中英文名词解释汇总

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常用术语中英文词典

常用术语中英文词典Raw materials:alumina 铝土bauxite 铝矿土log 大圆棒billet 小圆棒（铝棒）butt 废料（挤压切头）Magnesium 镁Silicon 硅Iron 铁Copper 铜Manganese 锰Chromium 铬extruability 可挤压性strength-to-weight ratio 强度重量比quenching 淬火conductivity 可导电性，导电率Equipment: 设备：log conveyor 大圆棒运输机log furnace 大圆棒加热炉billet furnace 铝棒加热炉solvus tempreture 溶线温度solidus tempreture 固线温度log shear 圆棒剪billet transveyor 铝棒运输机press loader 挤压机托料架机械手ram 挤压杆dummy block 压饼（挤压垫）container 盛锭筒container liner 盛锭筒内衬（内套）runout table 输出台front platen 前板main cylinder 主缸Die: 模具：die ring 模套die 模具backer 模垫bolster 前垫shim (sub-bolster) 后垫feeder 导流板pocket(cavity of feeder) 袋式平模hollow die 空心模semi-hollow die 半空心模solid die 平模aperture (pocket) 孔隙die cap 下模（母模）mandrel 上模（公模）porthole 孔式分流模pancake 园盘式模bridge 桥式模spider 蜘蛛模horse shoe 马蹄形止口tool carrier 模座die bearing 工作带relief 空刀die oven 模具加热炉radiant oven 辐射炉infrared oven 红处线炉lead-out table 导出台quench box 淬火槽standing-wave cooling 过水槽冷却mist cooling 水雾冷却air cooling 风冷web 桥port 进料孔puller 牵引机transfer belts 传送台cooling belt 冷却带（台）stretcher 拉直机（调直机）tail head 固定端power head 活动端clamps 夹头crossover belts （拉直机）传送带staging and saw: 锯切工作台和锯staging area 锯切工作台saw 锯batching belt 配置传送带saw gauge 锯切定尺台supervisory control system(SCS) 监视控制系统programmable logic controller(PLC) 可编过程控制器aging oven 时效炉Processtemperature rise 挤压时的上升温度exit temperature 出口温度tearing 扯裂container wall 挤压筒筒壁shear zoneexit temp. measurement 出口温度测量temp. stick 测温笔thermocouple temp. probe 热电偶探测针pyrometer 高温计atomic structure 原子结构quench rate 淬火率precipitate 沉淀Magnesium Silicide crystals 硅化镁晶体intersperse(dispersion) 分散preserve 保持temper 状态critical quench rate 临界淬火率temper designations 状态定义recovery 成品率aluminum oxide 氧化铝scrap 费料productivity measurement 生产效率的评估press efficiency 挤压机效率weight per person-hour 单位时间人均成品率internal scrap produced 费品率rejected and returned material ratio 退货率production and maintenance downtime 停机时间OEE (overall equipment effectiveness) 整个设备效率quality rate 可销售产品率performance rate 实际出品率availability rate 挤压机利用率Quality 质量defects 缺陷vernier(calipers) 千分尺feeler gauge 塞尺go-no-go gauges 专用测型仪protractor 角规square 矩尺，丁字尺Webster hardness tester 韦氏硬度钳back end condition 挤压尾部条件blister 气泡，沙眼bow 弯曲broken die 模具损坏saw burr 锯毛刺chatter 振痕corrosion-pitting 腐蚀点corrosion water stain 水迹die line 模痕faltness deviation 不平（不平淬火，拉伸过分，模具错误）hook 侧面弯曲inclusion 因模具内售杂质而型材含杂质kink 因搬运造成的严重变形lamination 迭层（因铸锭有裂痕，或模具含杂质）flow line 模痕carbon mark 石墨痕handling mark 碰伤roll mark 滚动痕stop mark 断痕stretcher jam mark 拉抻机夹痕traffic mark 碰伤orange peel 桔皮pickup 粘铝。

中文专业名词或术语大全

中文专业名词或术语大全English Answer:Literary Terms.Allegory: A story with a deeper meaning than its surface level.Anaphora: Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines or clauses.Characterization: The development of characters in a story.Climax: The turning point in a story.Conflict: The struggle between opposing forces in a story.Denouement: The resolution of a story.Epigraph: A short quotation at the beginning of a work that provides insight into its theme or meaning.Exposition: The introduction of characters, setting, and background information in a story.Falling Action: The events that follow the climax and lead to the resolution.Figurative Language: Language that uses figures of speech, such as metaphors, similes, and personification.Flashback: A scene in a story that interrupts the chronological order to show an event that happened in the past.Foreshadowing: Hints or clues about events that will happen later in the story.Imagery: The use of vivid language to create a mental picture in the reader's mind.Irony: A contrast between what is expected and what actually happens.Metaphor: A comparison between two things that are not literally alike, but share some common qualities.Motif: A recurring element or theme in a story.Narrator: The person who tells the story.Plot: The sequence of events in a story.Point of View: The perspective from which a story is told.Resolution: The outcome of the conflict in a story.Rising Action: The events that lead up to the climaxin a story.Setting: The time and place in which a story occurs.Simile: A comparison between two things that are literally alike, using the words "like" or "as"Symbolism: The use of symbols to represent abstract ideas or concepts.Theme: The central idea or message of a story.Grammatical Terms.Adjective: A word that describes a noun or pronoun.Adverb: A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.Conjunction: A word that connects words, phrases, or clauses.Determiner: A word that comes before a noun to specify its quantity or identity.Interjection: A word or phrase that expresses strong emotion.Noun: A word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.Preposition: A word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence.Pronoun: A word that takes the place of a noun.Verb: A word that describes an action, occurrence, or state of being.Literary Genres.Biography: A written account of a person's life.Drama: A work of literature that is intended to be performed on stage.Essay: A written work that expresses the author'sthoughts and ideas on a particular topic.Fiction: A story that is invented rather than based on real events.Memoir: A written account of a person's own life.Novel: A long work of fiction that tells a story.Poem: A work of literature that uses language in a creative and expressive way.Short Story: A brief work of fiction that tells a complete story.Other Literary Terms.Author: The person who writes a work of literature.Character: A person, animal, or other being in a work of literature.Epilogue: A concluding section of a work of literature that provides additional information or commentary.Genre: A category of literature that shares certain characteristics.Protagonist: The main character in a work of literature.Reader: A person who reads a work of literature.Text: The written or printed words of a work of literature.中文回答：文学术语。

