南开大学神经外科2018年考博真题考博试卷

合集下载

外科学博士试题集锦

去年在小木虫、百度文库、丁香园、爱爱医收集的博士入学考试外科学简答题，是好几个学校在一块的，北医、上交、协和、山大,301，华科的，受益颇大，当时下载也花了不少心血，总结费了不少时间，分享给大家，一份耕耘，一份收获，但愿好运常相随！！！考博问答题整理无菌术1.什么是无菌术？无菌术的内容包括那些？无菌术是针对微生物及感染途径所采取的一系列预防措施。

无菌术的内容包括灭菌、消毒法、操作规则及管理制度。

2.无菌术、灭菌？所谓灭菌就是杀灭一切活的微生物。

而消毒是指杀灭病原微生物和其他活动有害微生物，但不要求奢靡额和清除所有微生物3.常用的灭菌消毒法有：(1)高压蒸汽法。

(2)煮沸法。

(3)火烧法。

(4)药液浸泡法。

(5)甲醛蒸汽熏蒸法。

4.手术过程中的无菌原则(1)手术人员穿无菌手术衣和戴无菌手套之后，手不能接触背部、腰部以下和肩部以上部位，这些区域属于有菌地带；同样，也不要接触手术台边缘以下的布单。

(2)不可在手术人员的背后传递手术器械及用品。

坠落到无菌巾或手术台边以外的器械物品，不准拾回再用。

(3)手术中如手套破损或接触到有菌地方，应更换无菌手套。

如前臂或肘部触碰有菌地方，应更换无菌手术衣或加套无菌袖套。

如无菌巾、布单等物已被湿透，其无菌隔离作用不再完整，应加盖干的无菌布单。

(4)在手术过程中，同侧手术人员如需调换位置，一人应先退后一步，背对背地转身到达另一位置，以防触及对方背部不洁区。

(5)手术开始前要清点器械、敷料，手术结束时，检查胸、腹等体腔，待核对器械、敷料数无误后，才能关闭切口，以免异物遗留腔内产生严重后果。

(6)切口边缘应以无菌大纱布垫或手术巾遮盖，并用巾钳或缝线固定，仅显露手术切口。

术前手术区粘贴无菌塑料薄膜可达到相同目的。

(7)做皮肤切口以及缝合皮肤之前，需再消毒皮肤一次。

(8)切开空腔脏器前，要先用纱布垫保护周围组织，以防止或减少污染。

(9)参观手术的人员不可太靠近手术人员或站得太高，也不可经常在室内走动，以减少污染的机会。

9各大名校神外考博试题

s 华中同济2007博神外一名解(4×5')1.弥散性轴索损伤2.迟发性外伤性颅内血肿3.先天性脑积水4.颅内压增高二问答1.颅内压增高的治疗原则(10')2.听神经瘤的临床分期(10')3.垂体瘤常用的两种手术方式的注意事项和适应症(20')首医天坛医院2007博神外名词解释1.Gradinego syndr ome2.功能神经外科3.Nelson‘syndrome4.GCS5.V on－Hippol－Lindau简答题F的临床表现2.延髓网织细胞瘤手术并发症几防治3.急性EDH和硬膜下血肿的临床鉴别要点4.脑死亡的标准论述题s1. 脑水肿种类病因特点2. 浅谈对神经肿瘤分子病理学的认识中山 2009 博神外1. 颅咽管瘤的术后并发症2. 脑水肿的分类和发病机理中山 2008 博神外24、垂体源性 Cushing ‘disease 内分泌学检查的临床意义。

25、（Glasgow Liege Coma Scale ，GLCS ）格拉斯哥-莱吉昏迷计分方法和临床意义。

中山 2006 博神外20、丘脑下部损伤的症状及体征21、试画出 Langfitt 容积/压力曲线，试述 Langfitt 试验的过程及临床意义湘雅 2005 博神经外科 1、癌基因？RAS 基因及其的致癌机理？2、抑癌基因？p53 基因及其抑癌机理？3、神经干细胞形态，生长特性，及其应用前景？4、床突旁动脉瘤与后交通动脉瘤、脉络膜动脉瘤的鉴别？手术要点？5、DAVF 的部位，分型，治疗原则？6、血网的毫发部位，病因，病理，CT 及 MRI 表现，手术要点？7、多形胶母发病率，病理，CTMRI表现，治疗原则？8、DAI？临床和CT表现？病理？9、下丘脑损伤表现及处理？10、外伤或手术后代谢变化的特点及其处理？浙江大学2004博神经外科一、名词解释1、Foster-Kennedy综合症2、弥漫性轴索损伤3、Brown-sequard、综合症4、运动障碍5、烟雾病二、简答1、WHO关于星形细胞肿瘤的病理分级2、脑水肿的分类3、脑脓肿的临床分期及相应的头颅CT表现4、Key-hole5、GOS预后评分三、问答1、PD的外科治疗2、动脉瘤术中供血动脉的夹闭（夹闭前血供实验，术中监护等）3，高血压脑出血的外科治疗4，松果体区肿瘤的治疗5，垂体腺瘤的病理学分类及相应临床表现华中同济2005博神经外科一、名解1.颅内压增高2.弥漫性轴索损伤二、问答1、简述急脑疝病理2、简述慢性硬膜下血肿的临床特点及处理原则3、简述脊髓髓内外病变的鉴别诊断4、简述出血性脑卒中的分级及外科治疗原则5、简述听神经瘤的分期及相应临床表现华中同济2004博神经外科一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济2003博神外一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级s6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济 2002 博神经外科一、名词解释（每题 5 分，共 10 分） 1． Lucid interval2． Brown-Sequard ’syndr ome二、问答题（共 60 分）1．试述垂体瘤的分类和临床表现。

南开大学2018年博士研究生入学考试(病理及眼科学)真题

南开大学2018年博士研究生入学考试（病理及眼科学）真题病理
一. 单选（1.5x20）
二.名解（英翻中）
1.R-S细胞
2.蜂窝织炎
3.新月体肾小球肾炎
4.转移性钙化
5.Barret食管
6.伤口2期愈合
7.粥样斑块
8.肿瘤干细胞
9.肉芽肿
10.心衰细胞
三.简答
1.肿瘤三级分级及TNM分期
2.肝硬化的病理表现、原因及形态学分类
3.骨折愈合过程及影响因素
4.化生的定义、分类、结局和对机体的影响。

