英译汉论文翻译
关于博物馆英语翻译论文
关于博物馆英语翻译论⽂ 博物馆，是⼈类历史⽂化的宝库，承担着传承⽂化、记忆历史的重任，博物馆英语翻译具有⼀定的难度。
下⽂是店铺为⼤家整理的博物馆英语翻译论⽂的范⽂，欢迎⼤家阅读参考! 博物馆英语翻译论⽂篇1 浅谈五⾢华侨博物馆标语翻译 摘要：江门五⾢华侨博物馆馆内所有陈列、摆设均设有相关标语，为访客作⽂字讲解。
这些标语皆为中英双语，故笔者结合动态对等翻译、⽂化差异影响等相关翻译理论对馆内部分标语翻译进⾏分析，并提出修正上的建议。
关键词：动态对等翻译;⽂化差异;⼈名翻译;⾝份翻译;长句处理 1 . 引⾔ 江门市博物馆⼜名五⾢华侨华⼈博物馆，坐落于中国第⼀侨乡——江门，是⼀所国有地级综合性博物馆，主要展⽰与五⾢华侨华⼈相关的⽂物与资料。
截⾄2008年底，现有各类⽂物3万多件，其中九成左右是华侨⽂物。
在馆藏的华侨⽂物中，实物达2万多件，照⽚1000多张，图书资料、刊物2700多册(份)，内容丰富，对展⽰和研究五⾢华侨史极其重要。
由于代表着五⾢形象，也是著名景点之⼀，故接待的游客来⾃世界各地，每件⽂物的标识语均为中英双语。
笔者亲⾝游览过数次，发现部分翻译存在失误，如：“⼀对⼀”逐字翻译、错译等，本⽂将结合相关翻译理论和细则展开详细讨论。
2 . 概述翻译标准和原则 翻译标准和原则是翻译理论研究中极为重要的内容，与翻译理论研究、翻译实践和翻译事业的进步发展有着密切联系。
2 . 1“信、达、雅” “信、达、雅”⼀说，是中国近代著名翻译家、翻译理论家严复在其《天演论·译例⾔》中提出的。
“信”是强调译⽂必须忠于原⽂，“达”是强调译⽂应该通顺易懂，“雅”在严复时代指的是桐城派风格，现在⼀般赋予“雅”新的涵义，即要求译⽂要有⽂采。
对于“信”和“达”，多数⼈是持肯定态度的，这也是翻译的两点基本要求，⽽“雅”则是在⼀定功底基础上来⼀场⽬标语⽂字的绽放和升华，它属于⾼层次的追求，并牵扯到个⼈风格、⽂体、修辞等问题，带⼀定主观性。
名篇名译（英译汉）
名篇名译0011.原文：It is an ill wind that blows nobodygood.译文：世事皆利弊并存。
赏析：原句结构比较特殊（"Itis…that…"），理解起来有点困难。
“对谁都没有好处的风才是坏风”，也就是说大多数情况下风对人都是有好处、有坏处，在引申一步就是成了上面的译句。
林佩耵在《中英对译技巧》一书中（第68页）还给了几个相同结构的英文句子。
翻译的前提是理解。
有人指出。
市面上见到的翻译作品，有好多都带有因理解不正确而产生的低级错误，“信”都谈不上还妄谈什么“达”和“雅”！初学翻译的朋友，在理解原文上当不遗余力。
2.原文：Their languag e was almostunrestr ainedby any motiveof prudenc e.译文：他们几乎爱讲什么就讲什么，全然不考虑什么谨慎不谨慎。
赏析：如果硬译，译文势必成了“他们的言论几乎不受任何深思熟虑的动机的约束”。
译者本其译，化其滞，将原句一拆为二，充分运用相关翻译技巧，译文忠实、通顺。
3.原文：Get a livelih ood,and then practis e virtue.译文：先谋生而后修身。
（钱钟书译）赏析：原句是祈使句，译句也传达出了训导的意味。
用“谋生”来译“Getalivelih ood"，用“修身”来译“practis e virtue",可谓精当。
巧的是，原句七个词，译句也是七个汉字。
4.原文：I enjoy the clean voluptu ousnes s of the warm breezeon my skin and the cool support of water.译文：我喜爱那洁净的暖风吹拂在我的皮肤上使我陶然欲醉，也喜爱那清亮的流水把我的身体托浮在水面。
四级英汉互译作文模板
四级英汉互译作文模板英文回答：Instructions for Level 4 English-Chinese Mutual Translation Composition Template。
1. Word Count: The article should be at least 2000 words in length.2. Language Pairing: The article should be written in both English and Chinese.3. Formatting: The article should be formatted as follows:English Text: Written in English, with proper grammar and punctuation.Chinese Translation: Written in Chinese, with proper grammar and punctuation.4. Organization: The article should be divided into two main sections:Translation: The English text should be translated into Chinese.Reverse Translation: The Chinese text should be translated back into English.5. Assessment Criteria: The article will be assessed on the following criteria:Accuracy: The translations should be accurate and convey the meaning of the original text.Fluency: The translations should be fluent and natural sounding.Comprehensiveness: The translations should coverall of the content of the original text.Template:Translation。
专八英译汉段落翻译_中英文对照
专八英译汉段落翻译完整版.中英文对照My First JobWhen I reached the age of twelve I left the school for ever and got my first fulltime job, as a grocer' s boy. I spent my days carrying heavy loads, but I enjoyed it. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal, for I could never stomach speaking to my “betters” with the deference my employer thought I should assume.But the limit was reached one Tuesday 一 my half holiday. On my way home on that day I used to carry a large basket of provisions to the home of my employers sister-in-law. As her house was on my way homeI never objected to this.On this particular Tuesday, however, just as we were putting the shutters up, a load of smoked hams was delivered at the shop. "Wait a minute, “ said the boss, and he opened the load and took out a ham, whichhe started to bone and string up.I waited in growing impatience to get on my way, not for one minute but for a quite a considerable time. It was nearly half-past two when the boss finished. He then came to me with the ham, put it in the basket beside me, and instructed me to deliver it to a customer who had it on order.This meant going a long way out of my road home, so I looked up andsaid to the boss： "Do you know I finish at two on Tuesday?I have never seen a man look more astonished than he did then. u What do you mean?n he gasped. I told him I meant that I would deliver the groceries as usual, but not the ham.He looked at me as if I were some unusual kind f insect and burst into a storm of abuse. But I stood firm. He gave me up as hopeless and tried new tactics. "Go out and get another boy, “ he yelled at a shop assistant.u Are you going to deliver them or not?” the boss turned to me and asked in a threatening tone. I repeated what I had said before. "Then, out of here, “ he shouted. So I got out.This was the first time I had serious trouble with an employer.1我的第一份工作当我十二岁时我永远地离开了学校，同时得到了我的第一份全职工作，作为一个食品杂货商的见孩。
英语专业全英毕业论文(汉英公示语翻译)
本科毕业论文题目：On English Translation of ChinesePublic Signs 院（系）：外语系班级：英语级班姓名：学号：指导教师：教师职称：汉英公示语的翻译摘要公示语向来被称作“城市的脸孔"，是给所有到中国来的外国人士留下第一印象的中国名片。
然而，公示语翻译的错误比比皆是，这大大影响了公示语作用的发挥，削弱了我国的国际形象。
为了树立我国良好的国际形象，不断规范和完善城市公示语的翻译成为了一项亟待完成的工作。
基于以上原因，作者尝试从理论和实践的角度分析现今汉英公示语翻译中所存在的一些问题。
通过对大量标准以及问题公示语翻译的深入观察分析，作者对公示语的一般特征进行了总结并对公示语翻译中出现的问题进行了分类，从而在实践观察和对相关理论深入研究的基础上提出相应的翻译策略。
翻译并不仅仅是跨语言行为，它更是一种文化信息的传递。
公示语的翻译同样如此。
得体的公示语翻译不仅在语言上要无懈可击，在文化信息传递上也要雅俗共赏。
本文还对公示语的概念做出了解释，并根据目的需求与功能两种标准对公示语做了分类。
在介绍公示语的特征时，作者将其分为语言特征与功能特征，特征与分类不同，也决定了需要采取不同的翻译策略。
关键词：汉英翻译；公示语；问题；翻译策略On English Translation of Chinese PublicSignsAbstractPublic signs, which have alway s been referred to “face of city”, are the first impression of China for the people who come to China. However, the ubiquitous translation mistakes of public signs greatly undermine the international image of China. So,specificating and constantly perfecting the translation of public signs have become an urgent work in order to establish a good international image.The paper ventures an attempt to analyze the current problems existing in the C-E translation of public signs and to seek proper translational strategies both from the perspectives of theory and practice．By closely observing numerous samples of both standard and problematic translation of signs，the author manages to generalize the characteristics of public signs and to categorize the problems and mistakes in the current C-E translation of public signs．Then, proper translational strategies are proposed on the basis of in-depth study of relevant theories and keen observation of practice．Translation is not merely a cross-linguistic activity, but more of a transmission of cultural information．The translation of public signs is no exception．An appropriate translation of public sign should not only belinguistically correct, but also culturally acceptable．