，对世界产生了深远的影响。
作为中国力量和韧性的象征，长城见证了国家丰富的历史遗产。
**2. Natural Beauty and Landscapes**China boasts diverse natural landscapes, from the snow-capped mountains of the Himalayas to the lush green rice paddies of the south. The Grand Canyon of the Yangtze, known as the "Three Gorges," is a breathtaking naturalwonder. China's national parks and scenic spots attract millions of tourists every year.**自然美景与景观**中国拥有多样化的自然景观，从喜马拉雅山脉的雪峰到南部的翠绿稻田。
中国传统文化词汇
高考英语词汇: 25个中国传统文化元素一、中国传统文化一、中国传统文化1、悠久的传统文化历史、悠久的传统文化历史 with a long history of tradi onal culture 2、独特的传统文化特色、独特的传统文化特色 the special tradi onal cultural character. 3、古代文明、古代文明 the ancient civiliza on 4、中华祖先、中华祖先 the ancestors of Chinese 5、创造辉煌历史、创造辉煌历史 to create splendid history 6、老字号、老字号 me-honored brand 7、弘扬传统文化、弘扬传统文化 to promote tradi onal culture 8、我们应该一代代地珍惜这宝贵财富。
、我们应该一代代地珍惜这宝贵财富。
We should cherish the treasures from genera on to genera on 二、茶文化：tea culture 8、茶庄、茶庄 tea house 9、国饮、国饮 the na onal drink of China 10、全球饮料、全球饮料 a global drink 11、随着饮茶的流行、随着饮茶的流行 With the popularity of tea drinking 12、绿茶、绿茶 green tea 13、红茶、红茶 black tea 14、花茶、花茶 scented tea 15、预防癌症、心脏病、预防癌症、心脏病 prevent cancer，heart disease 三、古诗词三、古诗词 ancient poetry 16、三字经、三字经 three character primer 17、韵律感、韵律感 rhythmical image 18、押韵格式、押韵格式 rhyme-scheme 19、京剧脸谱、京剧脸谱 facial makeup in Beijing Opera 四、其他词汇四、其他词汇20、剪、剪 纸scissor-cut 21、中国画、中国画 Chinese pain ng 22、京剧脸谱、京剧脸谱 facial makeup in Beijing Opera 23、对联、对联 couplet 24、中国结、中国结 Chinese knot 25、中国刺绣、中国刺绣 Chinese embroidery 与中国传统文化相关的英语词汇风水：Fengshui; geoman c omen 阳历：solar calendar 阴历：lunar calendar 闰年：leap year 十二生肖：zodiac 春节：the Spring Fes val 元宵节：the Lantern Fes val 清明节：the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节：the Dragon-boat Fes val 中秋节：the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节：the Double-ninth Day 七夕节：the Double-seventh Day 春联：spring couplets 春运：the Spring Fes val travel 庙会：temple fair 爆竹：firecracker 年画：(tradi onal) New Year pictures 压岁钱：New Year gi -money 舞龙：dragon dance 舞狮：lion dance 元宵：sweet s cky rice dumplings 花灯：fes val lantern 灯谜：lantern riddle 把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运：turn the Chinese character for luck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival) and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year 食物对于中国佳节来说至关重要，但甜食对于农历新年特别重要，因为他们能让新的一年更加甜蜜。
中国古代文明 英文
River Valley Civilization
•Zhou – 1122-256 – B.C.E. – Ruled through alliances with regional Princes. Extended territory to Yangzi River and promoted standard Mandarin Chinese language. •China’s feudal period •Extended the territory •“Middle Kingdom” – China’s core – rich land between Huanghe to Yangtze – wheat and rice growing
•Yangtze River – along with the Yellow River Valley, supported the people of the early Chinese civilizations
•Mandarin Chinese – standard – largest group of people speaking the same language
Patterns in Classical China
The Yellow River or Huang He, received it name “River of Sorrow” because it often flooded and destroyed crops due to “loess”
China
Shang, Zhou, Qin & Han
Classical Civilization: China
•Three dynastic cycles – Zhou, Qin and Han
如何用英语向外国友人介绍中国古代文明,History of China
"I am not one who was born in the possession of knowledge.I am one who is fond of antiquity,and earnest in seeking it there."—ConfuciusThe first civilizations in China arose in the Yangtze and Yellow Rivervalleys at about the same time as Mesopotamia,Egypt and Indiadeveloped their first civilizations.For centuries China stood as a leading civilization,outpacing the rest ofthe world in the arts and sciences.Paper,gunpowder,the compass andprinting (both block and movable type)for example,are Chineseinventions.Chinese developments in astronomy,medicine,and otherfields were extensive.A Chinese tomb contains a heliocentric model ofthe solar system,about 1,700years before Copernicus.In mathematics,the Pythagorean theorem and Pascal's triangle (known in China as YangHui's triangle)were known in China centuries before their Westerndiscoverers lived.There were also grand feats of engineering not to