并举一例说明。

眼科
一. 名解（英翻中3X10）
1.上睑下垂
2.ROP
3.伪装综合征
4.铁质沉着症
5.前房角
6.真菌性角膜炎
7.白塞氏病
8.TAO
9.屈光参差
二. 简答（5X8）
1.视网膜静脉周围炎的临表及治疗
2.弱视的危险因素、诊断标准及分类
3.眼的胚胎发育过程
4.眼眶横纹肌肉瘤的临表
5.原发性闭角型青光眼的临床分期及临表
6.Fuch综合征的临表
7.后段玻璃体切割术的适应症
8.圆锥角膜的临表和治疗
三.论述（10X3）
1.白瞳症的鉴别
2.飞秒激光在眼科学中的应用
3.抗VEGF治疗进展。

南方医科大学外科学(神外)2004,2009,2012,2015--2016,2018年考博真题

医学考博
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南方医科大学2004年神经外科学（博士）
1垂体腺瘤经蝶窦入路的手术指征和手术注意事项
2颅脑损伤或脑部手术后呼吸机治疗的适应征和使用要点
3写出颅内动脉瘤Hunt和Hess临床分级
4写出下列词汇相对应的中文或英文名称
(1) subdural perimedullary arteriovenous fistuala;
(2)中枢神经细胞瘤
(3)深部脑刺激(DBS)
(4) craniopharyngioma
(5) subfrontal approach
5写出你对博士研究生课题研究的设想
南方医科大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（神外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
2.简述何为脑室裂隙综合征？及临床表现。
3.开放性非火器伤颅脑损伤的救治原则。
4.中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血定义及可能出血来源。
二、问答题
1.听神经瘤进展分期及临床表现。
2.简述缺血性疾病的检查手段的优缺点。
南方医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（神经外科学）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
外科总论
一、名词解释
1.体液容量失调
2.CVP
3.冷休克
4.血清肿
5.消毒
二、简答题
1.高钾血症诊断，治疗
2.输血溶血的诊断，治疗
3.S评分，病情判断的意义。
2，动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血双H分级。
3，视野缺损的解剖基础，常见疾病。

南开大学内科学(消化内科学)2018年考博真题试卷

第1页共1页
南开大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南开大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（消化内科学）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题பைடு நூலகம்
第1页共1页
1. 上消化道出血判断是否有继续的征象。 2. 自发性细菌性腹膜炎的定义。 3. 消化性溃疡的并发症。 4. 门脉高压时的侧枝循环开放情况。 5. 肠梗阻病理生理变化。二、问答题 1. 试述隧道技术在消化内镜中的应用进展。 2. 简述肝硬化的常见并发症。

【优质】南开大学博士试卷-范文模板 (13页)

本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==南开大学博士试卷篇一：南开大学考博真题201X记得刚读研时,导师说过一句话：一段时间只能做一件事情,但要做就要做好。

我觉得很对，这三四个月为考博付出了很多，东奔西跑，终于有个结果，也算对自己有了交待。

我在报的系所，初试和复试都是第一，我认为关键还是初试，复试拉不开分数，只要是专业对口，发挥正常，研究生的素质又不会太差，所以面试时不会有太大的意外。

而且面试时你的初试分数高，老师对你的第一印象就好，会不自觉的就给你打上好学生的标签。

在我报的系所，有好几位都发了几篇核心，但我觉得发文章在面试时占的作用不大，主要是看你在和导师的沟通中是否表现出你的理论功底和修养，面试时先中文自我介绍，然后提问，主要是就着你的科研成果以及你在回答问题时提到的知识点提问问题，老师不会故意刁难你。

