英文版财务会计第七章
英文版财务会计PPT 1(1)
英文版财务会计PPT 1(1)
Claims to the Assets
• Liabilities – economic obligations payable to an individual or organization outside the business
Owner’s Equity
OWNER’S EQUITY
INCREASES
OWNER’S EQUITY DECREASES
Owner Investments
Owner Withdrawals
Owner’s Equity
Revenues
Expenses
英文版财务会计PPT 1(1)
Revenues
• Amounts earned by delivering goods or services to customers
英文版财务会计PPT 1(1)
Decision Makers
• Individuals • Businesses • Investors • Creditors • Taxing Authorities
英文版财务会计PPT 1(1)
Financial vs. Managerial Accounting
Entity Concept
• Accounting Entity – organization that stands apart as a separate economic unit
英文版财务会计PPT 1(1)
Reliability (Objectivity) Principle
会计英语Unit 7 Owner’s Equity
2．The debt the shareholder should be responsible for will
be no more than the money he has put in. This is called the limited personal liabilities. 每个出资者以他们的出 资额为限对公司债务承担责任。 这被称作“有限责任 制”。
然而与所有者权益相比债权人的索偿权在法律上具有优先地位在所有者权益之前首先得以兑现所以所有者权益上实际反应的只是一个剩余数
会计英语Unit 7 Owner’s Equity
Learning Objectives
The main purpose of this unit is to give you more knowledge about owner’s equity. After learning this unit, you should be able to:
Owner’s equity represents the claims of owners to the business’ assets. However, for the creditors’ claims have legal priorities over the owner’s claim, the
1. Identify the three forms of business organizations.
2. Describe what the partnership is.
3. Outline the advantages of corporations.
4. Explain why the form of corporation is becoming more and more popular.
会计英语第七章
The major items include:
share
capital ( 股本 ) retained earnings/profits
share capital
Share capital or capital stock (US English) refers to the portion of a company's equity that has been obtained (or will be obtained) by trading stock to a shareholder for cash or an equivalent item of capital value. For example, a company can issue shares in exchange for computer servers, instead of purchasing the servers with cash.
预算 产品成本 所得税 毛利 原材料 劳动力 公式
EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) 息税前利润
expenditure (支出) and expense (费用)
An expenditure is not necessarily the same as an expense, since an expense represents the reduction in value of an asset, whereas an expenditure simply indicates the procurement (采购)of an asset.
Patents and Trademarks are rights to use patents and rights to valuable brand names or logos (such as “Lenovo”).
国际会计第七版英文版课后答案（第七章）
国际会计第七版英文版课后答案（第七章）预览说明:预览图片所展示的格式为文档的源格式展示,下载源文件没有水印,内容可编辑和复制Chapter 7Financial Reporting and Changing PricesDiscussion Questions Solutions1.Historical-based financial statements may be misleading during periods of significant inflation.Many resources may have been acquired in periods when the purchasing power of the monetary unit was much higher. These expenses then typically are deducted from revenues that reflect current purchasing power. The resulting income number is unintelligible. Another problem for statement readers is that the value of assets recorded at their historical acquisition cost is typically understated as a result of inflation. Understated asset values produce understated expenses and overstated earnings.Financial trends are also difficult to interpret, as trend statistics generally include monetary units of different purchasing power. A positive trend in sales may be due to price changes, not real increases in sales.2. A price index is a cost ratio, that is, the ratio of a representative “basket” of goods and servicesconsumed by an average family, compared to the price of that same basket in a benchmark (“base”) year. The price index is invaluable in enabling a statement reader to translate sums of money paid in the past to their current purchasing power equivalents.3.This statement is partly true and shows the confusion thatsurrounds inflation accounting. Inaccounting for changing prices, users must distinguish between general price changes and specific price changes. General prices refer to the prices of all goods and services in the economy. The object of accounting for general price level changes is to preserve the general purchasing power of a company’s money capital. Specific price changes refer to changes in the prices of specific commodities. The object of accounting for specific price changes is to preserve a company’s productive capacity or operating capability.4.The congressman is wrong. The object of inflation accounting is to clarify the distinction betweencapital and income, not to minimize corporate taxes. Inflation accounting shows how much money the company can pay in expenses, taxes, and dividends, while keeping enough resources to maintain its capital.5.Although it is generally conceded in principle that price level-adjusted financial statements are moreuseful than conventional accounting statements during periods of significant inflation, it is a judgment call to identify exactly when price level-adjusted statements become more meaningful. Asa rule of thumb, executives in Brazil use an inflation rate greater than 10 % per month. Investors inGermany or Switzerland may believe that 5 % inflation per year is alarming. Unfortunately, no one has yet developed a formal, rigorous, easy-to-apply definition of meaningfulness.How does one determine whether the benefits of price level-adjusted accounting information exceed the costs? While the costs to generate such information can be measured, it is muchharder to quantify the benefits. Financial accounting deals with information produced by business enterprises for use by external decision makers. Consequently, measurement of the benefits of price level-adjusted information must cover all user groups in an economy. Multiple user groups, uneven distributions of benefits (both within and between groups), and favorable economy-wide spillover effects of price level information complicate the task. Adding international dimensions makes the problem even worse.6.The U.S. approach resembles the price-level adjusted current cost model, whereas the U.K.approach embraces the current cost model. While both require disclosure of the impact ofchanging prices on monetary items, the U.S. approach basically uses the general price level index to compute monetary gains and losses, whereas the U.K. employs specific prices changes by way of its gearing adjustment.1.The International Accounting Standards Board sanctions use of the general price level model orthe current cost framework. Whichever method is employed, these inflation adjustments must be expressed in terms of