居里夫人英文ppt
居里夫人英文介绍
Her firsts
• She was the first to use the term radioactivity for this phenomenon. • She was the first woman in Europe to receive her doctorate of science. • In 1903, she became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize for Physics. The award, jointly awarded to Curie, her husband Pierre, and Henri Becquerel, was for the discovery of radioactivity.
A truly remarkable figurein the history of science ! • Perhaps the most famous of all women scientists, Maria SklodowskaCurie is notable for her many firsts:
Her firsts
• She was also the first female lecturer, professor and head of Laboratory at the Sorbonne University in Paris (1906). • In 1911, she won an unprecedented second Nobel Prize (this time in chemistry) for her discovery and isolation of pure radium and radium components. She was the first person ever to receive two Nobel Prizes. • She received 15 gold medals, 19 degrees, and other honaria Sklodowska-Curie
居里夫人传英文PPT
1
Marie had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels, commissioned by The Society for the Encouragement of National Industry .That same year Pierre Curie entered her life.
When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska; next she attended a gymnasium for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal.Unable to enroll in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman, she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine Flying University, a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students.
In December 1903, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie, Mar the Nobel Prize in Physics.
居里夫人的人生简介英语版讲解
Kang Ling
Why?
• To have deep love for learning • To treat scientific reasearch seriously and never give up • To be indifferent to fame and fortune
First Marie needed a lab. She had to settle for a storeroom. The storeroom was crowded and damp, but somehow she overcame its problems. She started off by studying a variety of chemical compounds.
But other scientists did not trust the announcement, for the Curies did not have enough polonium and radium to see and weigh. The Curies would have to separate the two elements from the other substances they were mixed with. And Curies continued their work in an abandoned shed nearby.
“On the way to fame, but the blood flow is not sweat, their name is not with the pen but lives in.”
居里夫人简介(英语课件)
• Her attitude to honor
One of her friends come to visit her and see her little daughter playing her gold medal, so she said surprisely: madam curie, received a medal of British royal society is the highest honor, how can you have fun for kid? The madam curie smiled to say:"I want to make the kid known the honor like a toy, we can play, and can not deem it too important, otherwise we can do nothing .
•Her mother was a pianist, singer, and teacher
•Her father was a professor of math and physics
•Her mother died of tuberculosis when Marya was 11
• Her strength and confidence
• Discovered that if you
have a certain amount of uranium, then you get a certain amount of ray intensity, no matter what you did to the material.
❖ Work with Polonium
❖As the first woman to win two Nobel prizes.
居里夫人h英语课件
5. When I was at university, I shared a room with Jim, Whose father is a famous singer. A.lived B. stayed C. spent D. shared 6. –Have you ever ____ been to our town before? --No, it’s the first time I have come here. A.even, come B.even, have come C.ever, come D. ever, have come 7. The old lady has been living alone since her husband was run over by a truck. A. run down B. run over C. run into D. run out 8. Three sons all dying ___ in the war, the poor woman died___a of broken heart. A. of, from B.from, of C. for, from D. in, of
as 1. Rubbish made by people ,____we can see now, has made great damage to people’s health.
A. which B. that C.as D.what
for 2.Marie Curie had a brilliant aptitude___study and a great thirst___knowledge. for
12单元居里夫人英语版
A Brief Instruction to the Topic of“Marie Curie”Li GangGood morning, everyone. My name is Li Gang. Today, I’m very happy to take this opportunity to talk about the topic “Marie Curie ” I’ll divide t he instruction into the following parts, which are Analysis of the teaching material and students; Teaching aims, focus and difficulty; Learning methods, Teaching methods and aids; Teaching procedures; Teaching reflections. Now I’ll talk about them in details.Let’s come to Part 1: Analysis of the teaching material and studentsThis period is from Reading Section Two Unit 12 Great men and women. First of all, I’d like to talk about my understanding about this lesson.It is about a great woman scientist Marie Curie. By studying this lesson, we’ll enable the students to know some information about Marie Curie and learn something from her such as working hard, devotion, perseverance and so on. Then it gives a good sample for the students to learn how to understand an essay about great people better. We should focus on the chronological order. The text writes Marie Curie in this order. At the same time, it asks the students to find out the years and their related events in the text and have a general idea about the outline of her life. Therefore, this lesson is very important in this unit.My students are in Grade Two with medium English level, most of whom may go to college after graduation. Most of the students are curious about the outside world, so we can develop their interest in English by choosing their favorite topic like great people. They are teenagers, they need some models to learn from.Some students in my class are poor and uninterested in English. However, They are quick-minded, they also want to show themselves and succeed in the class. They are eager to get help from their classmates and teacher.Let’s come to Part 2: Teaching aims, focus and difficultyAccording to my analysis of the students, I set the teaching aims as follows:1. Knowledge aims:①They are supposed to learn some information about Marie Curie such as hercharacter, her contributions and so on.②They are supposed to grasp the main idea of the text and know the experience ofher whole life.2. Ability aims:①The teachers are supposed to help the Ss develop the skimming and scanningskills.