最后还会问你如果考上，想在哪个方向与导师衔接，也就是研究方向。

最后一问是英语口语，问的都是些与专业相关的小概念，比如什么是比较优势，要素禀赋，新贸易理论等等。

微观，看范立安的中级即可，尤其是福利经济学以后的几章，简答论述基本只考市场不完全方面的内容，前面几章是考研的重点，后面是考博的重点，一定要分清分水岭。

宏观，看曼昆的，体系清楚，翻译到位，知识点都在每章开头，便于总结。

但最后一定要把多恩布什的后面2章看懂，可以弥补曼昆书上的空白，宏观还要把哈多模型弄明白，虽然古老，但是南开隔两三年就会考一次。

宏观最后冲刺的时候，建议买一本考研或者是考博的习题册，把流派题和增长理论部分弄明白，整本书就搞定了。

微观买本习题把市场不完全部分的习题看透了，及格也就没问题了。

关于，高宏高微，个人认为没必要看，除非你还报了其他学校，因为南开的题型根本用不到，今年宏观听说有一道是罗默后面的习题，结果我把它当成中级的题也做出来了。

考博医学英语真题2018年_真题无答案

考博医学英语真题2018年(总分75, 做题时间165分钟)Part Ⅰ Listening ComprehensionDialogue.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.•** she couldn't do other jobs well.•** it was her dream since childhood.•** she was fed up with all her pervious jobs.** two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.•** Self/Nonself Model.•** Danger Model.•** vaccination theory.** immunological theory.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.•** over active.•** mutant.•** selective.** resistant.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.•** can help cure most cancers.•** can help develop new drugs.•** can help treat most genetic diseases. ** can help change the nature of medicine.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.•** should ignore the resistance.•** should have the model improved.•** should do experiments on animals.** should move from animals to humans.AABBCCDDPassage One.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.•** profits from medical tourism.•** trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.•** soaring health care costs around the world. ** steps to take in developing medical tourism.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.•** costs.•** pace of living.•** treatment.** health vacation.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.•** is a $100 billion business already.•** is growing along with medical tourism.•** costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.** offers more medical options than western medicine.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.•** set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.•** modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.•** buy an affordable medical insurance.** explore online to get well-informed.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.•** travel brochure.•** lecture on medical tourism.•** chapter of a medical textbook.** webpage promotional material.AABBCCDDPassage Two.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.•** sparrows take good care of their babies.•** song sparrows lack the skills and experience of their parents.•** are different kinds of song sparrows in different seasons. ** and old song sparrows experience climate change differently.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.•** the warmer spring.•** the hottest summer.•** the coolest autumn.** the coldest winter.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.•** they lack the skill and experience to find food.•** they have not developed a strong body yet.•** they cannot endure the unusual heat.** they cannot find enough food.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.•** are less sensitive to the effects of climate change thanks to their parents.•** are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.•** experience food insufficiency due to climate change.** are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.•** size.•** route.•** preference.** growth.AABCCDDPart Ⅱ VocabularySection ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that **pletes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1. The medical team discussed their shared ______ to eliminating this curable disease.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD2. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, or emotional ______ is to ignore it, to tough it out.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABCCDD3. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others, ______ communication and indulge in their own worlds.•** down•** down•** down** downSSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD4. The school board attached great emphasis to ______ in students a sense of modesty and a sense of community.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD5. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not ______ to what we need to be attending to.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD6. New studies have found a rather ______ correlation between the presence of small particles and both obesity and diabetes.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD7. We must test our ______ about what to include in the emulation and at what level in detail.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD•8. We must ______ the problem ______, which is why our **bines both brain structure and function measurements at large scale and high resolution.**...back•**...over•**...in**...downSSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD9. Asthma patient doesn't need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather ______ than persistent.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD10. It is simply a fantastic imagination to ______ that one can master a foreign language overnight.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDDSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.• 1. The **petent physician is the one who sits down, senses the "mystery" of another human beings, and offers the simplegifts of personal interest and understanding.**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD2. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD• 3. **munity meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviate tensions.**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD4. Catalase activity reduced glutathione, and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively in subjects with active disease.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD5. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitro fertilization.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD6. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing our children.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD7. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlled way.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD•8. Big challenges still **panies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD9. Concerns have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, such as memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD10. A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai, which means having one's view of the important overshadowed by the trivial.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDDPart Ⅲ ClozeDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.. The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging improves detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist's workload, which, 1 , can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 2 data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they've designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 3 CT scanning. Their study was 4 by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinicalexam. 5 the 38 missed cancers, 15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 6 it as noncancerous) and 23 7 observational error (notidentifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 8 of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer, it won't replace radiologists, said Samuel G. Armato, PhD, lead author of the study. "**puter is not perfect", Armato said. "It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 9 . The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that **putermay 10 something suspicious. It's sort of a spellchecker, or a second opinion."SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.•** common•** turn•** one** allAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.•**•**•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 3.•** used•** use•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 4.•**•**•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 5.•**•**•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 6.•**•**•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 7.•** mistaken for•** attributed to•** in** way toAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 8.•**•**•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 9.•**'t•**'t•**'t**'tAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL10.•** for•** for•** for** forAABBCCDDPart Ⅳ Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are fourpossible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage Three. Skilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed "stratified (分层的)" or "personalized" medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a **ponent, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effectiveinterventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality. However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one's entire genomic sequence is not the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be, and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype(鼓吹) and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally, both professional and the public should have arealistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a **bination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1. Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with? ______•** medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.•** biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.•** examination remains essential in fine tuning a diagnosis.** history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2. What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine? ______•** can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.•** has been widely recognized among the physicians.** necessitates adaptation of the **munity.** is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in ______.•** greater potential of treating rare diseases•** greater efforts in the relevant clinical research•** greater preparedness of the physicians to employ them** greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayalsAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against ______.•** of the importance of the genetic risk factors•** expectation of the genetic predicative power** of genetic medicine in **mon diseases** evolution of the bioinformaticsAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage? ______•** medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.•** medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.•** medicine will exert great influence on medicine.** medicine is defined as "stratified" medicine.AABBCCDDPassage Four. Misconduct is a word that is always on professors' minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions(违法) occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don't need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or appropriation of students' work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement(强烈的) reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and reentering. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showingfavoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students' theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules. The societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students to report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but "inadequate teaching" can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student's oral defense of their thesis, or be available regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-**mittees, similar to the research-**mittees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of **mittees, such as for tenure applications.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1. What is implied in the first two paragraphs? ______•** misconducts are widely exposed in the news.•** high-profile infractions are not adequately reported.•** frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.** violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2. What, in the respondents' mind, is the nature of showing favoritism to some students? ______•** is a serious high-profile infraction.•** is an interesting but avoidable behavior.•** is a punishable but avoidable misconduct.** is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3. The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribed to ______.•** offering more courses than they can handle•** paying little attention to the students' feedback•** receiving inadequate education in how to teach** lacking interest in the areas other than their ownAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4. Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issue? ______•** of codes of conduct.•** of online misconducts.•** about the rules of proper mentoring.** of clear mechanism for reporting.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5. What is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs? ______•** approaches to addressing the problems of "inadequate teaching".•** specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.** **mittees dealing with "inadequate teaching".** codes of conduct for the students to report violations.AABBCCDDPassage Five. Is the profession of medicine in retreat? I'm reminded of this with September welcoming a new influx(流入) of medical students. A handful of them may be some of the wide-eyed enthusiasts who attended a meeting at the Royal Society of Medicine(RSM) earlier this year about why they should choose a career in medicine. Choose medicine, I said, because it is a profession that allows you to pursue many different paths, catering for the diverse personalities that constitute any medical school's intake.But I'm beginning to wonder if I misled them? Not just on the opportunities that will open up to them and only be limited by their own ambition and abilities. No, I'm questioning something more fundamental: the perception of medicine as a profession.Doctors have traditionally embellished(润色) their day jobs with roles, for example, on **mittees, college councils, andfaculties for conferences, meetings and training courses. Journal editors and associate editors are prime examples of doctors taking on an additional responsibility to their full-time role.The advantages of these outside interests and positions have been considerable for individuals and for the organizations that employ them. The organizations gain greater influence, open themselves up to new ideas and alternative strategies, and can gain a competitive advantage. Doctors have considered that these additional responsibilities are an important differentiator between medicine as a profession and medicine as a factory job.Yet times are changing. Clock-watching has **mon place, with the European a Working Time Directive being the most obvious examples. More troublesome for many senior doctors is the issue of job planning, which is beginning to limit the additional roles and responsibilities that doctors can undertake. Organizations are becoming more corporate and less enlightened.Most doctors will find a way round this new regime, but short-term petty-minded bosses are beginning to view doctors as factory workers. Their limited vision considers doctors to be dangerously independent, malfunctioning cogs(无足轻重的成员) in their wobbly health care machine, a species to be controlled and beaten into the shape of appropriate widget(装饰品).Medicine was never meant to be governed by such tunnel vision, was it? Ultimately it will be the less enlightened organizations who will fail. These organizations will perceive little value in doctors spreading their wings and will treat them like factory workers, clocking on and off and filling in timesheets. Doctors in these organizations will begin to wonder whether medicine is any longer a profession when its practitioners are forced to cower(畏缩) before number crunchers and bean counters.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1. Why does the author wonder if he misled the prospective medical students? ______•** he misinformed them in their choice.•** he worries about medicine as a profession.** he questions their ambition **petence.** he is not sure about their diverse personalities.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2. Which of the following is NOT a benefit for the employers from their doctors taking on additional responsibilities?______•** positions.•** influence.•** competitiveness.** exposure to new ideas.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3. What is the most probable message from the passage? ______•** employers are short-term petty-minded.•** is becoming more like a factory job.•**' role and responsibilities change all the time.** doctors are challenged with a shrinking market.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4. In the last paragraph, the author seems to warn ______.•** government against limiting the doctors to take additional roles•** organizations against viewing doctors as factory workers•** practitioners against taking on additional responsibilities ** doctors against spreading their wings too widelyAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5. What is the author's purpose of writing the passage? ______•** advise the organizations to be open-minded.•** remind the readers of medicine as a profession.•** question the role of taking on an additional position.** explain the advantages of taking on an additional position.AABBCCDDPassage Six. The use of animals to better understand human anatomy and human disease is a centuries-old practice. Animal research has provided valuable information about many physiological processes that are relevant to humans and has been fundamental in the development of many drugs, including vaccines, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Animals and humans are similar in many ways. Animal behavior can be as complex as human behavior, and the cellular structures, proteins, and genes of humans and animals are so similar that the prospect of using animal tissues to replace diseased human tissues is under intense investigation for patients who would otherwise never receive a potentially life-saving transplant.However, the way in which animals and humans react to their environments, both physiologically and behaviorally, can bedrastically different, and the conditions under which laboratory animals are kept can influence and alter experimental results. The husbandry and treatment of laboratory animals has been and continues to be a major topic of ethical debate. Concern over the care and management of animals used in scientific research was initially raised in the 19th century in Great Britain, where the Cruelty to Animals Act was adopted in 1876. A significant step forward—for both supporters and opponents of animal research—occurred in 1959, when British zoologist William Russell and British microbiologist Rex Burch published The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. This work introduced the goals of replacement, reduction, and refinement: replacement of animal testing with other techniques, reduction of the number of animals tested, and refinement of animal tests to reduce suffering. These concepts became the foundation for the development of scientific alternatives to animal testing, and they continue to guide the treatment of animals in modern scientific research.Alternatives to animal testing are primarily based on biochemical assays, on experiments in cells that are carried out in vitro("within the glass"), and on computational models andalgorithms(演算法). These techniques are typically far more sophisticated and specific than traditional approaches to testing in whole animals, and many in vitro tests are capable of producing information about the biological effects of a **pound that are as accurate—and in some cases more accurate than—information collected from studies in whole animals.Traditional toxicity tests performed on animals are becoming outmoded. These tests result in the deaths of many animals and often produce data that are irrelevant to humans. Recognition of the inadequacy of animal toxicity testing has resulted in the development of better techniques that are able to **parable toxicity values of chemicals that are applicable to humans.While animal testing is not always the most efficient way to test the toxicity of a chemical or the efficacy of a **pound, it is sometimes the only way to obtain information about how a substance behaves in a whole organism, especially in the case of **pounds. Studies of pharmacokinetic effects (effects of the body on a drug) and pharmacodynamic effects (effects of a drug on the body) often require testing in animals to determine the most effective way to administer a drug; the drug's distribution, metabolism, and excretion; or any side effects in the body. These studies are dependent on a circulating system, which are extraordinarilydifficult to perform outside animal bodies, since in vitro studies often cannot form a complete picture of a drug's action.Supporters and opponents of animal testing sometimes have the。

