英语写作教程
英语写作教程PPT课件
❖ January 1st,2000 Saturday
Very Fine
❖
Today is the first day of 2000. how time. It seemed only a couple of months ago that we
celebrated New Year’s Day of 1999. it’s really funny to think how long a year seemed to me when
promised him that we would take his advice. In the evening I watched TV. But not
long I felt tired, so I went to bed at half past nine.
4
❖ Sample 2
❖
A Memorable Day
was the 4th Plenary Session of the 15th central committee; for our country we had the 50th
anniversary of the National Day and Macao has returned to its homeland with its native name
we found all the tickets had been sold out. Then we went back to school and played
football. After this we were about to go home, we saw our English teacher ,Mr. Wang,
大学英语写作教程
大学英语写作教程大学英语写作教程大学英语写作是大学英语教学的重要组成部分，它的目标是培养学生的英语写作能力，提高他们的综合语言运用能力。
下面是一份大学英语写作教程，旨在帮助学生全面了解写作技巧和写作方法。
第一部分：写作基础知识1. 英语写作的特点和要求：英语写作与中文写作有许多区别，如语法规则、词汇使用等。
此外，英语写作更注重逻辑性、简洁性和准确性。
学生需要了解写作的基本要求和特点，为后续学习打下基础。
2. 写作步骤：写作不是一蹴而就的过程，它需要经历思考、准备、组织、写作和修改等阶段。
学生需要学会正确的写作步骤，以提高写作效率和写作质量。
3. 写作技巧：写作技巧是提高写作水平的重要手段。
学生需要学习如何构思、如何选材、如何组织文章结构、如何运用修辞手法等各种写作技巧，以使文章更具说服力和吸引力。
第二部分：写作实战训练1. 基础写作练习：通过一些简单的基础写作练习，帮助学生巩固基本写作知识和技巧。
例如，学生可以练习写句子、段落、短文等，从而提高写作表达能力。
2. 写作任务练习：按照学习阶段的不同，为学生提供不同难度的写作任务练习。
例如，可以让学生写一篇个人经历，写一篇观点阐述，写一篇实用文等，通过不断的写作实践，提高学生的写作水平和能力。
3. 写作评析：在写作实践过程中，教师可以对学生的写作作品进行评析和修改。
指出学生写作中存在的问题和不足，并提供相关的改进建议，以帮助学生改进写作技巧和提高写作质量。
第三部分：写作素材和进阶训练1. 写作素材：提供丰富的写作素材，如名人名言、社会热点、历史事件等。
学生可以利用这些素材进行写作练习，拓宽思路和积累写作经验。
2. 进阶训练：针对学生不同的写作需求和水平，提供进阶训练。
例如，可以让学生写一篇复杂的学术论文，写一篇演讲稿等，以挑战学生的写作能力和提高他们的综合语言运用能力。
第四部分：写作技巧指导1. 修改和润色：教授学生如何对自己的写作作品进行修改和润色，包括语法、词汇、句子结构、篇章结构等方面的改进。
新交际英语写作教程3
新交际英语写作教程3摘要：一、引言1.编写目的2.适用读者二、教程内容1.章节安排2.主要特点三、学习方法1.学习步骤2.学习技巧四、实战演练1.写作任务2.写作策略五、结语1.学习效果2.期待读者反馈正文：新交际英语写作教程3旨在帮助广大英语学习者在写作方面取得更好的成绩。
本教程适用于初中级英语学习者，通过系统地学习，读者可以掌握英语写作的基本技巧，提高写作能力。
本教程共分为十个章节，涵盖了日常生活中常见的写作场景，如书信、通知、报告等。
每个章节均配有丰富的实例和练习，使读者在理论学习与实践操作中相结合，更好地掌握英语写作技巧。
在学习本教程时，建议读者遵循以下步骤：1.仔细阅读每个章节的内容，了解本章节所学的写作类型和技巧。
2.参考实例，学习并模仿优秀写作范文的特点。
3.动手进行实战演练，运用所学知识和技巧进行写作。
4.对照范文，自我检查，找出自己的不足之处并进行改进。
以下是一些学习技巧，希望对读者有所帮助：1.积累词汇和表达：英语写作的基础是词汇和表达，只有掌握了丰富的词汇和地道的表达，才能写出高质量的文章。
2.注重结构和组织：一篇好的文章要有清晰的结构和组织。
在写作过程中，要学会使用恰当的过渡词和连接词，使文章读起来更加连贯。
3.掌握语法：语法是英语写作的基石。
要想写出正确、地道的文章，必须熟练掌握英语语法。
4.突出可读性和实用性：在写作过程中，要注意文章的可读性和实用性。
文章内容要简洁明了，观点要明确，以便让读者容易理解和接受。
本教程的最后一部分是实战演练。
在这一部分，我们为读者设计了各种写作任务，以帮助巩固所学知识和技巧。
希望读者在完成这些任务时，能够充分发挥自己的潜能，写出优秀的作品。
总之，新交际英语写作教程3将为您的英语写作之路提供有力的支持。
通过认真学习本教程，相信您的英语写作水平一定会得到提高。
大学英语写作教程PPT
P39-40！！
三，weak reference(隐含的指代关系)
四，broad reference(宽泛的指代关系)
How to improve…
1,修改代词 2，通过增加名词修饰把代 词改为指示性形容词 （demonstrative adj.）
P43!