bematched in Europe until centuries later,such as the Dujiangyan IrrigationSystem in Sichuan built during the Qin Dynasty,and the Grand Canalfrom Beijing to Hangzhou with its complex system of locks,built duringthe Sui Dynasty.China was also the first civilization to implement a meritocracy.Unlikeother ancient cultures,official posts were not hereditary but had to beearned through a series of examinations.Based on mastery of theConfucian Classics and the literary arts (calligraphy,essay writing,poetry,painting),a prototype the exams were first conducted during the HanDynasty.The system was further refined into the formal ImperialExamination System and opened to all regardless of family backgroundduring the Tang Dynasty.The Imperial Examination proved verysuccessful,and save for a brief period during the Yuan Dynasty,continuedto be used by all subsequent Chinese dynasties until the beginning of the20th century.To this day,education is still taken very seriously by Chineseparents.Historically,East Asia existed in a China-centric order very different fromthe nation-state system which emerged in Europe.China is the "MiddleKingdom"(中国Zhōngguó).Foreigners of all nationalities are "outsideland people"(外国人wàiguórén).Rather than sovereign states,theEmperor was sovereign over all "under heaven"(天下tiānxià)and thusrulers seeking to be "civilized"would need to enter the tributary system.As the Middle Kingdom,China was surrounded by states whichpaidtribute to the Emperor.The Emperor did not receive ambassadors from these outlanders,only tribute bearers.Bronze ritual vessel,Western Zhou DynastyCourt Ladies of the Former Shu,byMing painter Tang Yin (1470-1523).New kings in these surrounding countries were invested bythe Emperor and granted seals of authority,thus givingthem the "right"to rule.Many areas which are nowconsidered part of China —Ningxia,Qinghai,Gansu,Xinjiang,Yunnan,Tibet,Inner Mongolia and Manchuria —were once tributary kingdoms and later formallyincorporated as parts of China.Other places not consideredpart of China —Malacca,Korea,Vietnam,Burma,Mongolia,Nepal,Okinawa,Japan —were also tributariesat various times in history (Okinawa's Shuri Castle has aninteresting exhibit on the tributary system).Tributarymissions from some countries continued right up until the20th century.Of course at times "tributary"states weremore militarily powerful than the Chinese dynasty at thetime.However,the idealized image of a harmonious orderwith China and the Emperor at the center endured forcenturies.Tributary relations were complemented by academic,religious,political and cultural exchanges.Tributary rulers received protection,trade benefits,and advisers (academic,political,scientific,etc).In a sense,China really is the "middle country."Chinese influence is quite apparent in the traditional culture of many of its neighbors,most notably Vietnam,Korea and Japan.Each of these countries adopted the Chinese writing system at some point,and it is still in use,to varying degrees and with certain modifications,in the latter two today.Confucian philosophy and social theory deeply influenced their societies.Indeed,Japan's ancient capital of Nara was modeled after the Tang dynasty capital of Chang'An (now Xi'an).China also explored widely and traded extensively with distant lands.By the 5th and 6th centuries CE,voyages to India and the Arab countries were routine.In the 15th century,the Ming Dynasty fleets under Admiral Zheng He reached as far as East Africa.These ships were technologically very advanced,much larger than European ships of the day,and equipped with a system of watertight compartments that Europe was not to match for several centuries.These voyages were not for settlement or conquest,but for trade and tribute.Zheng He's voyages brought tribute and glory but were fabulously expensive.Facing renewed troubles on its northern border,after 1433,China turned inward with a vengeance.Records of the great trading voyages were destroyed in 1477and the ships rotted away in drydock.Inside the Forbidden city,Beijing。