神经外科博士考试历年考题及答案

华中同济2007 博神外一名解(4×5')1. 弥散性轴索损伤:指头部受钝力作用后所引起的以脑白质轴索弥散性损伤为主要特征的一种脑组织损伤。

2. 迟发性外伤性颅内血肿：指伤后首次CT检查时无血肿，而在以后的CT检查中发现了血肿，或在原无血肿的部位发现了新的血肿，此种现象可见于各种外伤性颅内血肿。

3. 先天性脑积水：由于脑组织先天性发育异常所致的脑积水称为先天性脑积水。

形成脑积水的原因可能是脑脊液的分泌和吸收之间失去平衡，即脑脊液产生过多或吸收障碍。

此外，脑脊液循环通路阻塞也是引起先天性脑积水的重要原因。

4. 颅内压增高：是神经外科常见的临床病理综合症，是颅脑损伤、脑肿瘤、脑出血、脑积水和颅内炎症等所共有征象，由于上述疾病使颅腔内容物体积增加，导致颅内压持续在2.0kPa（200mmH2O）以上，从而引起的相应的综合症。

二问答1. 颅内压增高的治疗原则(10')①一般治疗密切观察生命体征变化；禁食禁水，并适量补液；疏通大便；保持呼吸道通畅，必要时切管切开；吸氧；②病因治疗③降颅内压治疗④应用激素，减轻脑水肿，有助于缓解颅内压增高⑤对症治疗⑥其他治疗，如冬眠疗法、脑脊液体外引流、巴比妥治疗、辅助过度换气、抗生素治疗等2. 听神经瘤的临床分期(10')第一期：肿瘤局限于内听道，仅有听神经受累的表现：听力下降、耳鸣、眩晕和眼球震颤第二期：肿瘤进入脑池，除上述症状进一步加重外，出现前庭性共济失调，头痛，面部和角膜感觉迟钝第三期：肿瘤压迫脑干，除上述症状进一步加重以外，还可出现面神经功能异常，后组颅神经受累的表现，并有颅内压增高的表现：复视，视力减退，头痛，此外，常有明显的小脑症状3. 垂体瘤常用的两种手术方式的注意事项和适应症(20')⑴经颅手术：适合于体积巨大、哑铃型、肿瘤向鞍旁生长者。