constant purchasing power as of the balance sheet date. Purchasing powergains or losses are to be included in current income. Firms adjusting their accounts for changingprices must disclose, at a minimum: a) the fact that end-of-period purchasing power adjustmentshave been made, b) the asset valuation framework employed in the primary financial statements,c) the type of inflation index or indexes employed and theirlevel at the end of the period as wellas their movements during the period, and d) the net purchasing power gain or loss on netmonetary items held during the period. Given the options that are available, analysts mustunderstand the differences between the approved inflation accounting methods to be able tocompare companies choosing one option over the other and to assure proper interpretation ofinflation adjusted amounts.2.The historical cost-constant dollar model measures the impact of general price level changes on afirm's reported performance and financial position. The current cost model examines the impact of specific price changes on enterprise income and wealth.The two measurement frameworks are similar in that both attempt to clarify the distinction between capital and income. They differ in reporting objectives. Whereas the historical cost/constant dollar model attempts to preserve the general purchasing power of a firm's original money capital, the current cost model attempts to preserve an entity's physical capital or productive capacity.3.Your authors think that restating foreign and domestic accounts to their current cost equivalentsproduces information that is far more helpful to investor decisions than historical cost methods, whether or not adjusted for changes in general price levels. Such information provides a performance measure that signals the maximum amount of resources that enterprises can distribute without reducing their productive capacity. It also facilitates comparisons ofconsolidated data.10. The gearing adjustment is an inflation adjustment that partially offsets the additional charges toincome associated with assets whose values are restated for inflation (e.g., higher depreciation and cost of sales). This adjustment recognizes that borrowers generally gain from inflation because they can repay their debts with currency of reduced purchasing power. Hence, it is unnecessary to recognize the higher replacement cost of inventory and plant and equipment in the income statement so far as they are financed by debt.11. Accounting for foreign inflation differs from accounting for domestic inflation in two major ways.First, foreign rates of inflation often are higher than domestic rates, which increases potential distortions in an entity's reported results from changing prices. Second, as foreign exchange rates and differential national rates of inflation are seldom perfectly negatively correlated, care must be taken to avoid double-dipping when consolidating the results of foreign operations.12.Double-dipping refers to methods that count the effects of foreign inflation twice in reportedearnings. Earnings are reduced once when cost of sales is adjusted upwards for inflation, andagain when inventories are translated to domestic currency using a current exchange rate, whichyields a translation loss. Since the change in the exchange rate itself was caused by inflation, the result is a double charge for inflation.Exercise Solutions1.This exercise is a good way to test students’ understanding of the various approaches toaccounting for changin g prices. Vestel’s earnings numbers are based on the general price levelmodel whereas Infosys is measuring its performance based on a current cost framework. Modello goes a step further and adjusts its current cost statements for changes in the general price level.Some may feel that current cost data, which is based on the notion of replacement costs, is toosubjective a notion to be reliable. Since general price level data are based on general price level indices, the numbers appearing in Vestel’s income statement are much more objective andfacilitates comparisons among companies using a similar methodology. Moreover, Vestel’sstatements do not violate the historical cost doctrine. Others will argue that the value of stockinvestments are based on discounted future cash flows. Accordingly, the current cost framework provided by Infosys is more germane to investor decisions as it measures the amount of earnings that could be distributed as dividends without reducing the firm’s future dividend gen eratingpotential. Moreover, current cost earnings, including the gearing adjustment , reflects how thefirm is impacted by prices that are more germane to the firm, as opposed to the general public.Some will argue that Modello’s income statement combin es the best of both worlds. However,there is merit to the argument that the income statementshould measure the performance of thefirm and that this is best accomplished with the current cost framework. Since individualinvestors are affected by the g eneral price level, they should adjust their share of a firm’s current cost earnings distributions for general inflation.2. a.Income Statement Historical Price Level Historical Cost-Cost Adjustment Constant Dollar Revenue MXP 144,000,000 420/340 MXP 177,882,353 Operating expenses (86,400,000) 420/340 (106,729,412) Depreciation (36,000,000) 420/263 (57,490,494)Operating income MXP 21,600,000 MXP 13,662,447a Monetary gains(losses) - (73,248,759)Net income MXP 53,280,000 MXP(59,586,312)Balance SheetCash MX(P 157,600,000 420/420 MXP 157,600,000Land 180,000,000 420/263 287,452,471Building 720,000,000 420/263 1,149,809,885Acc. Depreciation (36,000,000) 420/263 (57,490,494)Total MXP 1,021,600,000 MXP 1,537,371,862Owners' equity(beg.) MXP1,000,000,000 rolled forward b MXP 1,596,958,174Net income (loss) 21,600,000 (59,586,312)Owner's equity MXP 1,021,600,000 MXP 1,537,371,862(end)a Monetary loss:CashBeginning balance 1,000,000,000 420/263 1,596,958,174 Purchase ofreal estate ( 900,000,000) 420/263 (1,437,262,356)Rental revenues 144,000,000 420/340 177,882,353Operating expenses (86,400,000) 420/340 106,729,412)157,600,000 230,848,759-157,600,000 Monetary loss (73,248,759)b Beginning equity x price level adjustment = adjusted amount= P 1,000,000,000 x 420/263 = P 1,596,958,1742.b.Cost HC/Constant DollarReturn on Assets 21,600,000 (59,586,312)1,021,600,000 1,537,371,862= 2.1% = -3.9%Cost-based profitability ratios tend to provide a