②They’re supposed to learn the reading strategies about the chronological order.3. Emotional aims:①The students are expected to show respect to the great people and learn from them,such as perseverance, devotion and so on.②They are expected to establish lofty ambitions and work hard for them.According to the analysis of the teaching material, I set the following focus and difficulty:①Learn something about Marie Curie, especially her big events in her life.②Understand the text and know the chronological order in the text.③Retell the summary of Marie Curie.Then, I’m going to talk about Part 3:Learning methods teaching methods, and aidsDuring the process of the students’ lear ning, they adopt cooperative learning method and autonomous learning method. While teaching, I will use the schema theory, skimming and scanning and task-based language teaching method. In order to fully demonstrate my teaching methods, I will use a multi-media computer and other normal teaching tools.Well, the next step will be Part 4: Teaching procedures, which includes the following parts:Part 1: Pre-class ExplorationLet students search for more information about Marie Curie from Internet, magazines and so on.Part 2: Teaching proceduresStep 1: Warming up and lead in 4minutesShow them some pictures about great scientists and do the guessing game.The aim is to use some pictures to arouse students’ interest to study and lead to the topic. The guessing game has them compete with each other and activate their passion to know different scientists in different fields, then it can help students bring to mind some background information about the topic.Step 2: Pre-reading 4minutes1. Ss predict the content of the text according to the title and pictures.2. T gives them some reading strategies about how to read a biography.By reading the title and looking at the pictures to predict the content of the text is a good way to practice their reading skills, it can also train their imagination. A different type of article has its specific characteristics. In our teaching, we should teach them some skills to read different kinds of articles, they will know how to read them and understand the text better. It is also good for their further study. Once they grasp the skills, they can deal with the reading material in different aspects.Step 3: While-readingSkimming 4minutesT asks them to read the text quickly and finish the task 2 (T/F) on page 139.The skimming task only requires Ss to read parts of the story and get the main information of the text. In order to check their understanding, T/ F exercises are needed. When students do the skimming task, they don’t need to read the whole story word by word and understand the whole story. This skill will help students to develop the ability to find the information needed to finish the task in short time. It is helpful to increase students’ reading speed.Scanning 10minutes1. Read the text carefully and focus on the years and the events.2. Try to complete the outline of Marie Curie’s story on page 139.3. The group finish the task and choose one to present his/her answers.The scanning task only requires Ss to read the text carefully, especially pay attention to the main parts or the details in the text. For example, Ss should focus on the years and the events. They will keep this in mind while reading, and then do the Task3. It displays the task-based reading. Finally, students learn to cooperate with each other. They can learn from each other and make more progress.Step 4: Post-reading 5minutesSs read the text again and fill in the blanks, then retell the text.They should do something to consolidate their information by retelling the text. They will be given a short passage to fill in the blanks according to their understanding of the text, which is prepared for the retelling. It will not be difficult and can strengthen their confidence.Step 5: Consolidation 15minutes1. Group work: Design a figure life resume for Marie Curie.2. Discussion: What did you learn from Marie Curie?In order to know Marie Curie better, they are asked to design a figure life resume forher. They will combine the text knowledge with the real situation. As to the discussion part, they will know what personalities they learnt from Curie and they will try their best to have them. It will be helpful to their success.Step 6: Summary and homework 3minutes1.Ss sum up what they have done this period and what their new experience is. Ifnecessary, T helps them solve the puzzles in or after the class.2. Homework:T gets them to write a short essay about Marie CurieSs are asked to make a summary of this period so that T will know whether they have achieved learning aims. If they have any puzzles, teacher will solve them in or after the class. The purpose of homework is to consolidate skills and what they have learnt.Part 3: Post-class extension1.Read some other essays about great people such as Einstein, Edison, Jobs and soon.2. Finish a paper about the language points in the reading part.Well, the last one will be teaching reflections.During my teaching, I tried my best to get my class alive and encourage the students themselves to identify the problems, analyze the problems and solve the problems through cooperation. I think the general aim of English teaching is to improve the ability of using English. And I used the principle of “Learning by doing, learning by using” to guide my teaching.Moreover, while teaching, the students should also receive some moral education. Teachers should adopt different standards of evaluation towards different students in an all-around way, especially care about the development of every student.In addition, I find that some students are still not able to understand the text better, I gave them individual help after class and gave some encouragement.The last but not the least, what I said is not exact. I hope to get your advice, suggestions, even your criticisms. Thank you again for your time and attention.。
英文版居里夫人介绍
Achievement
She was the first female lecturer, professor and head of Laboratory at the Sorbonne University in Paris (1906).