英语翻译基础--英汉互译名词解释

英语翻译基础--英汉互译名词解释英语翻译基础--英汉互译名词解释1、国际组织类已经考过的：apec，国际货币基金组织，G20，世界银行，世贸组织，EU，WTO，关税总协定，安理会常任理事国，CDED,IAEA,ASEM,UNICEF,ASEAN,OECD,APEC，前苏联可能要考的：联合国、联合国大会/联大、联合国安全理事会、欧盟、东盟、阿盟、非盟、20国集团、亚太经合组织、北约、上合组织、金砖四国、八国集团首脑会议、经合组织、关税及贸易组织、石油输出国组织/欧佩克、国际奥委会、国际足球联合会、国际原子能机构、核供应国集团、禁止化学武器组织、国际能源机构、博鳌亚洲论坛、英联邦、独联体、欧洲委员会、世界卫生组织、世界知识产权组织、世界旅游组织、联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国教科文组织、联合国儿童基金会、国际劳工组织、国际标准化组织、国际红十字会、亚太空间合作组织、欧洲货币联盟、国际复兴开发银行/世界银行、亚洲开发银行、非洲开发银行、欧洲中央银行、欧洲复兴发展银行、美洲开发银行/泛美开发银行、伊斯兰开发银行、不结盟运动、巴黎俱乐部、南方中心、阿拉伯各国议会联盟、拉丁美洲议会、海湾合作委员会、联合国工业发展组织、联合国开发计划署、联合国环境署、世界动物卫生组织、世界穆斯林大会、世界气象组织、世界和平理事会、国际金融公司、国际海事组织、国际民用航空组织、国际开发协会、国际商会、国际贸易中心、国际捕鲸委员会、阿拉伯石油输出国组织、太平洋岛国论坛、SCO、UNSC、OECD、OIE、OPEC、FAO、UNESCO、UNCF、UNIDO、UNDP、UNEP、UNCDF、UNCTAD、WHO、WMO、GATT、WIPO、WPC、ILO、IMF、IOC、IPC、ISO、ICC、IAEA、NATO、OPEC、EEC、NAM、UNCITRAL、UNDP、UNEP、UNIDO、WB、WCO、WEC、WFC、WFP、WTO、EMU （European Monetary Union）、PLO(PalestineLiberationOrganization)巴勒斯坦解放组织、EFTA/欧洲自由贸易联盟2、中国政府机关名词已经考过的：全国人民代表大会，政协，npc、可能要考的：主席团、常务委员会、办公厅、秘书处、中央军事委员会、最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、国务院、外交部、国防部、国家发展计划委员会、教育部、科学技术部、国家科学技术工业委员会、国家安全部、监察部、民政部、司法部、财政部、人事部、劳动和社会保障部、国土资源部、建设部、铁路部、交通部、信息产业部、水利部、农业部、对外贸易经济合作部、文化部、卫生部、国家计划生育委员会、中国人民银行、国家审计署、国务院办公厅、国务院研究室、新闻办公室、海关总署、国家税务总局、国家环境保护总局、中国民用航空总局、caac、国家广播电影电视总局、国家体育总局、国家统计局、国家工商行政管理局、新闻出版署、国家版权局、国家林业局、国家质量技术监督局、国家药品监督管理局、国家知识产权局、国家旅游局、新华通讯社、中国科学院、中国社会科学院、中国工程院、中国地震局、中国气象局、中国证券监督管理委员会、国家轻工业局、国家纺织工业局、国家海洋局、国家测绘局、国家外汇管理局、国家出入境检验检疫局、中国共产党中央委员会、中央政治局、CPPCC、中央政治局常务委员会、中央书记处、中央军事委员会、中央办公厅、中央组织部、中央宣传部、中央统一战线部、中央对外联络部、中央政策研究室、中央党校、中央翻译局、中央档案馆、中国人民政治协商会议、中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会、中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会、中国共产党、中国国民党革命委员会(民革)、中国民主同盟(民盟)、中国民主建国会(民建)、中国民主促进会(民进)、九三学社3、美国《时代》周刊评出年度热词已经考过的：defacto，Neet，unfriend，somebody'scupoftea，givethefloorto，thein-thing，infortainment，可能要考的：Vuvuzela/呜呜祖拉、TopKill/JunkShot/StaticKill/T opHat顶部封杀/垃圾弹/静态封杀/盖帽法、深水地平线/DeepwaterHorizon、Bedbugs/臭虫、Eyjafjallajokull/冰岛火山、Austerity/节衣缩食/欧洲紧缩政策、AnchorBabies/定锚婴儿、MamaGrizzlies/棕熊妈妈军团、ReleasetheKraken/释放海妖、Double-dip/二次探底、Bungabunga/强行侵犯俘虏/意大利总理贝卢斯科尼举办的性派对、海地地震、维基解密、援救智利矿工、巴基斯坦特大洪灾、朝鲜半岛局势、也门/反恐战争新前线、基地组织、主权债务/sovereigndebt、实体经4、科技发明类已经考过的：HDTV，CPU，显示器，小排量汽车可能要考的：Semiconductor/半导体、5、近年重大疾病类已经考过的：CBS，TheGuardian，FIT，新华社、CCTV可能要考的：CBC、BBC、ABC、CNN、AP/Associated Press、美联社、路透社、全国广播公司(NBC )、哥伦比亚广播公司(CBS)、美国广播公司(ABC)、美国有线电视新闻网（CNN）、福克斯新闻频道(FOX NEWS)、日本广播协会（NHK）、半岛电视台（Al Jazeera)、加拿大广播公司（CBC）、澳大利亚广播公司（ABC）、东京广播公司（TBS）、韩国kbs电视台（KBS）、家庭影院频道(HBO)、[V]音乐台（channelv）、探索频道（discovery）、美国音乐电视频道(MTV)、NPR（National Public Radio）美国全国公共电台、7、美国之音常用新闻词汇已经考过的：commuter/乘车上班族、lipsynching/假唱、入境签证，Commuter，爵士摇滚，可能要考的：intangibleculturalheritage/非物质文化遗产、holdoff/保持距离、barrage/接连发问sound-detectiongear:声音探测器spam:垃圾邮件hideout:藏身点snap:仓促的coupplotter:政变策划者stemcell:干细胞playup:大肆渲染graffiti:涂鸦feverpitch:高度兴奋,狂热overstaff:人员过多peacesaboteur:和平破坏者comatose:昏迷的crackdown:取缔，制裁down-to-earth:实际的切实的BallisticMissileTest：弹道导弹试验Ordeal：严峻的考验Kidnapper：拐子、绑匪AtomicNucleus：原子核ConfidenceVote：信任票Denuclearization：非核化Blast：爆炸，冲击波GreenBeltMovement：绿带运动Argumentative：爱争论的Cram：塞满、拥挤SnapPoll：即席调查Premature：过早的，仓促的Paralyzed：瘫痪的LiftAnEmbargo：解除禁运Barbecuestoppage:中止；中断abstention:弃权clinicaltrial:临床试验ChrysanthemumThrone：天皇王位VaccinateBlockbusterMascotSleasyCULLOutofwhackhotwords:fie ldworkriotRedtape：繁文缛节ColdfrontAbduct：诱拐，绑架Preemptive：先发制人的Footage：电影胶片Incumbent：现任者，在职者MilitaryChief：军事最高统帅StateVisit：国事访问PermanentMember：常任理事国Relevance：意义，实用性UraniumEnrichment：铀浓缩PowerPlant：发电站Evacuate：撤退、疏散Bayard：骑士，勇武异常者launchpad:发射台Constituency：选区，选民atadiscountTabloidAchilles'heelPostmodernComeout （ofthecloset）Reggae Rap music Platonic Punk Blackball Coat tail Lame duck Independent counsel Preset Orbit：预定轨道Milestone：里程碑，转折点BallisticMissile：弹道导弹HeartBbypassSurgery：心脏搭桥手术Wail：大哭Denunciation：谴责、指责Holeup：藏匿StepDown：辞职，下台Benchmark：基准点，衡量标准BeakedWhale:突吻鲸，喙鲸Procurement:采购Handset:手机Stake:股份Portal:门户网站Showcase:展示Sedan:小轿车StrategicPetroleumReserve:战略石油储备BackT ax:退缴税CrudeOutput:原油生产LogOn:进入系统LagBehind:落在后面TeamUp:合作，协作AudienceRating:收视率PlayDown:对……不太重视FloorTrader:场内交易人APackageOfProposals:一揽子建议OperatingMargin:营运利润率Hedge-Fund:对冲基金Shortfall:不足、差额、赤字Anti-Trust:反托拉斯FullSwing:达到活动的ClawBack:夺回，费力收回BalanceSheet:资产负债表Inventory:货存、库存量MutualFund:共同基金LoanGuarante:借款保函ClassAction:集体诉讼Antidumping：反倾销Confetti:五彩纸屑FederalReserve:美国联邦储备系统Ink：签署（合同、文件等）HSBC:汇丰银行HotMoney:国际套利资本Scooter：速克达、踏板车、单脚滑行车InARow：一个接一个NetWorth：资本净值ABM=anti-ballisticmissile反弹道导弹abortivecoupattempt未遂政变absenttrial（absentvoting缺席审判（缺席投票absolutemajority绝对多数abstainfromvoting弃权abuseofpowerforpersonalgain以权谋私academia学术界academiccareer学历，学业academician院士AcademyAward奥斯卡金像奖academysciences科学院accreditedjournalist特派记者acquit （beacquitted宣告无罪（无罪释放actingpresident代总统activecapital流动资本activesubstance放射性物adversetradebalance逆差advisorybody顾问团after-saleservice售后服务aircrash飞机失事album专辑alliedpowers同盟国all-outban全面禁止all-roundtitle全能冠军alumnus（复数:alumni）校友amendment修正案，附加条款amicablerelations 友好关系amnesty特赦anarchy无政府状态animalyear本命年anti-corruption反腐败anti-robberybell防盗铃apartheid种族隔离appropriateauthorities有关当局arch-foe 主要的劲敌armedintervention武装干涉arm-twisting施加压力arson放火，纵火assemblyhall会议厅assemblyline生产流水线assemblyman议员，装配工assistantsecretary（美）助理部长assistantsecretaryofstate （美）助理国务卿attaché专员，（外交使团的）随员audiencerating收视率audiophile音乐发烧友authoritativeinformation官方消息authoritativesource权威人士autonomousregion（prefecture自治区（州axispower轴心国bachelormother未婚母亲backgroundbriefing吹风会，背景情况介绍会bacteria细菌bail 