This paper expresses the meaning of the public signs and classify the signs according to the standards of objective demand and function. And the characteristics of the public signs are different studied from linguistic features and functional features,which determines to adopt different translation strategies.Key words: Chinese-English translation public sign problems translation strategyContents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)CHAPTER I Introduction (1)1.1 O bjective of the study (1)1.2 Significance of the study (1)1.3 Structure of the paper (2)CHAPTER II General Introduction to Public Signs (3)2.1 Definition of Public Signs (3)2.2 Functions of Public Signs (3)2.2.1 Directing function (4)2.2.2 Prompting function (4)2.2.3 Restricting function (4)2.2.4 Compelling function (5)CHAPTER III Analysis on Problems in C-E Translation of Public Signs (6)3.1 Linguistic translation problems (6)3.1.1 Spelling errors (6)3.1.2 Grammatical errors (6)3.1.3 Wrong dictions (7)3.2 Cultural translation problems (7)CHAPTER IV Strategies of C-E Public Signs Translation and Requirementfor Translator (9)4.1 Principles of C-E translation of Public Signs (9)4.1.1 Clearness (9)4.1.2 Conciseness (10)4.1.3 Simple words (10)4.2 Methods of C-E translation of Public S igns (11)4.2.1 Modification (11)4.2.2 Addition (11)4.2.3 Omission (12)4.2.4 Mutual transformation of affirmative and negativee xpressions (13)4.3 Requirement for the t ranslators (13)CHAPTER V Conclusion (15)Acknowledgements (16)Works Cited (17)CHAPTER I Introduction1.1Objective of the studyThe research objective of the study is to examine the translation problems in the Chinese-English public signs translation and further propose the translation strategies as well as principles suitable for specific groups.The studies begin with the careful and long period of observation of the problems existing in the public signs translation. On the basis of the classification of the translation errors proposed by Christiane Nord, the author aims at the most appropriate translation strategies for each type. With the examination of sufficient sources, the author finds that it is not difficult to eliminate the errors at linguistic level since the text of the public signs is less complex than documentary and other instrumental texts due to its conciseness and directness features (Ni 18).1.2 Significance of the studyPublic S igns affect people’s life in a tremendous way. When somebody smokes, it is the public sign that stops him. In fascinating and mysterious spots where we have never been to, it is the public sign that teaches us related knowledge. Foreign visitors from all walks of life，such as entrepreneurs，professors，students and tourists come to China for various purposes．But for most of them，they know little about Chinese．In this case，it is necessary to translate Chinese public signs into English for the convenience of these foreign visitors．In this case, a proper translation helps establish a good image of China and enhance the cultural communication.1.3 Structure of the paperThe paper is structured with five chapters：The first chapter is a general introduction to the thesis, including the objective of the study, the structure of the thesis and the significance of the study. The second chapter makes a general introduction to public sign, including the definition and functions of public sign. The third chapter focuses on the problems of C-E translation of public signs from linguistics and cultural perspectives. The fourth chapter deals with translation strategies of C-E public signs in connection with principles, methods and the standardization for the translators, including modification, addition, omission and mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions. And the fifth chapter draws a conclusion to the paper，in which the author appeals for translators and scholars to make contributions to the C-E translation of public signs．CHAPTER II General Introduction to Public Signs2.1 Definition of Public SignsPublic Signs，which are usually called“signs”，include public notices，advertisements，slogans and expressions on the public signs．Public signs refer to “signs” in English and are defined in different ways.Ac cording to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(1997)，a sign is a piece of paper, metal, or wood with words or a picture that gives information，warnings，or instructions.In that sense, public sign is the general terms for indicators，signs，traffic signs, posters, slogans, warning, short notices，short instructions，stickers，and are becoming the catch word and the buzzword．All in all, public signs are so widely used and played important roles in our daily life.2.2 Functions of Public SignsPublic signs are essential to the normal operation of the society and their influence is also visible in almost every aspect of our daily life．Sometimes，we have to admit that our lives cannot do without the proper guidance that public signs provide to us．However, what usually happens is that we are prone to be bewildered by various public signs and the enormous information they convey to us．Therefore, it would be necessary to classify the public signs in terms of their functions as well as the status of information that they deliver．2.2.1 Directing functionDirecting is the most basic function of public signs, t his type of public signs is used to give readers related information about what the institution is，what it deals with and what kind of service it can provide．For example:Take Away(外卖)，Gas Station(加油站),Emergency Exit(紧急出口),Business Hours(营业时间)，Pause(暂停)，Menu(菜单)，Airport Security(机场安检).From the examples above we may tell that the language and the tone of these public signs are generally neutral，reflecting no attitude towards receptors．Therefore，public signs of this kind are purely informative rather than vocative．2.2.2 Prompting functionPromoting signs are similar to the directive ones in their informative function. While the difference is the former ．carries the tone of warning，reminding the readers to pay some attention to certain things or activities．For example：Keep Clear(请保持清洁), Keep Silence(请保持安静),Wet Paint(油漆未干)，Fully Booked(客满)，Beware of Pickpockets(小心扒手)，Maximum Height(限高).2.2.3 Restricting functionPublic Signs with restricting function impose restriction or even prohibition on receptors.The language used in this kind of signs are simple and direct but are not in rude，tough or impolite way．We can list some of them as following：Pay In Cash(现金支付),Slow Out(减速慢行),Keep Silence(保持安静),30 Minutes Parking(限停30分钟),Seat By Number(对号入座), Stand In Line(排队等候).2.2.4 Compelling functionCompelling function is the strongest considerable mood.It is used to prohibit the readers to do something or must do something.The language used is usually forceful，with no possibility of making a compromise．The sign with this function which we mostly often see is“No Smoking禁止吸烟”，that is to say that smoking iscompletely forbidden．Imperative sentence is not enough to express this strong mood，usually, we use“No+…”form，for example，“No Food禁止携带食物”．