记牢！！！
第三课，错置和垂悬修饰语
• 一，A modifier
Definition
P22
How to use… Definition
二，Misplaced modifiers:
1,Misplaced words—adverbs 2,Misplaced phrases 3,Misplaced clauses
三weakreference隐含的指代关系四broadreference宽泛的指代关系hhowtoimproveti1修改代词修改代词92通过增加名词修饰把代词改为指示性形容词demonstrativeadj
大学英语写作 （各课提纲）
制作者：智园园
第一课：句子片段
• 一，sentences(记定义) • 二，ineffective sentence fragments(错误的 句子片段) 1，定义
注意 Note！ P32-33
第四课，代词的指代关系
• 一，pronouns
1,definition 2,faulty pronouns: A,多个先行词B, 先行词不明显C,没有先行词
大学英语写作教程第三册unit--sentence-variety课件
The group of sentences in a paragraph should be regarded as a whole and should be different enough in types to avoid boredom. This is called sentence variety
The boys leaned against the willow tree (growing) next to the stream, their fishing poles resting on sticks, their eyes gazing at the bobbers on the ripples. The morning had been cool and comfortable, but the afternoon was becoming very hot. Both boys had taken great pleasure in planning for the trip on Friday, their only day off in the whole month.
n Conclusion: Sentences with different lengths are more desirable in writing.
18
9.1 Sentence Variety
n Follow-up activities: p144
n Reference for the Classroom Activities:
1 ) types of sentences：
英语写作基础教程(chapter 3)01
and arranges his history books accordingly. It is odd,
but it is convenient. #
.
Assignments
Reading:
pp 41-45
Exercises:
pp 49-54 ▪ Exercise 1: Chronological order ▪ Exercise 2: Process ▪ Exercise 3: Space
(ways of developing paragraphs)
Development by Time
In telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time; earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first and the last thing last. This method is also called chronological sequencing.
An effective paragraph
❖ 3 features of an effective paragraph: 1. A paragraph should have one, and only
one, central idea. 2. The main idea is generally expressed in
Example:
In the old days, train travel was not much fun. Back in the 1830’s, passenger coaches on western and southern roads looked like cabins on wheels. Until late in the 1840’s, passengers who wanted heat bought heated bricks from boys at the stations. There were no sleeping cars, either, until 1859, when George R. Pullman remodeled two day coaches into sleeping cars, to run from Chicago to Bloomington, Illinois. They were lighted by candles and heated by wood-burning stoves. Passengers near the stoves were too hot, and those far away were too cold. Even years later, after trains had better heating systems, passengers were often most uncomfortable. Open windows let in showers of soot and cinders; and closed windows meant stifling temperatures. Travelers reached their destinations in those days sooty, jostled, and travel-worn. #
大学英语写作教程1第九单元
第二小节
Writing skills
paragraph structure
Paragraph Unity
Paragraph Development
Paragraph Coherence
Ensure that each paragraph has a clear topic sentence that ties all the sentences together.
Synonyms
Know synonyms for common words and use them to add variety and freshness to your writing.