distorted (overstated) picture of a company's operating performance during a period of inflation.3.20X7 20X8Cash MJR 2,500 MJR 5,100Current liabilities (1,000) (1,200)LT-Debt (3,000) (4,000)Net monetary liabilities MJR (1,500) MJR (100)Zonolia Enterprise’s net monetary liability position changed by MJR1,400 during the year (MJR100) –(MJR1,500).4.Nominal Restate for ConstantMJR’s Majikstan GPL MJR’sNet monetary liab.'s MJR 1,500 x 32,900/30,000 = MJR1,645 12/31/X7Decrease during year (1,400) = (1,400)Net monetary liab.'s MJR 100 x 32,900/36,000 = MJR 9112/31/X8Monetary (general purchasing power) gain MJR 1545. Historical Current Cost Current Income Statement Cost Adjustment Cost Revenues MXP 144,000,000 - MXP 144,000,000 Operating expenses 86,400,000 - 86,400,000 Depreciation (36,000.000) 1.8 64,800,000 Net Income (loss) MXP 21,600,000 MXP (7,200,000)Balance SheetCash MXP 157,600,000 - P 157,600,000 Land 180,000,000 1.9 342,000,000 Building 720,000,000 1.8 1,296,000,000 Acc. Depreciation (36,000,000) 1.8 (64,800,000) Total MXP1,021,600,000 MXP 1,730,800,000 Owners' Equity Beg. Balance MXP1,000,000,000 MXP 1,000,000,000 OE revaluation a - 738,000,000Net income (loss) 21,600,000 (7,200,000) Total MXP1,021,600,000 MXP 1,730,800,000a Revaluation of land MXP 162,000,000Revaluation of building 576,000,000MXP 738,000,0006. Solution in 000,000's:MJR8,000 X 137.5/100.0 = MJR11,00020X7 20X8Current cost MJR8,000 MJR11,000Acc. depreciation (1,600) (3,300)aNet current cost MJR6,400 MJR7,700a Current cost depreciation = MJR800 X 137.5/100.0 = 1,100per year for 3 years.7. As no new assets were acquired during the year, we must determine to what extent the MJR3,000 increase in the current cost of Zonolia's equipment exceeded the change in the general price level during the year. The appropriate calculation follows: MJR11,000 - [MJR8,000 X 36,000/30,000]= MJR11,000 - MJR9,600= MJR1,400Alternatively, if we follow the FASB’s sug gested methodology, where calculations are expressed in average (20X8) dollars, current cost depreciation would be computed by reference to the average current cost of the related assets. Thus, Current cost, 12/31/X7 MJR8,000,000Current cost, 12/31/X8 11,000,000MJR19,000,000Average current cost MJR19,000,000/2 = MJR9,500,000Current cost depreciation at 10% = MJR950,000Increase in current cost of equipment, net of inflation (000's): Current Restate for Current cost/Cost Inflation Constant Zonos Current cost, net12/31/X7 MJR6,400 X 32,900/30,000 MJR7,019Depreciation (950) (950)Current cost, net12/31/X8 7,700 X 32,900/36,000 7,037MJR 2,250 MJR968The increase in the current cost of equipment, net of inflation is MJR968. The difference between the nominal renge amount (MJR2,250) and constant renges (MJR968) is the inflation component of the equipment's current cost increase.8. Restate-translate method:Constant Translate $ Equivalentsrenges of constantrengesIncrease in currentcost of equip., netof inflation MJR968,000 X 1/4,800 = $202Translate-restate method:CC (MJR) Translate CC ($) Restate CC/ Constant $U.S. GPLCC, net MJR 6,400,000 x 1/4,800 = $1,333 x 292.5/281.5 = $1,38512/31/X7Dep. (950,000) x 1/4,800 = (198) = (198)CC, net 7,700,000 x 1/4,800 = 1,604 x 292.5/303.5 = 1,54612/31/X8MJR 2,250,000 $ 469 $ 3599.20X7 20X8￡m ￡mTrade receivables 242 270-Trade payables (170) (160)Net monetary working capital 72 110Change in monetary working capital = ￡38 (￡110 - ￡72) Nominal Restate for Constant￡British PPI ￡Net monetary W/C 72 X 110/100 = 79.212/31/20X7Increase during year 38 = 38.0Net monetary W/C 110 X 110/120 = 100.812/31/20X8Monetary working capital adjustment = (16.4)aa This amount is added to the current cost adjustments for depreciation and cost of sales because trade receivables exceeded trade payables, thus tying up working capital in an asset that lost purchasing power.Gearing adjustment:[(TL – CA)/(FA + I + MWC)] [CC Dep. Adj. + CC Sales Adj. + MWCA]where TL = total liabilities other than trade payablesCA = current assets other than trade receivables and inventoryFA = fixed assets including investmentsI = inventoryMWC = monetary working capitalCC Dep. Adj. = current cost depreciation adjustmentCC Sales adj. = current cost of sales adjustmentMWCA = monetary working capital adjustment= [(128 – 75)/(479 + 220 + 110] [￡m 216]= [.066 ] [216]= ￡14.3The only number I could readily identify in problem 9 is inventory of 220. The next number I could come close on is fixed assets. Looks like the solution above says 479, the text for 08 indicates 473. I could not see where the 110 (MWC) came from. Neither is it clear where the other 3 items in brackets came from. The solution needs to be clearer before I can check the numbers.This gearing adjustment of ￡14.3 million is subtracted from the current cost of sales and depreciation adjustments. It represents the purchasing power gain from using debt to finance part of the firm's operating assets.a.Nominal Thai Historical Translation U.S.baht inflation c ost/constant rate dollaradjustment baht equivalentInven-tory BHT500,000 x 100/200 = BHT250,000 x .02 = $5,000b.Nominal Translation U.S. U.S. Historicalbaht rate dollar inflation c ost/constantequivalent adjustment dollarsInven-tory BHT500,000 x .02 = 10,000 x 180/198 = $9,090Sorry this seems confusing compared to number 2 where the year end index was in the numerator and either the beginning or average index was in the denominator (e.g. 420/340 or 420/263). It is not clear why we do the opposite here where the Thai price level doubles and we put the 200 in the denominator and 100 in the numerator.c. Most students will prefer the restate-translate method. This approach has merit if general and specific pricelevels move in tandem. If not, neither approach is satisfactory as both are based on a historical cost valuation framework that is generally irrelevant for investment decisions.d. For reasons enumerated in this chapter, we favor restating local currency assets for specific price changesand then translating these current cost equivalents to dollars using the current exchange rate.11. We assume that Doosan Enterprises translates its inventory at the current rate and adjusts its cost ofsales for inflation by simulating what it would have been ona LIFO basis. Two adjustments are necessarybecause local inflation impacts exchange rates used to translate foreign currency inventory balances to dollars.With FIFO inventories, a translation loss is recorded in "as reported" earnings when it