More examples：Don’t Touch(禁止触摸),No Cameras(禁止拍照)，No Visitors(游客止步),No Trucks(卡车禁止通行),Dogs Not Allowed(禁止带狗入内).Translation of the public signs, translators not only need to grasp their function features since we use different mood to express different function,but also should keep their language features in mind during the translating.CHAPTER III Analysis on Problems in C-E Translation ofPublic Signs3.1 Linguistic translation problemsLinguistic translation errors are often due to deficiencies in the translator's source or target language competence (Nord 77).And in his book Pragmatics and English Language He Ziran explained that by making linguistic errors，the translators and interpreters fail to conform to the target language structures，instead they blindly translate the source text in their own language structures(157).Professor Wang Yinquan, classifies linguistic translation errors into: spelling mistakes, grammar mistakes and wrong diction (32).3.1.1 Spelling errorsSpelling errors are typical translation problems in bilingual public signs. The reasons for this type of errors attribute to the three factors: the incompetent language acquisition, the laziness of the translator when writing, the uncertainty of the correct spelling, among which the third type is most difficult to be identified. For example: 3.1.2 Grammatical errorsApart from spelling mistakes，many grammatical errors also occur in the translated signs．These errors appear in various forms，most of which result from the translator’s poor command of the English language or irresponsible working attitude．As a result，the translated public signs cannot be of any help to the target readers．Sometimes they may do damage the image of our city．For example: 室内停车场(Car Park)—It may be apparent to tell that the translator intends to use the word“park”as a noun to express the meaning of parking place for automobiles．However, as a noun the word actually means a public place wherepeople can entertain themselves with the landscape or public facilities in it．Therefore, it will be advisable to use the gerund form of the word “park”and translate it as“Indoor Parking”．3.1.3 Wrong dictionsWrong Dictions occur when t he translator doesn’t make right choices of words in the target culture that will lead to unsuccessful expression of the correct information to the target text receivers. In fact, many English words have more than one meaning. Sometimes one word used to describe the source culture may not be applicable in another situation and the diction is conditioned. The words chosen for each text might vary according to different semantic and syntactic features in different situations. For example:请勿采摘花朵--Please Don’t Pick Flowers. Here use“pick”to describe the gesture. In fact, there is a variety of expression in English corresponding with “摘”, of which one of the expressions is “pick”. But in the given circumstances, “pick”doesn’t equate with “摘”. “Pick”means to select among a variety of choices, but here the sender wants to persuade people not to pluck the flowers. The error is due to the confusion about the seemingly identical usage of one word.3.2 Cultural translation problemsAs we all know, people in different cultures may view the same thing in different ways and differ in the perspective of cognition．At the same time，they express the same idea in different way．As far as Chinese and English are concerned, culture differences are tremendous．Translation breaks down language barriers and thus realizes communication between cultures using different languages. In this sense, target readers approach to people of source culture whose beliefs, backgrounds, perception of the world are distinct from their own.For example:古装照相It is ancient to pack photo“古装照相”is a typical Chinese term. In English, people don’t have the correspondent term. According to the public signs translation convention, the signs which are composed of Chinese noun phrases are expected to have the same structure in English version, so the sentence is not correct in terms of the sentence structure. Also concerning the meaning of the sentence, it is wrongly translated that the foreigners can’t get the message which leads to the pragmatic failure of the assumed function. The correct version should be “Photos in ancient costume”.CHAPTER IV Strategies for C-E Public Signs Translation4.1 Principles of C-E translation of Public SignsAs we know, different functions need different language forms to convey and each language style possesses its special principles.Ni Chuanbin and Liu Zhi analyze the language principles of public signs in their essay“The Principles for C-E Translation of Public Signs and its Cases Study”，published in Shanghai Journal of Translators for Science and Technology(18)．Firstly, the signs are on a board，so the language on the signs should be in concise way due to the comparatively small space．Secondly, some public signs must draw the public’s attention at the first sight and the readers can catch its meaning very quickly and correctly, especially the traffic signs，such as“Abrupt Turn Left Ahead前方急转弯”，the applied words should be simple ones instead of rare ones．At last，the meaning of the signs should be clear and easy to read，the sign is set without ambiguity. So we can know the principles in details as following:4.1.1 ClearnessDue to the short time the target reader can spend on reading the signs the meaning of the signs should be clear and easy to be understood．As the target readers are the common people who have little knowledge related to the concerned topic，the signs should directly hit the point and there should exist no vagueness．“严禁客货混装Don’t put passengers and cargos together”. It is hazy and not clearness. So the sign“严禁客货混装”should be translated into“No passengers on Trucks”．The signs are set for the public and not every reader is professional，therefore when we translate signs，we should hit the point directly and clearly and should notjust talk around the bush.4.1.2 ConcisenessAccording to William Strunk，Jr．and E．B．White in 1979(Joan Pinkham)：“Vigorous writing is concise．A sentence should contain no unnecessary words，a paragraph no unnecessary sentences，for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts．”It is also true of language of public signs．Usually, the readers for public signs just give a quick look at the board with signs on when they pass by．So the language on it need not be in a complete sentence，a phrase or just a word is enough，for example，“No Smoking禁止吸烟”，“Open正在营业”，we need not use sentences“Please do not smoke”an“We are on business”.4.1.3 Simple wordsPublic Signs are set for the public，target readers of this kind of materials are ordinary people，not only the native English speakers，but also other foreigners who know a little English and English is not his mother language，and target readers also include overseas Chinese who is not a English native speaker．If the English version is full of rare words and expression，it will cause a pragmatic failure of communication for public signs．There is always a small restaurant at the airport to provide fast food for the passengers，the English tablet should be“Snacks”instead of“Refection”，the later one is not often be used nowadays and we cannot find it in the dictionaries published in recent years．Take all another example，“景区环境卫生，需要您的维护”，should we translate it into“Environmental Sanitation of the Scenic Spot Needs Your Conserve”? The words“sanitation”and“environmental”are not familial words for the public，we had better use“Keep Clear”or“No Littering”．