二手物品交易网站毕业设计外文翻译译文

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本科毕业设计文献综述校园二手物品交易网站的设计与实现

本科毕业设计文献综述校园二手物品交易网站的设计与实现院（系、部）名称：专业名称：学生姓名：学生学号：指导教师：2016年3月15日1目的与意义随着社会的发展，低碳经济已成为当今世界发展的主题，物品循环利用、回收再造成为了社会关注的焦点。

调查发现，随着大学生购买力的增强，产品的升级换代更新加快，大学校园存在着大量的闲置物品，如书籍、衣物、电子产品等。

但对于这些闲置物品的处理，却普遍缺乏便捷、有效的途径，造成了大量不必要的浪费。

因此，基于互联网网络构建二手物品交易网站为这一问题的解决提供了很好的思路，同时也迎合了当代大学生热衷网络这一特点。

由于校园二手物品交易网站专为大学生服务，与传统二手物品交易网相比，具有市场细分更明确、服务针对性更强的特点，更容易获得学生群体的认可，有利于培养学生的低碳意识和社会责任感，不仅具有广泛的经济效益，更具有深远的社会效益[1]。

校园电子商务作为一种新型的电子商务，是指在校园范围内, 以校园网为依托服务于广大师生员工,并由学生自主经营，满足校园内单位、企业或个人进行商务、工作、学习、生活各方面活动需要的一种商务形式，具有范围小、可信度高、操作性强等特点。

且依据消费者不同的商品需求类型，可以建立多种校园电子商务网站[2]。

所以我们要建立一个小型的二手物品交易网站，以满足在校学生对于二手物品的需求。

2发展前景党的十八大报告要求继续深化生态建设，将我国建设成节约型社会，而节约型社会呼唤节约型校园，建设节约型校园是落实科学发展观、建设和谐校园的客观要求，而校园二手物品交易网站的建设便是推进实现校园闲置物品循环利用，促进和谐校园建设的重要环节[3]。

随着我国社会经济的发展和人民收入水平的提高，广大消费者的购买力也逐年增强。

大学生是家庭的骄傲，也是家庭的希望所在，很多父母宁愿自己节衣缩食也不愿苦了孩子，给孩子的生活费总是尽己所能满足。

大学里不少学生的手机明显好于很多老师所用的手机，大学生物质消费水平的增速明显高于社会平均的平均增速。

毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文

金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。

一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。

金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。

然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。

这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。

很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。

因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。

(范例)外文翻译格式

本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译译文学生姓名：院（系）：经济管理学院专业班级：市场营销0301班指导教师：完成日期：2007年3 月22 日日本的分销渠道——对于进入日本市场的挑战与机会Distribution Channels in JapanChallenges and Opportunities for theJapanese Market Entry作者：Hokey Min起止页码：P22-35出版日期（期刊号）：0960-0035出版单位：MCB Univercity Press外文翻译译文：介绍尽管美国对日本的出口在过去两年已有大幅度的增长，然而美国对日本仍然存在着很大的贸易赤字。

尽管没有出现下降趋势，但越来越多的美国决策者及商务经理已经开始审查日本的贸易活动。

在这些人中，有一个很普遍的想法就是日本市场没有对美国产品开放，相反，美国市场对日本的贸易是开放的。

因此，克林顿政府试图采取强硬措施来反对日本的一系列贸易活动，包括商业习惯和政府政策，还企图通过贸易制裁的威胁来反对日本产品。

然而，这样的措施也会产生适得其反的结果。

它不仅会为美国消费者带来更高的商品价格和更少的商品选择，同时也会增加日本消费者的反美情绪。

最近Ginkota和Kotabe的调查表明：单独的贸易谈判不会提高美国商品进入日本市场的能力。

而对于提高美国公司进入日本市场能力的一个行之有效的方法就是研究日本近几个世纪以来所采用的商业活动。

由于法律障碍或者是日本公司对外封锁商业渠道，日本当地的分销渠道往往对外国公司不利，而这样的商业活动被认为是进入日本市场的主要障碍。

事实上，Yamawaki美国商品成功出口到日本市场在很大程度上取决于美国解决协议合同的能力。

尽管进入日本市场意义重大，然而对西方人而言，日本的经销体系经常会被人误以为是充满神秘感的。

这种误解源于日本复杂的分销惯例特征。

而这种分销惯例沿袭古老的而又严谨的建设体系。

在尝试美国贸易在日本市场成功获利减少不必要的贸易冲突过程中，我们揭露了日本分销中获利的事实，探索出了能成功进入日本市场的战略性武器。

二手物品交易网站毕业设计外文翻译(译文)

河北科技师范学院本科毕业设计外文翻译二手物品网上交易资源效率的贡献：eBay用户的实证研究院（系、部）名称：专业名称：学生姓名：学生学号：指导教师：2016年03月08日二手物品网上交易资源效率的贡献：eBay用户的实证研究Jens Clausen , Birgit Blättel-Mink , Lorenz Erdmann ,Christine Henseling 摘要：本文探讨了网上二手交易的可持续性的影响（对可持续发展的贡献，减少对环境的不利影响）。

eBay用户的一项调查显示，二手商品交易和自然资源的保护之间的联系很难实现。

其次，保护环境的动机和以可持续的方式采取行动的消费者群体之间的差别很大。

鉴于这些结果，从用户的角度考虑，本文试图寻找网上的二手交易对环境影响的一些客观提示。

由于交易所造成的温室气体排放量似乎比生产新产品的排放量要低得多。

本文的结论与二手交易和消费政策的一套建议有关。

购买二手商品的可持续性利益的信息应包括在一般消费者的信息，并且行为变化的参数应该是针对不同的消费者群体。

关键词：网上市场，在线拍卖，消费者，电子商务，应用产品，二手市场，可持续消费1.介绍在线拍卖和交易平台增加了可持续消费的机会。

基于网络的二手交易的潜力很大程度上来说是在延长产品的寿命，从而避免了由于购买新产品产生额外的环境压力。

到目前为止，私人家庭往往因为高交易成本未能利用二手物品的潜力。

二手货物贸易仍然局限于区域市场，这些障碍经常阻止本地区二手商品市场达到临界质量并阻止他们成为有吸引力的买家和卖家。

然而近年来，互联网和交易平台的迅速增加，比如eBay网，已经从根本上改变了这种市场的基本条件。

在线市场不仅大大增加了市场参与者的数量，也改变了传统分配给消费者和生产者的角色。

交换网站、拍卖平台和其他以互联网为基础的交易模式，用户不仅是买家，而且在同一时间，也成为了活跃产品或服务的卖家，这些已经改变了消费者的作用。

二手的英语作文带翻译

二手的英语作文带翻译关于二手的英语作文带翻译在移动互联网时代，共享经济大大促进了的二手商品的流动和交易。

以下是店铺为你整理的关于二手的英语作文，希望能帮到你。

二手货英语作文Secondhand GoodsIn recent years, second-hand transactions have become quite common. Nowadays there are more and more secondhand goods in the market, such as secondhand books,furniture, appliances, cars, and so on. Why do so many people like to buy secondhand goods?The following reasons can account for this phenomenon. Above all, secondhand goods are cheaper than new ones. This enables those people who have poor financial abilities to buy the things they want. Moreover, secondhand goods transactions make it possible for people to make good use of the goods which may be useless in their hands.Besides, Internet provides a more convenient and quicker transaction platform for secondhand goods.However, there are also some problems in secondhand goods transactions. For one thing, the quality of secondhand goods can not be promised and you can not enjoy the good after-sale service. For another, secondhand goods market lacks enough supervision and management, and there exist many dishonest business activities. In a word, I think secondhand goods transaction is a good trading way, but it needs further perfection of the rules.近年来，二手交易已经变得很普遍。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)

毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。

程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。

一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。

而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。

这是一项令人痛苦的工作。

但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。

我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。

这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。

Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。

有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。

我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。

除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。

本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。

15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。

早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。

但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。

为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。

IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。

我自己的域名是。

所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。

四级卖二手作文模板

四级卖二手作文模板英文回答：How to Write a Successful Second-hand Item Sales Page。

1. Start with a strong headline。

Your headline is the first thing potential buyers will see, so make sure it's attention-grabbing and informative. Use strong verbs and keywords that will help people find your listing. For example, instead of writing "Used car for sale," you could write "2016 Honda Civic for sale with low mileage."2. Include high-quality photos。

Photos are essential for selling second-hand items. Make sure your photos are well-lit, in focus, and show the item from all angles. If you can, take photos of the item being used in its intended context. For example, if you'reselling a couch, take a photo of it in a living room setting.3. Write a detailed description。

In your description, include all of the relevantdetails about the item, such as its condition, size, and features. Be honest and upfront about any flaws or damage. You should also include information about the item's history, such as whether it has been used or is brand new.4. Set a fair price。

英语作文高中毕业了出售二手书籍100字

二手书籍大放送：毕业季英语学习大提升 As high school graduation nears, students are busy preparing for their future, either moving on to further studies or starting their professional careers. Amidst this hustle and bustle, many find themselves with piles of textbooks and reference books that they no longer need. Instead of letting these books gather dust, why not turn them into a valuable resource for others? Selling your second-hand books not only declutters your space but also helps others in their academic journey.English textbooks, in particular, can be a great asset for students aiming to improve their language skills. Whether it's a comprehensive grammar guide or a collection of classic literature, these books can provide hours of valuable learning material. By selling your used English books, you not only make a profit but also contribute to the learning process of others.Moreover, selling second-hand books is an environmentally friendly practice. It reduces waste, saves resources, and promotes a culture of reuse and recycling.By choosing to sell your books instead of discarding them, you are making a positive impact on the environment.So, as you pack up your belongings and bid farewell to your high school days, consider selling your unwanted books. It's a win-win situation for both you and others. Yourbooks may just be the key to someone else's success story.**二手书籍大放送：毕业季英语学习大提升**随着高中毕业的临近，学生们正忙于为未来做准备，无论是继续深造还是开始职业生涯。

二手交易市场大学英语作文带翻译

二手交易市场大学英语作文带翻译二手交易市场大学英语作文带翻译无论是在学校还是在社会中，大家或多或少都会接触过作文吧，借助作文可以宣泄心中的情感，调节自己的心情。

那么，怎么去写作文呢？以下是帮大家整理的二手交易市场大学英语作文带翻译，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。

Second-hand transaction is enjoying an enlarging market nowadays. Some people are in favor of second-hand transaction while others take an opposite side. As far as I am concerned, we cannot afford to ignore the chance to turn the waste into treasure and access to affordable products.现在而搜交易市场的规模越来越大。

有些人喜欢二手交易，然而有些人持反面观点。

就我看来，我们不能无视变废为宝，还有买能支付得起的’产品的机会。

On the one hand, second-hand transaction obtains approval from both sellers and buyers. Firstly, in the seller’s eyes, the products which little or no use to them but still have the potential to be used by others, which turns the waste into treasure. Secondly, from the buyer’s side, some of them can not afford the new products they need urgently. Thus, buyingsecondhand goods is a very effective and provident approach. On the other hand, the demerits of second-hand products are as plain as Salisbury, and the most obvious one concerns the quality-related issue. Some of the second-hand products are of inferior quality or just fake goods that are brought from the unscrupulous businessmen.就一方面来说，二手交易能让卖家与卖家都获利。