中国古代文明简介 英语
中国古代文明简介英语China is one of the oldest continuous civilizations in the world with a history spanning over 5,000 years. During this long history, China has made numerous groundbreaking contributions to human development in areas such as philosophy, science, technology, and the arts. Ancient Chinese civilization laid the foundations for the modern Chinese state and continues to exert a profound influence on East Asian culture today.One of the hallmarks of ancient Chinese civilization was its philosophical traditions which sought to understand the natural world and the place of humanity within it. The most influential philosophical schools that emerged in ancient China were Confucianism and Daoism. Confucianism, founded by the philosopher Confucius in the 6th century BCE, emphasized the importance of social harmony, filial piety, and ethical conduct in both personal and political affairs. Confucian teachings became the dominant ideology of the imperial Chinese state and shaped the political, social, and cultural institutions of ancient China for over 2,000 years. In contrast, Daoism promoted a more naturalistic andmystical worldview that celebrated the inherent harmony and spontaneity of the natural world. Daoist thinkers like Laozi and Zhuangzi encouraged a lifestyle of simplicity, humility, and introspection in order to attune oneself to the underlying Dao or "Way" of the universe. The complementary yet often opposing philosophies of Confucianism and Daoism have enduringly influenced the Chinese intellectual tradition.In addition to its rich philosophical heritage, ancient China also made immense contributions to scientific and technological innovation. As early as the Shang dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE), the Chinese had developed a highly sophisticated system of writing using oracle bone script. This writing system, one of the earliest in human history, allowed for the documentation of events, laws, and astronomical observations. The Han dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) in particular witnessed a golden age of Chinese science and technology. During this period, the Chinese invented the magnetic compass, developed an advanced system of mathematics, and made landmark discoveries in astronomy, medicine, and metallurgy. Groundbreaking Chinese inventions from this era include paper, the water clock, and the mechanical south-pointing chariot. The Chinese also pioneered the use of gunpowder, which was later adopted in Europe and led to the development of firearms and artillery. These scientific and technological breakthroughs not only transformed Chinese civilization but had a profound global impact as well.The achievements of ancient Chinese civilization also extended to the realm of the arts. Chinese artists and craftspeople produced some of the most iconic works in human history. The Terracotta Army, a collection of thousands of life-size warrior statues constructed to guard the tomb of the first Qin emperor, is a stunning example of ancient Chinese sculpture. Chinese painting also reached new heights of sophistication, with masters like Wang Wei and Gu Kaizhi pioneering new techniques and styles. In the field of architecture, the ancient Chinese built magnificent imperial palaces, towering pagodas, and the iconic Great Wall of China which stretches for over 13,000 miles. The rich literary heritage of ancient China includes seminal works like the Analects of Confucius, the Dao De Jing of Laozi, and the classical poetry of the Tang dynasty. These artistic and literary masterpieces not only embody the cultural refinement of ancient China but also offer profound insights into the Chinese worldview.Despite the many achievements of ancient Chinese civilization, it also faced significant challenges and periods of turmoil. The unification of China under the Qin dynasty in 221 BCE was accompanied by the brutal suppression of dissent and the destruction of philosophical texts. Later imperial dynasties also had to