From the above，in order to make target readers catch the meaning at first glance，we should use the concise，clear, simple words and expressions in C-E translation of public signs．4.2 Strategies of C-E translation of Public Signs4.2.1 ModificationGenerally speaking, it is always the case that the reader in the culture of the target language may not share the cultural background of the source language．Therefore，when dealing with culture-loaded words and idioms，the translator sometimes has to make cultural modification so as to generate the same feedback from the target text reader with that of the source text reader, and as for the translation of public signs, it is no exception．For examples：西湖的虎跑泉—Tiger Running Spring, in this public sign,the translator obviously take the actual meaning of the sign for granted by translating the word“虎跑”as“tiger running”which means that a tiger runs for the spring．4.2.2 AdditionSome public signs，especially signs at scenic spots，tend to include dynasties，legends or other cultural elements，while most foreign visitors lack the background knowledge of China．If the public signs are translated literally, the English versions may confuse the target readers．Thus we should adopt the translation strategy of addition to supply necessary information on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original public signs．For example：谢绝游客入内Closed To Visitors禁止在墙上涂写No Scribbling On The Wall4.2.3 OmissionDue to different aesthetic standards and cultures，Chinese writing tends to include flowery words，four-word phrases or some culture elements which are special to the Chinese culture．However, English writing pursues clear and simple expressions．In How to Help Foreigners Know China，Duan Liancheng holds a view that with the development of tourism in recent years，large numbers of brochures pamphlets and pictorials have been published for foreign tourists．A common weakness of these materials is full of flowery words and cultural elements of China which may confuse the target readers (Duan 286). So the translator should omit some adjectives or cultural elements which may pose barriers to the target readers．Then the English version will be easily understood by them．For example：1.Source Text：慢速行驶Version A：You must drive slowly．Version B：Drive slowly2.Source Text：前方学校Version A：There is a school ahead．Version B：School Ahead4.2.4 Mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressionsMutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions is a common strategy in translating the text of one language to the other．It is especially useful for transcending the translational difficulties due to different ways or habits of expressing ideas in Chinese and English．In translating public signs，mutual transformation of affirmative and negativeexpressions is necessary as well．In western countries especially in English—speaking countries，people tend to avoid using negative expressions in public literatures as much as possible in case that unpleasant emotion or feeling would be aroused on the part of the receptor．However, because of the difference in cultural values,negative expressions are more frequently used in Chinese public signs．Therefore，according to the theory of cultural translation, we should adopt the translational method of“Domestication”．For example: “社会车辆禁止入内”，it is a kind of negative expression in Chinese language. While it should be translated into “Staff Only” in English, it is affirmative.4.3 Requirement for the translatorsThe C-E translation of public signs is by no means an easy job and it requires that a translator be serious and accountable in attitude, and proficient in both the source and the target languages at the same time．A good translator should always bear in mind the features and characteristics of public signs.Only if the translators acquire the expertise in the source and target languages as well as the source and target cultures can they produce qualified versions. In addition, as for the making process of signs, the local governments should choose reliable and efficient sign-making units by means of bidding to undertake the job.And the translation should be tested in the foreigners to ensure the acceptability.Then a supervision organization in charge of public signs should be established to make sure that some common English versions are accurate and unified.CHAPTER V ConclusionBased on the previous discussions and analyses, the major findings of this study can be summarized as follow:Firstly, the linguistic translation problems account for the reasons for spelling, grammatical and wrong dictions problems. Translators should improve their language acquisition in dealing with the problems.Secondly, as to cultural problems, the translators are advised to adopt communicative translation. To be more specific, the translation strategies are adaptation, restructuring, semi-literal translation, etc.Thirdly, the C-E translation involves the principles and the methods. The principles include three points of clearness, conciseness and simple words. The translation takes place in a given situation or in another sense, the methods of C-E translation of public signs should be divided into four: modification, addition, omission and mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions.Actually, the problems of the translation of public signs are far more complicated than the thesis．The problems that have been discussed and proposed with strategies to are just a tiny tip of the whole iceberg．With the development of the society, it is sure that more and more public signs will come out by taking various forms，and new problems in translating them will turn up．Therefore，the classification of public signs and mistranslation, as well as the strategies for the betterment of the current status of sign translation, although the author attempts to let them be, are not all-inclusive and universally accurate. It is a long and hard way for us to go.AcknowledgementsI would like to express my heartfelt thanks to those who offered me their sincere support and encouragement in the process of my thesis writing．First of all, I’d like to give my sincere thanks to my teacher, Kangbing. She has given me valuable instructions on my study. Whenever I need her help, she always enthusiastically offers me. During the process of the completion of the thesis, from the researches chosen to be analyzed to the final composition, her patient and helpful instructions have benefited me a great deal. Her strict requirements have enabled me to learn how to do research work, and her kind encouragement have been supporting me to the end.Second, my true thanks also go to all the teachers who guide me in the field of business English.Finally, my family and friends give me great encouragement and support during the composition of the thesis. I’d like to send them my heartfelt thanks too.Work CitedBaker, Mona. Encyclopedia of Translation Studies[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004：104.Nida, Eugene A.