Technical Vocabulary
Familiarize yourself with the vocabulary specific to your field of study and use it appropriately.
• Key concepts explained: The unit delves into the importance of a strong thesis statement, the role of evidence in supporting arguments, and the effective use of transitions to link ideas. It also explores different types of argumentative essays, such as persuasive and analytical essays.
Sentence Fluency
Eliminate redundancy, clarify meaning, and ensure smooth transitions between sentences.
英语写作教程2教案
英语写作教程2教案教案标题：英语写作教程2教案教案目标：1. 帮助学生提高英语写作技巧，包括语法、词汇和句子结构的运用。
2. 培养学生的创造力和表达能力，使他们能够写出有逻辑性和流畅性的英语作文。
3. 培养学生的写作习惯和自我编辑能力，提高他们的写作水平。
教学内容：1. 语法知识：复习和巩固基本的语法知识点，如时态、语态、从句等。
2. 词汇扩展：引导学生学习和运用一些高级词汇和短语，以丰富他们的写作表达能力。
3. 句子结构：教授学生一些常用的句子结构和句型，以帮助他们构建有逻辑性和连贯性的句子。
4. 写作技巧：介绍一些写作技巧，如如何组织文章结构、如何使用过渡词和连接词等。
教学步骤：第一课：复习和巩固语法知识1. 引入新课：通过一个有趣的小故事或问题引入本节课的主题，激发学生的学习兴趣。
2. 复习基本语法知识：通过练习和例句复习一些基本的语法知识点，如时态、语态和从句等。
3. 练习：设计一些练习题，让学生巩固所学的语法知识。
第二课：词汇扩展和句子结构1. 引入新课：通过展示一些高级词汇和短语的例句，引导学生学习和运用这些词汇。
2. 学习高级词汇和短语：逐个介绍一些高级词汇和短语，并提供相关的例句和练习。
3. 句子结构练习：通过给学生一些句子结构的例子，让他们进行仿写和创作，以提高他们的句子表达能力。
第三课：写作技巧和实践1. 引入新课：介绍一些写作技巧，如如何组织文章结构、如何使用过渡词和连接词等。
2. 练习写作：给学生一个写作任务，让他们根据所学的写作技巧和知识进行写作练习。
3. 互相编辑和反馈：学生互相交换作文，进行编辑和反馈，帮助他们改进写作。
第四课：总结和评估1. 总结所学知识：复习本单元所学的语法知识、词汇和句子结构，并进行小结和总结。
2. 评估学生写作水平：给学生一个写作任务，评估他们在本单元所学的知识和技巧的运用情况。
3. 反馈和建议：根据学生的表现，给予他们反馈和建议，帮助他们进一步提高写作水平。
英语写作教程(第一册)课件L1-2 manuscript form
Proper nouns are the names of specific people, places, or things.
1. Names and nicknames of people 2. Names of particular places
John F. Kennedy, Stonewall Jackson Asia, the U.S.A., the Great Lakes
4. Use numerals more than two words long.
The largest commercial bank today may offer over 200 separate financial services.
Note: When one number immediately precedes another in a sentence, spell out the first, and use a numeral for the second. two 11-year cycles
3.Capitalize names that show family relationship.
Will you come with me, Granny? Thank you, Father.
4. Capitalize proper nouns and their abbreviations;
➢ “My trip to Mount Tai,” he said, “was interesting lize opening and closing of a letter.