Achievement
The first woman who win the Nobel Prize
Her example inspired a lot of people
Honor is like toys, MPeaokpelelihfaevientwoilalpofwanetra,soyr, they will
tahceconmfpalnisthasnyotinhtinogr.eality.
The first one who win the Prize twice
In 1904 she and her husband were given the Nobel Prize for
physics.
In 1906 Pierre died, but Marie went on
working.
can play only and must not always be guarding it.
Ending
材料收集：XX PPT制作：XX
演讲者：XX
Madame Curie
Basic information Achievement Evaluation Famous
Basic information
• MMaadraymeCCuurriiees（tud1ie8d 6in7P.a1ris1U.n7iv—ersity .
She received the second Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911. So she became the first scientist in the world to win two Nobel Prizes.
居里夫人（MadameCurie）
居里夫人(Madame Curie)madame curie is a french professor of physics. she was born in poland in 1867. when she was young, she became in terested in physics. at that time women were not admitted to universities in poland, so she was determined to go to paris university and study there. when she was studying in paris. she lived a very poor life. however, she worked very hard and succeeded in taking a first class degree in physics two years after arriving in paris. in 1895, she married pierre curie, a very bright scientist, and then they worked together on the research into radioactive matter. they discovered two kinds of radioactive matters―polunium and radium. in 1904 she and her husband received the nobel prize for physics. in 1906 pierre died. marie was deeply shocked by pierre's death but determined to go on working. she received a second nobel prize for chemistry in 1911. so he became the first scientist in the world to win two nobel prizes.“居里夫人”英语译文：居里夫人是法国物理学教授。
居里夫人
Marie Curie Background 玛丽· 居里的背景
Her father had previously been studying physics at the University of St Petersburg, the father of scientific knowledge be like hunger and thirst to the spirit and heart of intense enterprise, but also deeply influenced the little Marie. 她的父亲早先曾在圣彼得堡大学攻读过物理学， 父亲对科学知识如饥似渴的精神和强烈的事业心， 也深深地熏陶着小玛丽。
11月7日 Death date: July 4, 1934 逝世日期： 1934年7 月4日 Occupation: physicists, radiation chemist 职业： 物理学家，放射化学家 University one is graduated from: Sorbonne University 毕业院校： 索邦大学 Main achievement: 1903, Nobel Prize in Physics 主要成就： 1903年，诺贝尔物理学奖 On 1911, Nobel Prize for Chemistry 1911年，诺贝 尔化学奖
在世界科学史上，玛丽· 居里是一个 永远不朽的名字。这位伟大的女科 学家，以自己的勤奋和天赋，在物 理学和化学领域，都作出了杰出的 贡献，并因此而成为唯一一位在两 个不同学科领域、两次获得诺贝尔 奖的著名科学家。 In 1911 because of radiation chemistry achievements have won Nobel Prize in chemistry. Mary Curie was the first won the Nobel Prize of the female scientists, and also the first two times won the Nobel Prize of great scientists 1911年又因放射化学方面的成就获得诺贝尔化学 奖。玛丽· 居里是第一个荣获诺贝尔科学奖的女性科学 家，也是第一位两次荣获诺贝尔科学奖的伟大科学家
居里夫人英文简介
居里夫人英文简介Maria Curie (born in Warsaw, Poland, on November 7, 1867) was one of the first woman scientists to win worldwide fame, and indeed, one of the great scientists of this century. She had degrees in mathematics and physics. Winner of two Nobel Prizes, for Physics in 1903 and for Chemistry in 1911, she performed pioneering studies with radium and polonium and contributed profoundly to the understanding ofradioactivityMaria was born in 1867 in Warsaw. For the tsarist aggression,She is very tired of the oppressive education .After graduating from high school ,She used to suffer from a year of mental illness. Maria met another lecturer in Sorbonne—Pierre Curie—her husband ，In1895,shemarried Pierre Curie and in 1897,their first daughter Irène borned Perhaps the most famous of all women scientists, Maria -Curie is notable for her many firsts:She was the first to use the term radioactivity for this phenomenon. ?She was the first woman in Europe to