is originally translatedto U.S. dollars by a current exchange rate that changed (devalued) during the period. This translation loss isan indirect charge for local inflation. The inflation adjustment (simulated LIFO charge) to increase "as reported" cost of sales to a current cost basis is an additional charge for inflation. Absent some offsettingentry, consolidated results would be charged twice for inflation. To avoid this double charge, the translation loss embodied in reported earnings is deducted from the simulated LIFO charge to arrive at a net U.S. dollarcurrent cost of sales adjustment. Steps in the adjustment process are as follows:1. FIFO inventory subject to simulated LIFO charge KRW10,920,0002. Restate line 1 to January 1 currency units(KRW10,920,000 x 100/120). The result is anapproximation of December 31 LIFO inventory KRW9,100,0003. Difference between FIFO and LIFO inventorybalances (line 1 minus line 2) is the additionallira LIFO expense (current cost adjustment)for the current year. KRW1,820,0004. Translate line 3 to dollars at the January 1exchange rate (KRW1,820,000 ÷ 900). The resultis the additional dollar LIFO expense for thecurrent year $ 2,0225. Calculate the translation loss on FIFO inventory(line 1) that has already been reflected in "asreported" results:a. Translate line 1 at Januaryexchange rate (KRW10,920,000 ÷ KRW900) $ 12,133b. Translate line 1 at December 31exchange rate (L 10,920,000 ÷ KRW1,170) $ 9,333c. The difference is the translationloss in “as reported” results $ (2,800)6. The difference between lines 4 and 5c isthe cost of sales adjustment in dollars:a. Additional dollar LIFO expense fromline 4. $ 2,022b. Less: Inventory translation loss alreadyreflected in "as reported” results (fromline 5c) $ (2,800)c. The difference is the net dollar currentcost of sales adjustment $ (778)Here, the current cost of sales adjustment is negative (i.e., reduces the dollar cost of sales adjustment). This is because the won devalued by more than the differential inflation rate (assuming a U.S. inflation rate close to zero). If the lira devalued by less than the differential inflation rate, the cost of sales adjustment would have been positive.12.1. Cost of fixed assets at 12/31 EUR20,0002. FIFO inventory at 12/31 EUR 8,0003. Total EUR28,0004. Less: Owners' equity at 12/31 EUR 2,0005. Liabilities used to financefixed assets and inventory EUR26,0006. Restate liabilities to beginningof period markka (EUR26,000 X300/390) EUR20,0007. Purchasing power gain EUR 6,0008. Purchasing power gain inpounds (EUR 6,000/EUR 1.5) ￡4,0009. Translation gain on appliedliabilities(EUR 26,000/EUR 1.5 -EUR26,000/EUR1.95) ￡4,00010. Net purchasing power gain ￡ -0-In this case the translation gain on liabilities used to finance nonmonetary assets equals the purchasing power gain because the currency devaluation matched the differential inflation of 30%. Hence, no purchasing power gains would be recognized.Case 7-1 SolutionCase 7.1 Kashmir Enterprises1.a–cHistorical Price Level HistoricalCost Adjustment Cost ConstantIncome Statement RupeesRevenues INR6,000,000 160/144 I NR6,666,667Cost of Sales 2,560,000 160/128 3,200,000Selling & Admin. 1,200,000 160/144 1,333,333Depreciation 160,000 160/128 200,000Interest 240,000 160/160 240,000Monetary gains (losses)a - 741,666Net Income INR1,840,000 INR2,435,000Balance SheetCash INR2,480,000 160/160 I NR2,480,000 Inventory 480,000 160/128 600,000Building 3,200,000 160/128 4,000,000Accu. depreciation (160,000) 160/128 (200,000) Total INR6,000,000 INR6,880,000Accounts payable INR 620,000 160/160 I NR 620,000 Notes payable 2,400,000 160/160 2,400,000 Owners' equity 2,980,000 3,860,000INR 6,000,000 INR6,880,000a Monetary gains/(losses):CashBeg. balance INR 720,000 160/128 INR1,150,000 Down payment (800,000) 160/128 (1,000,000) Sales 6,000,000 160/144 6,666,667Selling & Adm. exp. (1,200,000) 160/144 (1,333,333) Payment on account (2,200,000) 160/144 (2,444,444) Interest (240,000) 160/160 (240,000)INR 2,480,000 INR2,798,890-2,480,000Monetary loss INR (318,890)a Monetary gains and losses:Accounts PayableBeg. balance INR 420,000 160/128 INR525,000 Purchases 2,400,000 160/128 3,000,000Payments on account (2,200,000) 160/144 (2,444,444) INR 620,000 INR1,080,556- 620,000Monetary gain INR 460,556a Monetary gains/(losses):Notes PayablePurchase warehouse INR 2,400,000 160/128 INR 3,000,000 - 2,400,000Monetary gain INR 600,000Net monetary loss: INR(318,890) + INR460,556 + INR600,000 = INR741,666.Current Cost Financial StatementsHistorical Adjustment Current Cost Income Statement Cost F actor EquivalentsRevenues INR6,000,000 - INR 6,000,000Cost of Sales 2,560,000 1.3 3,328,000Selling and adm. 1,200,000 - 1,200,000Depreciation 160,000 1.4 224,000Interest 240,000 - 240,000Net Income INR 1,840,000 INR1,008,000Balance SheetCash INR 2,480,000 - INR 2,480,000Inventory 480,000 1.3 624,000Building 3,200,000 1.4 4,480,000Acc. depreciation 160,000 1.4 224,000Total INR 6,000,000 INR 7,360,000Accounts payable INR 620,000 - INR 620,000Notes payable 2,400,000 - 2,400,000Owners' equity 2,980,000 4,340,000INR 6,000,000 INR 7,360,0002. Your authors favor current cost over historical or historical cost/constant dollar financial statements. Finance theory states that investors are interested in a firm's dividend-generating potential, as the value of their investment depends on future cash flows. A firm's dividend-generating potential, in turn, is directly related to its productive capacity. Unless a firm preserves itsproductive capacity or physical capital(e.g.,plant, equipment, inventories), dividends can’t be sustained over time. Under these circumstances, current cost financial statements give investors information important to their decisions. They show the maximum resources that a firm can distribute to investors without impairing its operating capability.3.Translate-Restate MethodBalance Sheet, Jan. 1Local Currency Trans. Dollar Inflation Historical costRate Equivalents Adjustment Constant $Cash INR 920,000 .025 $23,000 - $23,000Inventory 640,000 .025 16,000 - 16,000 Total INR1,560,000 $39,000 $39,000A/P INR 420,000 .025 $10,500 - $10,500 Owners' equity 1,140,000 .025 28,500 - 28,500 Total INR 1,560,000 $39,000 $ 39,000Income StatementDec. 