contend with peasant uprisings, nomadic invasions, and factional infighting that sometimes led to the collapse of the Chinese state. However, even during these turbulent times, Chinese culture and social institutions exhibited aremarkable resilience and adaptability. The Chinese state was eventually able to reconstitute itself after periods of fragmentation, and China's philosophical and artistic traditions continued to evolve and flourish.In conclusion, ancient Chinese civilization was one of the most influential and long-lasting in human history. Through its groundbreaking contributions to philosophy, science, technology, and the arts, China laid the foundations for its continued prominence on the world stage. Even as China confronted periods of upheaval and transformation, its core cultural values and intellectual heritage endured. The lasting legacy of ancient China continues to shape the modern world in profound ways.。
四大文明古国英语
四大文明古国英语名称
四大文明古国的英文名是：
1、中国：
中国，英文名China。
以华夏文明为源泉、中华文化为基础，是世界上历史最悠久的国家之一。
中国各族人民共同创造了光辉灿烂的文化，具有光荣的革命传统。
中国是以汉族为主体民族的多民族国家，通用汉语、汉字，汉族与少数民族统称为“中华民族”，又自称“炎黄子孙”、“龙的传人”。
2、古希腊：
古希腊，英文名Ancient Greece。
是西方文明的源头之一，古希腊文明持续了约650年，是西方文明最重要和直接的渊源。
西方有记载的文学、科技、艺术都是从古代希腊开始的。
古希腊不是一个国家的概念，而是一个地区的称谓。
古希腊位于欧洲的东南部、地中海的东北部，包括希腊半岛、爱琴海和爱奥尼亚海上的群岛和岛屿、土耳其西南沿岸、意大利东部和西西里岛东部沿岸地区。
3、古印度：
古印度，英文名Ancient India。
地域范围包括今印度、巴基斯坦等国。
印度是一个文化的大熔炉，这个国家独特的历史背景使得它包含了从远古到现代、从西方到东方、从亚洲到欧洲等多种文化潮流。
再加上它是一个由五大民族构成的国家，本身就像一个大大的文化博物馆。
4、古埃及：
古埃及，英文名Ancient Egypt。
是四大文明古国之一。
位于非洲东北部尼罗河中下游，距今约740多年前，阿拉伯帝国将其伊斯兰化。
古埃及王国先后历经了：前王朝、早王朝、古王国、第一中间期、中王国、第二中间期、新王国、第三中间期、晚王国、托勒密王朝，共10个时期，33个王朝的统治。
介绍中国历史文化和旅游景点的英语作文
介绍中国历史文化和旅游景点的英语作文China has a long history and rich cultural heritage, dating back thousands of years. The Chinese civilization is one of the world's oldest continuous cultures, with ahistory that spans over 5,000 years. Throughout its history, China has seen the rise and fall of numerous dynasties,each leaving behind a unique legacy that has contributed to the country's cultural diversity.One of the most iconic aspects of Chinese culture is its traditional festivals, such as the Spring Festival (Chinese New Year), Dragon Boat Festival, and Mid-Autumn Festival. These festivals are deeply rooted in Chinese history andare celebrated with various customs, rituals, andtraditional foods. They provide a great opportunity forboth locals and visitors to experience the vibrant and colorful culture of China.In addition to its festivals, China is also home to a wealth of historical sites and landmarks. The Great Wall of China, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is perhaps the most famous of these. The wall stretches over 13,000 miles andwas originally built to protect the Chinese empire from invasions. Today, it stands as a symbol of China's rich history and is a must-see for visitors to the country.Another iconic landmark is the Forbidden City in Beijing, which was once the imperial palace during the Ming and Qing dynasties. This sprawling complex is a prime example of traditional Chinese palatial architecture and is home to numerous historical artifacts and artworks.Other notable historical and cultural sites in China include the Terracotta Army in Xi'an, the Potala Palace in Lhasa, and the ancient city of Pingyao. These sites offer a glimpse into China's ancient past and showcase thecountry's rich cultural heritage.Apart from its historical and cultural attractions,China also boasts stunning natural landscapes and modern urban centers. The country's diverse geography includes towering mountains, serene lakes, and picturesque countryside. In addition, cities such as Shanghai, Beijing, and Hong Kong offer a blend of traditional and modern architecture, bustling markets, and a thriving arts and culinary scene.In conclusion, China's history, culture, and tourism offerings are as diverse as they are fascinating. From its ancient traditions and historical landmarks to its natural beauty and modern developments, China has something to offer every type of traveler.中国拥有悠久的历史和丰富的文化遗产，可以追溯到数千年前。