&C. R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden:E.J. Brill, 1969：89-97.Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：77.Pinkham John．The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish[M]．Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000：99.Snell-Hornby, Marry. Translation Studies: an Integrated Approach[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：267-271.Wilss，Wolfman．The Science of Translation-Problems and Methods[M]．Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：125.包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2002:78-86. 陈定安.英汉比较与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1988:271-275. 陈淑莹.标示语英译的语用失误探析[J]. 四川外语学院学报, 2006 ,1:117-120.戴宗显, 吕和发. 公示语汉英翻译研究---以2012年奥运会主办城市伦敦为例[J]. 中国翻译, 2005,6:38-42.何自然．语用学概论[M]．长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988:157.赖少华.浅谈公示语的翻译现状及对策----以广州地铁站公示语翻译为例[J].湖北广播电视大学学报, 2009,6:112-112.吕和发, 单丽平.汉英公示语词典[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2004:38．.倪传斌，刘治．标记语的英译原则及实例分析[J]．上海科技翻译, 1998,2:18-20.单爱民.谈英语公示用语的语言特点与汉英翻译[J]. 北京第二外国语学院学报, 2002,5:76-79.王晓娟. 从功能理论看公示语翻译---以南京城市公示语为例[J]. 湖北经济学院学报:人文社会科学版, 2008,4:119-120.。
经典英译汉文章翻译赏析
英译汉文章翻译赏析时间:2009年06月01日【英译中选段六】原文（by Robert Frost）The Gift OutrightThe land was once ours before we were the land’s.She was our land more than a hundred years.Before we were her people. She was oursIn Massachusetts, in Virginia;But we were England’s, still colonials,Possessing what we still were unpossessed by,Possessed by what we now no more possessed.Something we were withholding made us weakUntil we found out that it was ourselvesWe were withholding from our land of living,And forthwith found salvation in surrender.Such as we were we gave ourselves outright(The deed of gift was many deeds of war)To the land vaguely realizing westward,But still unstoried, artless, unenhanced,Such as she was, such as she would become.(原载 )译文（余光中译）：全心的奉献土地先属于我们，我们才属于土地。
她成为我们的土地历一百余年，我们才成为她的人民。
当时她属于我们，在麻萨诸塞，在佛吉尼亚，但我们属于英国，仍是殖民之身，我们拥有的，我们仍漠不关心，我们关心的，我们已不再拥有。
经典英文段落翻译__英译汉15篇
1.意大利著名旅行家马可。
波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。
”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。
”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。
西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。
在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。
The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangz hou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products.2.在设备制造期间，雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验，同时检查其制造进度。
2016年青大研究生综合英语四篇文章汉译英翻译整理
2016年青大研究生综合英语四篇文章汉译英翻译整理Unit1 TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERSDavid G. Jensen核心员工的特征We hold them up to the standards we see in our toppeople. If itlooks like they have these same traits, we'll place a bet on them."“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。
假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。
”The business environment is less lone-wolf and competitive, so signs of being collaborative and selfless stand out.企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。
5 Many peptides and grad students have a tough time showing that they can make this transition because so much of their life has involved playing the independent- researcher role and outshining other young stars.许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。
因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。
Better still, develop a reputation inside your lab and with people your lab collaborates with as a person who fosters and initiates collaborations—and make sure this quality gets mentioned by those who will take those reference phone calls.更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。
翻译硕士英文作文
翻译硕士英文作文英文：As a professional translator, I have had the opportunity to work on various types of documents, from legal contracts to marketing materials. One of the most challenging and rewarding projects I have worked on was translating a master's thesis from English to Chinese. This project not only tested my language skills, but also required me to understand the academic content and ensure that the translated text was accurate and coherent.Translating a master's thesis is a complex task that goes beyond simply replacing words with their equivalentsin another language. It requires a deep understanding of the subject matter and the ability to convey the author's ideas and arguments in a way that is faithful to the original text. For example, when translating a section on a scientific study, I had to ensure that the terminology used in the Chinese version was precise and consistent with thefield's standards.In addition to linguistic challenges, I also had to consider cultural differences between the two languages. For instance, certain idiomatic expressions and metaphors that are commonly used in English may not have direct equivalents in Chinese. In such cases, I had to find creative ways to convey the same meaning without losing the essence of the original text.中文：作为一名专业的翻译人员，我有机会翻译各种类型的文件，从法律合同到营销材料。
英译汉篇章翻译3
英译汉篇章翻译练习（3）I took home a briefcase full of troubles. As I sat down on that hot and humid evening, there seemed to be no solutions to the problems thrashing around in my brain. So I picked up a book, settled into a comfortable chair and applied my own special therapy—supper-slow reading.I spent three or four hours on two short chapters of Personal History by Vincent Sheena—savoring each paragraph, lingering over a sentence, a phrase, or even a single word, building a detailed mental picture of the scene. No longer was I in Sydney, Australia, on a sticky heart-wave night. Relishing every word, I joined foreign correspondent Sheena on a mission to China and another to Russia. I lost myself in the author’s world. And when finally I put in down, my mind was totally refreshed.Next morning, four words from the book—“take the long view”—were still in my mind. At my desk, I had a long-view look at my problems. Once more, super-slow reading had given me not only pleasure but perspective, and helped me in my everyday affairs.I discovered its worth years ago….Previously, if I had been really interested in a book, I would race from page to page, eager to know what came next. Now, I decided, I had to become a miser with words and stretch every sentence like a poor man spending his last dollar.I has stared with the practical object of making my book last. But by the end of the second week I began to realize how much I was getting from super-slow-reading itself. Sometimes just a particular phrase caught my attention, sometimes a sentence. I would read it slowly, analyze it, read it again—perhaps changing down into an even lower gear—and then sit for 20 minutes thinking about it before moving on. I was like a pianist studying a piece of music, phrase by phrase, rehearsing it, trying to discover and recreate exactly what the composer was trying to convey.。
英汉互译-翻译赏析
•因为戴那译个：小然区后构他造们复从杂第，六鲜大街买 有人来去些打锡扰镴，杯所子以、搞一艺两术只的烘锅， 人都组不成约了而一同个地“去聚那居里区定”居。。(欧.