receive her doctorate of science. ?In 1903, she became the first woman to win a Nobel Prizefor Physics. The award, jointly awarded to Curie, her husband Pierre, and Henri Becquerel, was for the discovery of radioactivity.She was also the first female lecturer, professor and head of Laboratory at the Sorbonne University in Paris (1906).In 1911, she won an unprecedented second Nobel Prize (this time in chemistry) for her discovery and isolation of pure radium and radium components.She was the first person ever to receive two Nobel Prizes. She received 15 gold medals, 19 degrees, and other honors.5. puppy loveShe ever fall in love with her student —Kazimier zorawski in tutor family , but zorawski family looked down upon her poor status. His parents disagree with them，Maria lost much for this relationship. She didn’t leave her homeland until receive a letter of separate from Kazimierzorawski.Husbdndshe married Pierre Curie in 1897,he is a friend as well as a teacher, they married and have two daughters. the older became the second women scientist who got the Nobel Reward. and the little wrote the novel 《Madame Curie》.Late—Life loveshe was in love with her husband‘s student— Paul Langevin .butsoon the Beau Pere was found by Mrs Langevin. their love letter was announced by Work Newspaper. Maria used to fall in dilemma, Once want to death to the bit-level.。
居里夫人-Marie-Curie-居里夫人-Marie-Curie(1867-1934)法国籍波兰科
居里夫人的成就
她是巴黎大学第
一位女教授。她是法
国科学院第一个女院 士，并被15个国家的 科学院选为院士。她 一生中担任25个国家 的104个荣誉职位,接 受过 7个国家的24次 奖金或奖章。主要著
作有《同位素及其组
成》、《论放射性》、
《放射性物质及其辐 射的研究》。
玛丽·居里
伟大的人格 成功的秘诀
古今之成大事业、大学问者，必经过三种之境界：“昨夜西 风凋碧树。独上高楼，望尽天涯路“，此第一境也。”衣带渐 宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴“，此第二境 也。”众里寻他千百 度，蓦然回首，那人却在灯火阑珊处“，此第三境也。
——选自王国维《人间词话》
从古到今大凡成就大事业、大学问的人，必须经过三种 境界：昨晚西风把树叶吹落了，我独自登上高楼，望尽了天边 的路”，这是第一种境界。“尽管衣服越来越宽大也始终不后 悔，为思念他而消瘦是值得的“，这是第二种境界。”在人群 里找了他千百遍都没找到，猛然回首，却看见那人正孤零零地 站在灯火稀疏、游人冷落的地方“，这是第三种境界。
Marie Curie
• Marie Curie （1867-1934） 籍波兰科学家， 研究放射性现象， 发现镭和钋两种 放射性元素，一 生两度获诺贝尔 奖。
居里夫人在实验室
• 爱因斯坦谈到她 的时候说：“她是 唯一一个没有被荣 誉腐蚀的人。” 她就是原子能 时代的开创者之一， 世界上第一个两次 诺贝尔奖获得者， 二十世纪最有声望 的女人一居里夫人。
对科学工作本身由衷的热爱 惊人的自信 为理想而执著奋斗的精神 对名利的淡泊
我丝毫不为自己的生活简陋而难过，唯 一是我感到遗憾的是天天太短了，而且流 逝得如此的快！
——居里夫人
弱者坐待良机，强者制造时机。
居里夫人简介(英语课件)
• Her unselfish dedication spirit
Science belongs to mankind, I am to discover radium, and I should contribute it to the people.
• Her attitude to honor
The Scientist I Admire Most
Contents
Who was Marie Curie ? What were her contributions ? Why I admire her most?
பைடு நூலகம்
Who was Marie Curie ?
❖ Marie Curie (18671934) is a Polish-born French physicist and chemist.
❖As the first woman to win two Nobel prizes.
❖Her moral qualities inspirit us.
❖ Her moral qualities motivate us.
•her early efforts
“The weak one sits and waits the opportunity; The powerhouse makes the opportunity. ”
• Discovered that if you
have a certain amount of uranium, then you get a certain amount of ray intensity, no matter what you did to the material.
居里夫人英文介绍
only the speed of light remains the same.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Experimenters have carried extremely accurate atomic clocks on high-speed jets on around-the-world journeys. And when they compared these clocks to the extremely accurate clocks they left at home, the traveling clock had indeed gone slower and lost time. But by very little.
Ernest Rutherford (18711937)
Ernest Rutherford (18711937) In 1911, Rutherford established the nuclear model of the atom. He theorized that atoms are constructed much like the solar system. That is, a heavy part, called the nucleus, forms the center. Particles of negative electricity, called electrons, form the outer part, most of which consists of empty space.
magnetic fields to bend radiation.