讲中国古代文明的英语作文
讲中国古代文明的英语作文Here is an English essay on the topic of ancient Chinese civilization, with the content exceeding 1000 words as requested. Please note that the title is not included in the word count.The Enduring Legacy of Ancient Chinese CivilizationChina's ancient civilization is one of the oldest and most influential in the world, dating back thousands of years. From the dawn of its history, the Middle Kingdom has been a cradle of innovation, cultural richness, and profound philosophical traditions that have left an indelible mark on the course of human civilization. The enduring legacy of ancient Chinese civilization is a testament to the ingenuity, resilience, and profound wisdom of its people.At the heart of ancient Chinese civilization lies a deep reverence for the natural world and a harmonious relationship between humanity and the environment. The concept of Taoism, with its emphasis on the Dao or the "way of nature," has shaped the Chinese worldview for millennia. Taoists believed in the importance of living in accordance with the natural rhythms of the universe, rather than trying to conquer or control the natural world. This philosophy isreflected in the architectural wonders of ancient China, such as the Forbidden City in Beijing, where the layout and design of the buildings were carefully aligned with the principles of feng shui, the ancient Chinese art of harmonizing the built environment with the natural landscape.The ancient Chinese also made groundbreaking contributions to the fields of science and technology. From the invention of paper and the compass to the development of advanced agricultural techniques and the construction of the Great Wall, the achievements of ancient Chinese civilization continue to inspire awe and wonder. The Chinese were pioneers in the field of astronomy, developing sophisticated calendars and observational methods that were far ahead of their time. They also made significant advancements in the fields of mathematics, engineering, and medicine, laying the foundations for the technological and scientific progress that would come centuries later.One of the most enduring legacies of ancient Chinese civilization is its rich cultural heritage. The Chinese language, with its intricate system of written characters and its deep roots in the classical literature of the past, has been a unifying force for the Chinese people for thousands of years. The Confucian philosophy, with its emphasis on social harmony, filial piety, and the cultivation of moral virtue, has shaped the ethical and social norms of Chinese society forgenerations. The artistic traditions of ancient China, from the delicate brush paintings and calligraphy to the intricate jade carvings and porcelain wares, have inspired artists and art lovers around the world.The ancient Chinese also made significant contributions to the realm of philosophy and spirituality. The teachings of Confucius, with their emphasis on the importance of social and familial relationships, have had a profound impact on the way that Chinese people think about their place in the world. The Buddhist tradition, which was introduced to China from India, has also left an indelible mark on Chinese culture, shaping the way that the Chinese people approach questions of the meaning of life, the nature of the self, and the pursuit of enlightenment.One of the most remarkable aspects of ancient Chinese civilization is its enduring influence on the modern world. Despite the many political, social, and cultural upheavals that have occurred over the centuries, the legacy of ancient China continues to shape the way that the world perceives and interacts with the Middle Kingdom. From the design of modern cities to the practice of traditional Chinese medicine, the imprint of ancient Chinese civilization can be seen in every corner of the globe.In conclusion, the ancient Chinese civilization is a testament to the ingenuity, resilience, and profound wisdom of the Chinese people. Itsenduring legacy continues to inspire awe and wonder, and its influence can be felt in every aspect of modern life. Whether it is in the realm of science and technology, the arts and culture, or the realm of philosophy and spirituality, the ancient Chinese civilization has left an indelible mark on the course of human history. As we look to the future, it is clear that the lessons and insights of the past will continue to shape the way that we understand and engage with the world around us.。