Dear Sir: Sincerely yours,
Dear Mr. Carpenter: Truly yours,
英语应用文写作教程（共5篇）（精简版）
英语应用文写作教程(共5篇)英语应用文写作教程(共5篇)篇一：《英语应用文写作教程2》A Course for Practical English Writing 《英语应用文写作教程》 Unit 1 English Letters Letter of Booking a Room Letter of Invitation Letter of Congratulations Letter of Appreciation Letter of Inquiry Letter of Reply Letter of Complaint Letter of Application Letter of Job Termination Letter of Remendation Letter of Introduction Letter of Application Unit 2 Posters Unit 3 Cards Name Cards Greeting CardsInvitation Cards Card to Accept an Invitation Card to Decline an Invitation ID Card Employee’ s Card S tudent’s ID Card Unit 4 Certificates Marriage Certificates Graduation Certificate Birth Certificate Doctor’s Certificate Retirement Certificate Unit 5 Messages Telephone Messages Note for Asking for Leave Note for Making an Appointment Message for Saying Good-bye Message on the Blackboard Unit 6 Announcements LostFound Notice of Engagement Person Missing Contributions Wanted Clerk Wanted Notice Notice for House Renting Marriage Wanted Unit 7 Bills and Forms Resume Note Form of Receipt I. O. U. Form Unit 8 Broadcast Announcements Broadcast Announcement of a Party Broadcast Announcement of Airlines Flight Broadcast Announcement on a Train Broadcast Announcement of an Urgency Weather Forecast Telephone AnnouncementUnit 9 Memos and Diaries Memo Business Memos Diaries Unit 10 Speeches Weling Speech Send-off Speech Opening Address Closing Address Unit 11 Notices Notice of a Meeting Notice of a Speech Notice of Some Activities Notice of a Visit Notice of a Holiday Notice of Employment Notice of a Decision Notice of Election Results Unit 12 Ads and InstructionsAdvertisements Instructions Unit 13 Contracts Business Contracts Employment Contracts Unit 14 Faxes andEmails E-mail Reply to an E-mail Fax Resume 图片已关闭显示，点此查看图片已关闭显示，点此查看图片已关闭显示，点此查看图片已关闭显示，点此查看图片已关闭显示，点此查看图片已关闭显示，点此查看篇二：英语应用文写作课程简介英语应用文写作（Practical English Writing）课程简介课程编号： 050249 学时：32 课程类型：任选课先修课程：英语应用文写作适用专业：非英语专业本科实验班、卓越班等本课程的培养目标为：通过实施过程式教学法使学生掌握应用文的写作方法，真正提高他们运用英语的能力。
(完整word版)大学英语写作教程重点
1.段落解释：is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units of thought,that relate to a single topic.Paragraph divisions serve two very useful functions 2.A good paragraph is composed 组成 in such a way that it has :eachidea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topicit explores the main idea explicitly andconcretely,with plenty of details,examples,and explanations3.has sound internal structure.The qualities that indicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness.4.怎样做到内容一致An excellent way of achieving unityis by means of the topic sentence.Properly used,the topic sentence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain the point he is trying to establish5.标题句 the topic sentence properly used can achieve unity in the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence;②the topic sentence6.第二个写作常识In short,a good topic sentence has a limited subject and a sharp focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.A topic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop it.A coherence is connection and consistency.A coherent paragraph is one in which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that allows the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought step by step8．第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentenceshelp readers follow our ideas,other signals also help them understand what we have to say.When we write and when we revise,look for the areas that seem choppy or unconnected —that lack coherence.We can establish better coherence by using the following devices:pronoun reference,repetition ,and in a paragraph means that the topic is adequately developed by details,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that the reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means1第四个写作常识：Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph to make the details clearer. So, development in the paragraph is as important as unity and coherence between skillful development helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to keep up the sense of oneness.2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the inductive pattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances of a like kind and leads them into valid generalization which serves as his topic sentence.3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the deductive pattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds with specific elaboration or application of the general idea.4Inductive-deductive Pattern(归纳演绎法)：As the name indicates, in developing a paragraph by means of inductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particular instances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance. 5第五个写作常识：Sequences of development are not independent of types of development. The most important sequences of development are general to particular, particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial.6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序)：In a climactic sequence, the most intense or highest point of interest is saved for the final sentence, which may be, but is not necessarily, the topic sentence.7.Chronological Sequence (时间顺序):A chronological sequence is one in which earlier things precede later things; items are listed in the order in which they occur in time. The most obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a story. 