保释，保释金ballot选票，投票bankbook银行存折bankfailure银行倒闭barcode条形码bargainprice廉价beresponsibleforone'sownprofitandloss自负盈亏behonestinperformingone'sofficialduties廉洁奉公beeperBP 机behind-the-scenemaneuvering幕后操纵benefitconcert义演音乐会bestsupportingactressaward最佳女配角bidupprice哄抬物价biggun有势力的人，名人biglie大骗局bistro夜总会blackbox测谎器blackmarketprice 黑市价blanketballot全面选举blast爆炸blindalley死胡同blockade封锁bloodlesscoup不流血政变BlueBerets 蓝盔部队bluffdiplomacy恫吓外交bombard轰炸，炮击boom（经济）繁荣，兴旺borrower债方botanicalgarden 植物园bottleup抑制bottomout走出低谷boxofficereturns票房收入boxofficesmash卖座率高的演出boycott 联合抵制braindrain人才流失braingain人才引进braintrust智囊团brawndrain劳工外流read-and-butterletter 感谢信bribery行贿bubbleeconomy泡沫经济bureaucracy官僚主义bureaucrat官倒cabinetlineup内阁阵容cabinetre-shuffle内阁改组cablecar缆车cable-staybridge斜拉桥cadre干部cafeteria自助餐厅calamity灾难campaignagainstporns 扫黄运动candidateforexam考生cargohandlingcapacity货物吞吐量carnival狂欢节casualty遇难者，伤亡人员catchphrase口头禅，口号ceasefire停火ceilingprice最高限价celebrity知名人士cellularphone移动电话，大哥大censurevote不信任投票census人口普查ceremonialusherette迎宾小姐chamberconcert室内音乐会charity慈善组织charteredplane包机chinahand中国通China'sactualconditions 中国国情ChinesedescendantinAmerica 美籍华裔cholesterol胆固醇civilservant公务员civilian平民classroomboycott罢课climbout经济复苏closingaddress闭幕辞cloverleafintersection立交桥comfortably-offlevel小康水平complainsbox意见箱computernik电脑迷condo（minium）商品房condolence 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（hometeam客队（主队hawk主战派heroin海洛因highlightsandsidelights要闻与花絮his-and-herswatches情侣表hitparade 流行歌曲排行榜hitproduct拳头产品hit-and-runner肇事后逃走者HongKongcompatriot香港同胞honorguard 仪仗队hostage人质housingreform住房改革hypermedia多媒体ideology 意识形态idlemoney闲散资金inanotherrelateddevelopment另据报道incumbentmayor现任市长info-highway信息高速公路in-servicetraining在职训练inspector-general总监interimgovernment过渡政府invitationmeet邀请赛judo柔leadingactor男主角lease租约，租期manofmark名人，要人manuscript原稿，脚本marriagelines结婚证书masterkey万能钥匙medium媒体，媒介mercykilling安乐死moped助力车Moslem穆斯林multimedia多媒体musiccafe音乐茶座nationalanthem国歌negativevote反对票nestegg私房钱newsagency通讯社newsbriefing新闻发布会newsconference记者招待会newsflash短讯，快讯nominee候选人notions小商品nullandvoid无效的off-hourhobby业余爱好off-the-jobtraining脱产培训onstandby待命on-the-jobtraining在职培训on-the-spotbroadcasting现场直播opinionpoll民意测验overpass（人行）天桥overseasstudent留学生overture序曲overwhelmingmajority压倒性多数palmphone大哥大parliament国会passerby过路人pay-to-the-driverbus无人售票车peacefulco-existence和平共处peace-keepingforce维和部队peakviewingtime 黄金时间pedestrian行人pensioninsurance养老保险Pentagon五角大楼perk外快PM=primeminister首相，总理politburo政治局poorbox济贫箱pope教皇poseforagroupphoto 集体合影留念poverty-strickenarea贫困地区powerfailure断电，停电premiere首映，初次公演pressbriefing新闻发布会presscorps记者团pressspokesman新闻发言人prize-awardingceremony颁奖仪式professionalescort"三陪"服务profiteer投机倒把者protocol草案，协议puberty青春期publicservant公务员questionnaire调查表quick-frozenfood速冻食品quizgame智力竞赛racialdiscrimination种族歧视rapport默契reciprocalvisits互访recital独唱会，独奏会red-carpetwelcome隆重欢迎red-hotnews 最新消息red-letterday大喜之日redundant下岗人员re-employment再就业rep=representative代表ripoff宰客senate参议院tenureofoffice任职期theotherman （woman第三者topnews 头条新闻tornado龙卷风tourdeforce代表作townshipenterprises 乡镇企业townshiphead乡长traffictie-up交通瘫痪truce停火，休战trustee董事two-daydayoffs双休日tycoon巨富umpire裁判V.D.=venerealdisease性病vaccine疫苗vehicle-freepromenade步行街votedown否决well-offlevel 小康水平well-to-dolevel小康水平Who'sWho名人录workingcouple双职工8、国际贸易类已经考过的：installment plan，chenck and balance，boned good，优惠合同，购货合同，报关，贸易顺差，售后服务，安检，POD，L（C，bonded warehouse,转基因食品,可能要考的：9、金融危机相关词汇已经考过的：IPR,Sub-prime Mortgage Crisis,Free Trade Agreement,稳健的货币政策,可能要考的：10、大陆对台政策类已经考过的：CEPA,可能要考的：一国两制、11、中国航天事业类已经考过的：载人航天计划，载人飞船可能要考的：12、美国机构类已经考过的：NASA，USNE，美国联邦储备银行，奥巴马、奥斯卡奖、花旗银行，Arbor Day，可能要考的：ANSI（美国国家标准学会、美利坚合众国、USDA、ACM、USNA、NSC、USMA、AMA、ABA （American Bar Association美国律师协会、ECMA（European Computer Manufacturers Association欧洲计算机制造商协会、IDC （International Data Corporation国际数据公司、NAS（National Academy of Sciences国家科学院、AAA（American Automobile Association美国汽车协会、ABA（American Bankers Association 美国银行家协会、ARC（American Red Cross美国红十字会、IATA （International Air Transport Association国际航空运输协会DA （Department of the Army (美国)陆军部、OSS（Office ofStrategic Services战略情报局、NMD/国家导弹防御系统、13、全球著名快递公司已经考过的：EMS、14、全球航空公司已经考过的：BA（British Airways英国航空公司可能要考的：CAB（Civil Aeronautics Board民航局、AAL （American Airlines美国航空公司、AA（American Airlines 美国美洲航空、15、全球著名企业已经考过的：可能要考的：HP（Hewlett-Packard惠普公司、GM（General Motors美国通用汽车公司、16、各国缩写已经考过的：可能要考的：CAN加拿大SP西班牙IR伊朗PE（Peru秘鲁IRE （Ireland爱尔兰AR（Argentina阿根廷JP（Japan 日本、SFO（San Francisco三藩市、16、各国央行及全球著名银行已经考过的：中国工商银行，可能要考的：ECB（European Central Bank欧洲中央银行、17、全球证交所已经考过的：NSDAQ、创业板,可能要考的：ASE美国证券交易所、SEX（(Singapore Stock Exchange)新加坡证券交易所、SSE(上海证券交易所)、ASX澳大利亚证券交易所Australian Stock Exchange、纳斯达克，道.琼斯,香港恒生,东京证券交易所，18、全球运动协会缩写已经考过的：NBA可能要考的：AHL（American Hockey League）美国曲棍球联盟、MLB（Major League Baseball）美国全国棒球协会和盟国棒球协会、NBA（美国）国家篮球协会、NHL（National Hockey League）全国曲棍球联盟、WWF（World Wrestling Federation）世界摔角联盟、CBA、19、中国特色的词汇已经考过的：中国特色的社会主义市场经济,外向型经济，政企分开，恶性循环，自负盈亏，扫黄打非,西部大开发,高度自治,中小企业，打造知名品牌，晚婚晚育，可能要考的：20、百科全书已经考过的：Encyclopedia Britannica, binary opposition,可能要考的：21、古代巨著已经考过的：《论语》《红楼梦》《红楼梦》《毛泽东语录》《论语》《钦定圣经》、可能要考的：水浒、三国、西游记、一千零一夜、天方夜谈、道德经、TAO，孔子、孟子、22、军事外交类已经考过的：外交庇护,战略伙伴关系，Special Safeguard Mechanism,可能要考的：23、节能减排、气候大会已经考过的：节能，温室气体排放可能要考的：24、中国网络热词已经考过的：选秀,囧，绿坝，SOHO、可能要考的：25、中国成语可能要考的：26、中国自然灾害已经考过的：地震，可能要考的：27、中国名盛古迹已经考过的：颐和园，天坛、兵马俑，可能要考的：28、翻译专业述语已经考过的：音译、对等翻译、direct Translation，MTI，Simultaneous Interpretion，会议传译，应用语言学，可能要考的：29、节日已经考过的：老人节，Arbor Day，可能要考的：30、中国特色的评选已经考过的：中国十佳宜居城市可能要考的：31、科技类已经考过的：the king of kings, Dubbling，文本对等，可能要考的：。