二手物品交易网站外文文献翻译中英文

外文文献翻译(含: 英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Jens Clausen, Birgit Blättel-Mink2, Lorenz Erdmann, Christine Henseling .Contribution of Online Trading of Used Goods to Resource Efficiency: An Empirical Study of eBay Users [J].Sustainability, 2010, 2: 10-30.英文原文Contribution of Online Trading of Used Goods to Resource Efficiency:An Empirical Study of eBay UsersJens Clausen, Birgit Blättel-Mink , Lorenz Erdmann and ChristineHenselingAbstractThis paper discusses the sustainability impact (contribution to sustainability, reduction of adverse environmental impacts) of online second-hand trading.A survey of eBay users shows that a relationship between the trading of used goods and the protection of natural resources is hardly realized.Secondly, the environmental motivation and the willingness to act in a sustainable manner differ widely between groups of consumers.Given these results from a user perspective, the paper tries to find some objective hints of online second-hand trading’s environmental impact.The greenhouse gas emissions resulting from theenergy used for the trading transactions seem to be considerably lower than the emissions due to the (avoided) production of new goods.The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for second-hand trade and consumer rmation about the sustainability benefits of purchasing second-hand goods should be included in general consumer information, and arguments for changes in behavior should be targeted to different groups of consumers.Keywords: online marketplaces; online auctions; consumer; electronic commerce; used products; second-hand market; sustainable consumption1.IntroductionOnline auction and trading platforms are increasing the opportunities for sustainable consumption.The potential of online based second-hand trading lies largely in the opportunity to extend the life span of products, thereby avoiding additional environmental stresses due to the purchase of new goods.To date, private households often failed to exploit the potentials for reusing products because of high transaction costs.Trade in second-hand goods remained limited to regional markets.These barriers frequently prevented local and regional used goods markets from attaining critical mass and becoming attractive for both buyers and sellers.In recent years, however, rapidly increasing use of the Internet and trading platforms, such as eBay, have fundamentally transformed the underlying conditions of such markets.Online markets have not only significantly increased the numbers of market participants; they have also changed the roles traditionally assigned to consumers and producers.Exchange sites, auction platforms and other Internet-based trading models where users are not merely buyers, but at the same time, also active sellers of products or services, have shifted the role of consumers.Against this background, this article examines consumption processes using the example of eBay, the world’s largest online trading platform for used goods, by focusing on the following question: Which sustainability potentials are connected with the electronic trading of used goods, and how can these potentials be exploited? This question lies in the center of the research project “From Consumer to Prosumer—Development of new trading mechanisms and auction cultures to promote sustainable consumption.”The project is intentionally linked with various streams of research and insights, especially concerning the intensification of use, lifestyle research, and life-cycle assessment, in the fields of information technology and telecommunications, and integrates them from the perspective of the research guiding question.After giving an overview of the scientific work on environmental attitudes and behavior in the context of internet based used goods trading, and an empirical look on internet usage in Chapter 2, the empirical results of an online survey on online trading and sustainability are presented inChapter 3.Chapter 4 draws conclusions from the empirical study and Chapter 5 focuses on the ecological assessment of used goods trading.The paper concludes with some remarks on the consequences of second-hand trade, online platforms, and consumer policy.2.Internet-Based Used Goods Trading from a Subjective PerspectiveSustainability researchers in the social sciences assume that environmentally-oriented behavior is supported to a non-negligible degree by positive attitudes toward the environment and by knowledge about the environment [1-7].Time and again, however, representative surveys of the population provide evidence for a discrepancy between concern about increasing environmental devastation and its consequences, as well as knowledge about the environment on the one hand, and environmental behavior that is in line with such knowledge on the other.It is possible to identify groups of individuals who display environmentally-friendly behavior, but not the corresponding attitudes toward the environment (e.g., older single women), just as there are groups of individuals who display a high degree of ecological awareness, but whose behavior is nonetheless not consistently environmentally oriented (e.g., families whose environmentally-friendly behavior is organized to the hilt, but who still drive a family car).Three bundles of characteristics that influence the sustainability of styles of consumption have emerged in the research [8]: the household’s social situation(socio-demographic characteristics and time resources), consumer preferences (subjective preferences relating to the selection of products and behaviors), and actual consumption behavior.Socio-demographic characteristics that substantially influence differences in terms of sustainable consumption patterns include age, educational level, gender, marital status, and income, with women, well educated people, and parents striving for consistency of attitudes and behavior.Grunenberg and Kuckartz [1] were able to identify the group they called the “environmentally committed”in their study, which was representative for Germany.“[A group] that takes environmental problems more seriously and is actively committed to solving them.Entirely consistent pro-environment behavior is not demanded of this group; that would require, for example, that these individuals would not just eat exclusively organically-grown food, but would also sell their cars and take bicycling vacations.”(Grunenberg/Kuckartz, p.204 [1]).The following indicators were used to define the group of environmentally-committed individuals: membership in an organization promoting conservation or environmental protection; donation to such an organization in the previous year; familiarity with the term “sustainable development;”high willingness to pay for improved environmental protection; frequenting of information about environmental problems from specialist periodicals; environmental mentality type 1 (motto: “Be arole model when it comes to environmental protection!”); declared shared responsibility for environmental protection (statement: “It isn’t difficult for an individual person to do something for the environment!”) (Grunenberg/Kuckartz, p.204 [1]).Members of this group are often in the familial phase of life, have a relatively high level of education, often live in major cities or small communities, seldom in medium-sized towns or villages, tend to come from West Germany, as a rule have a higher professional position (senior staff, upper-middle-level or upper-level civil servants, the professions), have a medium to high, but not very high income, and tend to live in quiet neighborhoods in single- or two-family houses.Regarding their political preferences, the authors ascertained a more pronounced interest in politics in general, and a clear focus on post-materialist values.As to trading in used goods as a specific area of consumption, a study of West Berlin showed that buying and selling used goods is linked fairly rarely to ecological motives [9].Pragmatic reasons for selling used goods are mentioned more frequently, for instance “making room”or “getting rid of items we no longer need.”In contrast, when purchasing used goods, financial motives are more important.The proportion of men who buy and sell used goods is somewhat higher than that of women.The average age is 36.More than two-thirds of those offering goods on the second-hand market have a job.Housewives and students comprise 10%of sellers each, the unemployed and pensioners about 5% each.The sellers often live in multi-person households, and live less commonly alone.Among the buyers of second-hand goods, 29.4% are in the 19- to 25-year age group and 35.7% are in the 26- to 35-year group.Most people have a job (61%), and students form 15% of the buyers, which is substantially higher than their proportion of the cational levels are above-average among buyers, too, as is the proportion of individuals living in multi-person households.3.Online Trading and Sustainability—Empirical ResultsTaking the example of eBay, the above mentioned relationships were more closely looked at with an online survey that was carried out by the authors in November, 2008.The survey was intended to gain insight into eBay users’consumption patterns, their attitudes, and their ways of dealing with used products on eBay.The survey was directed to private eBay users who use the site, both for buying and selling, and who carried out at least one transaction during the preceding 12 months.In total, 2,511 valid questionnaires were analyzed.In contrast to Germany’s total population, more men (57.1%) than women responded, more persons who live with their partners (73.4%), and more people living in households of three or more (52.4%).The sample also displays a relatively high educational (49.4% level A) and employment status (49.2% working full time), and the respondents tend to live in or near urban areas.The agedistribution of the respondents (biggest cluster 40–49 years old; 29.8%) and their income distribution (40% medium to low income) are comparable with the overall population.More women (45.1%) than men (34.0%) of the sample live in households with children; the proportion of men increases with increasing age.The women who buy or sell on eBay have lower incomes.48.7%, of all female eBay buyers earn less than 2,000 Euros per month compared to 39.8% of all male eBay pared to the group of Internet users mentioned above, the sample analyzed here differs only in relation to income, with Internet users displaying higher incomes.The following subjects will be approached: Attitudes toward the environment and motives for trading on eBay, attitudes of eBay users regarding used products and their handling of used products.Then, a typology of consumer patterns of eBay users that was derived from the data will be presented.4.Conclusions from the Empirical StudyThe results of the survey show that environmental aspects play only a minor role for the majority of the surveyed eBay users when trading used products.When concerning their motivations in particular, other aspects have been more important to date: practical and financial considerations, as well as having fun trading on eBay.Opportunities to make trading on eBay more environmentally friendly lie in providing information about the environmental relevance of used goods trading, e.g.,directly on the eBay platform.In addition, the broad range of motivations that eBay speaks to offers good starting points for creating alliances of motivations that connect ecological aspects with other aspects of use.A concrete strategic point of intervention is the option to provide opportunities for climate-neutral shipping on the eBay platform, and eBay users have indicated a high willingness to use such an option.The survey also made it possible to identify various starting points for intensifying used goods trading.When developing communications strategies in this regard, the value of used goods for others should be emphasized more strongly.This could happen, for example, by pointing more clearly to the quality, as well as the monetary value, of used products in such communications.Interesting approaches that take this direction include quality tests of used products, as well as tools with which users can learn about the prices they can get for used products.The test lab introduced by eBay in mid-2008 is an interesting approach.Certain used products were tested here to show their value in relation to the value of new products.The results highlight the significance of situations of change in life for trading used products.Such phases, for example, the birth of one’s first child or retirement can (under certain circumstances) function as times when people start trading used goods, or they can be situations in which the willingness to buy and to sell second-hand products is especially high.An important aspect for used goods trading is that the effort invested in selling the product must be financially worthwhile.The responses showed, however, that this is not always the case.This aspect must be taken into account when developing measures to intensify used goods trading.Another finding: a central problem of used goods trading lies in the fact that many buyers are unsure of the quality of the products for sale (lack of warranties, doubts about whether the products are in fact in proper working order).In order to address this concern, it is important to develop mechanisms that increase trust in second-hand products and reflect their quality.Initial starting points include initiatives to refurbish used products.One example for this is the initiative which purchases, refurbishes and then resells used cell phones and provides a warranty.Identification of the five consumption patterns in online used goods trading contributed to structuring the various behavior patterns of private eBay users.Above all, the fact that the respondents’differences in socio-demographic characteristics are very small is remarkable.The five types do differ significantly, however, regarding their attitudes and their behavior on eBay.They also differ with respect to their concern for the sustainability-related contexts of eBay trading.The environmentally oriented buyers of used goods and the prosumers, as different as they may be, are those upon whom we pin our hopes for sustainability.Although the former group displays a certain consistency in terms of attitudes andbehavior, which is also characterized by increasing awareness of sustainability, it is the prosumers who treat new and used products with care in order to resell them, thereby contributing to lengthening of the life spans of products, even if they are not aware of this effect.中文译文二手物品网上交易资源效率的贡献:eBay用户的实证研究Jens Clausen , Birgit Blättel-Mink , Lorenz Erdmann ,Christine Henseling 摘要本文探讨了网上二手交易的可持续性的影响(对可持续发展的贡献,减少对环境的不利影响) 。