8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序)：A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types. It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, from one place to another.9第六个写作常识：The type of development is the way in which the main idea is supported-by details, definitions, statements of cause and effect, and so on.10段落展开方式：Among the most important types of paragraph development are development by detail, comparison and contrast, process, classification and partition, cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.11Development by Comparison and Contrast (比较和对比)：①a comparison shows how two or more things are alike; ②a contrast shows how they are different.12Development by Division and Classification (分类法和归类法)：Dividing and classifying information is central to the writing process. When we divide, we begin with a whole, a complete body of information or one idea, and break it into its parts. When we classify, we begin with many small observations and sort them into categories on the basisof their similarities.13第七个写作常识：Causal analysis involves the ability to see cause and effect relationships between two elements. In order to arrive at a cause, we need to distinguish among three kinds: necessary, sufficient and contributory.14第八个写作常识：Definitions are particularly important for limiting the intended meaning of abstract or technical terms. There are two types of definition: formal definition and extended definition. Formal definition includes the term itself, the class it belongs to, and the details that distinguish it from other items in its class.15第九个写作常识：As we have seen, a single paragraph often contains more than one type of development. Almost any kind of paragraph may include examples or illustrations. The important thing is to avoid switching abruptly and apparently without reason from one kind of development to another in the middle of a paragraph.16第十个写作常识：The introduction is probably the most important part of an essay. The introduction should agree in tone and style with the rest of the essay. It should be a natural part of it, not a different construction grafted on the top.。
大学英语写作教程答案大学英语写作教程蔡基刚
大学英语写作教程答案大学英语写作教程蔡基刚蔡基刚这个人，它有编写过一本书籍是专门针对我们大学生的英语写作的，我们来了解了解。
下面是WTT给大家整理的蔡基刚大学英语写作教程，供大家参阅!蔡基刚大学英语写作教程介绍《大学英语写作教程》除了介绍英语写作基本理论和各种文体作文的写法外，另外还有三章介绍命题写作、图表写作和信函写作。
分析了大学英语四、六级考试作文、硕士研究生入学考试作文、托福考试作文、爱普考试作文和雅思考试作文等的命题题型、特点以及应试技巧。
并且考虑到学生在学习和工作中的需要，还介绍了常用的英语书信写法。
《大学英语写作教程》共18章，可供一个学期36课时使用。
一般按章的顺序实施教学。
但也可以根据需要进行选择。
尤其是第5章“词的变化”，第10章“句型变化”和第15章“修饰运用”，可先可后。
各章中对“语言”部分的讲授更是可以结合讲评学生习作，穿插进行。
蔡基刚大学英语写作教程简介《大学英语写作教程》除了用三章篇幅真心诚意让讨论词和句子的使用和表达外，在每章后还另辟了一个“语言”板块，用经比较英语言不同的表达特点并讨论学会地道的英语表达。
蔡基刚大学英语写作教程目录第1章段落的构筑1.写作分析：Our Changing Lifestyle: Trends and Fads1.1 段落的组成1.2 主题句2.语言：动态动词的使用3.练习第2章段落的发展1.写作分析：Daydream a Little1.1 统一性1.2 连贯性1.3 发展性2.语言：形合和意合3.练习第3章开头和结尾1.写作分析：Turning Failure into Success1.1 引言部分1.2 结尾部分2.语言:抽象名词表达3.练习第4章篇章的连贯1.写作分析：Nerds and Geeks 1.1 首尾句呼应1.2 中心思想串联1.3 主题句的关联1.4 过渡段的使用2.语言：抽象化表达3.练习第5章词汇的变化1.写作分析：How to Bee Gifted?1.1 同义词1.2 近义词1.3 派生词1.4 上下义词1.5 具体与笼统关系1.6 同义结构2.练习第6章正文的发展1.写作分析：The Fifth Freedom 1.1 一致性1.2 层次性1.3 发展性2.语言：非人称表达3.练习第7章叙述性作文1.写作分析：The Present1.1 主题1.2 视角1.3 背景1.4 顺序1.5 情节1.6 伏笔1.7 象征2.语言：词的效果3.练习第8章原因性作文1.写作分析：Why They Excel?1.1 原因性结构1.2 分析性结构1.3 综合性结构2.语言：副词、形容词的运用3.练习第9章比较性作文1.写作分析：Methods of Education：East and West1.1 两种基本方法1.2 两种基本结构2.语言：减少动词使用3.练习第10章句型变化1.写作分析：Winstorn Churchill-His Other Life1.1 句子开头变化1.2 句子结构变化1.3 句子长短变化2.练习第11章评论性作文1.写作分析：College Lectures：Is Anybody Listening?1.1 反对写法1.2 赞成写法1.3 平衡写法1.4 给编辑写信2.语言：多种表达法3.练习第12章辩驳性作文1.写作分析：Ditch the Calculator2.语言：树型结构3.练习第13章方法介绍性作文1.写作分析：Plain Talk about Handl ing Stress 1.1 引言部分：重要性1.2 正文部分：操作步骤2.语言：表达顺序3.练习第14章信函作文1.写作分析：An Exchange of Letters1.1 公务信函1.2 求职信1.3 简历1.4 询问信1.5 备忘录2.语言：语体意义3.练习第15章修辞运用1.写作分析：What Makes a Leader?1.1 比喻1.2 叠言1.3 平行句1.4 设问句2.语言：文化内涵第16章命题作文1.写作分析：Essay Questjon1.1 四、六级考试作文1.2 硕士研究生入学考试作文1.3 托福考试作文1.4 爱普考试作文1.5 雅思考试作文1.6 评分标准1.7 应试技巧2.语言：主题主语3.练习第17章图表作文1.写作分析：Population Growth and WildIife 1.1 图表1.2 图画2.语言：词语搭配3.练习第18章学术写作1.写作分析：Physical Effects of Ma州uana Use 1.1 论文1.2 摘要3.练习参考文献看过蔡基刚大学英语写作教程的人还看了：1.大学英语写作教程怎么考试2.大学英语基础写作教程3.大学英语写作课怎么上4.大学英语记叙文的写作5.大学英语写作方法。
大学英语写作教程重点