亨利作品选，2002，117)
• 王译：接着，他们又从六马路 买来一些锡镴杯子和一两只烘 锅，组成了一个“艺术区”。
a group of people from the same （欧.亨利短篇小说选，2006，
to hit sb/sth hard;to attack
Analysis or punish sb 重打；猛击； 惩罚
牛津高阶英汉双解
背景：
• But Johnsy he smote; and •十一戴月译份：的但时他候还，肺是炎袭在击小了区琼里珊。
she lay, scarcely moving, on her painted iron bedstead,
place or with the same work or
258）
interests who live in a particular city or country 聚居人群 牛津高阶英汉双解词典
评析："colony"虽有聚居人群的意思，但这里我们觉得用王永年翻译的“艺术区”
更为恰当，因为聚集到这里的人都是搞艺术的，用“艺术区”就更能很好的突出 这一点，与上下文衔接更好。
•琼珊戴已译经：绝当望她到与了极友点情，及任尘苏世如的维 何劝系说一挽扣留接，一她扣还是地丝松毫懈没了有的活时候， 下死去去有 得的的关 更欲准死 紧望备了亡，。。的她(怪已欧经念.作头亨好利似了作乎随品把时选她，抓
2002，122)
to earth were loosed.(欧.亨
英译汉短文翻译10篇
1. Lexicography1)Lexicography provides at its best a joyful sense of busyness with language词典编纂的绝妙之处是给人一种与语言打交道的快乐感。
2) One is immersed in the details of language as in no other field.不像其他领域，编词典的人整天都钻在语言材料中。
3) Sometimes the details are so overwhelming and endless they sap the spirit and depress the mind有时碰到的语言材料浩如烟海，令人耗神。
4) Often at the end of a hard day’s work one realizes with dismay that the meager stack of finished work one has accomplished has an immeasurably slight impact on the work as a whole往往一天辛苦工作下来，发觉所完成的薄薄几页草稿只是全部工作的九牛一毛，好不沮丧。
5) As I hope the readers of this work will come to understand dictionaries do not sprint into being正如我希望这部著作的读者会逐渐明白的那样，词典并非是一蹴而就的。
6)People must plan them collect information and write them. 必须先制定计划，收集材料，然后方能编写。
7 )Writing takes time and it is often frustrating and even infuriating.编写词典不仅耗费时间，而且常让人受挫，甚至恼怒。
英译汉-文体翻译(3)科技
第六单元文体翻译第三节科技英语科技英语尤指自然科学方面：科技著述、论文、报告、方案等；科技情报与文字资料；科技实用手段的结构描述与操作说明；有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈用语科技影片、录像、视频等的解说词；科技发明、发现的报道；科学幻想小说，等等。
一、科技英语的特点例At first people believed that air was of only one gas. But by experiment they found out that it is made of two important gases and very small amounts of others.Here is a description of one experiment which they did to find out what one of these two important gases is.At first it was believed that air consisted of a single gas. But by experiment it was discovered that it consists of two important gases and traces of others.One experiment which was carried out to discover what one of these two gases might be, is described as follows:例If you fill a glass with water and drop into it a few crystals of permanganate of potash—written like this in chemistry: KMnO4, you see that the water near the crystals turns pink. If you heat the water, you can see the way in which the pink water moves. First it rises, then it moves across the surface, and then it sinks down the side of the vessel.If a glass vessel is filled with water and a few crystals of potassium permanganate—chemical formula: KMnO4 are dropped into it, the water near the crystals is seen to turn pink. If the water is heated, the way in which the pink water moves can be seen….(一)词汇特点1、词的性质：纯技术词：专业词汇或术语例：hydroxide，anode，isotope通用技术词：不同专业都使用的通用词汇，但在不同专业中，意义可能不同。
英译汉语篇翻译
一位老人是这个持枪歹徒的第一个受害者。老人先被一辆 卡车撞倒，正当他试图起身时，被击中头部。
10. Mother: Is that your coat on the floor? Son: I’ll pick it up.
妈妈:地上是你的外套吗？ 儿子：这就捡起来。
Thank you
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
经济学家认为，经济衰退比预测中更加严重。 很明显，等待已久的经济衰退已经到来。许多经济学 家认为国家经济活动的衰退比先前预测的更加严重， 持续时间更长。
5. President Jimmy Carter noted that inflation is the cruelest tax that anyone can pay. Many people agree with that statement, arguing that the persistent decline in the dollar’s purchasing power hurts people directly because products cost more, and also causes a kind of psychological damage. Recent polls have shown that the average American, far from being optimistic, expects prices to rise to ever higher rates.
7. Just as man has found great uses for the materials which he can dig up from the ground so, too, he has found important uses for the gases which he can obtain from the air.
汉译英短文-译国译民翻译
• 为弘扬中华文化，探寻传统节日背后深蕴的历史印迹， 传承亘古不变的人文精神，推出“端午、中秋、七夕、 春节”四大中式主题庆典，将传统文化与节日庆典相结 合，带来精致绝伦的创意呈现，让贵宾零距离领略并欣 赏，感受悠然时光，悦享丰盛旅程。 • 译文： To develop Chinese culture, discovery the historical traces of traditional festivals and inherit eternally immutable humanistic spirits, we will launch four Chinese celebrations whose theme are “ dragon boat festival, midautumn festival, tanabata festival, spring festival“ ,blending traditional culture and festival ceremonies together, bringing the excellent display of creativity, letting honored guest appreciate it face to face and enjoy peaceful time and sumptuous journeys.
• 充满惊喜的奢华服务与至善体验，从打开客房小酒吧的瞬间开 启。悉心洞悉至尊贵宾的喜好，为贵宾提供个性化定制酒吧服 务，酒柜内容专为贵宾个人喜好而特别搭配，独特服务更延伸 至定制酒吧之外，满足个性需求的枕头与助眠产品，温情倍至 的体贴呵护，让贵宾在繁忙的旅途之中，悦享点滴感动。 • 译文： Luxurious service and perfect experiences, filled with surprise, begin as soon as open the guest open the door of the room bar. Understanding thoroughly the hobbies of extreme honorable guests, we will provide customized bar service for them. Contents of wine cabinets are matched particularly according to guests’hobbies. Besides customized bars, we will offer more special service, for exampe, pillows and sleep-aiding products which will meet guests’ needs, and warmest care, letting distinguished guests enjoy movement on the busy journey.
中英文学类翻译
译文将“smile”与“spurn”做了交换处理，使得每句 诗的末尾字形成押韵，且保留了原文的诗意。
再看一首小诗
To see a word in a grain of sand And a heaven in a wild flower
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand And eternity in an hour ------by William Blake
例子：三月里刘熏宇君来信, 说互生病了, 而且是没有希望的病, 医生说只好等日子了 。
（朱自清《哀互生》
“ 等日子” 是汉语里一个很委婉的表达方 式，表示将不久于人世。将其译成
“wait for the day to arrive”
虽说是照字面直译却很委婉地表达了“不久 于人世” 的意思
又是例子：又说咱们中国道家讲阴阳, 这开
一般译法：最缺少自信的人是最 喜欢妒忌别人的人；同样，最软 弱胆小的人是最具报复心的人。
仿《论语》
自疑者必好妒人，自怯者 必好犯人。
又例
Words, like clothes, get oldfashioned, or mean and ridiculous, when they have been for some time laid aside.
• 精译：她美丽依旧，若非风华正茂，也未 到迟暮之年。
仿文言文译法。
----非文学功 底超高者不能为也
例、Those who are the most distrustful of themselves , are the most envious of others ; as the most weak and cowardly are the most revengeful
商务英语毕业论文题目-英汉对照
Research on English-Chinese Translation of Attributive Clause in Business English
在商务英语阅读中生词的学习策略研究
Study on Strategies of Learning the New Words in Business EnglishReading
商业广告语篇中模糊限制语的人际功能研究
Interpersonal Function of Hedges in Commercial Advertising Discourse
商务英语索赔信函的人际意义研究
A Study of Interpersonal Meaning in Business
English Letters of Claims
商务英语写作中介语的错误分析
A Study of the Interlanguage Error Analysis in Business English Writing
从转化生成语法的角度研究商务合同中的歧义现象及其消除策略
A Study on the Ambiguity in Business Contract from the Perspective of Transformation—generative Grammar and Disambiguation Strategies
被动结构在英文商务信函中的应用及其汉译策略研究
Research on the Application of Passive Construction in English Business Correspondence and Its Translation Strategies
英文学术论文翻译-中英文对照(三)
•These new measures will, we believe, increase the people’s purchasing power and lead to thriving financial and commercial conditions rather than make a mess of the country’s finances as some people argue.