校园电子商务—二手交易网站(英文)

Campus E-commerce - Second-hand Exchange WebsitePosted:2008-12-29 13:04:00 Browse:6523 作者：付长青[Abstract] online shopping has become more prevalent, the students can not be ignored is an online shopping group, the campus has a large secondary market and potential for development. This paper analyzes the significance of the establishment of the campus secondary trading networks, introducing secondary trading of the campus main functions of the site.[Keywords:] secondary market secondary campus e-commerce trading networks1 Introductioncations in the growing popularity worldwide in many Web services, Web gives refreshing feeling, but it is here where the growing popularity of online shopping has been a lot of people through network shopping. The benefits of online shopping is that it can not pay rent, do not hire guys 24 hours a day at any time be able to carry out services. Currently the Internet has become an integral part of college life, college students an average Internet penetration rate of 92%, of which more than 10 hours a week online students accounted for more than one-third of the total number of students in school. Now college students basically BBS-based online trading, BBS although many users, but because it is not a stand-alone site, providing limited functionality, the user can not be a detailed understanding of Information goods can not be quickly and easily check goods, can not be to meet the needs of the students in the actual transactions. Second-hand trading sites on campus college students in the school to provide a supply-demand platform, students can do their own things on the Web, also available on the web to find they need something inexpensive to achieve win-win situation.Second, the characteristics of second-hand trading site1. Information and practical, to facilitate studentsUsed Web site provides a number of items to facilitate student learning and living information, such as being out of the modern family, especially semi-new and old, the price is low the small size of TV sets, widely popular in the college students. Dormitories no television, in order to make rich and colorful life after school, several friends have to pay a joint venture with the homes, from buying one, do not underestimate the 'TV', a soccer match to go to war, and many students sitting on its side, enough to look at out of its 'fascinating', there is. The end of university life, but also sold to low-grade classmates.'Used the old bike' in a very much sought-after college students, university campus 'big', and some even sub-several campuses, a day school, doing experiments, ran really hard, and sometimes even the occasional stroll along the streets, go out together nature of the bike needs a lot of fun. Buy a new, high prices are prone to being 'locked in', or 'used' the good. 5 with a three set, then lower hands, even if the throw is also cost-effective. Semester, many students will not go to buy new books, but to the site search for the same teaching materials and curriculum requirements, which in college students is widespread. If grade exam tutorials, book 40 yuan, while the second-hand book is only 10 yuan, Moreover, in the books also includes a high-grade notes, and more practical. Web site of beautiful commodities, computers, MP3, removable disk, lamps, tape recorders, racks, rackets, fitness, etc., abound.2. To develop students awareness of the businessOver the past one to the end of, or close to graduation, books, household items are treated as waste, it is cheaper to sell waste received, and now, students can hang these items of information used in the campus Web site so that students can choose between the two-way, creating a certain The Economic value, and some students have to collect, collate the information and materials to carry out operations, try to do 'the boss' feelings。

外文翻译-微信校园之二手交易市场

1．外文资料翻译译文走向自动化的安卓应用程序串联检测摘要安卓系统支持应用程序之间的多种通信方式。

这将打开可能进行有风险的合作方式，比照c.f.在2011年的例子。

在本文中，我们提供了一个简明的定义在许多自动化检测方法联系和报告，与英特尔合作开发的安全。

导论安卓操作系统（操作系统）是设计了一个内置的安全功能，如应用程序的沙拳和公平粒度访问控制的基础上的权限。

然而，在现实生活中，应用程序的隔离是有限的。

在某些方面甚至相反的是正确的。

应用程序跨边界的通信方式有很多种方式。

Android操作系统支持多个通信方法进行充分的记录（如消息通过意图传达）。

用不同的安全姿势的应用程序通信的能力有负面效应对安全应用程序（在一个沙盒有处理这样的数据权限）可以让敏感的数据流到另一个应用程序（在另一个沙盒已经拒绝处理这样的数据）和最终泄漏。

在Android生态系统的问题和恶化的市场压力导致许多开发商在将广告移到到他们的应用程序中。

作为一个结果，这样的代码可以在成千上万的应用程序的出现（有不同的权限）。

广告主有一个已知的倾向，忽视用户的隐私有利于资本化。

所以，存在一个风险，自广告之间即使没有应用程序沙盒作为作者发送敏感数据在知识交流，冒着暴露隐私的可能。

当然，任何一个不道德的开发者也可以拆分他们更喜欢隐藏在多个应用程序之间的功能。

类似的恶意行为，这是显而易见的，从已知的情况下，应用程序利用不安全的敏感数据影响其他应用程序。

研究人员已经表明，设置的应用程序可能会违反的权限设置，造成数据泄露或携带恶意病毒。

这样的应用程序设置被称为西泸定组，该现象称为应用程序相互勾结。

不幸的是，没有有效的工具来检测APP的相互勾结。

应用程序的可能组合构成的搜索空间意味着这并不是直截了当的。

有效的方法来缩小了搜索者利益勾结。

本文有助于实现一个实用的自动配对系统的共谋检测。

我们在2节给出了一个勾结的定义。

这是由两个潜在的方法来过滤到合谋的潜在候选人，在3节使用Prolog开发了一个基于规则的方法和在第四节使用另一种统计方法。

成都理工大学学生毕业设计(论文)外文译文

2、Marketingorganization
With the auto market to a buyer from a seller's market. Marketing organization has undergone tremendous changes, three different channel model presented in front of us. A retail broker is not directly, such asShanghaiand Nanjing Long Chi Wing-tat, they also agent of many: the other is the general retailers, e-commerce automobile market through sales of tangible car. Based business to sell only a handful of after-sales service to provide maintenance or simple, such as the Asian Games Village Automobile Exchange Market; third is one of four stores, distributors sign a contract directly with vendors. Established in accordance with the requirements of manufacturers to provide store vehicle sales, parts supply, service and information feedback and other features. These three forms are modern marketing organization. But the advantages and disadvantages, and its focus is on balancing the interests of manufacturers and distributors and consumers for different needs. Marketing organization more than the body needs to adapt to different regional market differences.