居里夫人英文简介PowerPoint 演示文稿
Maria (Marie Fr.) Sklodowska-Curie (born in Warsaw, Poland, on November 7, 1867) was one of the first woman scientists to win worldwide fame, and indeed, one of the great scientists of this century. She had degrees in mathematics and physics. Winner of two Nobel Prizes, for Physics in 1903 and for Chemistry in 1911, she performed pioneering studies with radium and polonium and contributed profoundly to the understanding of radioactivity.
first Pole to receive a Nobel Prize. She received 15 gold medals, 19 degrees,
and other honors.
2
She was the first to use the term
radioactivity for this phenomenon.
She was the first woman in Europe to
receive her doctorate3, she became the first woman to
professor and head of Laboratory at the
居里夫人简介英文版
Marie CurieFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaMarie Skłodowska-Curie (/ˈkjʊri,kjʊˈri/;[2]French: [kyʁi]; 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering researchon radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, the only person to win twice in multiple sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a professor atthe University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.She was born Maria Salomea Skłodowska (pronounced [ˈmarʲja ˌsalɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska]) in Warsaw, in what was then the Kingdom of Poland, part of the Russian Empire. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Floating University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her oldersister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel. She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.Her achievements included a theory of radioactivity (a term that she coined[3]), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatmentof neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I, she established the first military field radiological centres.While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie (she used both surnames)[4][5] never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland. [6] She named the first chemical element that she discovered –polonium, which she isolated in 1898 – after her native country.[a] Curie died in 1934 at the sanatorium of Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, due to aplastic anemia brought on by exposure to radiation – including carrying test tubes of radium in her pockets during research and her service during World War I in mobile X-ray units created by her.[7]BiographyMaria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in the Russian partition of Poland, on 7 November 1867, as the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława, née Boguska, and WładysławSkłodowski.[8] Maria's older siblings were Zofia (born1862), Józef (1863), Bronisława (1865) and Helena (1866).[9]Władysław Skłodowski with daughters (from left)Maria, Bronisława, Helena, 1890On both the paternal and maternal sides, the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland's independence (the most recent had been the January Uprising of 1863–65).[10] This condemned the subsequent generation, including Maria, her elder sisters and her brother, to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life.[10]Maria's paternal grandfather, Józef Skłodowski, had been a respected teacher in Lublin, where he taught the young Bolesław Prus,[11] who would become a leading figure in Polish literature.[12] Her father,Władysław Skłodowski, taught mathematics and physics, subjects that Maria was to pursue, and was also director of twoWarsaw gymnasia for boys.[9] After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought much of the laboratory equipment home, and instructed his children in its use.[9] The father was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiments, and forced to take lower-paying posts; the family also lost money on a bad investment, and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house.[9] Maria's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls; she resigned from the position after Maria was born.[9]She died of tuberculosis in May 1878, when Maria was ten years old.[9] Less than three years earlier, Maria's oldest sibling, Zofia, had diedof typhus contracted from a boarder.[9] Maria's father was an atheist; her mother a devout Catholic.[13] The deaths of Maria's mother and sister caused her to give up Catholicism and become agnostic.[14]When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska; next she attended a gymnasium for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal.[8] After a collapse, possibly due to depression,[9] she spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father, and the next year with her father in Warsaw, where she did some tutoring.[8] Unable to enroll in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman, she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine Flying University, a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students.[8][9]At a Warsaw laboratory, in 1890–91, Maria Skłodowska did her first scientific workMaria made an agreement with her sister, Bronisława, that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława's medical studies in Paris, in exchange for similar assistance two years later.[8][15] In connection with this, Maria took a position as governess: first as a home tutor in Warsaw; then for two years as a governessin Szczuki with a landed family, the Żorawskis, who were relatives of her father.[8][15] While working for the latter family, she fell in love with their son, Kazimierz Żorawski, a future eminent mathematician.[15] His parents rejected the idea of his marrying the penniless relative, and Kazimierz was unable to oppose them.[15] Maria's loss of the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both. He soon earned a doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician, becoming a professor and rector of Kraków University.[10] Still, as anold man and a mathematics professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic, he would sit contemplatively before the statue of Maria Skłodowska which had been erected in 1935 before the Radium Institute that she had founded in 1932.[10][16]At the beginning of 1890, Bronisława — who a few months earlier had married Kazimierz Dłuski, a Polish physician and social and political activist — invited Maria to join them in Paris.[8] Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds.[8] She was helped by her father, who was able to secure a more lucrative position again.