术后注意处理鼻腔分泌物、术后出血、头痛、垂体功能低下、低钠血症、脑脊液鼻漏、尿崩症、视力减退并注意饮食及休息。

2018首都医科大学神外科(神经外科学)年考博真题考博试卷

攻读博士学位研究生入学考试首都医科大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神外科（神经外科学）注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。一、名词解释正常灌注压突破常压脑积水 NBBP 现象二、单选 20 题每个一分。三、简答题 GCS 评分的意义和局限性。颅内肿瘤的临床表现。低级别胶质瘤的手术目的。小脑幕切迹疝的病理生理改变。脑出血的 MRI 表现。四、论述题 2 个 1、脑水肿的治疗。 2、浅谈胶质瘤的分子标志物有哪些，意义是什么。
第1页共1页

2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题

2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一(Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once,after you hear the question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I feel faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question Number1.1. A.On campus B.At he dentist'sC.At the pharmacyD.In the laboratory2. A.Pain B.Weakness C.Fatigue D.Headache3. A.Their weird behavior at school.B.Their superior cleverness over others'.C.Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D.Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.4. A.John will be angry. B.John will be disappointed.C.John will be attracted.D.John will be frightened.5. A.They're quite normal. B.They're not available.C.They came unexpected.D.They need further explanation.6. A.He knows so little about Lady GagaB.He has met Lady Gaga before.C.He should have known Lady GagaD.He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.7. A.In the ward. B.Over the phone.C.In the emergency room.D.On their way to the hospital8. A.Health care B.Health reformC.Health educationD.Health maintenance9. A.Learning to act intuitively.B.Learning to argue academically.C.Learning to be critical of oneself.D.Learning to think critically and reason10. A.She is a pharmacist. B.She is a medical doctor.C.She is a scientist in robotics.D.She is a pharmacologist.11. A.She's pessimistic about the future.B.She's pessimistic about the far future.C.She's optimistic about the far future.D.She's optimistic about the near future.12. A.Negligence may put a patient in danger.B.Patients must listen to doctors and nurses.C.Qualified doctors and nurses are in bad need.D.Patients should be careful about choosing the right hospital.13. A.The man works at eh ER.B.The man can do nothing but wait.C.The woman's condition is critical.D.The woman is a capable paramedic.14. A.A gynecologist. B.A psychologistC.A neurologist.D.A nephrologist.15. A.She has only one friend.B.She isolates herself from others.C.She suffers from a chronic disease.D.She is jobless and can't find a job.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages,after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.DialogueQuestions16-20are based on the following dialogue.16. A.Because she couldn't do other jobs well.B.Because it was her dream since childhood.C.Because she was fed up with all her previous jobs.D.Because two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.17. A.The Self/Nonself Model B.The Danger ModelC.The vaccination theoryD.The immunological theory18. A.Being overactive B.Being mutantC.Being selectiveD.Being resistant19. A.It can help cure most cancers.B.It can help develop new drugs.C.It can help most genetic diseases.D.It can help change the nature of medicine.20. A.We should ignore the resistance.B.We should have the model improved.C.We should have the experiments on animals.D.We should move from animals to human.Passage One21. A.The profits form medical tourism.B.The trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.C.The soaring health care costs around the word.D.The steps to take in developing medical tourism22. A.Affordable costs B.Low pace of livingC.Five-star treatmentD.Enjoyable health vacation23. A.It is a$100billion business already.B.It is growing along with medical tourism.C.Its costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.D.It offers more medical options than western medicine.24. A.To set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.B.To modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.C.To buy and affordable medical insurance.D.To explore online to get well informed.25. A.A travel brochure.B.A lecture on medical tourism.C.A chapter of a medical textbook.D.A webpage promotional material.Passage TwoQuestions26-30are based on the following passage.26. A.Song sparrows take good care of their babies.B.Young song sparrows back the skills and experience of their parents.C.There are different kind of song sparrows in different seasons.D.Young and old song sparrows experience climate change different.27. A.In the warmer spring B.In the hottest summerC.In the coolest autumnD.In the coldest winter28. A.Because they lack the skill and experience to find food.B.Because they have not developed a strong body yet.C.Because they cannot endure the unusual heat.D.Because they cannot find enough food.29. A.They are less sensitive to the effect of climate change thanks to their parents.B.They are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.C.They experience food insufficiency due to climate change.D.They are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.30. A.Body size B.Migration routeC.Food preferenceD.Population growthPartⅡVocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The medical team discussed their shared____to eliminating this curable disease.A.obedienceB.susceptibilityC.inclinationD.dedication32.Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain,weakness,oremotional_____is to ignore it,to tough it out.A.TurmoilB.rebellionC.temptationD.relaxation33.Those depressed kids seem to care little about others,____communication and indulge in theirown worlds.A.put downB.shut downC.settle downD.break down34.The school board attached great emphasis to____in students a sense of modesty and a sense ofcommunity.A.dilutingB.inspectingC.instillingD.disillusioning35.Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not______to what we need tobe attending to.A.pertinentB.permanentC.precedentD.prominent36.New studies have found a rather____correlation between the presence of small particles andboth obesity and diabetes.A.collaboratingprehendingpromisingD.convincing37.We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level at detail.A.intelligenceB.imitationsC.hypothesisD.precautions.38.We must____the problem____,which is why our map combines both brain structure andfunction measurements at large scale and high resolution.A.set...backB.take...overC.pull...inD.break...down39.Asthma patient doesn't need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____thanpersistent.A.intermittentB.precedentC.dominantD.prevalent40.It is simply a fantastic imagination to_____that one can master a foreign language overnight.A.conceiveB.concealC.convertD.conform Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer an the ANSWER SHEET.41.The truly competent physician is the one who sits down,senses the"mystery"of anotherhuman beings,and often the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A.imaginableB.capableC.sensibleD.humble42.The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A.conservedB.theorizedC.realizedD.persistedrge community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviatedtensions.A.facilitateB.intimidateC.terminateD.mediate44.Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively insubjects with active disease.A.definitelyB.trulyC.simplyD.solely45.Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitrofertilzation.A.FetusesB.descendantsC.seedsD.orphans46.Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing ourchildren.A.breachB.griefC.threatD.abuse47.A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlledway.A.definitelyB.desperatelyC.intentionallyD.identically48.Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A.applyingB.relatingC.relayingD.transforming49.Concern have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects,suchas memory loss,fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A.ensueB.encounterC.impedeD.induce50.A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai,which means having one's view of the importantovershadowed by the trivial.A.insignificantB.insufficientC.substantialD.unexpectedPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEIET.The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging,improve detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist's workload,which,51,can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented52data on a CAD(computer-aided diagnosis)program they've designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53CT scanning.Their study was54by the NIH and the university.In the study,CAD was applied to32low-dose CT scanning with a total of50lung nodules,38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam.55the 38missed cancers,15were the result of interpretation error(identifying an image but56it as non cancerous)and2357observational error(not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found32of the38previously missed cancers(84%sensitivity),with false-positive58of 1.6per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer,it won't replace radiologists,said Sgmuel G Armato,PhD,lead author of the study."The computer is not perfect,"Armato said."It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that59.The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may60something suspicious.It's a spell-checker of sorts,or a second opinion.51.A.in common B.in turn C.in one D.in all52.A.preliminary B.considerate C.deliberate D.ordinary53.A.being used B.to use ing e54.A.investigated B.originated C.founded D.funded55.A.From B.Amid C.Of D.In56.A.disseminating B.degenerating C.dismissing D.deceiving57.A.were mistaken for B.were attributed to D.result in D.gave away to58.A.mortalities B.incidences C.images D.rates59.A.don't B.won’t C.aren’t D.wasn’t60.A.stand for B.search for C.account for D.mistake forPartⅣReading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner,the Harvard education specialist,describes his job today,he says he's"a translator between two hostile tribes"—the education world and the business world,the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs.Wagner's argument in his book"Creating Innovations:The Making of Young People Who Will Change the World"is that our K-12and college tracks are not consistently"adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace."This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly to such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation.Now,there is only a high-wage,high-skilled job.Every middle-class job today is being pulled up,out or down faster than ever.That is,it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever.Which is why the goal of education today,argues Wagner,should not be to make every child"college ready"but"innovation ready"—ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task.I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate."Today,"he said via e-mail,"because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device,what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know.The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge.As one executive told me,"We can teach new hires the content.And we will have to because it continues to change,but we can't teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative."My generation had it easy.We got to"find"a job.But,more than ever,our kids will have to "invent"a job.Sure,the lucky ones will find their first job,but,given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent,re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it"Finland is one of the most innovative economics in the world,"Wagner said,"and it is the only country where students leave high school'innovation-ready.'They learn concepts and creativity more than facts,and have a choice of many elective—all with a shorter school day,little homework, and almost no testing.There are a growing number of"reinvented"colleges like the Olin College of Engineering,the M.I.T.Media Lab and the"D-school"Stanford where students learn to innovate."61.In his book,Wagner argues that_____.A.the education world are hostile to our kidsB.the business world are hostile to those seeking jobsC.the business world are too demanding on the education worldD.