外文翻译资料及译文

附录C：外文翻译资料Article Source：Business & Commercial Aviation, Nov 20, 2000. 5-87-88 Interactive Electronic Technical Manuals Electronic publications can increase the efficiency of your digital aircraft and analogtechnicians.Benoff, DaveComputerized technical manuals are silently revolutionizing the aircraft maintenance industry by helping the technician isolate problems quickly, and in the process reduce downtime and costs by more than 10 percent.These electronic publications can reduce the numerous volumes of maintenance manuals, microfiche and work cards that are used to maintain engines, airframes, avionics and their associated components."As compared with the paper manuals, electronic publications give us greater detail and reduced research times," said Chuck Fredrickson, general manager of Mercury Air Center in Fort Wayne, Ind.With all the advances in computer hardware and software technologies, such as high quality digital multimedia, hypertext and the capability to store and transmit digital multimedia via CD-ROMs/ networks, technical publication companies have found an effective, cost-efficient method to disseminate data to technicians.The solution for many operators and OEMs is to take advantage of today's technology in the form of Electronic Technical Manuals (ETM) or Interactive Technical Manuals (IETM). An ETM is any technical manual prepared in digital format that has the ability to be displayed using any electronic hardware media. The difference between the types of ETM/IETMs is the embedded functionality and implementation of the data."The only drawback we had to using ETMs was getting enough computers to meet our technicians' demand," said Walter Berchtold, vice president of maintenance at Jet Aviation's West Palm Beach, Fla., facility.A growing concern is the cost to print paper publications. In an effort to reduce costs, some aircraft manufacturers are offering incentives for owners to switch from paper to electronic publications. With an average printing cost of around 10 cents per page, a typical volume of a paper technical manual can cost the manufacturer over $800 for each copy. When producing a publication electronically, average production costs for a complete set of aircraft manuals are approximately $20 per copy. It is not hard to see the cost advantages of electronic publications.Another advantage of ETMs is the ease of updating information. With a paper copy, the manufacturer has to reprint the revised pages and mail copies to all the owners. When updates are necessary for an electronic manual, changes can either be e-mailed to theowners or downloaded from the manufacturer's Web site.So why haven't more flight departments converted their publications to ETM/IETMs? The answer lies in convincing technicians that electronic publications can increase their efficiency."We had an initial learning curve when the technicians switched over, but now that they are familiar with the software they never want to go back to paper," said Fredrickson.A large majority of corporate technicians also said that while they like the concept of having a tool that aids the troubleshooting process, they are fearful to give up all of their marked-up paper manuals.In 1987, a human factors study was conducted by the U.S. government to compare technician troubleshooting effectiveness, between paper and electronic methodology, and included expert troubleshooting procedures with guidance through the events. Results of the project indicated that technicians using electronic media took less than half the time to complete their tasks than those using the paper method, and technicians using the electronic method accomplished 65 percent more in that reduced time.The report also noted that new technicians using the electronic technical manuals were 12-percent more efficient than the older, more experienced technicians. (Novices using paper took 15 percent longer than the experts.)It is interesting that 90 percent of the technicians who used the electronic manuals said they preferred them to the paper versions. This proved to the industry that with proper training, the older technicians could easily transition from paper to electronic media.Electronic publications are not a new concept, although how they are applied today is. "Research over the last 20 years has provided a solid foundation for today's IETM implementation," said Joseph Fuller of the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center. "IETMs such as those for the Apache, Comanche, F-22, JSTAR and V-22 have progressed from concept to military and commercial implementation."In the late 1970s, the U.S. military investigated the feasibility of converting existing paper and microfilm. The Navy Technical Information Presentation System (NTIPS) and the Air Force Computer- based Maintenance Aid System (CMAS) were implemented with significant cost savings.The report stated that transition to electronic publications resulted in reductions in corrective maintenance time, fewer false removals of good components, more accurate and complete maintenance data collection reports, reduction in training requirements and reduced system downtime.The problem that the military encountered was ETMs were created in multiple levels of complexity with little to no standardization. Options for publications range from simple page-turning programs to full-functioning automated databases.This resulted in the classification of ETMs so that the best type of electronic publication could be selected for the proper application.Choosing a LevelWith all of the OEM and second- and third-party electronic publications that are available it is important that you choose the application level that is appropriate for your operation.John J. Miller, BAE Systems' manager of electronic publications, told B/CAthat "When choosing the level of an ETM/IETM, things like complexity of the aircraft and its systems, ease of use, currency of data and commonality of data should be the deciding factors; and, of course, price. If operational and support costs are reduced when you purchase a full-functioning IETM, then you should purchase the better system."Miller is an expert on the production, sustainment and emerging technologies associated with electronic publications, and was the manager of publications for Boeing in Philadelphia.Electronic publications are classified in one of five categories. A Class 1 publication is a basic electronic "page turner" that allows you to view the maintenance manual as it was printed. With a Class 2 publication all the original text of the manual is viewed as one continuous page with no page breaks. In Class 3, 4 and 5 publications the maintenance manual is viewed on a computer in a frame-based environment with increasing options as the class changes. (See sidebar.)Choosing the appropriate ETM for your operation is typically limited to whatever is being offered on the market, but since 1991 human factors reports state the demand has increased and, therefore, options are expected to follow.ETM/IETM ProvidersCompanies that create ETM/IETMs are classified as either OEM or second party provider. Class 1, 3 and 4 ETM/IETMs are the most commonly used electronic publications for business and commercial operators and costs can range anywhere from $100 to $3,000 for each ETM/ IETM. The following are just a few examples ofETM/IETMs that are available on the market.Dassault Falcon Jet offers operatorsof the Falcon 50/50EX, 900/900EX and 2000 a Class 4 IETM called the Falcon Integrated Electronic Library by Dassault (FIELD). Produced in conjunction with Sogitec Industries in Suresnes Cedex, France, the electronic publication contains service documentation, basic wiring, recommended maintenance and TBO schedules, maintenance manual, tools manual, service bulletins, maintenance and repair manual, and avionics manual.The FIELD software allows the user to view the procedures and hot- link directly to the Illustrated parts catalog. The software also enables the user to generate discrepancy forms, quotation sheets, annotations in the manual and specific preferences for each user.BAE's Miller said most of the IETM presentation systems have features called "Technical Notes." If a user of the electronic publication notices a discrepancy or needs to annotate the manual for future troubleshooting, the user can add a Tech Note (an electronic mark-up) to the step or procedure and save it to the base document. The next time that or another user is in the procedure, clicking on the tech note icon launches a pop-up screen displaying the previous technician's comments. The same electronic transfer of tech notes can be sent to other devices by using either a docking station or through a network server. In addition, systems also can use "personal notes" similar to technical notes that are assigned ID codes that only the authoring technician can access.Requirements for the FIELD software include the minimum of a 16X CD-ROM drive,Pentium II 200 MHz computer, Windows 95, Internet Explorer 4 SP 1 and Database Access V3.5 or higher.Raytheon offers owners of Beech and Hawker aircraft a Class 4 IETM called Raytheon Electronic Publication Systems (REPS). The REPS software links the frame-based procedures with the parts catalog using a single CD-ROM.Raytheon Aircraft Technical Publications said other in- production Raytheon aircraft manual sets will be converted to the REPS format, with the goal of having all of them available by 2001. In addition Raytheon offers select Component Maintenance Manuals (CMM). The Class 1 ETM is a stand-alone "page-turner" electronic manual that utilizes the PDF format of Adobe Acrobat.Other manufacturers including Bombardier, Cessna and Gulfstream offer operators similar online and PDF documentation using a customer- accessed Web account.Boeing is one manufacturer that has developed an onboard Class 5 IETM. Called the Computerized Fault Reporting System (CFRS), it has replaced the F-15 U.S. Air Force Fault Reporting Manuals. Technologies that are currently being applied to Boeing's military system are expected to eventually become a part of the corporate environment.The CFRS system determines re-portable faults by analyzing information entered during a comprehensive aircrew debrief along with electronically recovered maintenance data from the Data Transfer Module (DTM). After debrief the technicians can review aircraft faults and schedule maintenance work to be performed. The maintenance task is assigned a Job Control Number (JCN) and is forwarded electronically to the correct work center or shop. Appropriate information is provided to the Air Force's Core Automated Maintenance System (CAMS).When a fault is reported by pilot debrief, certain aircraft systems have the fault isolation procedural data on a Portable Maintenance Aid (PMA). The JCN is selected on a hardened laptop with a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) connection to the CFRS LAN infrastructure. The Digital Wiring Data System (DWDS) displays aircraft wiring diagrams to the maintenance technician for wiring fault isolation. On completion of maintenance, the data collected is provided to the Air Force, Boeing and vendors for system analysis.Third party IETM developers such as BAE Systems and Dayton T. Brown offer OEMs the ability to subcontract out the development of Class 1 through 5 ETM/IETMs. For example, Advantext, Inc. offers PDF and IPDF Class 1 ETMs for manufacturers such as Piper and Bell Helicopters. Technical publications that are available include maintenance manuals, parts catalogs, service bulletins, wiring diagrams, service letters and interactive parts ordering forms.The difference between the PDF and IPDF version is that the IPDF version has the ability to search for text and include hyperlinks. A Class 1 ETM, when printed, is an exact reproduction of the OEM manuals, including any misspellings or errors. Minimum requirements for the Advantext technical publications is a 486 processor, 16 MB RAM with 14 MB of free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better.Aircraft Technical Publishers (ATP) offers Class 1, 2 and 3 ETM/ IETMsfor the Beechjet 400/400A; King Air 300/ 350, 200 and 90; Learjet 23/24/25/28/29/35/36/55; Socata TB9/10/20/21 and TBM 700A; Sabreliner 265-65, -70 and -80; andBeech 1900. The libraries can include maintenance manuals, Illustrated parts bulletins, wiring manuals, Airworthiness Directives, Service Bulletins, component maintenance manuals and structural maintenance manuals. System minimum requirements are Pentium 133 MHz, Windows 95 with 16 MB RAM, 25 MB free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better.Additional providers such as Galaxy Scientific are providing ETM/ IETMs to the FAA. This Class 2, 3 and 4 publication browser is used to store, display and edit documentation for the Human Factors Section of the administration."Clearly IETMs have moved from research to reality," said Fuller, and the future looks to hold more promise.The Future of Tech PubsThe use of ETM/IETMs on laptop and desktop computers has led research and development corporations to investigate the human interface options to the computer. Elements that affect how a technician can interface with a computer are the work environment, economics and ease of use. Organizations such as the Office of Naval Research have focused their efforts on the following needs of technicians: -- Adaptability to the environment.-- Ease of use.-- Improved presentation of complex system relationship.-- Maximum reuse and distribution of engineering data.-- Intelligent data access.With these factors in mind, exploratory development has begun in the areas of computer vision, augmented reality display and speech recognition.Computer vision can be created using visual feedback from a head- mounted camera. The camera identifies the relative position and orientation of an object in an observed scene, and the object is used to correlate the object with a three-dimensional model. In order for a computer vision scenario to work, engineering data has to be provided through visually compatible software.When systems such as Sogitech's View Tech electronic publication browser and Dassault Systemes SA's Enovia are combined, a virtual 3D model is generated.The digital mockup allows the engineering information to directly update the technical publication information. If a system such as CATIA could be integrated into a Video Reference System (VRS), then it could be possible that a technician would point the camera to the aircraft component, the digital model identifies the component and the IETM automatically displays the appropriate information.This example of artificial intelligence is already under development at companies like Boeing and Dassault. An augmented reality display is a concept where visual cues are presented to users on a head-mounted, see-through display system.The cues are presented to the technician based on the identification of components on a 3D model and correlation with the observed screen. The cues are then presented as stereoscopic images projected onto the object in the observed scene.In addition a "Private Eye" system could provide a miniature display of the maintenance procedure that is provided from a palm- size computer. Limited success hascurrently been seen in similar systems for the disabled. The user of a Private Eye system can look at the object selected and navigate without ever having to touch the computer. Drawbacks from this type of system are mental and eye fatigue, and spatial disorientation.Out of all the technologies, speech recognition has developed into an almost usable and effective system. The progression through maintenance procedures is driven by speaker-independent recognition. A state engine controls navigation, and launches audio responses and visual cues to the user. Voice recognition software is available, although set up and use has not been extremely successful.Looking at other industries, industrial manufacturing has already started using "Palm Pilot" personal digital assistants (PDAs) to aid technicians in troubleshooting. These devices allow the technician to have the complete publication beside them when they are in tight spaces. "It would be nice to take the electronic publications into the aircraft, so we are not constantly going back to the work station to print out additional information," said Jet Aviation's Berchtold.With all the advantages that a ETM/ IETM offers it should be noted that electronic publications are not the right solution all of the time, just as CBT is not the right solution for training in every situation. Only you can determine if electronic publications meet your needs, and most technical publication providers offer demo copies for your review. B/CA IllustrationPhoto: Photograph: BAE Systems' Christine Gill prepares a maintenance manual for SGML conversion BAE Systems; Photograph: Galaxy Scientific provides the FAA's human factors group with online IETM support.; Photograph: Raytheon's Class 4 IETM "REPS" allows a user to see text and diagrams simultaneously with hotlinks to illustrated parts catalogs.外文翻译资料译文部分文章出处:民航商业杂志，2000-11-20,5-87-88交互式电子技术手册的电子出版物可以提高数字飞机和模拟技术的效率。