一、主谓单句
汉语的主谓单句，从外形结构 上来看，跟英语的“主谓”结构是 相似的，但它的主语和谓语表达却 与英语有许多不同的地方。所以翻 译汉语主谓单句时，至少应注意几 个问题。
1、防止主语的机械对应。 中国近几年来发生了巨变。 ①There have been great changes in China these years. ②These years have seen (witnessed) great changes in China. ③Great changes have taken place in China these years. ④China crackles with the dynamics of changes these years.
汉语的基本句型及其翻译
汉语造句以名词为重心，以词组、散句和 分句为手段，善于按时间、逻辑顺序进行横 排式叙述，有时断句不严，外形松散。有人 称汉语是时间型的动态结构，主要体现于形 式自由，富于弹性。
英语则以“主—谓”主干结构为重心来统 领各种语言成分，句界分明，外形严密。 因此，汉语各种句型译成英语时，不仅在 逻辑关系上而且在外形上都应该体现出英语 句法结构的特点。
2-3 Reversing • 1）沿路都是小商店。 Small shops dot the way. • 2）他这样悍然行事使我们非常气恼。 Hot anger burned in our minds against him at his rashness.
论文翻译举例英文作文范文
论文翻译举例英文作文范文英文，As an English-Chinese bilingual, I often find myself translating various types of documents, including academic papers. Here, I'll provide an example of a translated English essay into Chinese, adhering to the specified format.中文，作为一名英中双语者，我经常发现自己需要翻译各种类型的文件，包括学术论文。
在这里，我将提供一个将英文文章翻译成中文的例子，符合指定的格式。
英文，Imagine you're writing an essay on the impact of technology on modern education. Here's an excerpt from the introduction:Technology has revolutionized the landscape of modern education, bringing both opportunities and challenges. In today's interconnected world, classrooms are no longer confined to physical spaces; instead, they extend to virtual realms where students engage with educationalmaterials through online platforms and digital tools. This transformation has democratized access to knowledge, allowing learners from diverse backgrounds to participatein educational experiences previously inaccessible to them.中文：想象一下，你正在撰写一篇关于技术对现代教育的影响的论文。
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英译汉论文翻译专业班级：机制0804姓名：孟祥宇学号：03指导老师：郭宝良粘滑振动的振动模式Jaeyoung Kang, Charles M.Krousgrill, FarshidSadeghiA：美国普渡大学西拉法叶校区，机械工程学院，普渡大学585购物中心，编号47907 – 2088B：机械和汽车工程,大学工程,国立公州大学,Cheonan-Si 韩国文章信息历史条:2008年8月10收到文件。
2009年5月1日收到修订后的形式。
2009年5月14日文件被公认。
关键词:粘滑摩擦耦合量子谐振子耦合模式振荡模式文摘本文通过摩擦的非线性的平滑的曲线研究了粘滑振荡离散系统的能量来源。
通过数值的时间，整合和分析的方法研究了粘滑的一个单自由度的模型的极限环振荡。
相同的方法也可应用到模型的摩擦振荡器耦合中。
特别是,我们不难发现的稳态响应的耦合。
根据两种模式的频率间隔，振荡器可分为两种不同形式的(合并振荡模式和分离振荡模式)振荡。
稳态响应的振荡模式取决于系统参数，如谐因素，能源的速度，正常的接触载荷。
1、介绍摩擦产生的振动将对各种应用系统产生严重的问题,如从事摩擦的刹车、离合器、机床等。
由于摩擦而经常进行自我维持的不稳定的振动。
这样的自激振荡在文献[1]中进行了广泛的研究 ,在那里的研究中使用了摩擦所致的振动的离散模型。
一个弹簧-块单自由度模型解释了粘滑振荡[2-5]的行为。
在该模型中,不稳定摩擦振动导致了极限环的形成。
[2]采用了指数和多项式函数，并使用摩擦速度曲线研究了导致极限环振荡的条件。
类似的，粘滑振荡所提供的不连续摩擦模型控制方程，在设定静态和动态两个不同的摩擦机理[3]、[4]中，使用了不同的摩擦模型如平滑和交换的方法。
平稳的摩擦曲线平滑方法取代连续系统，并允许一个解决一个单一的光滑微分方程。
相比之下,交换方法评估了不同组方程的防滑和过渡模式。
考虑到定性方式,Denny [5],使用了一个光滑摩擦曲线的平滑法很好地使系统行为从不连续阶段过渡到连续的滑动阶段。
然而,单自由度只有在摩擦所致的适当振荡中不与其耦合。
为了更好地描述摩擦耦合振荡的两种方式(或两个块),我们对这两个自由度的弹簧-块作了介绍。
例如,可能有两个块在一维空间移动,这被称为火车模型[6、7]。
这种模式一直被视为自我持续的混乱振动。
另外一个模型可能会有一个块在两维空间[8,9]中振荡。
该模型在两种摩擦耦合模式之间产生,这导致了不稳定模式的耦合[8 - 10条,第13条]。
模型中有一个无限的自由度的颤动系统可以使用Galerkin研究的近似原方程的方法来研究。
这种连续系统可以进一步简化为降阶模型使系统响应由颤动的模式为主。
例如,Kang 等，通过[9,10]采用模态扩展了一对盘式制动器的余弦和正弦模式。
他们的分析表明:两个自由度模型可以采用正交使弹簧和移动表面等效为线性降阶盘式制动器。
此外,耦合模式的作用通过非线性的圆盘模式显示，以确定波型(一个漫游或者驻波)在圆盘表面的平面振动[11]。
然而,相应的频率模式尚未解决。
在本文中我们关注的焦点是在动态模式中某些弹簧-块的稳态振动,采用平滑方法描述粘滞滑动的行为。