31Revenues INR 6,000,000 .022 $ 132,000 108/104 $ 137,077 Cost of sales 2,560,000 .022 56,320 108/100 60,825Selling & Adm. 1,200,000 .022 26,400 108/104 27,415 Depreciation 160,000 .022 3,520 108/100 3,802 Interest 240,000 .022 5,280 108/108 5,280Net Income INR 1,840,000 $ 40,480 $ 39,755 Monetary gains (losses)a - - 4,468$44,223a Monetary gains/(losses):CashBeg. Bal INR 920,000 .02 $ 18,400 108/100 $ 19,872Downpayment (800,000) .02 (16,000) 108/100 (17,280) Sales 6,000,000 .02 120,000 108/104 124,615Selling & Adm. (1,200,000) .02 (24,000) 108/104 (24,923)Payments on Acc. (2,200,000) .02 (44,000) 108/104 (45,692) Interest (240,000) .02 (4,800) 108/108 (4,800)INR 2,480,000 $ 49,600 51,792-49,600Monetary loss $ (2,192) Accounts PayableBeg. Bal. INR 420,000 .02 $ 8,400 108/100 $ 9,072Purchases 2,400,000 .02 48,000 108/100 51,840Pmt. on acc. (2,200,000) .02 (44,000) 108/104 45,692INR 620,000 $ 12,400 $ 15,592- 12,400Monetary gain $ 2,820Notes payablePur. W/house Rpe 2,400,000 .02 $ 48,000 108/100 $ 51,840 48,000Monetary gain $ 3,840Netmonetary gain: $(2,192) + $2,820 + $3,840 = $4,468.Balance Sheet Local Trans. Dollar Inflation Historical cost- Dec. 31 Currency Rate Equiv. Adjustment Constant $Cash INR 2,480,000 .02 48,600 108/108 $ 48,600 Inventory 480,000 .02 9,600 108/100 10,368 Building 3,200,000 .02 64,000 108/100 69,120Acc. Dep. 160,000 .02 3,200 108/100 3,456Total INR 6,000,000 $120,000 $ 124,632Acc. payable 620,000 .02 12,400 108/108 $ 12,400Notes payable 2,400,000 .02 48,000 108/108 48,000Trans. adj.b - (9,380) (9,978)Owners' equity c 2,980,000 68,980 74,210Total INR 6,000,000 $120,000 $124,632________________________________________________________________ __b Translation adjustment:Beginning net assets Rpe 1,140,000 (.02 - .025) = $ (5,700) X 108/100 = $(6,156)Increase in net assets Rpe 1,840,000 (.02 - .022) = (3,680) X 108/104 = $(3,822)$(9,380) $(9,978) c Balancing residualRestate - Translate MethodBalance Sheet Local Inflation Historical Cost- Trans. D ollar Jan 1. Currency Adjustment Constant rupee Rate equivalents Cash INR 920,000 128/128 INR 920,000 .025 $ 23,000 Inventory d 640,000 128/128 640,000 .025 16,000Total INR1,560,000 INR1,560,000 $ 39,000Acct. payable INR 420,000 128/128 INR 420,000 .025 $ 10,500Owner's equity 1,140,000 1,140,000 28,500Total INR 1,560,000 INR 1,560,000 $ 39,000d Assumes inventory acquired near year-end.Income StatementYear ended Dec. 31Revenues INR 6,000,000 160/144 INR 6,666,666 .022 $ 146,667Cost of Sales 2,560,000 160/128 3,200,000 .022 70,400 Selling & Adm. 1,200,000 160/144 1,333,333 .022 29,333 Depreciation 160,000 160/128 200,000 .022 4,400Interest 240,000 160/160 240,000 .022 5,280Net Income INR1,840,000 INR1,693,334 $ 37,254 Monetary gains(losses)a- 741,666 .022 16,317INR2,435,000 $ 53,571Balance SheetDec. 31Cash INR 2,480,000 160/160 INR 2,480,000 .02 $ 49,600Inventory 480,000 160/128 600,000 .02 12,000Building 3,200,000 160/128 4,000,000 .02 80,000Acc. deprec. 160,000 160/128 200,000 .02 4,000Total INR 6,000,000 INR 6,880,000 $137,600Acc. payable INR620,000 160/160 INR 620,000 .02 $ 12,400 Notes payable 2,400,000 160/160 2,400,000 .02 48,000Owner's equity 2,980,000 3,860,000 87,770 Translation adj.b - (10,570)Total INR 6,000,000 INR 6,880,000 $137,600________________________________________b Beginning net assets INR1,140,000 (.02 - .025) = $ (5,700)Change in net assets 2,435,000 ).02 - .022) = $(4,870)$(10,570)Both methods are inadequate for American investors because they are based on the historical cost valuation framework. A better reporting procedure is to restate local accounts to their current cost equivalents, then translate these amounts to the reporting currency using the year-end (current) foreign exchange rate. This is illustrated here.Restate (current cost)/Translate (current rate)Cash INR 920,000 - INR 920,000 .025 $ 23,000Inventory 640,000 - 640,000 .025 16,000Total INR 1,560,000 INR1,560,000 $ 39,000Acc. payable INR 420,000 - INR 420,000 .025 $ 10,500Owner's equity 1,140,000 - 1,140,000 28,500。
财务会计学-第七章-XX-固定资产--xuesheng
财务会计学-第七章-XX-固定资产-xuesheng
固定资产清理（1606）
•1、固定资产的账面 价值
•2、清理过程中发生 的各项费用、税金
•1、清理过程中发生的 各项收入（价款，赔款，
收回的残料等）
•清理过程中的净损 •清理过程中的净收 失，转入营业外支出 益，转入营业外收入
7.3.3 折旧的计算方法
选择依据：固定资产所含经济利益预期实现方式
• •
•
•年限平均法
•直线法
折
•工作量法
旧
方 法
•双倍余额递减法
•加速折旧
法
•年数总和法
定折不 旧得 方随 法意 一变 经更 确
财务会计学-第七章-XX-固定资产-xuesheng
1、年限平均法
• 定义：按照固定资产的预计使用年限平均
• 借：固定值产清理（净值）
•
累计折旧
•
固定资产减值准备
•
贷：固定资产（原值）
财务会计学-第七章-XX-固定资产-xuesheng
7.5.1 固定资产的出售
• S2、出售固定资产发生的清理费用 • • 借：固定资产清理 • 贷：银行存款
财务会计学-第七章-XX-固定资产-xuesheng
7.5.1 固定资产的出售
财务会计学-第七章-XX-固定资产-xuesheng
2、费用化的后续支出
• 与固定资产有关的后续支出，如果不能使 得流入企业的经济利益超过原来的估计， 则应在发生时确认为费用。
• 适用范围：日常的维护、修理
财务会计学-第七章-XX-固定资产-xuesheng
2、费用化的后续支出
• 费用化支出：一般性的维修费用，按固定资产所 属部门计入费用：
大学会计英语 unit 7
Suggested Answers
Why is it worthwhile to spend time analyzing and interpreting financial statements?
7.2 The Ratios Used for Analyzing Financial Statements
Short-term Solvency Ratios
In the short run, a company’s or a firm’s survival depends on its ability to pay its immediate debts. Such payments require cash. Short-term solvency ratios measure a company’s relative liquidity. Thus, the higher a firm’s liquidity ratios, the lower the risks involved for investors. The two most commonly used liquidity ratios are the current ratio and the quick (or acid-test ratio).
Suggested Answers
What are the common financial ratios used for analyzing financial statements?
Four classes of ratios, which include: short-term solvency ratios, long-term solvency ratios, profitability ratios and activity ratios.
会计英语第七单元课件
2 This flow of data is the same in either a manual or a computerized accounting systems. 3 small companies: may not be necessary 4 work sheet is a useful device for understanding the flow of the accounting data from the unadjusted trial balance to the financial statements.
250
250
50 43400
50 9755 16960 33645
50 26440
Income statement : Cr. $16960 – Dr. $9755 = $7205 (net income) Balance sheet: Dr. $33645 – Cr. $26440 = $7205 $7205 + $26440 = $33645 (net income increases OE)
4000
16340 4275 250 500
1600
985
15Supplies 800 expense 16 Misc. 455 Expense 17 Total 42600 42600 18Insuranc e expense 19 Rent revenue
1240
100
120
20Wages payable 21Depreciation expense 22Accumulated Depreciation Total
Unit Seven Accounting Cycle
会计专业英语 Lesson Seven 第七课 课件 教案
• A typical sequence of events • 典型的顺序如 is as follows: 下： • （1）A request for a • （1）当需要购 purchase,called a purchase 买某些商品或 requisition,is initiated by the 者某些存货的 person in charge of 数量低于再定 merchandise stock records 货点时，负责 whenever certain items are 存货记录的人 needed or when quantities of 员可填写请购 certain merchandise fall 单交购货部门。 below established reorder points.The requisition is forwarded to the purchasing department.