英语作文万能中国传统文化
Embracing the Richness of TraditionalChinese CultureThe essence of Traditional Chinese Culture, encompassing thousands of years of history, is a profound and diverse tapestry that reflects the wisdom, values, and lifestyles of the Chinese people. This rich cultural heritage, passed down through generations, is a testamentto the resilience and adaptability of the Chinese civilization.At the core of Chinese culture lies Confucianism, which emphasizes the importance of harmony, respect, andintegrity. Confucius's teachings on filial piety, loyalty, and righteousness have shaped the moral and ethical foundation of Chinese society. This philosophy, along with Taoism and Buddhism, has influenced Chinese art, literature, philosophy, and daily life, creating a unique blend of spirituality and practicality.Art and literature in China have always been areflection of society and history. The beautifulcalligraphy and intricate paintings of the ancient masters tell the stories of heroes, legends, and nature. Chineseliterature, from the classic poems of the Tang Dynasty to the novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, offers insights into the lives, thoughts, and emotions of the Chinese people.Traditional Chinese festivals and customs are also an integral part of the culture. The Spring Festival,庆祝新的一年的开始，is marked with family reunions, fireworks, and feasting. The Dragon Boat Festival,纪念古代爱国诗人屈原，features dragon boat races and the eating of zongzi, a traditional rice dumpling. These festivals not only celebrate the passing of time but also promote family unity and community spirit.Moreover, Chinese cuisine, regarded as one of the most diverse and delicious in the world, is a testament to the creativity and resourcefulness of the Chinese people. From the spicy Sichuan dishes to the delicate dim sum of Canton, Chinese food reflects the rich flavors and ingredients of the land, as well as the cultural exchanges with other nations.In conclusion, Traditional Chinese Culture is a vast and vibrant entity that has shaped the identity of theChinese nation and continues to influence people worldwide. It is a rich tapestry of art, literature, philosophy, festivals, and cuisine that offers insights into the values, aspirations, and dreams of the Chinese people. As we embrace the globalization of culture, it is important to appreciate and preserve the unique beauty of Traditional Chinese Culture, which remains a vital force in the contemporary world.**拥抱丰富多彩的中国传统文化**中国传统文化，历经数千年，其本质是一幅反映中国人民智慧、价值观和生活方式的深厚多彩画卷。
古代文明：中国【英文】
Shang Ruler
• Religious Power:
• Supreme God Di • Shang ruler interacts with Di making him the direct link to early ancestors/ crucial link between Heaven and Earth • Promoting agricultural productivity and protection • Authoritarian Rule
Shang Elite
• Warrior class • Utilized bronze weapons and horse-drawn chariots from W. Asia • Tombs carried valuable bronze objects for the afterlife • Bronze was a symbol of status and authority
•Replaced the Shang; to the W. in the valley of the Wei R •Longest line of kings in Chinese history •Founders: Wen (vassal) and his son Wu (1st ruler)
•Highest Zhou deity Tian (Heaven)
•Heaven granted authority and legitimacy to a ruler as long as he looked out for the welfare of his subjects; monarch called Son of Heaven •Mandate of Heaven- Chinese religious/ political ideology; prerogative of Heaven, to grant and take away power of a ruler if he fails the best interests of his subjects
中国有着源远流长的历史的英语单词