[15] All that time she continued to educate herself, reading books, exchanging letters, and being tutored herself.[15] In early 1889 she returned home to her father in Warsaw.[8] She continued working as a governess, and remained there till late 1891.[15] She tutored, studied at the Flying University, and began her practical scientific training (1890–91) in a chemical laboratory at the Museum of Industry andAgriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66, near Warsaw's Old Town.[8][9][15] The laboratory was run by her cousin Józef Boguski, who had been an assistant in Saint Petersburg to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev.[8][15][17]New life in ParisIn late 1891 she left Poland for France.[18] In Paris, Maria (or Marie, as she would be known in France) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother-in-law before renting a garret closer to the university, in the Latin Quarter, and proceeding with her studies of physics, chemistry and mathematics at the University of Paris, where she enrolled in late 1891.[19][20] She subsisted on her meager resources, suffering from cold winters and occasionally fainting from hunger.[20] Marie studied during the day and tutored evenings, barely earning her keep. In 1893 she was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory of Professor Gabriel Lippmann.[8] Meanwhile she continued studying at the University of Paris, and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in 1894.[8][20][b]Marie had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels, commissioned by the TheSociety for the Encouragement of National Industry (Sociétéd'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale[1]).[20] That sameyear Pierre Curie entered her life; it was their mutual interest in natural sciences that drew them together.[21] Pierre was an instructor at the School of Physics and Chemistry, the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI).[8] They were introduced by the Polish physicist, Professor Józef Kowalski-Wierusz, who had learned that Marie was looking for a larger laboratory space, something that Kowalski-Wierusz thought Pierre had access to.[8] [20] Though Pierre did not have a large laboratory, he was able to find some space for Marie where she was able to begin work.[20]Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for one another.[8][20] Eventually Pierre proposed marriage, but at first Marie did not accept as she was still planning to go back to her native country.[8] Pierre, however, declared that he was ready to move with her to Poland, even if meant being reduced to teaching French.[8] Meanwhile, for the 1894 summer break, Marie returned to Warsaw, where she visited her family.[20] She was still laboring under the illusion that she would be able to work in her chosen field in Poland, but she was denied a place at Kraków University because she was a woman.[10] A letter from Pierre convinced her to return to Paris to pursue a PhD.[20] At Marie's insistence, Pierre had written up his research on magnetism and received his own doctorate in March 1895; he was also promoted to professor at the School.[20] A contemporary quip would call Marie, "Pierre's biggest discovery."[10] On 26 July 1895 they were marriedin Sceaux (Seine);[22] neither wanted a religious service.[8][20] Marie's dark blue outfit, worn instead of a bridal grown, would serve her for many years as a laboratory outfit.[20] They shared two pastimes: long bicycle trips, and journeys abroad, which brought them even closer. [10] In Pierre, Marie had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend.[10]New elementsPierre and Marie Curie in the laboratoryIn 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays, though the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood.[23] In 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power.[23] He demonstrated that this radiation, unlike phosphorescence, did not depend on an external source of energy but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself.[8] Influenced by these two important discoveries, Marie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis.[8] [23]She used an innovative technique to investigate samples. Fifteen years earlier, her husband and his brother had developed a version of the electrometer, a sensitive device for measuring electric charge. [23] Using Pierre's electrometer, she discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity.[23] Using this technique, her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present.[23] She hypothesized that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of molecules but must come from the atom itself. [23]This hypothesis was an important step in disproving the ancient assumption that atoms were indivisible.[23][24]In 1897 her daughter Irène was born.[18] To support her family, Curie began teaching at the École Normale Supérieure.[18] The Curies did not have a dedicated laboratory; most of their research was carried out in a converted shed next to the School of Physics and Chemistry.[18] The shed, formerly a medical school dissecting room, was poorly ventilated and not even waterproof.[25] They were unaware of the deleterious effects of radiation exposure attendant on their continued unprotected work with radioactive substances. The School did notsponsor her research, but she would receive subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organizations and governments.[18][25][26]Curie's systematic studies included two uraniumminerals, pitchblende and torbernite (also known as chalcolite).[25] Her electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active as uranium itself, and chalcolite twice as active. She concluded that, if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct, then these two minerals must contain small quantities of another substance that was far more active than uranium.[25][27] She began a systematic search for additional substances that emit radiation, and by 1898 she discovered that the element thorium was also radioactive.[23]Pierre was increasingly intrigued by her work. By mid-1898 he was so invested in it that he decided to drop his work on crystals and to join her.[18][25]The [research] idea [writes Reid] was her own; no one helped her formulate it, and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it. She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity. It [is] likely that already at this early stage of her career [she] realized that... many scientists would find it difficult to believe that a woman could be capable of the original work in which she was involved.