(精品英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)

英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （ the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》 Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form: long composition, in verse, in proseContent: description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter: a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king•Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized（supported 庇护,保护） by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 2.Sing a songof southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上） Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句） or in quatrains （四行诗） known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节） and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语） of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的） expressions4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面） to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。

(完整版)英美文学名词解释最全版

01. Humanism(人文主义)1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism(古典主义)Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present ,with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)1>Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)1>Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）1>The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.The Victorian period(维多利亚时期)1>In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2> although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism(现代主义)1>Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looki ng at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.14. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。

英国文学名词解释大全（整理版）

英国文学名词解释大全（整理版）1，alliteration 2，kenning 3，caesura 4,romance 5,chivalery 6,quatrain 7,meter:rhyme 8,heroic couplet 9iambic pentameter 10,bob and wheel 11,realism 12,idealism 13,renaissiance 14,blank verse 15,sonnet 16,comedy 17,tragedy 18,humanism 19,cavalier poets 20,metaphysical poets 21,metaphysical conceit1. Epic(史诗)（appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Period ）Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》.1.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble hero Character:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king ?Romance lacksgeneral resemblance to truth or reality.It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.4. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。

语言学术语翻译及术语解释

术语翻译及术语解释汇总术语翻译1.Design features of language（语言的甄别特征）Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性），Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Cultural transmission（文化传播），Interchangeability（可互换性）2. Functions of languagereferential 指称功能 poetic 诗学功能 emotive情感功能conative 劝慰功能 phatic寒暄功能 metalingual function 元语言功能ideational function概念功能 interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇/文本功能 Informative（信息/告知功能），Performative Function（施为功能）， Emotive Function（情感功能），Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）， Recreational Function（娱乐功能），3. Phonetics(语音学)， Phonology（音系/音位学）; Morphology（形态学）， Syntax（句法学）;Semantics（语义学）， Pragmatics（语用学）Articulatory phonetics发音语音学 Acoustic phonetics声学语音学Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 Psycholinguistics心理语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学 Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学 Applied linguistics应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时 Langue vs. parole语言和言语Competence vs. performance语言能力和语言行为5. Vocal tract 声道(resonating cavities共鸣腔)， pharynx咽腔, oral cavity口腔 and nasal cavity鼻腔.其它的一些发音器官：lungs肺, windpipe（trachea）气管, vocal folds声带,larynx喉, epiglottis会厌，次声门, pharynx咽, uvula小舌, hard palate硬腭, soft palate软腭, alveolar ridge齿龈6.Consonants and vowels（辅音和元音）A. Manners of articulation发音方式B. Places of articulation发音位置7. Stop (or plosive)爆破音 Fricative摩擦音 Approximant近似音Lateral (approximant)边音 Affricates塞擦音, trill颤音 and tap 闪音Bilabial双唇音 Labiodental唇齿音 Dental齿音 Alveolar齿龈音Postal veolar后齿龈音 Retroflex卷舌音 Palatal硬腭音Velar软腭音 Uvular小舌音, pharyngeal咽音 glottal声门音monophthong vowel: 单元音 diphthongs双元音 triphthongs三元音Lax vowels短元音 Tensed vowels长元音8.Coarticulation and phonetic transcription协同发音和标音anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音 perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音.broad transcription宽式标音 narrow transcription严式标音9. minimal pairs最小对立体 Phoneme音位phonemic transcriptions音位转写 phonetic transcriptions语音转写phones音子 allophones音位变体 complementary distribution互补分布phonetic similarity发音近似性 Free variation自由变体assimilation同化 regressive assimilation逆同化progressive assimilation顺同化phonological rule 音系规则 Epenthesis增音 binary 二分的Distinctive features区别特征Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions向心结构和离心结构subordinate and coordinate从属和并列Conceptual meaning概念意义Associative meaning:联想意义Connotative meaning内涵意义 Social meaning社会意义Affective meaning情感意义 Reflected meaning反射意义Collocative meaning搭配意义 Thematic meaning主位意义denotation: 外延意义 connotation: 内涵The referential theory:指称理论Semantic triangle语义三角Sense and reference：涵义和指称Synonymy同义关系 Antonymy反义关系 Hyponymy上下义关系Polysemy一词多义关系 Homonymy 同音/形异意关系Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词 Stylistic synonyms风格同义词Collocational synonyms搭配同义词gradable antonymy 等级反义关系 cover term覆盖项Marked vs. unmarked terms标记项和非标记项complementary antonymy 互补反义关系 converse antonymy 逆向反义关系homophones: 同音异义词 homographs : 同形异义词complete homonyms semantic components语义部分术语解释1. Design feature的定义：the defining（最典型的，起决定作用的）properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2. Synchronic共时：It refers to the description of a language at somepoint of time in history.3. Diachronic历时：It studies the development or history of language.In other words, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time .4. prescriptive规定式：A kind of linguistic study aims to lay downrules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language.5. descriptive描写式: A kind of linguistic study aims to describe andanalyze the language people actually use.6. Arbitrariness（任意性）:By saying that “language is arbitrary”, wemean that there is no logical connection between meaning and sound.7. Duality（二层性/二重性）:it means that language is a system,which consists of two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.8. Displacement（移位性）: it means that language can be used tocommunicate about things that are not present in our immediate communicational context.9. competence语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker’s knowledge ofthe underlying system of rules in a language.10. Performance语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language bya speaker in a real communicational context.11. Langue语言: it refers to the speaker’s understanding and knowledgeof the language that he speaks.12. Parole言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individualspeaker.13. Cultural transmission（文化传播）:It refers to the fact that thedetails of the linguistic system must be learned anew（重新，再）by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.14. Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）:it refers to ritual exchanges,exchanges that have little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.15. Phonetics(语音学): it is the study of the characteristics of speechsounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.16. Vowels元音：the sounds in the production of which no articulatorscome very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.17. Consonants辅音：The sounds in the production of which there is anobstruction of the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.18. Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and it isconcerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.19. Phoneme音位: the smallest unit of sound in a language which candistinguish two words.20. Allophone音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.21. Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or allthe characteristics of a neighboring sound.22. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous oroverlapping articulations are involved.23. complementary distribution互补分布:when two sounds neveroccur in the same environment, they are in complementary distribution.24. Free variation自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the sameenvironment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.25. Distinctive features区别特征： A phonetic feature whichdistinguishes one phonological unit, especially one phoneme, from another.26. minimal pairs最小对立体----- which can be defined as pairs ofwords which differ from each other by only one sound.27. vowel glides滑音: The vowels involving movement from one soundto another are called vowel glides.28. Epenthesis增音：it means a process of inserting a sound afteranother sound.29. Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically between anindividual unit and others that can replace it in a given sequence. 30. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionallyequivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.31. Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related wordswhere none of them is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the group 32. Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects,actions or properties that the words stand for. It deals with the extra-linguistic relationships between words and expressions and the world they describe.(具体的物质性的东西)33. Synonymy ：It refers to the sameness sense relations betweenwords.34. Componential analysis ：Componential analysis defines themeaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components语义部分.35. Sense: it refers to the complex system of relationships that holdbetween linguistic elements themselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.（概念性的东西）36. Semantics：semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units,words and sentences in particular.37. Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meaningshave the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.38. Antonymy：It refers to the oppositeness sense relations betweenwords.39. Hyponymy上下义关系：Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness.The upper term in this sense relation is called superordinate上义词, and the lower terms,hyponyms下义词, members of the same class are called co-hyponyms.。

医学遗传学名词解释中英文

第二章基因1.反向重复序列：两个顺序相同的互补拷贝在同一 DNA链上呈反向排列构成。

2.基因：是编码RNA或一条多肽链所必需的全部核酸序列(通常指DNA序列)。

包括编码序列、两侧的侧翼序列及插入序列。

3.割裂基因(断裂基因)：基因的编码序列在DNA上不是连续的，而是被不编码的序列隔开。

4.多基因家族(multigene famly)由一个祖先基因经过重复和变异所形成的一组基因。

5.假基因(pseudogene)在多基因家族中，某些成员在进化过程中获得一个或多个突变而丧失了产生蛋白产物的能力，这类基因称为假基因。

如：wZ、Wa、w06.突变(mutation):包括基因突变和染色体畸变7.基因突变(gene mutation):是指DNA分子中的核昔酸顺序发生改变，使遗传密码编码产生相应的改变，导致组成蛋白质的氨基酸发生变化，以致引起表型的改变。

8.自发突变或自然突变(spontaneous mutation):在没有人工特设的诱变条件下，由外界环境的自然作用或生物体内的生理和生化变化而发生的突变。

突变频率很低。

9.诱发突变(induced mutation):人工运用物理、化学或生物的方法所诱导的突变。

突变频率大大提高。

10.生殖细胞突变(germinal mutation)和体细胞突变(somatic mutation) 突变体(mutant)：携带突变Gene的细胞或个体。

野生型(Wild type):未突变Gene的细胞或个体。

11.突变的分子基础碱基替换(base substitution)移码突变(frameshift mutation)动态突变(dynamic mutation)12.碱基替换(base substitution) 一种碱基被另一种碱基替换，又叫点突变(pointmutation)。