• 1月1日 • 销售商品$5000给K· 奥 利森，发票#101，付款 提货，到达站交货，货 到收运费。收到奥利森 的支票计$4800，即已 减去由他代付给承运商 的运费$200后的净额。
• 借：现金 4800 • 销货运费 200 • 贷：销货 5000 • （记入现金收入日记账）
New Words, Phrases and Special Terms
LESSON SEVEN
AN ILLUSTRATION 实例
• We shall list a few • 我们将列举若干 transactions to demonstrate 笔交易来说明它 how they are recorded in 们是怎样记录在 the several journals 第六课所表述的 mentioned in Lesson Six. 那几种日记账中 Pay attention to the credit 的。请注意各笔 terms involved in respective 交易中包含的赊 transactions. Note that cash 账条件。并请注 discounts are calculated on 意：现金折扣是 the billed price of 根据在每笔购货 merchandise retained in a 或销货中留下的 purchase or sale-not on 商品发票价格计 amounts representing 算的，不涉及表 returns and allowances or 示退货、折让或 transportation costs. 运输费用的金额。
财务会计入门英文版
负债
要点一
Long-Term Liabilities
Long-term liabilities refer to debts that mature after one year or beyond the operating cycle of the enterprise, such as long-term loans, bonds, etc.
Non-operating expense refers to expenses incurred in non-operational activities, such as interest expenses, taxes, etc.
利润
• Net Profit：Net profit refers to the profit generated by the operation activities of the enterprise after deducting all expenses and taxes.
Current Assets
Current assets refer to tangible assets that can be converted into cash or used in the production process within one year, such as cash, inventory, accounts receivable, etc.
05
财务报表的分析
财务比率分析
偿债能力比率
衡量企业偿还债务的能力，包括流 动比率、速动比率和资产负债率等 。
运营效率比率
反映企业资产管理和使用效率的比 率，如应收账款周转率、存货周转 率和流动资产周转率等。
财务会计 第7章 固定资产(完整版)
需要安装的
买价+计入成本的税费+安装成本
运输费、装卸费、安装费、专业人员服 务费、进口关税、不得抵扣的增值税等
2.自行建造的固定资产 由建造该项资产达到预定可使用状态前所发生的 必要支出构成。 3.投资者投入的固定资产 按照投资合同或协议约定的价值确定（但约定价 值不公允的除外）。
作用
2.净值(折余价值) 含义 作用 3.重臵价值 含义 作用
在目前的市场条件下,重新购臵该 项固定资产所需的全部支出。 用于盘盈固定资产的计价
净值=原始价值 - 累计折旧
①反映固定资产的现有价值 ②与原值比较反映固定资产新旧程度
(二)固定资产的价值构成 固定资产的入账价值： ——达到预计可使用状态前发生的的实际成本。 1.外购的固定资产
融 资 租 入 固 定 资 产
土 地
一般为固定资产的明细核算的类别
三、固定资产的计价
(一)固定资产的计价基础
《企业会计准则-固定资产》规定： “固定资产应当 按照成本进行初始计量”。
1.原始价值(原值、实际成本、历史成本)
含义
固定资产取得时的实际成本 ——具有客观性和可验性。 ①反映固定资产的原始投资 ②是计提折旧的依据
达到预计使用状态前的
四、固定资产核算的账户设臵
固定资产
增加固定资产 减少固定资 的原值 产的原值 固定资产原值
工程物资
购入工程物资 领用工程物资 的成本 的成本 库存工程物资 的成本
累计折旧
减少固定资 产而转出的 计提的折旧额 已提折旧 固定资产累计 提取的折旧
在建工程
工程建设发生 交付使用工程 的实际成本 的实际成本 期末余额：未完 工程实际成本
中级财务会计基本术语中英文对照
中级财务会计专业术语中英对照第一章、会计，商业语言会计信息Accounting Information财务报告Financial Report财务会计Financial Accounting管理会计Management Accounting成本会计Cost Accounting税务会计Tax Accounting注册会计师Certified Public Accountant会计职业Accounting Profession职业道德Professional Ethics会计规范Accounting Regulation会计准则Accounting Standards会计国际化Internationalization of Accounting会计的国际协调International Harmonization of Accounting 国际会计准则International Accounting Standards第二章、资产负债表与所有者权益变动表资产Asset负债Liability所有者权益Equity资产负债表Balance Sheet主体理论Entity Theory业主权利轮Proprietorship Theory第三章、利润表利润表Income Statement持续经营理论Income from Continuing Operations单步式Single-Step Form总括收益观All-Inclusive Income Perspective多步式Multiple-Step Form收入费用观Income-Expense View当期经营业绩观Current Income Perspective会计政策Accounting Policy会计估计Accounting Estimate第四章、收入与货币性资产收入Revenue售时确认Revenue Recognition确认Recognition售后确认Revenue Recognition after Sale现金Cash In Hands售前确认Pre-Sale Revenue Recognition银行存款Cash in Bank银行存款余额调节表Statement of Bank Reconciliation赊销Sales on Accounts商业折扣Trade Discount现金折扣Cash Discount销售退回与折让Sales Returns and Allowances应收票据Notes Receivable应收账款Accounts Receivable坏账Bad Debt坏账准备Allowance for Doubtful Accounts坏账费用Bad Notes Expense现金等价物Cash Equivalents备抵法Allowance Method直接核销法Specific Write-off Method预付账款Repaid Payment账龄法Aging of Accounts Receivable应收票据贴现Bank Discounting销售百分比法Percentage of Sales Method应收账款百分比法Percentage of Accounts Receivable Method第五章、销售成本与存货存货Inventory销售成本Costs of Goods Sold定期盘存制Periodic Inventory System永续盘存制Perpetual Inventory System个别计价法Specific Identification先进先出法First-in First-out Method ,FIFO后进先出法Last-in First-out Method ,LIFO加权平均法Weight Average Method可变现净值Net Realizable Value移动平均法Moving Weight Average Method稳健性原则Conservatism Principle一致性原则Consistency Principle成本与市价孰低法Lower-of-Cost-or-Market Method ,LCM第六章、长期资产及摊销长期资产Long-Term Asset摊销Amortization资本性支出Capital Expenditure收益性支出income Expenditure固定资产Fixed Assets累计折旧Accumulated Depreciation直线法Straight Line Method加速折旧法Acceleration Depreciation Method双倍余额递减法Double Declining-Balance Depreciation Method 年数总和法Sum-of-The-Years-Digits Method无形资产Intangible Assets研究开发成本Research &Development Costs商誉Goodwill自创商誉Internally Developed Goodwill外购商誉Purchased Goodwill立即注销法Immediate Write-off Method永久保留法Non-Amortization Method系统摊销法Systematical Amortization Method 递耗资产Wasting Assets折耗Depletion递延资产Deferred Assets or Deferred Charges 第七章、长期投资于企业合并投资investment短期投资short-term investment长期投资long-term investment股票投资stock investment债券投资bond investment直线法straight-line method实际利率法effective rate method成本法cost method权益法equity method可转换债券convertible bond企业合并business combination吸收合并merger创立合并consolidation控股合并acquisition of majority interest横向合并horizontal integration纵向合并vertical integration混合合并conglomeration合并财务报表consolidated financial statements购买法purchase method权益结合法pooling of interest method母公司parent company子公司subsidiary company第八章、资本来源：负债负债liabilities流动负债current liabilities长期负债long-term liabilities短期借款short-term bank loans应付票据notes payable带息票据Interest-bearing notes应付账款accounts payable不带息票据noninterest-bearing notes应付工资wages payable增值税value-added tax消费税excise应付公司债券bonds payable信用债券debenture抵押债券mortgage bonds可转换公司债券convertible bonds长期借款long-term loans复利compound interest年金annuity终值future