[28]She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority. Had not Becquerel, two years earlier, presented his discovery to the Académie desSciences the day after he made it, credit for the discovery of radioactivity, and even a Nobel Prize, would instead have goneto Silvanus Thompson. Curie chose the same rapid means of publication. Her paper, giving a brief and simple account of her work, was presented for her to the Académie on 12 April 1898 by her former professor, Gabriel Lippmann.[29] Even so, just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel, so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium; two months earlier,Gerhard Carl Schmidt had published his own finding in Berlin.[30]At that time, no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: "The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium." She later would recall how she felt "a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible."[30] On 14 April 1898 the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore.[30]In July 1898 Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named "polonium", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires.[8] On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named "radium", from the Latin word for "ray".[18] [25][31] In the course of their research, they also coined the word "radioactivity".[8]To prove their discoveries beyond any doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form.[25] Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore.[25] Radium, however, was more elusive; it isclosely related chemically to barium, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach.[32]The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential crystallization. From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. In 1910 Marie Curie isolated pure radium metal.[25][33] She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of only 138 days.[25]Between 1898 and 1902 the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radium, diseased, tumor-forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells.[34]In 1900 Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure, and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris.[35][36] In 1902 she visited Poland on the occasion of her father's death.[18]Pierre and Marie Curie, c. 1903In June 1903, supervised by Gabriel Lippmann, Curie was awarded her doctorate from the University of Paris.[18][37] That month the couple were invited to the Royal Institution in London to give a speech on radioactivity; being a woman, she was prevented from speaking, and Pierre alone was allowed to.[38] Meanwhile a new industry began developing, based on radium.[35]The Curies did not patent their discovery and benefited little from this increasingly profitable business.[25][35]Nobel Prizes1903 Nobel Prize portraitIn December 1903, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."[18] At first, the Committee intended to honour only Pierre and Becquerel, but one of the committee members and an advocate of woman scientists, Swedish mathematician Magnus Goesta Mittag-Leffler, alerted Pierre to the situation, and after his complaint, Marie's name was added to the nomination.[39] Marie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize.[18]Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person; they were too busy with their work, and Pierre, who disliked public ceremonies, was feeling increasingly ill.[38][39] As Nobel laureates were required to deliver a lecture, the Curies finally undertook the trip in 1905.[39] The award money allowed the Curies to hire their first laboratory assistant.[39] Following the award of the Nobel Prize, and galvanized by an offer from the University of Geneva, which offered Pierre a position, the University of Paris gave Pierre a professorship and the chair of physics, although the Curies still did not have a proper laboratory.[18][35][36] Upon Pierre's complaint, the University of Paris relented and agreed to furnish a new laboratory, but it would not be ready until 1906.[39]In December 1904, Curie gave birth to their second daughter, Ève. [39] She later hired Polish governesses to teach her daughters hernative language, and sent or took them on visits to Poland.[6]On 19 April 1906, Pierre was killed in a road accident. Walking across the Rue Dauphine in heavy rain, he was struck by a horse-drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels, causing his skull to fracture.[18] [40] Curie was devastated by her husband's death.[41] On 13 May 1906 the physics department of the University of Paris decided to retain the chair that had been created for Pierre and to offer it to Marie.[41] She accepted it hoping to create a world-class laboratory as a tribute to Pierre.[41][42] She was the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris.[18]Curie's quest to create a new laboratory did not end with the University of Paris, however. In her later years, she headed the Radium Institute (Institut du radium, now Curie Institute, Institut Curie), a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the Pasteur Institute and the University of Paris.[42] The initiative for creating the Radium Institute had come in 1909 from Pierre Paul Émile Roux, director of the Pasteur Institute, who had been disappointed that the University of Paris was not giving Curie a proper laboratory and had suggested that she move to the Pasteur Institute.[18][43] Only then, with the threat of Curie leaving, did the University of Paris relent, and eventually the Curie Pavilion became a joint initiative of the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute.[43]In 1910 Curie succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre: the curie.[42] Nevertheless, in 1911the French Academy of Sciences did not elect her to be a member by one[18] or two votes.[44] Elected instead was Édouard Branly, an inventor who had helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the wirelesstelegraph.[45] A doctoral student of Curie, Marguerite Perey, became the first woman elected to membership in the Academy – over half a century later, in 1962. Despite Curie's fame as a scientist working for France, the public's attitude tended toward xenophobia—the same that had led to the Dreyfus affair–which also fuelled false speculation that Curie was Jewish.