有两种形式：转换(transition)： DNA分子中一个嘌吟被另一个嘌吟替代或一个嘧啶被另一个嘧啶所替代。

名词解释英文版

名词解释英文版1. Economy（经济）：指一个国家或地区在一定时期内生产、分配和消费商品和服务的总体活动。

2. Technology（技术）：指人类在改造自然和满足自身需求的过程中所创造的知识、方法和工具。

3. Environment（环境）：指人类生存和发展的自然条件和社会条件。

4. Education（教育）：指通过传授知识、培养能力和塑造人格，使个体和社会得到发展的过程。

5. Health（健康）：指个体在身体、心理和社会适应方面的良好状态。

6. Culture（文化）：指一个国家或地区在历史长河中形成的独特的生活方式、价值观念和艺术表现形式。

7. Politics（政治）：指国家或地区内部和外部权力关系的运作和管理。

8. Law（法律）：指由国家制定和实施的规范人们行为的规则和制度。

9. Society（社会）：指由一定数量的人组成的具有共同文化、价值观和生活方式的群体。

10. Art（艺术）：指人类在审美和情感表达方面所创造的各种形式的作品和活动。

重要工具。

通过学习这些名词的英文解释，我们可以更好地理解和参与国际交流与合作。

名词解释英文版11. Innovation（创新）：指在现有知识和技能的基础上，创造出新的产品、服务、方法或理念，以满足人类需求或解决问题。

12. Sustainability（可持续性）：指在满足当前世代需求的同时，不损害后代满足其需求的能力。

13. Diversity（多样性）：指在一个群体、组织或社会中，存在不同的观点、背景、文化、性别、年龄等特征。

14. Inequality（不平等）：指在资源、机会、权力或社会地位方面存在差异，导致某些人或群体处于不利地位。

15. Human rights（人权）：指人类在生存、发展、自由和尊严方面享有的基本权利，这些权利应受到国家和社会的保护。

16. Democracy（民主）：指一种政治制度，其中人民通过选举、投票等方式参与决策，政府权力来源于人民。

英汉互译+名词解释最终版

英汉互译老师给的：信息（information）系统（system）管理信息系统（management information system）数据处理（data processing）数据组织（data organization）战略（strategy）计算机网络（computer networks）管理信息系统战略规划(Strategic Planning)BSP企业系统规划法（Business system planning）BSR企业流程（过程）再造（Business Process Reengineering）TFD业务流程图（Transaction Flow Diagram）DFD数据流程图（Data Flow Diagram）安东尼金字塔模型（Anthony’s Paramid model）MRP物料需求计划（Material Requirement Planning）MRPⅡ制造资源计划（manufacturing resources planning）诺兰阶段模型（L·Nolan’s Stage model）CSF关键成功因素法（Critical Success Factors）CASE计算机辅助软件工程方法（Computer Aided Software Engineering）外部实体（Entity）系统分析（Systems Analysis）系统切换（System switching）联机实时处理方式（On-Line Transaction Processing）功能模块（functional module）外包（Outsourcing）电子商务（Electronic Commerce）课件上出现的：DSS决策支持系统（Decision support system）URP联盟体资源需求计划（Union Resource Planning）OPT最优化生产技术（Optimized Production Technology）敏捷制造（Agile)CAD计算机辅助设计(computer aided design)CAM计算机辅助制造（computer aided manufacturing）DBMS数据库管理系统（batabase management system）SQL结构化查询语言（structured Query Language）SSDM结构化开发方法（structured system development methodologies）PA原型法（prototyping approach）00面向对象法（Object orienced）DT决策表（Decision Table）决策树（Decision Tree）CPU中央处理器(Central Processing Unit)SCM供应链管理（supply chain management）CRM客户关系管理（customer relationship management）OA办公自动化（office automation）CIO信息主管（chief information officer）CFO财务总监（chief financial officer）CEO首席执行官（chief executive officer）名词解释1、信息：是一种经过特定加工形式的数据，这种形式对接受者来说具有意义，即对现在和将来的行动和决策具有明显意义。

中英文对照名解整理

生理学名词中英文对照第一章绪论1.机体的内环境(internal environment)：指细胞生活的液体环境，即细胞外液。

2.稳态（homeostasis）：内环境的化学成分和理化性质保持相对稳定的状态。

3.反射(reflex)：指在中枢神经系统参与下，机体对内外环境的变化产生的适应性反应。

4.反射弧(reflex arc)：反射活动的结构基础称为反射弧，包括感受器、传入神经、神经中枢、传出神经和效应器。

5.旁分泌调节（paracrine regulation）：指激素等化学物质经组织液扩散，改变临近细胞活动的调节方式。

6.自身调节（autoregulation）：指内外环境变化时，组织、细胞不依赖于神经或体液调节而产生的适应性反应。

7.负反馈（negative feedback）：指在自动控制系统中，反馈调节使受控部分的活动向和它原先活动相反的方向改变。

8.正反馈（positive feedback）：指在自动控制系统中，反馈调节使受控部分的活动向和它原先活动相同的方向改变。

9.前馈(feed-forward)：指干扰信号对控制部分的直接作用，它能使输出变量在出现偏差而引起反馈性调节之前就能得到纠正。

第二章细胞的基本功能10. 被动转运（passive transport）：指物质依靠电化学驱动力或渗透压梯度进行不需要消耗生物能的跨膜转运过程。

11. 单纯扩散（simple diffusion）：指没有生物学转动机制参与的、简单的物理扩散。

12. 经载体易化扩散（facilitated diffusion via carrier）：水溶性小分子物质依靠膜上载体蛋白的介导，顺浓度梯度或（和）电位梯度的跨膜转运称为经载体易化扩散。

13. 经通道易化扩散（facilitated diffusion via ion channel）：离子或水依靠膜上通道蛋白的介导，顺电化学驱动力或依靠渗透压差的跨膜转运称为经通道易化扩散。

中英文名词解释汇总

生物化学上册中英文名词解释汇总第一章：糖类1.糖（Saccharide）：糖是多羟醛或多羟酮及其缩聚物和某些衍生物的总称。

2.单糖（monosaccharide）：也称简单糖，不能被水解成更小分子的糖类，是多羟醛或多羟酮。

常见的单糖有葡萄糖（Glucose）、果糖（Fructose）、半乳糖（galactose）。

3.寡糖（oligosaccharide）：又称低聚糖，是由2~20个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的糖类物质。

可分为二糖、三糖、四糖、五糖等。

4.二糖（disaccharide）：又称双糖，是最简单的寡糖，由2个分子单糖缩合而成。

常见的二糖有蔗糖（sucrose）、乳糖（lactose）、麦芽糖（maltose）。

5.多糖（polysaccharide）：由多分子单糖或单糖的衍生物聚合而成。

6.同多糖（homopolysaccharide）由同一种单糖聚合而成，如淀粉（starch）、糖原（glycogen）、纤维素（cellulose）。

7.杂多糖（heteropolysaccharide）有不同种单糖或单糖衍生物聚合而成，如透明质酸（hyaluronicacid,HA）、肝素（heparin,Hp）等。

8.糖胺聚糖（glycosaminoglycan,GAG）又称粘多糖，氨基多糖和酸性多糖。

是动植物特别是高等动物的结缔组织中的一类结构多糖。

例如透明质酸.硫酸软骨素.硫酸角质素等。

9.蛋白聚糖（proteoglycan）：由一条或多条糖胺聚糖和一个核心蛋白共价连接而成，糖含量可超过95%。

主要存在于软骨、腱等结缔组织，构成细胞间质。

由于糖胺聚糖有密集的负电荷，在组织中可吸收大量的水而赋予粘性和弹性，具有稳定、支持和保护细胞的作用。

10.糖蛋白(glycoprotein)：短链寡糖与蛋白质以共价键连接而形成的复合物，其总体性质更接近蛋白质。

糖蛋白的寡糖链参与分子识别和细胞识别。

11.糖脂（glycolipid）12.脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide）第二章脂质1.脂质：lipid是一类低溶于水而高溶于非极性溶剂的生物有机分子。