1.段落解释：is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units of thought,that relate to a single topic.Paragraph divisions serve two very useful functions 2.A good paragraph is composed 组成 in such a way that it has :eachidea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topicit explores the main idea explicitly andconcretely,with plenty of details,examples,and explanations3.has sound internal structure.The qualities that indicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness.4.怎样做到内容一致An excellent way of achieving unityis by means of the topic sentence.Properly used,the topic sentence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain the point he is trying to establish5.标题句 the topic sentence properly used can achieve unity in the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence;②the topic sentence6.第二个写作常识In short,a good topic sentence has a limited subject and a sharp focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.A topic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop it.A coherence is connection and consistency.A coherent paragraph is one in which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that allows the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought step by step8．第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentenceshelp readers follow our ideas,other signals also help them understand what we have to say.When we write and when we revise,look for the areas that seem choppy or unconnected —that lack coherence.We can establish better coherence by using the following devices:pronoun reference,repetition ,and in a paragraph means that the topic is adequately developed by details,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that the reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means1第四个写作常识：Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph to make the details clearer. So, development in the paragraph is as important as unity and coherence between skillful development helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to keep up the sense of oneness.2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the inductive pattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances of a like kind and leads them into valid generalization which serves as his topic sentence.3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the deductive pattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds with specific elaboration or application of the general idea.4Inductive-deductive Pattern(归纳演绎法)：As the name indicates, in developing a paragraph by means of inductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particular instances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance. 5第五个写作常识：Sequences of development are not independent of types of development. The most important sequences of development are general to particular, particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial.6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序)：In a climactic sequence, the most intense or highest point of interest is saved for the final sentence, which may be, but is not necessarily, the topic sentence.7.Chronological Sequence (时间顺序):A chronological sequence is one in which earlier things precede later things; items are listed in the order in which they occur in time. The most obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a story. 8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序)：A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types. It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, from one place to another.9第六个写作常识：The type of development is the way in which the main idea is supported-by details, definitions, statements of cause and effect, and so on.10段落展开方式：Among the most important types of paragraph development are development by detail, comparison and contrast, process, classification and partition, cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.11Development by Comparison and Contrast (比较和对比)：①a comparison shows how two or more things are alike; ②a contrast shows how they are different.12Development by Division and Classification (分类法和归类法)：Dividing and classifying information is central to the writing process. When we divide, we begin with a whole, a complete body of information or one idea, and break it into its parts. When we classify, we begin with many small observations and sort them into categories on the basisof their similarities.13第七个写作常识：Causal analysis involves the ability to see cause and effect relationships between two elements. In order to arrive at a cause, we need to distinguish among three kinds: necessary, sufficient and contributory.14第八个写作常识：Definitions are particularly important for limiting the intended meaning of abstract or technical terms. There are two types of definition: formal definition and extended definition. Formal definition includes the term itself, the class it belongs to, and the details that distinguish it from other items in its class.15第九个写作常识：As we have seen, a single paragraph often contains more than one type of development. Almost any kind of paragraph may include examples or illustrations. The important thing is to avoid switching abruptly and apparently without reason from one kind of development to another in the middle of a paragraph.16第十个写作常识：The introduction is probably the most important part of an essay. The introduction should agree in tone and style with the rest of the essay. It should be a natural part of it, not a different construction grafted on the top.。