[18][44] During the French Academy of Sciences elections, she was vilified by the right wing press who criticised her for being a foreigner and an atheist.[44] Her daughter later remarked on the public hypocrisy as the French press often portrayed Curie as an unworthy foreigner when she was nominated for a French honour, but would portray her as a French hero when she received a foreign one such as her Nobel Prizes.[18]In 1911 it was revealed that in 1910–11 Curie had conducted an affair of about a year's duration with physicist Paul Langevin, a former student of Pierre's[46]—a married man who was estranged from his wife.[44] This resulted in a press scandal that was exploited by her academic opponents. Curie (then in her mid-40s) was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home-wrecker.[47] When the scandal broke, she was away at a conference in Belgium; on her return, she found an angry mob in front of her house and had to seek refuge, with her daughters, in the home of a friend.[44]1911 Nobel Prize diplomaInternational recognition for her work had been growing to new heights, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honored her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[10] This award was "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkableelement."[48] She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country.[10] Curie's second Nobel Prize enabled her to persuade the French government into supporting the Radium Institute, built in 1914, where research was conducted in chemistry, physics, and medicine.[43] A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, she was hospitalised with depression and a kidney ailment.[48] For most of 1912 she avoided public life but did spend time in England with her friend and fellow physicist, Hertha Ayrton.[48] She returned to her laboratory only in December, after a break of about 14 months.[48]In 1912 the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in August 1914, and on a new street named Rue Pierre-Curie.[43][48] She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities.[43] The Institute's development was interrupted by the coming war, as most researchers were drafted into the French Army, and it fully resumed its activities in 1919.[43][48][49]World War ICurie in a mobile X-ray vehicleDuring World War I, Curie saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons.[49]After a quick study of radiology, anatomy, and automotive mechanics she procured X-ray equipment, vehicles, auxiliary generators, and developedmobile radiography units, which came to be popularly knownas petites Curies ("Little Curies").[49]She became the director ofthe Red Cross Radiology Service and set up France's first militaryradiology centre, operational by late 1914.[49] Assisted at first by a military doctor and by her 17-year-old daughter Irène, Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war.[43] [49] Later, she began training other women as aides.[50]In 1915 Curie produced hollow needles containing 'radium emanation', a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identifiedas radon, to be used for sterilizing infected tissue.[50] She provided the radium from her own one-gram supply.[50]It is estimated that over a million wounded soldiers were treated with her X-ray units.[14][43] Busy with this work, she carried out very little scientific research during that period.[43] In spite of all her humanitarian contributions to the French war effort, Curie never received any formal recognition of it from the French government.[49]Also, promptly after the war started, she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the French NationalBank refused to accept them.[50] She did buy war bonds, using her Nobel Prize money.[50] She was also an active member in committees of Polonia in France dedicated to the Polish cause.[51] After the war, she summarized her war time experiences in a book Radiology in War (1919).[50]Postwar yearsIn 1920, for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium, the French government established a stipend for her; its previous recipient was Louis Pasteur(1822–95).[43] In 1921, Marie was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Mrs. William Brown Meloney, after interviewing Marie, created a Marie Curie Radium Fund and raised money to buy radium, publicising her trip.[43][52] In 1921, US President Warren G. Harding received her at the White House to present her with the1 gram of radium collected in the United States.[53][54] Before the meeting, recognising her growing fame abroad, and embarrassed by the fact that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public, the French government offered her a Legion of Honour award, but she refused.[54][55] In 1922 she became a fellow of the French Academy of Medicine.[43] She also travelled to other countries, appearing publiclyand giving lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and Czechoslovakia.[56] Led by Curie, the Institute produced four more Nobel Prize winners, including her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and her son-in-law, Frédéric Joliot-Curie.[57]Eventually, it became one of four major radioactivity research laboratories, the others being the Cavendish Laboratory, with Ernest Rutherford; the Institute for Radium Research, Vienna, with Stefan Meyer; and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, with Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner.[57][58]In August 1922, Marie Curie became a member of the newlycreated International Commission for Intellectual Cooperation ofthe League of Nations.[59] In 1923, she wrote a biography of Pierre, entitled Pierre Curie.[60] In 1925, she visited Poland, to participate in the ceremony that laid foundations for the Radium Institute in Warsaw.[43] Her second American tour, in 1929, succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute with radium; it was opened in 1932 and her sister Bronisława became its director.[43][54] These distractions from her scientific labours and the attendant publicity caused her much discomfort but provided resources needed for her work.[54] In 1930, she was elected a member of the International Atomic Weights Committee where she served until her death.[61]WarsawCurie visited Poland for the last time in early 1934.[10][62] A few months later, on 4 July 1934, she died atthe SancellemozSanatorium in Passy, in Haute-Savoie, from aplastic anemia believed to have been contracted from her long-term exposure。