value现值present value本金principle利息interest第九章、资本来源：所有者权益所有者权益owner’s equity实收资本paid-in capital资本公积capital reserve盈余公积surplus from profit独资企业sole proprietorship合伙企业partnership enterprise公司制企业corporate enterprise普通股common share优先股preferred share第十章、特殊会计问题：非货币性资产交换非货币性资产交换non-monetary transaction 非货币性资产non-monetary asset货币性资产monetary asset换入资产swap-in asset换出资产swap-out asset公允价值fair value账面价值book value第十一章、特殊会计问题：债务重组债务重组debt reorganization或有支出contingent payment或有收益contingent gain第十二章、特殊会计问题：或有事项或有事项contingency或有资产contingent asset或有负债contingent liability第十三章、特殊会计问题：关联方关系及交易关联方related party控制control共同控制common control重大影响material influence母公司parent company子公司subsidiary company合营企业joint venture联营企业affiliated enterprise第十四章、企业财务报告----资产负债表与利润表财务报告financial report财务信息financial information第十五章、企业财务报告----现金流量表与所有者和权益变动表现金等价物cash equivalent现金流动表cash flow statement经营活动operating activity投资活动investment activity筹资活动financing activity直接法direct method间接法indirect method工作底稿法working sheet methodT型帐户法T account method第十六章、会计调整会计调整Accounting Adjustment会计政策变更Accounting policy change追溯调整法retrospective application未来适用法prospective application会计估计变更accounting estimate change会计差错更正accounting error correction资产负债表日后事项event occurring after the balance sheet date 调整事项adjustment event非调整事项non-adjustment event第十七章、财务报表分析财务报表分析financial statements analysis结构分析法structural analysis method趋势分析法trend analysis method比率分析法ratio analysis method偿债能力debt repayment ability流动比率current ratio速动比率quick ratio资产负债率liabilities to assets ratio产权比率liabilities to equity ratio有形净值负债率liabilities to tangible assets ratio已获利息倍数interest coverage营运能力operating capacity存货周转率inventory turnover ratio应收账款周转率receivable turnover ratio营业周期operating period总资产周转率assets turnover ratio流动资产周转率current assets turnover ratio盈利能力profitability销售毛利率gross profit ratio销售净利率net income to sales ratio资产净利率rate of return on total assets净资产收益率return on shareholders’ equity权益乘数equity multiplier市场价值market value每股盈余earnings per share, EPS市盈率price earnings ratio股利支付率dividend payout ratio每股净资产net assets per share第十八章、理解财务报表财务报表附注notes to financial statements审计报告audit report审计意见audit opinion无保留意见unqualified opinion保留意见qualified opinion否定意见adverse opinion无法表示意见disclaimer opinion第十九章、传统财务报告的补充形式分部报告segmental reporting业务分部operating segmental地区分部geographical segmental报告分部reporting segmental主要报告形式principle reporting form次要报告形式secondary reporting form中期财务报告interim financial report分离观discrete view整体观integral view管理当局讨论与分析management’s discussion and analysis, MD&A 财务预测报告financial forecasted report社会责任报告social responsibility report。
财务会计课后习题答案(英文原版)第7单元
(b) 2.
The FASB’s conceptual framework consists of the following: (1) Objectives of Financial Reporting. (2) Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information. (3) Elements of Financial Statements. (4) Operating Guidelines (Assumptions, Principles, and Constraints). (a) According to the FASB in its development of the conceptual framework, the objectives of financial reporting are to provide information that: (1) is useful to those making investment and credit decisions, (2) is helpful in assessing future cash flows, and (3) identifies the economic resources (assets), the claims to those resources (liabilities), and the changes in those resources and claims. (b) The qualitative characteristics are: (1) relevance, (2) reliability, (3) comparability, and (4) consistency. Curtis is correct. Consistency means using the same accounting principles and accounting methods from period to period within a company. Without consistency in the application of accounting principles, it is difficult to determine whether a company is better off, worse off, or the same from period to period. Comparability results when different companies use the same accounting principles. Consistency means using the same accounting principles and methods from year to year within the same company. The going concern assumption is necessary because otherwise depreciation and amortization policies would not be justifiable and appropriate. Also, the current-noncurrent classification of assets and liabilities would lose much of its significance. Labeling anything as fixed or long-term would be difficult to justify. In addition, the going concern assumption lends credibility to the cost principle. Revenue should be recognized in the accounting period in which it is earned. The sales basis involves an exchange transaction between the seller and buyer and the sales price provides an objective measure of the amount of revenue realized. Expired costs generate revenues only in the current period and therefore are expensed immediately. Unexpired costs will generate revenues in current and future periods and are recorded as assets. (a) The accountant discloses information about an entity’s financial position, operations, and cash flows in the financial statements, or in the notes that accompany the statements. (b) The trade-offs involved with disclosure balance the costs of preparing additional information and the benefits from using it.
新编会计英语UNIT 7
Section V
Back
Section I Section II
U7 Accounting Cycle
Sentences
sequence n. 顺序; [数] 数列，序列; 连续; 片断插曲;
vt. 使按顺序排列，安排顺序; [生化] 确定…的顺序，确定…的化学结构序列; e.g.The chronological sequence gives the book an element of structure.
拉里断定自己别无选择，只能当保罗的话是真的。
financial adj. 金融的; 财务的; 财政的; 有钱的
e.g. The company is in financial difficulties.