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands62.What does the"tall task"refer to in the third paragraph?A.Sustaining the middle class.B.Saving high-wage,middle-skilled jobs.C.Shifting from"college ready"in"innovation ready."D.Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.63.What is mainly expressed in Wagner's e-mail?A.New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B.Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C.Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D.Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.64.What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A.Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B.Jobs changed slowly in the author's generation.C.The author's generation led an easier life than their kids.D.It was easy for the author's generation to find their first job.65.What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A.to orient future educationB.to exemplify the necessary shift in educationC.to draw a conclusion about the shift in educationD.to criticize some colleges for their practices in educationPassage TwoBy the end of this century,the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees,with widespread effects on rainfall,sea levels and animal habitats.But in the Arctic,where the effects of climate change are most intense,the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people,animals,plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada's North are important to the country's future,says Kent Moore,and atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea,from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore,who has worked in the Arctic for more than20years,says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain:phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier.Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful,and have not adapted to the earlier bloom."Animals"behavior can evolve over a long time,but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade,rather than hundreds of years,"says Moore,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly."A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region,as theNorthwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer,and resource extraction becomes more rmation gained from the study will help government,industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian,American and European researchers and government agencies—will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data:remotely piloted drones."The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft,and they're easier to deploy,"he says,showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66.By the end of this century,according to the author,global warming will_____.A.start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB.increase the average world temperature by four degreesC.cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD.affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming,as indicated by the passage,the international study____.A.is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB.pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change.C.involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68.When he says,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly,"what does Moore mean bythat quick?A.The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B.The widespread effects of global warming.C.The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69.According to the author,to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A.becomes more difficult than ever before.B.is likely to build a novel economy in the region.C.will surely lower the average world temperature.D.needs the research-based supporting information.70.With the drones deployed,as Moore predicts,the researchers will_____.A.involve more collaborating countries than they do now.B.get more data to be required for their research.e more novel technologies in research.D.conduct their research at a regular basis.Passage ThreeSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management,aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests.Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases,by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers.The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management.These new capabilities,often termed'stratified（分层的）'or 'personalized'medicine,are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine,which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way,has,until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease.Recognition that most disease has a genetic component,the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services.In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect,so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties.For some clinicians,particularly those involved in clinical research,these advances are already a reality.However,a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice,perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable.Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations,media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic.Indeed,knowing one's entire genomic sequence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be，and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally,both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible.Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms,the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low.Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C.Physical examination remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72.What,according to the second paragraph,can be said of genetic medicine?A.It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B.It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C.It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D.It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73.The future of the genomic technologies,for the most part,lies in_____.A.the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB.the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC.the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD.the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals74.In the last paragraph,the author cautions against_____.A.underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB.unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC.abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseasesD.unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.75.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A.Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B.Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C.Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D.Genetic medicine is defined as"stratified"medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors'minds.Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards,such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely.Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don't need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or appropriation of students'work to fail in their responsibility to their charges.Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors.In particular,they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring.These included routinely being late for classes,frequently skipping appointments with advisees,showing favoritism to some students,ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own,belittling colleagues in front of students,providing little or no feedback on students'theses or dissertations,and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach.And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue,we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars.For instance,on online modules.The societies of academic disciplines,institutions and individual departments can play a big part here,by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address,but"inadequate teaching" can be subjective.Still,if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow,real patterns of abuse will be easier to find.For instance,these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within15days,provide more than just negative feedback during a student's oral defense of their thesis,or be available regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short,universities should establish teaching-integrity committees,similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct.These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual,or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees,such as for tenure applications.76.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A.The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.B.The high-profile infractions are not adequately reported.C.The frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.D.The violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.77.What,in the respondents'mind,is the nature of showing favoritism to some students?A.It is a serious high-profile infraction.B.It is an interesting but avoidable behavior.C.It is a punishable but avoidable misconductD.It is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.78.The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribedto____.A.their offering more courses than they can handleB.their paying little attention to the students'feedbackC.their receiving inadequate education in how to teachD.their lacking interest in the areas other than their own79.Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issue?A.Development of codes of conductB.Exposure online of the misconductscation about the rules of proper mentoringD.Development of clear mechanism for reporting80.What is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs?A.The approaches to addressing the problems of"inadequate teaching."B.The specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.C.The different committees dealing with"inadequate teaching."D.The codes of conduct for the students to report violations.Passage FiveIs the profession of medicine in retreat?I'm reminded of this with September welcoming a new。