中国有着源远流长的历史的英语单词China - 中国History - 历史Ancient - 古代的Dynasty - 朝代Emperor - 皇帝Civilization - 文明Great Wall - 长城Silk Road - 丝绸之路Cultural - 文化的Tradition - 传统Art - 艺术Philosophy - 哲学Calligraphy - 书法Terracotta Warriors - 兵马俑Tea - 茶Porcelain - 瓷器Bamboo - 竹子Martial Arts - 武术Panda - 熊猫Confucianism - 儒家思想Taoism - 道家思想Buddhism - 佛教Compass - 指南针Gunpowder - 火药Paper - 纸Printing - 印刷术Dragon - 龙Yin and Yang - 阴阳Kung Fu - 功夫Dim Sum - 点心Dragon Boat Festival - 端午节Lantern Festival - 元宵节Red Envelope - 红包Lucky - 幸运的Fortune - 财富Peony - 牡丹Spring Festival - 春节Moon Festival - 中秋节Year of the Rat/Ox/Tiger/Rabbit/Dragon/Snake/Horse/Sheep/Monkey/Rooster/Dog/Pig - 鼠/牛/虎/兔/龙/蛇/马/羊/猴/鸡/狗/猪年Emperor's Palace - 皇宫Forbidden City - 故宫Tiananmen Square - 天安门广场Peking Opera - 京剧Wushu - 武术Chinese Medicine - 中医Green Tea - 绿茶Jasmine Tea - 茉莉花茶Hot Pot - 火锅Dumplings - 饺子Peking Duck - 北京烤鸭Feng Shui - 风水Qi - 气Tai Chi - 太极拳Summer Palace - 颐和园Terrace Rice Fields - 梯田Jade - 玉石。
介绍中国上下五千年的英语作文
介绍中国上下五千年的英语作文China, with its rich history spanning over five thousand years, is a land steeped in tradition and filled with stories of ancient civilizations. From the mythical times of the Yellow Emperor to the modern era of rapid development, China has witnessed numerous transformative events that have shaped its culture and influenced the global stage.中国凭借其悠久的历史超过五千年，是一个充满传统并充斥着古老文明故事的国度。
从黄帝的神话时代到现代快速发展的时代，中国见证了许多具有深远影响的事件，这些事件塑造了中国文化，并对全球产生了影响。
Ancient China, during the dynastic rule, saw the rise and fall of various empires such as the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Each dynasty left its mark on Chinese history through advancements in governance structures, philosophical ideologies, technological innovations, and artistic achievements.古代中国，在朝代统治下，经历了夏、商、周、秦、汉、唐、宋、明和清朝等各个帝国的兴衰。
the china英语作文八下
the china英语作文八下英文回答：China, the cradle of one of the world's oldest civilizations, is a country that has captivated the world with its rich history, diverse culture, and stunning landscapes. Boasting a population of over 1.4 billion, China is the most populous nation on Earth and a global superpower with a rapidly growing economy.China's history dates back thousands of years, with the earliest records of human habitation tracing back to the Paleolithic era. The country's ancient civilizations, such as the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties, left an indelible mark on Chinese culture and society. The Qin dynasty, established in 221 BC, unified China for the first time under the rule of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, who is renownedfor his monumental construction projects, including the Great Wall of China.Throughout its long history, China has undergone numerous political, economic, and social transformations. The country experienced periods of great prosperity and cultural achievement, such as during the Han and Tang dynasties. However, it also faced periods of political instability and foreign invasions, including the Mongol conquest in the 13th century and the Qing dynasty, established by the Manchus in the 17th century.In the 19th and 20th centuries, China underwent significant political and social changes, culminating in the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 under the leadership of Mao Zedong. The country's economy began to develop rapidly under Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms in the 1980s, leading to a period of unprecedented economic growth.Today, China is a major player on the world stage. It is a member of the United Nations Security Council and the World Trade Organization, and it is the second-largest economy in the world. The country has made significant achievements in areas such as science and technology,infrastructure, and education.China's culture is as diverse as its geography. The country is home to 56 ethnic groups, each with its unique customs and traditions. Chinese culture has been shaped by Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism, and it has produced some of the world's most celebrated works of literature, art, and music.China's natural landscapes are as stunning as they are varied, ranging from towering mountains to lush forests, vast deserts to sprawling grasslands. The country is also home to some of the world's most iconic landmarks,including the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, and the Terracotta Army.China is a country of contradictions, a land where ancient traditions meet modern innovations. It is a country that has witnessed great triumphs and endured great hardships, and it is a country that is constantly evolving. China's future is uncertain, but it is a future that isfull of possibilities.