大学英语写作教程4 UNIT 7
I. What Is a Research Proposal?
A research proposal is a coherent and concise summary of the proposed research.
➢ It sets out the key issues or questions that you want to address. ➢ Besides the aims and objectives, a research proposal also provides
III. How to Prepare
Step 3 Create a title page if applicable
➢ A title page introduces • the title of the proposal • the author’s name • the institution the author is affiliated to
III. How to Prepare
Step 4 Summarize the proposal in your abstract
➢ The abstract is a summary of the main ideas addressed in your proposal. ➢ It should include
➢ Consider the following questions for the implications. • What will the results contribute to the knowledge of the field under investigation? • How will the results challenge the theoretical framework? • Will the results influence current methods of research?
英语写作基础教程(第三版)Chapter 1 PPT
be avoided
lay∙man words
with hyphens should be divided only at phens
பைடு நூலகம்
broken -hearted
two -syllable words with double consonant in
the middle are as rule divided between the
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
可以互相讨论下，但要小声点
一、Manuscript Form
1. Arrangement (title)
Task 1 : Capitalize the following titles (p2) 1. where i lived, and what i lived for 2. are transgenic crops safe? 3. well-known dramatists of the ming dynasty 4. a day to remember 5. approaches to teaching english as a foreign
一、Manuscript Form
2. Word division (1). one syllable cannot be divided 单音节
(2). two or more syllables 双/多音节
a stressed close syllable usually takes a
nouns e.g. Bob, Lily, Judy - none of them know where he is. (5) used like quotation marks in a dialogue. (6) introduce subheading and authors after quotation
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4. Chapter from a book
1 Konrad Repgen, "What is a 'Religious
War'?" in Politics and Society in Reformation
Europe, eds. E. I. Kouri and Tom Scott, 324
Can Cause Suffering," USA Today, October
27, 2003, final edition, Lexis-Nexis, via
Galileo,
9
9. Encyclopedia article
1 The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th
3 金莉、秦亚青/著，《美国文学》(北京：外语教学
与研究出版社，1999)，123。
11
3. Book - single author & annotator
6 魏源/著，《海国图志》，李巨澜评注(中
州古籍出版社，1999)，318-323。
4. Book - more than one editor
5
1. Book - single author
2 Chris Holmlund, Impossible Bodies:
Femininity and Masculinity at the Movies
(New York: Routledge, 2002), 159. [作者前面的2
是脚注的编号，自动生成，上标，下同。]
2. Book - more than one author
1 Michael Craton and Gail Saunders,
Islanders in the Stream: A History of the
Bahamian People (Athens: University of
Georgia Press, 1992), 24.
[这里的216是有关引语出现的页码；参考书目中出现的214－219是 该篇文章在论文集中出现的页码。]
6. Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database
3 Sandra Yin, "Color Bind," American
profile/pride.html (accessed October 30, 2003).
10
中文注释：
1. Book - single author
1 秦亚青/著，《霸权体系与国际冲突:美国在国际武
装冲突中的支持行为1946-1989》(上海：上海人民出版
社，1999)，168。
2. Book - more than one author
1 Chicago Tribune, "Gun Injuries Take
Financial Toll on Hospitals," sec. 1, February
24, 1994.
8. Newspaper article - from an electronic database
4 Salley Satel, "Oxy-Contin Half-truths
4
Book (first note) 书籍（第一次注释）
1 Hayden Herrera, Frida: A Biography of Frida Kahlo (New York: Harper and Row, 1983), 356.
2 Herrera, Frida, 32.
Periodical article (first note) 期刊（第一次注释）
of Archaeology in Greek Lands. New York： St. Martin’s Press, 1962.