中英文对照术语表

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------中英文对照术语表A Absorption costing（完全成本法）Accelerated depreciation method（加速折旧法） Account（账户） Account form （账户式） Account payable（应付账款） Account receivable （应收账款） Accounting（会计） Accounting cycle（会计循环）Accounting equation（会计恒等式） Accounting period concept （会计期间概念） Accounting system（会计系统） Accounts payable subsidiary ledger（应付账款明细分类账）（应付账款明细分类账） Accounts receivable subsidiary ledger（应收账款明细分类账）（应收账款明细分类账） Accounts receivable turnover （应收账款周转率） Accrual basis（应计制；权责发生制）Accruals（应计项目） Accrued assets（应计资产） Accrued expenses（应计费用） Accrued liabilities（应计负债） Accrued revenues（应计收入） Accumulated depreciation（累计折旧）Accumulated other comprehensive income（累计其他全面收益）（累计其他全面收益） Activity base (driver)（作业基础/动因）Activity-based costing (ABC)（作业成本计算法） Adjusted trial balance（调整后试算平衡表） Adjusting entries（调整分录）Adjusting process（调整过程）Administrative expenses (general expenses)（管理费用（一般费用））Aging the receivables（应收账款账龄分析） Allowance method（备抵法）1/ 12Amortization（摊销）Annuity（年金）Assets（资产）Available-for-sale securities（可供出售证券） Average cost method（平均成本法） Average rate of return（平均回报率） B Balance of the account（账户余额） Balance sheet（资产负债表） Balanced scorecard（平衡记分卡） Bank reconciliation （银行存款余额调节表） Bond（债券） Bond indenture（债券契约） Book value（账面价值） Book value of the asset（资产的账面价值） Boot（补价） Bottleneck（瓶颈） Break-even point （盈亏临界点） Budget（预算） Budget performance report（预算业绩报告） Budgetary slack（预算松弛） Business（企业）Business entity concept（企业主体概念） Business stakeholder （企业利益相关者） Business strategy（企业战略） Business transaction（经济业务） C Capital expenditures（资本性支出） Capital expenditures budget（资本支出预算） Capital investment analysis（资本投资分析）Capital leases（资本性租赁） Capital rationing（资本分配）Carrying amount（账面金额） Cash（现金） Cash basis（现金制；收付实现制） Cash budget（现金预算） Cash dividend（现金股利） Cash equivalents（现金等价物） Cash flows from financing activities（筹资活动现金流量）（筹资活动现金流量）Cash flows from investing activities（投资活动现金流量）（投资活动现金流量） Cash flows from operating activities（经营---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 活动现金流量）（经营活动现金流量） Cash payback period（现金回收期） Cash payments journal（现金付款日记账） Cash receipts journal（现金收款日记账） Cash short and over account （现金余缺账户） Certified public accountant (CPA)（注册会计师） Chart of accounts（会计科目表） Clearing account(清理账户) Closing entries（结账分录） Closing process（结账程序） Combination strategy（混合战略） Common stock（普通股）Common-size statement（通用报表） Component（成分；组成部分）Comprehensive income（全面收益）Consolidated financial statements（合并财务报表）（合并财务报表） Consolidation（创立合并） Continuous budgeting（滚动预算） Contra account （抵减账户） Contract rate（约定利率） Contribution margin(贡献毛益) Contribution margin ratio（贡献毛益率） Controllable expenses（可控费用）Controllable variance（可控差异）Controller（主计长）Controlling account（控制账户）Conversion costs（加工成本） Copyright（版权） Corporation （公司） Cost（成本） Cost accounting system（成本会计系统）Cost allocation（成本分配） Cost behavior（成本性态） Cost center（成本中心） Cost of goods sold（产品销售成本） Cost of goods sold budget（产品销售成本预算） Cost of merchandise sold（商品销售成本） Cost of production report（生产成本报3/ 12告） Cost per equivalent unit（单位约当产量成本） Cost price approach（成本价格法）Cost variance（成本差异）Cost-volume-profit analysis（本－量－利分析）Cost-volume-profit chart（本－量－利图） Credit memorandum （贷项通知单） Credits（贷记） Cumulative preferred stock （累积优先股） Currency exchange rate（货币汇率） Current assets（流动资产） Current liabilities（流动负债） Current ratio（流动比率） Currently attainable standards（当前可达标准） D Debit memorandum（借项通知单）Debits（借记） Decentralization（分权） Declining-balance method（余额递减法） Deferred expenses（递延费用） Deferred revenues（递延收入） Deficiency（亏损） Deficit（亏损）Defined benefit plan（固定收益计划） Defined contribution plan （固定缴款计划） Depletion（折耗） Depreciation（折旧）Depreciation expense（折旧费用） Differential analysis（差异分析） Differential cost（差异成本） Differential revenue （差异收入） Differential strategy（差异化战略） Direct labor cost（直接人工成本） Direct labor rate variance（直接人工工资率差异） Direct labor time variance（直接人工工时差异）Direct materials cost（直接材料成本） Direct materials price variance（直接材料价格差异）（直接材料价格差异） Direct materials purchases budget（直接材料采购预算）（直接材料采购---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 预算） Direct materials quantity variance（直接材料数量差异）（直接材料数量差异） Direct method（直接法） Direct write-off method（直接注销法） Discontinued operations（停止经营）Discount（贴现息；折价） Discount rate（贴现率） Dishonored note receivable（拒付应收票据） Dividend yield（股利收益率）Division（分部） Doomsday ration（终极流动比率） Double-entry accounting（复式会计） Drawing（提款） DuPont formula（杜邦公式） E Earnings per common share (EPS)（每股收益）Earnings per common share (EPS) on common stock（普通股每股收益） E-commerce（电子商务） Effective interest rate method （实际利率法）Effective rate of interest（实际利率）Electronic funds transfer (EFT)（电子资金转账） Elements of internal control（内部控制要素） Employee fraud（员工舞弊）Employee s earnings record（员工收入记录） Equity method（权益法） Equity securities（权益证券） Equivalent units of production（约当产量） Ethics（伦理） Expenses（费用）Extraordinary items（非常项目） F Factory overhead cost（制造费用） FICA tax（联邦社会保险税） Financial accounting （财务会计） Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)（财务会计准则委员会） Financial statements（财务报表） Finished goods inventory（完工产品存货） Finished goods ledger（完工5/ 12产品分类账） First-in, first-out (fifo) method（先进先出法）Fiscal year（会计年度） Fixed (plant) assets（固定资产） Fixed asset impairment（固定资产减值） Fixed assets（固定资产）Fixed costs（固定成本） Flexible budget（弹性预算） FOB (free on board) destination（目的地交货） FOB (free on board) shipping point（装运地交货）（装运地交货） Free cash flow（自由现金流量） Fringe benefits（额外福利） Future value（未来价值，终值） G General journal（普通日记账） General ledger（总分类账） Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)（公认会计原则） Goal conflict（目标冲突） Goodwill （商誉） Gross pay（工资总额） Gross profit（毛利） Gross profit method（毛利法） H Held-to-maturity securities（持有至到期证券） High-low method（高低点法） Horizontal analysis （水平分析） I Ideal standards（理想标准） Income from operations (operating income) （营业利润）（营业利润） Income statement（损益表） Income summary（收益汇总） Indirect method （间接法） Inflation（通货膨胀） Initial public offering (IPO)（首次公开招股） Intangible