中文回答：中国，世界上最古老文明的发源地之一，是一个以其丰富的历史、多元的文化和令人惊叹的风景而吸引世界的国家。
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Believed people were only fully civilized if they learned Chinese language and adopted Chinese customs
Invaders eventually lost identities and were absorbed into China’s population
ANCIENT CHINESE CIVILIZATION
Section 1: Geographic and Cultural Influences
Ancient Chinese civilization flourished from 1500 BC to AD 589
Four major dynasties existed during this time: Shang Zhou Qin Han
First dynasty Strengthened their rule by introducing
irrigation and flood control systems Used war chariots and bronze weapons to
defend kingdom’s borders Economy based on agriculture
Caravans returned to China with gold, silver, and wool
Fell to nomadic people around AD 220
A Chinese general reunified China in AD 581
The Silk Road
God chose rulers Local leaders fought amongst themselves One of the Warring States, the Qin, took over
as rulers
Qin Dynasty
Came to power through military force, around 221 BC
Chinese Writing
• Chinese writing has been found dating back to the Shang Dynasty, around 1200 BC. Writing was originally done on oracle bones, usually turtle shells or ox scapulae. Bones with writing were put in the fire and the cracks formed were used to answer questions as a form of “fortune telling.”
Lasted only 15 years Name “China” comes from Qin Established autocracy – emperor held total
power Forced people to build Great Wall of China Discontent caused a rebel army to overthrow
China developed isolated from India and the West: Farther away, rugged mountains, and harsh deserts
Influenced by fewer other cultures than any other ancient civilization
government
The Han Empire
Trade prospered along Silk Road
Stretched from China across central Asia to Mediterranean region
Camel caravans carried jade, silk, and paper to Greeka
Chinese legend tells of Yu, a mythological figure who drained away floodwaters so people could live in China
Yu established a line of kings called the Xia The Xia rule over the region starting in about 2200
• Writing was eventually done on bronze and later paper.
• Writing was standardized during the Qin dynasty (221 BC).
• Today, educated Chinese people know about 4000 characters.
Considered nomads to the north and west to be culturally inferior
Called themselves the “Middle Kingdom”
Thought they were the center of world
Strong sense of identity and superiority
Three major rivers:
Yellow River Yangtze River Xi River
Geography:
The Yellow River has been nicknamed “China’s Sorrow” because of many devastating floods
The Terra-Cotta Warriors - YouTube
Han Dynasty
In power for 400 years Many Chinese today call themselves “People
of Han” Empire larger than the Roman Empire Established a civil service system to run
It represents the emperor’s ability to control the resources of the newly unified China.
It also shows his attempt to recreate and maintain that empire in the afterlife.
Continuously battled warlike neighboring states
Military was finally exhausted Overthrown by Zhou dynasty in 1050 BC
Zhou Dynasty
Longest-lasting dynasty No centralized government Believed in “Mandate of Heaven”
the empire – founded Han dynasty
Great Wall of China
Terracotta Army
The terracotta army is located in the tomb of the first Qin Dynasty ruler Shihuangdi
BC The developed agriculture and used written
symbols They lacked methods to control irrigation and
floods
Shang Dynasty
Swept into Yellow River valley between 1750 – 1500 BC