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公司目前财政困难。
Section I Section II Section III Section IV Section V
U7 Accounting Cycle
Sentences
indicate vt. 表明，标示，指示; 象征，暗示，预示; [医] 显示需要做…的治疗
e.g. A survey of retired people has indicated that most are independent and enjoying life. 对退休人员的调查表明，大部分人都自食其力，享受生活。
时间顺序让这本书有了一定的结构。
Section III Section IV
procedure n. 程序，手续; 工序，过程，步骤; 诉讼程序，（议会的）议事程
序; 〈罕〉进行;
e.g. A biopsy is usually a minor surgical procedure. 活组织检查通常是一个很小的外科手术。
会计英语LESSON 7
Terms1Creditterms2TransportationtermsCredit terms•1/10,n/30;•Cash discounts are calculated on the billed price of merchandise retained in a purchase or sale.• e.g. sales:10,000 ; sales returns and allowances:1,000; “2/10,n/30”;•Cash discounts =(10,000-1,000)*2%=180Transportation Terms•Who would bear the freight cost and who would remit the freight under each of the following selling terms?a. F.O.B. shipping point, freight prepaid.b. F.O.B. shipping point, freight collect.c. F.O.B. destination, freight collect.d. F.O.B. destination, freight prepaid.Transportation Terms(1)Text Freight prepaid Collectdesignate theparty expected toremit to thefreight companybuyer sellerTransportation Terms(2)TextF.O.B.destinationShipping pointdesignate the partywho bear thetransportation costbuyersellerQuestion•What is meant by “cash discounts”?–“Cash discounts”is refer to as the deduction of the invoice price.Question•Explain the terms:2/10,1/20,n/30.–The terms mean that the full sales price (less any returns) is due in 30days from the date of sale; 2% cash discountwill be granted if the payment is made within 10 days; ifthe payment is made beyond 10 days but within 20 days,the buyer may deduct 1% from the invoice price.a.F.O.B. shipping point, freight prepaid.–The buyer would bear the freight cost and the sellerwould remit it to the freight company.• F.O.B shipping point, freight collect–The buyer would bear the freight cost and the buyer would remit it to the freight company.Questionc. F.O.B. destination, freight collect.•The seller would bear the freight cost and the buyer would remit it to the freight company.Questiond. F.O.B. destination, freight prepaid.•The seller would bear the freight cost and the seller would remit it to the freight company.An illustration —Exercise 1 (1)Problem:Alan Meaken began business as asurveyor and during a short periodcompleted these transactions:Cash 20 000Office Equipment 3 000Surveying Equipment 45 000Alan Meaken, Capital 68 000 An illustration —Exercise 1 (2)aBegan business by investing cash,$20 000; office equipment, $3 000; and surveying equipment, $45 000.bPurchased land for an office site, $19 000.Paid $3 800 in cash and signed a long-term note payable for the balance.Land 19 000Cash 3 800Long-term note payable 15 200cPurchased for cash a used prefabricated building and moved it onto the land foruse as an office, $8 000.Building 8 000Cash 8 000Prepaid Insurance 4 800Cash 4 800dPrepaid the annual premiumon two insurance policies, $4800An illustration —Exercise 1 (5)Cash 800Surveying Fees Earned 800 eCompleted a surveying job andcollected $800 cash in full payments. An illustration —Exercise 1 (6)Office Equipment 3 700Cash 700Long-term note payable 3 000 fPurchased additionalequipment costing $3 700.Gave $700 in cash andsinged a long-term notepayable for the balance.An illustration —Exercise 1 (7)Accounts Receivable 2 100 Surveying Fees Earned 2 100gCompleted a surveying job on creditfor Kilmer Contractors, $2 100.An illustration —Exercise 1 (8)Office Equipment 250Accounts Payable 250An illustration —Exercise 1 (9)Exercise 1 (10) An illustration —Accounts Receivable 3 150Surveying Fees Earned 3 150Exercise 1 (11) An illustration —Machinery Rental Expense 150Accounts Payable 150Cash 2 100Accounts Receivable 2 100 An illustration —Exercise 1 (12)An illustration —Exercise 1 (13)lPaid the wages of the surveying assistant,$840.Wages Expense 840Cash 840An illustration —Exercise 1 (14)mPaid for the office equipment purchased intransaction h.Accounts Payable 250Cash 250An illustration —Exercise 1 (15)nPaid $350 cash for repairs to a piece ofsurveying equipment,Repairs Expense 350Cash 350oAlan Meaken wrote a $260 check on the bank accountfor the business to pay for repairs to his personalautomobile. (The car is not used for businesspurposes.)An illustration —Exercise 1 (16)Alan Meaken, Withdrawals 260Cash 260pPaid the wages of the surveyingassistant, $880.An illustration —Exercise 1 (17)Wages Expense 880Cash 880An illustration —Exercise 1 (18) Permits Expense150Cash150qPaid fee to county for surveyingpermits, $150.。
财会专业英语课件 unit 7
Main ideas Contents of each paragragh companies have to publish the value of their assets and liabilities, that is profits and losses. the methods of accouting policies valuation: deciding how much sth. is worth measurement:determining how big sth. is consistency principle, means using the same accounting policy every year
• Advantages Historical cost is the result of the transaction, it reflect the market price.It is the data information user most want to see. There are source documents as historical cost basis,but other measurements are not,such as fair value.For this reason, using historical costing is covenient to ordit. Historical cost accurately reflect the transaction, do not need to adjusting the account.It can prevent arbitrary changes in the accounting records,maintain the reliability of accounting information. Historical cost is the basis of taxation.
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Chapter 3
The Matching Concept and the Adjusting Process
Accounting, 21st Edition
Warren Reeve Fess
PowerPoint Presentation by Douglas Cloud
Professor Emeritus of Accounting Pepperdine University
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• Payment for services provided to customers is not always received in the same month that the service is completed.
• If a business wants to know how much revenue it has earned, it must determine the value of services provided, not just the cash received in payment for services rendered.
and expenses are reported in the income statement in the period in
which cash is received or paid.
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Under the accrual basis for the accounting period concept, revenues are reported in the income statement in the period in which they are earned.
2)Why we must think the matching concept in your accounting record?
• Accounting period concept
• similar to personal expenses, not all business expenses are paid monthly. If a business wants to know its true expenses for the month, it must consider all expenses incurred, not just the expenses paid that month.
characteristics of abdejuastbinleg teon:tries.
3. Journalize entries for accounts requiring adjustment.
4. Summarize the adjustment process and prepare an adjusted trial balance.
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The Matching Concept
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Reporting Revenue and Expenses
TWO METHODS Cash Basis of Accounting Accrual Basis of Accounting
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Under the cash basis for the accounting period concept, revenues
5. Use vertical analysis to compare financial statement items with each other and with industry averages.
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Objective 1:the matching concept
1)Student paid tuition at the beginning of each term, Asset or Liabilities?
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Accrual Basis of Accounting
Revenue reported when earned:Example Expense reported when incurred:Example Properly matches revenues and expenses in determining net income Requires adjusting entries at end of period It just sounds mean – it really isn’t
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Cash Basis of Accounting
Revenue reported when cash is received Example:
Expense reported when cash is paid Example:
Does not properly match revenues and expenses
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Objectives
1. Explain how the matching concept relates to the
accrual basis oAf fatcecrosutnutdinygin. g this 2.hnoeuceldssary and list the