二手车销售外文翻译_(_毕业论文翻译_)

(此文档为word格式，下载后您可任意编辑修改！)二手车再销售Bora Selcen DuvanRenault B & LCV Segment Product ManagerÇakmak Mah. Balkan Cad. No:49 Umraniye Istanbul 34770E-mail: bora.Dr. D. Selcen Ö. AykaçOzyegin University Post-Doc Research FellowKusbakisi St. No: 2 Altunizade, Uskudar Istanbul 34662E-mail: selcen.摘要汽车制造商和经销商往往从他们的企业排除用于汽车，认为对经销商的销售努力的重点应放在新车，其中较高的价格标签进行定位富裕的买家。

交易商和原始设备制造商（OEM）已旨在推进新车的库存，以激励市场。

然而，二手车已经开始添加更多的比更高地位的新的汽车销售商的底线。

改进质量和用于汽车的可靠性已开始投入的客户群。

因此，制造商开始考虑提高剩余价值的二手车管理的关键作用，通过新车销售和制造商的品牌资产。

本报告主要对美国，欧洲和土耳其的二手车商贸做了研究，此研究的意图在于揭开二手车贸易的主旋律和适用竞争对生产商和经销商的意义。

关键词：二手车后市场1简介1.1背景购买一辆新车意味着一辆平均耗费6个月的进程的结束，进程包括设计研发和复杂的决策（时代公司，2005年）。

在过去，经销商和消费者的权利斗争最后表现于对后者有利。

互联网的发展，改变了经销商和消费者之间的权力斗争。

现在潜在的购买者可以获得上风优势。

知晓汽车的客户越来越多，他们的素质，知识渊博，剩余价值，价格适用，财务费用，可用性，以及越来越频繁，准确的利润保证金交易使得该关闭的协议。

经销商不得不适应。

最精明和动态的经销商会结合客户信息和优势，通过关注什么是消费者真正想要即透明度和尊重。

基于.NET 的网络商城的设计外文文献翻译购物网站2014年译文3450字

文献出处: Sabato G, Wilson N. Design and Implementation of Status Authentication System Based On [J]. The Journal of Credit Risk, 2014, 6(2): 95-127.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。