此种格式中，作者的姓在前，名在后，姓与名之间用逗号分开，后面加句 号。论著标题必须完整无缺，后面也加句号。接下来的是出版地点、出版 商和出版日期。
(2 )合著(二至三名作者)
18
8.参考书目格式
“参考书目”是一篇毕业论文不可或缺的组成部分。在论文中 引用的所有资料的出处都必须注明。一般来说，凡是没有被你 引用的书目都不应该列入。
按照作者姓氏英语字母的顺序排列；汉语则按照笔画或汉语拼 音顺序排列。如果你在同一篇论文中引用相同一个作者的多篇 论著，那么你就必须把论著标题按英文字母顺序列出，下一条 书目只需在下一行开始空八格，加句号后按同一作者论著标题 的字母顺序列出即可。
2 刘波/文， “中美首次战略对话：重估双边关系及
共同利益”, 《21世纪经济报道》，2005/ 08/04，经
由CNKI中国知识网Grid-20数据库平台,http://ckrd.
/ Grid20/detail.aspx? QueryID=5&
CurRec=7
12. Encyclopedia article
6
3. Book - more than one editor
1 David A. Hollinger and Charles
Capper, The American Intellectual Tradition
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
8. Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database
6 李小博、朱丽君/文，“科学交流的修辞学”，
《科学学研究》，No.4 (2005):3-8。[这里的参考书目
中出现的3-8是该篇文章在论文集中出现的页码。]
14
9. Newspaper article
Meltzer, Milton and Walter Harding. A Thoreau Profile. New
York: Crowell, 1962.
此种格式中，只把第一作者的名与姓颠倒，其余作者姓名不变。
(3) 合著(三名以上作者)
Scott, F.S., et al. English Grammar: A Linguistic Study of Its Classes and Structures. London: Heinemann,
Demographics, 25, no. 7 (2003): 24.
Academic Search Premier, via Galileo,
g. edu [这里的24是有关引语出现
的页码；参考书目中出现的22－26是该篇文章在论文集中出现的页 码。]
8
7. Newspaper article - no author
脚注按对应数码置于每一页的底端；尾注置于正文之后。 注释包括作者 (编者、译者) 姓名、卷数、出版商、出版年代、
引文所在页码。重复出现同一作者的同一作品时，只注明作者 姓氏和引文所在页码。
3
芝加哥论文注释格式順序。 书－－缩进5字符，注释编号（空一格） 作者名，书名
（以斜体字或下划线处理），（出版地：出版社，出版 年），页数。 文章－－缩进5字符，注释编号 （空一格）作者名，文章 篇名（放在引号中），刊物名称（以斜体字或下划线处 理），卷数，（发行期数），页数。
(London: Macmillan, 1987).
7
5. Article from journal
1 Gina Herring, "The Beguiled:
Misogynyist Myth or Feminist Fable?"
Literature Film Quarterly 26, no. 3 (1998): 216.
3 亚历山大·温特/[美]著，《国际政治的社会理论》,
秦亚青译, (上海：上海世纪出版集团，2000年)，31-35。
13
7. Article from journal
1 汤一介/文，“在中欧文化交流中创建中国哲学”，
《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》第42卷第5期，
2005/9:29-32。
/ profile/ pride.html (accessed October 30, 2003). [使用中文仿照此 处理]
17
应当尽量减少脚注和尾注，注释的来源出处必 须写明。一般而论，注释主要用于下列几种特 殊情况：
1)补充相关的，但并非必不可少的资料； 2)列举供参考的书目； 3)详细说明某个程序； 4)提供一些数据等。
9 丁贤俊、喻作凤/编，《伍廷芳集》(两
册)(北京：中华书局，1993)，448。
12
5. Chapter from a book
2 “孔子、耶稣、杜甫、霍布斯的启示”，参见赵心
树/著《选举的困境——民选制度及宪政改革批判》， (成
都：四川人民出版社，2003)，42-63。
6. Book - with a translator
ed., s.v. "dress and adornment." [第几卷，第几
页].
10. Website (or part of a website)
16 University of Georgia, "Points of Pride,"
University of Georgia, /
3 “外交特权与豁免”（朱奇武、邵津撰），参见