南开大学2018年病理考博真题及眼科学考博真题

南开大学2018年病理考博真题及眼科学考博真题病理
一. 单选（1.5x20）
二.名解（英翻中）
1.R-S细胞
2.蜂窝织炎
3.新月体肾小球肾炎
4.转移性钙化
5.Barret食管
6.伤口2期愈合
7.粥样斑块
8.肿瘤干细胞
9.肉芽肿
10.心衰细胞
三.简答
1.肿瘤三级分级及TNM分期
2.肝硬化的病理表现、原因及形态学分类
3.骨折愈合过程及影响因素
4.化生的定义、分类、结局和对机体的影响。

并举一
例说明。

（5.是不是还有一题？记不清了）
眼科
一. 名解（英翻中3X10）
1.上睑下垂
2.ROP
3.伪装综合征
4.铁质沉着症
5.前房角
6.真菌性角膜炎
7.白塞氏病
8.TAO
9.屈光参差
二. 简答（5X8）
1.视网膜静脉周围炎的临表及治疗
2.弱视的危险因素、诊断标准及分类
3.眼的胚胎发育过程
4.眼眶横纹肌肉瘤的临表
5.原发性闭角型青光眼的临床分期及临表
6.Fuch综合征的临表
7.后段玻璃体切割术的适应症
8.圆锥角膜的临表和治疗
三.论述（10X3）
1.白瞳症的鉴别
2.飞秒激光在眼科学中的应用
3.抗VEGF治疗进展。

近十年重点院校考博解剖专业课试题大全

2002年协和医科大学解剖学考博试题一、名词;1、海式三角（英文）2、胆囊三角3、斜角肌三角4、背盖背区5、REXED板层6、心包斜窦7、鼻烟壶二、填空30分1、肾上腺的血供2、肩胛动脉网3、肛直肠环三、选择20分1、脾的位置2、选择性迷走神经切断术的神经四、问答1、小脑的分叶和联系2、内囊后脚损伤产生那些症状3、踝关节能做那些运动其支配肌肉神经是什么4、骑跨伤损伤造成渗尿会到达那些结构5、胰头癌会压迫那些部位产生什么症状复旦大学医学院2000年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1、腺管2、胸导管3、海绵窦4、基底膜5、膀胱三角6、胆囊三角7、鼓室二、问答1、针刺中指后痛觉传导通路2、下皮层的功能定位3、肝脏的吡邻复旦大学医学院2001年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1、膀胱三角2、室上脊3、奇静脉4、海绵窦二、问答1、脊柱的连接2、视觉通路3、心脏的结构复旦大学医学院2002年解剖学（博士）一、名词1、willis环2、肾窦3、巩膜静脉窦二、问答题1.膝关节的组成，运动特点支配肌肉神经2.右心室的结构3.肾脏的解剖毗邻被膜4.丘脑的解剖结构和纤维联系复旦大学医学院2003年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1.滑膜关节2.肾窦3.腹直肌鞘4.弹性圆锥5.肝胆三角6.语言中枢7.室间隔8.海马-纵隔9.呼吸道二、问答1.手掌动脉的解剖位置2.男性尿道的解剖结构、解剖位置3.脊柱连接4.三叉丘系、脊丘系；内侧、外侧丘系复旦大学医学院2004年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：（5分/题）1.ptreon;2.结膜穹窿；3.房间隔4.岛叶5.limibic system6.bala7.梨状窝8.venous angle9.髌韧带10.关节盘二、问答题：（10分/题）1.试述内耳的结构组成。

2.内囊的结构和受损后的症状。

3.男性小骨盆与女性小骨盆里都有什么器官，有何区别？4.人体有多少消化腺，其位置形态分泌腺的名称和作用。

四川大学华西医院2007考博题局部解剖学：一、名词解释：颈动脉窦，肺根，面部危险三角区，膀胱直肠陷凹，胆囊三角，（还有一个想不起了）二、问答题：（9选7）1.临床作气管切开的位置，经过的层次，切开过深可损伤的器官，过低可造成什么后果2.盆腹部消化管道的动脉血供及来源3.上、下腔静脉系的吻合支4.腹部器官、结构的体表投影（至少10个）5.子宫的位置，及影响其位置的因素6.股三角的内容、排列及交通7. 腮腺肿大可压迫那些结构8.颈根部的结构9.左右纵隔之间的血管、神经名称及位置2004年湘雅博士入学考试试题局部解剖学名词解释（每题5分，共30分）硬膜外隙（腔）；腹股沟管；Willis环（cerebral arterial circle）bronchopulmonary segment；thoracic duct；鞍上池论述题（1、2题必答，每题18分；3、4、5题任选两题，每题17分）1、颈内动脉的行程、分段及分支分布2、后纵隔的位置、结构及毗邻关系3、髂关节的结构、功能、血供及神经支配4、尿道球部损伤尿液外渗的解剖学基础5、论述肝段划分的理论依据及临床意义苏州大学2004年博士入学解剖试题第一题为必答题，然后从其他题目中选4道题目回答。