）原文Design and Implementation of Status Authentication System Based On Sabato G, Wilson N.AbstractWith the rapid development of internet technologies, as a newly developed trading operation mode, more and more emphasis are placed on electronic trading. Status authentication system is an essential component of electronic trading, which gives more conveniences and fastness to customers who are in favor of internet shopping. This thesis deals with how to construct status authentication system with newly developed internet technologies, improve the trading capabilities of internet trading platform and give a full play of the information of the internet. The programming of status authentication system and user interface are constructed with technology. Back-end database is constructed with SQL SERVER 2008. A secure access to status authentication system database is implicated with . Demand-analysis, business procedure, systemic structure and database mode of status authentication system are analyzed and designed with three tire structure. The advantages of and three tire structure are discussed, and a status authentication system is constructed.Key words: Status authentication system; ; Three tire structure; Database1 The Summary of online shopping1.1 Online shopping definitionOnline mall is similar to ordinary mall, is to use various means of electronic commerce from buy to sell deal process virtual store, so as to reduce the intermediate links, eliminate operating costs and agency in the middle of the price difference, and increase market circulation, with a huge space for development. As far as possible,also the consumer, drive the rapid development of the company.1.2 Construction of online mallSuch as using a special platform. Advantage is low investment cost, high efficiency. Enterprises only need to register and submit relevant information you can use the establishment of the online platform to complete you’re online shopping. For lack of funds and technical support of corporate entrepreneurship can make full use of the mall. Defect is unable to effectively control space, domain names, procedures, and other important resources. In the long run can produce adverse effect to the enterprise network sales.Shopping mall and relative platform independent relatively complex network mall, invest more. But the effect is better. Enterprises can choose the programming language, ASP language, have a lower development costs and a large market coverage, but the safety problem is outstanding. The PHP language is characterized by convenience, flexible, very suitable for program development. The most commonly used programming language mainstream products. Weakness is not suitable for big projects and secondary development. In the high-end application ability is limited. Have an ECSHOP, SHOPEX, etc.JA V A language to build online shopping system in the current products on the market is very little. Have superior language features, built by the online shopping system in safety, functional expansibility and secondary development has very excellent performance. But high development cost, the difficulty is big. Usually only use big business, government, etc.2 Network mall development process2.1 The requirements analysisUnderstand customer needs, including company introduction, item description, basic functional requirements, business process, etc.2.2 Construction scheme design online mallAccording to the demand analysis, according to the actual situation of enterprises, choose suitable for the enterprise network mall construction plan. Such as web hosting service or buy your own server.2.3 Host the DNS queryDomain name is part of the image of enterprise. Easy to remember and highlight the characteristics of enterprise name easy to improve enterprise brand image.2.4 Interface design, manufacture, and modification.The code a good interface design to the information release at the same time to the company's business philosophy and purpose accurate interpretation. And can attract the customers. At the same time for architecture design, coding. To provide customers with convenient browsing navigation, suitable business function modules, such as information release system, product display, shopping cart system, etc. To suit demand of the enterprise, this step needs to actively cooperate with customers.2.5 debugging functionDebug the whole system function, to provide customer tests and listen to customer comments, a change in a timely manner.2.6 ReleaseAfter through customer audit through online shopping system, can be uploaded to the site to run the server, the formal release. And timely after-sale technical support and maintenance.3 The key technologies of online shopping3.1 Definition: is Microsoft for XML Web services platform. The software will use a way of unified, personalized information, equipment and personnel closely linked together.XML Web services allow applications regardless of what kind of operating system, device, or adopted by a programming language, can through the Internet to communicate and share platform provides create XML Web services at the same time meet the needs of the integrate these services together. Specifically, platform includes development tools, XML WEB services, the client and server. experience.3.2 XML Web servicesThe basis of XML Web services is programming model. The core of technology. Is to other Application data and services application logic unit. Application using the standard Web protocol and data format (such as HTTP, XMLand SOAP) access to the XML Web services, has nothing to do with each XML Web services is implemented. Through XML Web services, customers and users from one service to another, from one application, or even from one environment to another environment will be very easy. Allows the user plane degree computer world will become simpler.3.3. framework Framework (.net Framework) is developed by Microsoft for more than a language component development and execution environment, it provides a unified cross-language programming environment. The purpose of framework is convenient for developers to more easily build Web applications and Web services, making the Internet between various applications, Can use Web services to communicate. Is mainly composed of the following two: Common Language Runtime (CLR: Common Language Runtime) CLR manages memory, thread execution, code safety verification, compilation, and other system services. CLI is a set of operation environment, including general system, the middle of the base class library has nothing to do with the machine code, called the common intermediate language (CLI).The CLR is confirm password in accordance with the CLI platform operation. The CLR in CLI instruction before implementation compiled into the original mechanical code in a timely manner.3.4 The predecessor of the ASP technology, is a server-side scripting technology developed by Microsoft, but to let the script embedded in a web page by intent web server implementation. includes all kinds of needed services to facilitate Web application developers to generate the enterprise level The program. Provides developers with a new kind of programming structure and model of the generated application has better Scalability and stability, and better security protection, is a unified model for Web application development.Developers can gradually add in the existing ASP application capabilities, to enhance and improve its function at any time. All applications can be applied to the whole. Framework, compared with ASP, application development can use any. NET compatible languages, such as c # and JScript. NET.., Visual , etc. And instant interpreter speed is much quicker than is a kind of natural layered architecture, the SQL Server, Oracle, consistent access to all sorts of data and public data sources such as, and through the data provider is a Dataset and. NET Frame Work of two core components complete decomposition data access tasks. For large-scale complicated information system development and maintenance.4 Three layer structure4.1 C/S structureC/S (Client/Server), namely the Client/Server structure is a kind of system architecture, currently most application software system based on C/S structure, in the form of this structure can make full use of the advantages of both ends hardware environment, make reasonable tasks assigned to the Client and the Server side, reduce the communication overhead of the system. In this structure, the server is the core of the network, the customer is the foundation of the network, the client server to obtain the required network resources, the server must provide for the customer network resources.C/S structure can give full play to the Client's ability to process, make a lot of work on the Client side processing and then submitted to the server, business processing logic is mainly, on the Client side and could be called Fat Client (Fat Client) structure. So the client speed accordingly.4.2 B/S structureB/S (Browser/Server) structure namely the Browser and Server structure. Is a variable of C/S structure And the improved structure, with the rapid development of Internet technology and the rise. Under B/S structure, the application server implementation of professional software applications, and Web server implementation customer performance, because the client through the browser to make the business process, greatly reduce the cost of system maintenance and upgrade and workload, simplify the client computer load at the same time. Is the first choice for today's application software architecture.B/S system structure, the client through the browser to a Web server database access request, a Web server to the client request into SQL syntax, and to the database server, database server get request, verify its legitimacy, and carry on data processing, processing results back to the Web server, Web server will get all the results into HTML document form, sent to the client browser, in the form of Web page display to the customer.4.3 Three layer structureThree layer structure (3 - tier application) refers to the entire business application is divided into: the presentation layer (UI), business logic layer (BLL), data access layer (DAL).In software architecture design, and a hierarchical structure is the most common, also is one of the most important kind of structure. Is on the basis of the client and server two layer structure to join the middle layer, application service layer, namely between multiple applications share the business logic layer of three layer structure, the formation of "thin client - fat middle tier - thin server" calculation model.Microsoft's recommended layered structure. Three layer architecture and not physical three layer, refers to the three logical layer, regardless of the three layer is placed in a machine or machine, the C/S architecture and B/S three layer structure can be used in the architecture. In the three-tier architecture, the client usually do not directly interact with the database, the business rules, data access work and the check of legitimacy on the middle business logic layer, the middle layer is responsible for the number According to the library to interact.4.3.1 Presentation layer (UI)Used for processing the human-computer interaction, is responsible for handling user requests. Popular speak be presented to the user interface, and is responsible for the display data and receive user input data. Main responsibility is to provide users with information and translate user's instruction and passed to the middle business logic layer, the. NET in the asp page. User’s closest ideal should not include the business processing system, the logic code only related to the interface elements.4.3.2 Business Logic Layer, Business Logic Layer) referred to as "the BLLThe business logic layer is three layer system structure embodies the core valuesin the section. Used for data processing business logic. In the data access layer and presentation layer, plays an essential role in data exchange. Because the three layers structure is weak coupling between the structure, the dependence between layer and layer is downward, change the design of the upper does not have any effect for the called the bottom. Therefore, the design of the business logic layer architecture scalability is particularly important. According to the different needs of application system, can be divided into different modules.4.3.3 Data access layer (DAL)The data access layer directly responsible for database operation, data add, delete, modify, query and other operations. And can be referred to as persistence layer, can access the database system, binary files, text documents, and XML documents, framework using complete access to the database, access to the function of the different types of data sources is encapsulated into different classes are stored. NET Class Library, can be based on. application calls.译文基于NET 的网络商城的设计作者：萨巴托；威尔逊.摘要随着互联网技术的快速发展，作为一种新兴的商务运作模式，电子商务正越来越受到人们的重视。