图1 弹簧块模型的描述：（a）单一程度的自由模式及（b）耦合振荡器[9]。
极限环的分歧数量存在的必要条件[12],m F n /0⋅必须有符号的变化。
因此，摩擦的稳定性至关重要的是曲线的斜率和形成稳定的滑动平衡的极限环。
极限环振荡数值的估计如图3a 。
由于滑动速度()τuV &-接近零，摩擦力符号从负斜率转换成正斜率并限制循环形成(图。
3 b)。
同时， 正斜率的()τu&在微量()τu V &-附近保持平衡，这里形成一个近似粘滞的阶段(图3 c)。
它应该注意的是运动的形成取决于极限环在控制参数曲线[5]和 Denny 的摩擦式(6)，相图的粘滑振荡由不同的控制参数的摩擦曲线证明。
振荡期间和收敛区间用数值模拟的方法计算了周期。
图4表明该粘滞相位测量时间的连续摩擦的历史阶段。
图5显示周期振荡和坚持的时间间隔在一段时期内成正比的正常负荷()K N n /00=，但是它们的速度V 会在移动表面降低或增加。
图3 粘滑振荡时，v =1，0n = 2：（a ）极限环的时间轨迹，（b ）摩擦力斜率的改变标志， （c ）解释粘滞相位变化相相位平面。
图4 粘滞和滑动的相位超过摩擦力历史的周期间隔。
3、耦合振子机制双自由度模式(图 1 b)将在本节用来研究说明耦合摩擦机制的振荡器。
考虑一个质量为m 的两个正交系弹簧21,K K 和两个正交接触的弹簧c K ,当这些弹簧受到正常负荷为1N 的力拉(或压缩)时产生一个常数行驶速度V 的表面不存在。
这个耦合谐振子的摩擦运动方程(图。
1 b)为,)(01N y K x K K x m c x c =•+++μ&&（13） ,)(021N x K y K K y m c y -=•-++μ&&（14） 通过让**)()(,)()(v t v t y u t u t x +=+=和m K K t /)(21+=τ则相应的无量纲运动方程的形式为),)((**v k f f v k f u uc x c x --=•++&& (15) ),)(()1(**u k f f u k f v v c y c y -=•-++σ&& (16)无量纲的时间)(0τττ≥ 就是分化点的地方,在这里有),/(1c c c k k k k += (17) ),/(111c K K N n += (18)图5。
粘滑振荡：（a ）振荡周期和参数的影响（b ）一段时期内的粘滞相位;).(3),(2),(1),/(00-O -=-∆-=-==V V V K n n)/()(112c c K K K K -+-=σ 失谐因素， （19）x x uV f μ•-=)sgn(& ：在x 方向的无量纲摩擦力 （20） y y u V f μ•-=)sgn(& ：在y 方向的无量纲摩擦力 （21）图6 特征值与F *轨迹：)(;2.0,5.0,31-===v c k n λσ和λ因为).(1),(2),(3-X -=-O -=-∆-=V V V图7 耦合振子稳态响应时，))((),)((,5.0,3,11---===ττv u k n V c &&：（a ）合并模式下的振荡周期有σ= 0.2（二）分离模式下的振荡周期有σ= 0.8。
因此，平衡附近的线性方程组有{}{}{},0=++u vu v uv B C &&&&&& （29） 其中α是摩擦曲线的斜率的振幅其定义为,00==∂∂=∂∂=v y u x vf u f &&&&α （30）图8 粘滞滑动在限制周期为2.0,5.0,3,11====σc k n V 的合并模式振荡下，的相平面和摩擦曲线图：（a ）在X 轴，（b ）在y 轴及（c ）模态摩擦和正常负荷的历史。
如果系统阻尼系数远小于线性系统频率(例如,尖叫噪声问题),也就是说,()22/D 《()2/1σ+ ,特征值λ近似为U D λλ+-≅2（39） 或等价为()(),Re 2Re U D λλ+-≅ （40） 和()()U λλIm Im ≅， （41）最初的平衡状态合并为两个模态的响应频率的时间是不断变化的。
在这里，可能会出现问题：如果平衡状态摩擦的频率振荡是分开的，他们是仍然分离在极限环上（如果可能）？还是平衡展出在分开的两种模式稳态响应的合并行为？答案需要从时间域非线性方程（15）和（16）从时间方面整合解决。
解决方案，图 7表明，有两种稳定的滑动振荡模式：合并模式和分隔模式的振荡。
它意味着模式合并后的振动的过渡取决的两种振动模式，可能会出现系统参数。
在图7A 显示常数振幅和两种模式的阶段，图 7B 显示分隔模式振动经历的变化幅度和时间。
在下一节中，极限环振动的耦合模式提供分歧的分析方法。
3.2、耦合模式极限振动的周期分析耦合式振荡器公式（15）和（16），不是一个单自由度振荡，可能会失去与振荡的联系。
如果接触表面上的正常负荷变为零，块会失去它的任何接触力。
这不是当前论文讨论的范围。
相反，非零接触条件的耦合振荡器在接触载荷为0ττ≥的简单形式为被执行为：0))((*>≡++h c n u u k τ， （43） 0))((*>≡+-v c n v v k τ， （44） 在非零的接触条件下,必要的条件存在可以得到了耦合量子谐振子的极限环。
公式(15)和(16)在状态空间重写成这样的形式为了明确形成极限环振荡两个自由度的耦合振子，与摩擦经过对应的模态相图由合并模式（ = 0.2）所示。
它表明，摩擦力斜率的变化标志着存在极限环振荡。
图8a和b。
此外，图8C说明在两个模态之间的相位差的接触力是不变的。
这是合并模式后的极限环的特点。
正如在第3.1节和图7所提到的，线性和非线性的合并模式的振荡可能是无效的，如果模态分离强制受到了一定的系统参数的变化。
图9 粘滞滑动在：5.0,3,11===c k n V ，8.0=σ的模式振荡响应：（一）在u 模式下的相平面及（b ）模态摩擦和正常负载轨迹。
图9描绘的是模式合并后的极限环振荡，图8当失谐因素由0.2增加至0.8时转换成非周期的分隔模式振动的响应。
在分离模式振动下，正常接触的负载进行幅度和相位的变化。
同时，摩擦力在粘滞阶段上出现一个周期时时间历史会有剧变，但是剧变在其他周期消失。
在这里，应该有临界值以确定控制参数的非线形的振荡模式（合并模式的极限环和分离模式振动）。
参数的边界值在非线性制度下不一定对应于那些抗滑稳定的平衡状态。
集成的解决方案需要确定两个非线性振荡模式的分歧与控制参数的数值。
图10。
合并模式极限周期和分离模式振动稳态响应之间的分歧：（a ）时间演变期间的周期T 及（b ）两种振动模式与系统参数的边界，(),6),(311-∆-=-O -=n n )(9-∆-=n ，一个无阻尼运动振荡器的线性即将移动（-⨯-）。
3.3 、合并模式极限周期和分离模式振荡的分歧对于无阻尼非线性（α= 0）即将发生的稳定滑动的平衡状态，耦合振动的方程（15）和（16）可分为两种制度，如合并模式和分离模式制度方面的参数控制。
例如，合并模式图 6A 中的点（**cr f f =）是两种制度之间的分歧。
随着时间演变之后的线性即将移动，然而，频率分离模式的非线性耦合振荡可能会改变。
为了确定合并模式极限环的周期和分离模式振动之间的分歧，在这期间分开两种模式对其稳态振动进行跟踪。