神经外科考研考博打印版本

2005年天津医科大学博士考试：名词解释1.Cushing反应：颅内压急剧升高时，病人出现血压升高、脉搏减慢、呼吸减慢（两慢一高），继而呼吸浅促或潮式呼吸、血压下降、脉搏细数，最终呼吸心跳停止，这种变化称库欣（Cushing）反应。

2.颅内肿瘤：发生于颅腔内的神经系统肿瘤。

起源于颅内组织的肿瘤称为原发性颅内肿瘤，从身体远隔部位转移或由邻近部位延伸至颅内的肿瘤称为继发性颅内肿瘤。

3.脑震荡：脑创伤累及脑干后出现即刻且短暂神经功能障碍的临床综合症，包括意识改变，视力、平衡障碍等等。

4.枕骨大孔疝：也叫小脑扁桃体疝。

是由于颅内高压或后颅窝占位病变将小脑和延髓推向枕骨大孔并向下移位嵌顿而产生。

疝入枕骨大孔的小脑扁桃体和延髓形成圆锥形，腹侧出现枕骨大孔压迹。

5.特急性血肿：颅脑伤后3 h内出现血肿者。

二、问答题1.影响颅内压的因素？答：颅内压主要是来自心脏周期性的搏动以及受到呼吸运动的影响导致脑血管的搏动而产生的压力。

在颅内压监测（intracranial pressure monitoring ICPM）时可清楚的看出颅内压的波型是由脉搏波与呼吸波所组成的（图7-1-1）。

受到呼吸运动影响的脉搏波动产生的压力传导到脑血管与脑组织作用于无弹性的颅骨壁上而形成颅内压。

它可因生理活动而发生相应的变化，如咳嗽或用力等。

颅内压还受其它因素的影响：①由于颅腔内80%～90％为流体，因而受到流体静力压的影响，当腰穿测压时, 卧位所测的压力低于坐位所测的压力，乃因卧位与坐位时液柱重力(gravity)的差异所致。

②颅腔内有脑组织、脑脊液与血液构成颅腔内的充填压(filling pressure)，充填压无论在生理或病理情况下（如咳嗽、用力或颅内占位病变等）均可发生变化，从而导致颅内压的变化。

2.高血压脑出血的外科治疗方法？答：目的主要是清除血肿、降低颅内压，使受压的神经元有恢复的可能性，减少或防止脑出血后一系列继发性病理变化，挽救生命及争取部分神经功能恢复。

神外考博真题

华中同济2007 博神外一名解(4×5')1. 弥散性轴索损伤2. 迟发性外伤性颅内血肿3. 先天性脑积水4. 颅内压增高二问答1. 颅内压增高的治疗原则(10')2. 听神经瘤的临床分期(10')3. 垂体瘤常用的两种手术方式的注意事项和适应症(20')首医天坛医院2007 博神外名词解释1. Gradinego syndrome2. 功能神经外科3. Nelson‘s syndrome4. GCS5. Von－Hippol－Lindau简答题1. CCF的临床表现2. 延髓网织细胞瘤手术并发症几防治3. 急性EDH和硬膜下血肿的临床鉴别要点4. 脑死亡的标准论述题1. 脑水肿种类病因特点2. 浅谈对神经肿瘤分子病理学的认识中山2009博神外1. 颅咽管瘤的术后并发症2. 脑水肿的分类和发病机理中山2008 博神外24、垂体源性Cushing‘s disease 内分泌学检查的临床意义。

25、（Glasgow Liege Coma Scale ，GLCS）格拉斯哥-莱吉昏迷计分方法和临床意义。

中山2006 博神外20、丘脑下部损伤的症状及体征21、试画出Langfitt容积/压力曲线，试述Langfitt试验的过程及临床意义湘雅2005 博神经外科1、癌基因？RAS基因及其的致癌机理？2、抑癌基因？p53基因及其抑癌机理？3、神经干细胞形态，生长特性，及其应用前景？4、床突旁动脉瘤与后交通动脉瘤、脉络膜动脉瘤的鉴别？手术要点？5、DAVF的部位，分型，治疗原则？6、血网的毫发部位，病因，病理，CT及MRI表现，手术要点？7、多形胶母发病率，病理，CTMRI表现，治疗原则？8、DAI？临床和CT表现？病理？9、下丘脑损伤表现及处理？10、外伤或手术后代谢变化的特点及其处理？浙江大学2004 博神经外科一、名词解释1、Foster-Kennedy综合症2、弥漫性轴索损伤3、Brown-sequard、综合症4、运动障碍5、烟雾病二、简答1、WHO关于星形细胞肿瘤的病理分级2、脑水肿的分类3、脑脓肿的临床分期及相应的头颅CT表现4、Key-hole5、GOS预后评分三、问答1、PD的外科治疗2、动脉瘤术中供血动脉的夹闭（夹闭前血供实验，术中监护等）3，高血压脑出血的外科治疗4，松果体区肿瘤的治疗5，垂体腺瘤的病理学分类及相应临床表现华中同济2005 博神经外科一、名解1.颅内压增高2.弥漫性轴索损伤二、问答1、简述急脑疝病理2、简述慢性硬膜下血肿的临床特点及处理原则3、简述脊髓髓内外病变的鉴别诊断4、简述出血性脑卒中的分级及外科治疗原则5、简述听神经瘤的分期及相应临床表现华中同济2004 博神经外科一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济2003 博神外一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济2002 博神经外科一、名词解释（每题5分，共10分）1．Lucid interval2．Brown-Sequard’s syndrome二、问答题（共60分）1．试述垂体瘤的分类和临床表现。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

第1页共1页
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试研究生入学考试试题
第1页共1页
考试科目：神经外科注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。一、单选 10 个，每个 2.5 分二、问答题 1. 胶质瘤的治疗方案选择。 2. 正常灌注压突破。 3. 常压性脑积水。 4. 脑疝的分型及分型依据。 5. 头皮血肿的分型及各自的特点。三、论述题（每题 15 分） 1. 外伤性脑血肿按时间分型及依据、外伤性颅内出血按部位分型及依据； 2. 缺血性脑血管疾病的血管重建技术的分类。