校园电子商务—二手交易网站(英文)【范本模板】

Campus E—commerce - Second—hand Exchange WebsitePosted:2008-12-29 13：04：00 Browse：6523 作者:付长青[Abstract] online shopping has become more prevalent, the students can not be ignored is an online shopping group, the campus has a large secondary market and potential for development. This paper analyzes the significance of the establishment of the campus secondary trading networks, introducing secondary trading of the campus main functions of the site。

[Keywords：] secondary market secondary campus e-commerce trading networks1 Introductioncations in the growing popularity worldwide in many Web services，Web gives refreshing feeling，but it is here where the growing popularity of online shopping has been a lot of people through network shopping. The benefits of online shopping is that it can not pay rent, do not hire guys 24 hours a day at any time be able to carry out services。

基于web的校园二手物品交易平台_毕业设计

基于web的校园二手物品交易平台摘要由于教育存在阶段性，大量的二手书籍和物品并没有失去或完全失去其使用价值，每年一度大四毕业季的到来为校园二手物品交易市场增添了丰富的内容。

本课题就是针对此情况开发的校园二手物品交易平台。

目的就是活跃校园文化生活，促进闲置物品交流的一个校园电子商务平台。

随着互联网技术的迅猛发展，校园信息化一体过程的加快，校园二手物品交易平台也为大学校园添加了一道亮丽的风景。

本文实际设计是基于web的校园二手物品交易平台，该交易平台简洁实用，注册用户都可以在该平台发布个人闲置物品，并有留言本功能供商家和用户之间的交流。

本文主要介绍了以下几点：（1）介绍了校园二手物品交易平台的现状和开发背景。

通过对比不同的信息，阐明了开发校园二手物品交易平台的可行性。

（2）介绍了系统需求和系统总体结构的设计。

对校园二手物品交易平台的设计进行总体规划。

（3）详细介绍系统不同模块的实现过程。

系统主要为用户提供会员注册、发布和求购商品信息、用户留言和购买商品等功能。

为管理员用户提供注册用户管理、商品信息管理、留言反馈管理和网站公告管理等功能，另外对数据实现了录入、修改、删除、查询、统计等基本功能。

（4）对校园二手物品交易平台进行测试和总结。

列出系统的不足之处，并列出所引用的文献名称。

本系统是基于B/S模式，同时使用ASP技术进行动态页面的设计，后台选用Access数据库。

系统以Web界面与管理员交互，为管理员提供信息并接受其操作，并且通过数据库管理系统来存储信息数据。

关键词：Asp；二手物品；Access；交易平台AbstractSince education stage, a large number of second-hand books and second-hand goods did not lose or completely lose its value in use, the annual arrival of senior graduates secondary trading market for the campus provides a wealth of content. This topic is the development of the campus for this case second-hand goods trading platform. Purpose is an active cultural life on campus, and promote idle goods exchange a campus e-commerce platform. With the rapid development of Internet technology, campus information integration process accelerated, second-hand goods trading platform campus for the University campus to add a beautiful landscape. This practical design is a web-based campus second-hand goods trading platform, the trading platform is simple and practical, registered users can in this platform release personal idle items, and there is a message in this feature for merchants and communication between users.This paper describes the following:(1) describes the campus status of second-hand goods trading platform and development background. By comparing different information to clarify the campus hand goods trading platform development is feasible.(2) describes the system requirements and system architecture design. On the campus of second-hand goods trading platformdesigned for the overall planning.(3) describes the system in detail the different modules of the implementation process. System is mainly to provide users with membership registration, publish and buy product information, user comments and purchase of goods and other functions. For the administrator user registration user management, merchandise information management, Feedback management and web bulletin management and other functions, in addition to the data to achieve the entry, modify, delete, query, statistics and other basic functions.(4) second-hand goods trading platform on the campus for testing and summarized. Lists the system's shortcomings, and lists references cited therein name.The system is based on B / S mode, while using ASP technology for dynamic page design, the background selected Access database. Systems to Web Interface Administrator interaction, provide administrators with information and receive their operation, while through the database management system to store information and data.Keywords: Asp; secondhand goods; Access; trading platform目录1.绪论 (1)1.1引言 (1)1.2国外发展现状 (2)1.3国内发展现状 (3)1.4国内校园电子商务的可行性 (4)1.5本文主要内容 (4)2.系统分析 (6)2.1系统概述 (6)2.1.1 游客 (6)2.1.2 注册用户 (6)2.1.3 管理员 (7)2.1.4 用户登录与用户注册流程图 (8)2.2系统关系分析与系统功能模块图 (10)2.3系统的软、硬件需求 (13)2.4系统的技术需求 (13)2.4.1 数据库需求 (13)2.4.2 界面需求 (13)2.4.3 精度需求 (13)3系统总体设计 (15)3.2开发软件 (15)3.2.1 Dreamweaver (15)3.2.2 IIS服务器 (15)3.2.3 Access数据库 (17)3.3数据库设计 (19)3.3.1 数据库概念 (19)3.3.2 数据库逻辑结构设计 (20)4.系统详细设计 (29)4.1系统首页 (29)4.2注册用户操作 (32)4.2.1 信息发布 (32)4.2.2 用户管理 (35)4.2.3 商品评价 (38)4.2.4 商品购买和订单管理 (41)4.3管理员操作 (43)4.3.1 用户管理 (43)4.3.2 公告管理 (45)4.3.3 留言管理 (47)4.3.4 汇总分类管理 (49)5.系统测试与分析 (51)5.2功能测试 (51)5.3应用和传输安全 (53)5.3.1 测试有效和无效的用户名密码 (53)5.3.2 是否可以不注册就发布信息 (53)5.4小结 (54)总结 (55)致 (56)参考文献 (57)1.绪论1.1 引言二手商品的传统市场存在着很多问题，有很多交易不公平的现象出现在在交易的过程中，与买家进行交易的商品中，很多都是存在很大问题的物品也被当做优质的物品，交易完成后，是没有人承担买家在使用过程中发生的问题这个后果的。