assets（无形资产） Internal controls（内部控制） Internal rate of return method（内含回报率法） Inventory shrinkage（存货损耗） Inventory turnover （存货周转率） Investment center（投资中心） Investment turnover（投资周转率） Investments（投资） Invoice（发票）---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------J Job cost sheet（分批成本计算单） Job order cost system（分批成本计算法） Journal（日记账） Journal entry（日记账分录）Journalizing（编制分录） Just-in-time (JIT) processing（适时加工制） L Last-in, first-out (lifo) method（后进先出法）Ledger（分类账） Leverage（杠杆收益） Liabilities（负债）Limited liability corporation (LLC)（有限责任公司）（有限责任公司） Liquidation（清算） Long-term liabilities（长期负债）Low-cost strategy（低成本战略） Lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) method（成本与市价孰低法）（成本与市价孰低法） M Management Discussion and Analysis (MDA)（管理层讨论与分析） Managerial accounting（管理会计） Manufacturing business（制造企业）Manufacturing cells（制造单元） Margin of safety（安全边际）Market price approach（市场价格法） Markup（加成） Master budget（全面预算） Matching concept（配比概念） Materiality concept（重要性概念）Materials inventory（材料存货）Materials ledger（材料分类账） Materials requisitions（领料单） Maturity value（到期值） Merchandise inventory（商品存货） Merchandising business（商业企业） Merger（吸收合并）Minority interest（少数股权）Mixed cost（混合成本）Multiple-step income statement （多步式损益表） N Natural business year（自然营业年度） Negotiated price approach（协7/ 12议价格法） Net income（净利润） Net loss（净亏损） Net pay （工资净额） Net present value method（净现值法） Net realizable value（可变现净值） Nonparticipation preferred stock（非参与优先股）（非参与优先股） Note receivable（应收票据） Number of days sales in inventory（存货销售周期）（存货销售周期） Number of days sales in receivables（应收账款周转天数）（应收账款周转天数） Number of times interest charges are earned(利息保障倍数) O Operating leases（经营性租赁）Operating leverage（经营杠杆） Opportunity cost（机会成本）Other comprehensive income（其他全面收益） Other expense（其他费用） Other income（其它收入） Outstanding stock（流通在外股票） Overapplied factory overhead（制造费用过度分配）（制造费用过度分配） Owners equity（所有者权益） P Paid-in capital（实缴资本） Par（面值） Parent company（母公司）Partnership（合伙企业） Partnership agreement（合伙契约）Patents（专利权） Payroll（工资） Payroll register（工资表）Period costs（期间成本） Periodic method（定期盘存制）Permanent differences（永久性差异） Perpetual method（永续盘存制） Petty cash fund（备用金） Physical inventory（实地盘存） Post-closing trial balance（结账后试算平衡表）Posting（过账） Predetermined factory overhead rate（预定制造费用分配率）（预定制造费用分配率） Preferred stock（优先股）---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Premium（溢价） Prepaid expenses（预付费用） Present value （现值） Present value concept（现值概念） Present value index（现值指数） Present value of an annuity（年金现值）Price-earnings (P/E) ratio（市盈率） Price-earnings ratio （市盈率） Prior period adjustments（前期调整） Private accounting（内部会计） Proceeds（贴现净额） Process（流程；步骤）Process cost system（分步成本计算法）Process manufacturers（分步制造企业） Product cost concept（产品成本概念） Product costs（产品成本） Production budget（生产预算） Profit center（利润中心） Profit margin（销售利润率）Profitability（获利能力） Profit-volume chart（利润－产量图）Promissory note（承兑票据） Property, plant, and equipment （财产、厂房和设备）（财产、厂房和设备） Proprietorship(独资企业) Public accounting（公共会计） Purchase method(购买法) Purchase return or allowance（购货退回或折让） Purchases discounts（购货折扣） Purchases journal（采购日记账） Q Quick assets（速动资产） Quick ratio（速动比率） R Rate earned on common stockholders equity（普通股股东权益收益率） Rate earned on stockholders equity（股东权益收益率）（股东权益收益率） Rate earned on total assets（总资产收益率） Rate of return on investment (ROI)（投资回报率）（投资回报率） Ratio of fixed9/ 12assets to long-term liabilities（固定资产对长期负债比率）（固定资产对长期负债比率） Ratio of liabilities to stockholders equity（负债对股东权益比率）（负债对股东权益比率） Real accounts（实账户） Realization（变现） Receivables（应收款项） Receiving report（收货单） Relevant range（相关范围）Report form（报告式） Residual income（剩余收益） Residual value（残值）Responsibility accounting（责任会计）Responsibility center（责任中心）Restrictions（限制）Restructuring charge（重组费用） Retail inventory method（零售价格法） Retained earnings（留存收益） Retained earnings statement（留存收益表） Revenue expenditure（收益性支出）Revenue journal（收入日记账） Revenue recognition concept （收入确认概念） Revenues（收入） Reversing entry（转回分录） S Sales（销售收入） Sales budget（销售预算） Sales discounts（销售折扣） Sales mix（销售组合） Sales returns and allowances（销售退回与折让） Selling expenses（销售费用）Service business（服务企业） Service department charges（服务部门费用） Single-step income statement（单步式损益表）Sinking fund（偿债基金） Slide（滑位） Solvency（偿债能力）Special journals（专用日记账） Standard cost（标准成本）Standard cost systems（标准成本系统） Stated value（设定价值） Statement of cash flows（现金流量表） Statement of---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ members equity（成员权益报表） Statement of owner s equity （所有者权益表） Statement of partnership equity（合伙企业权益表）（合伙企业权益表）Statement of partnership liquidation（合伙企业清算表）（合伙企业清算表） Statement of stockholders equity（股东权益表） Static budget（固定预算）Stock（股票） Stock dividend（股票股利） Stock split（股票分割） Stockholders（股东） Stockholders equity（股东权益）Straight-line method（直线法） Subsidiary company（子公司）Sunk cost(沉没成本) T T account（T 型账户） Target costing （目标成本法） Taxable income（应税所得） Temporary (nominal) accounts（临时性（虚）账户）（临时性（虚）账户） Temporary differences（暂时性差异） Temporary investments（临时性投资）Theory of constraints (TOC)（限制理论） Time tickets（计工单） Time value of money concept（货币时间价值概念）（货币时间价值概念） Total cost concept（完全成本概念） Trade discounts（商业折扣） Trade-in allowance（以旧换新折让）Trademark（商标） Trading securities（交易证券） Transfer price（转移价格） Transposition（换位） Treasury stock（库藏股票） Trial balance（试算平衡） Two-column journal（两栏式日记账） U Uncollectible accounts expense（坏账费用）Underapplied factory overhead（制造费用分配不足）（制造费用分11/ 12配不足） Underwriting firms（证券包销公司） Unearned revenue （预收收入） Unearned revenues（预收收入） Unit contribution margin（单位贡献毛益） Unit of measure concept（计量单位概念） Units-of-production method（产量法） Unrealized holding gain or loss（未实现持有利得或损失） V Value chain（价值链）Variable cost concept（变动成本概念） Variable costing（变动成本计算） Variable costs（变动成本） Venture capitalist (VC)（风险投资家） Vertical analysis（垂直分析） Volume variance（产量差异） Voucher（付款凭单） Voucher system（付款凭单制度） Work in process inventory（在产品存货） Work sheet（工作底稿） Working capital（营运资本） Yield（收益率） Zero-based budgeting（零基预算）。

经济学名词解释汇总(中英文版)

经济学名词解释汇总1.绝对优势〔Absolute advantage〕如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。

2.逆向选择〔Adverse choice〕在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一局部来自高风险群体。

3.选择本钱〔Alternative cost〕如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择本钱，也可以称之为时机本钱。

4.需求的弧弹性〔Arc elasticity of demand〕如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于-〔Q1-Q2〕〔P1＋P2〕/〔P1-P2〕〔Q1＋Q2〕5.非对称的信息〔Asymmetric information〕在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不一样。

例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。

6.平均本钱〔Average cost〕平均本钱是总本钱除以产量，也称为平均总本钱。

( Average fixed cost〕平均固定本钱是总固定本钱除以产量。

8.平均产品〔Average product〕平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。

9.平均可变本钱〔Average variable cost〕平均可变本钱是总可变本钱除以产量。

β(Beta〕β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。

对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。

(Bond yield〕债券收益是债券所获得的利率。

12.收支平衡图〔Break－even chart〕收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总本钱是如何变化的。

收支平衡点是为防止损失而必须卖出的最小数量。

(Budget line〕预算线表示消费者所能购置的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。

它的斜率等于商品X的价格除以商品Y的价格再乘以一1。

生理学中英文名词解释

生理学基本概念的中英文名词解释绝对不应期absolute refractory periodThe time interval during which a cell is incapable of initiating a second action potential.动作电位action potentialAn action potential is a rapid change in the membrane potential. Each action potential begins with a sudden change from the normal resting negative potential to a positive membrane potential (depolarization) and then ends with an almost equally rapid change back to the negative potential (repolarization).主动转运active transportThe movement of substances across the membrane occurs against the electrochemical gradient with the necessity of consumption of metabolic energy后负荷afterloadAfterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction.自身调节autoregulationIn certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental changes, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.完全强直收缩complete tetanusWhen the frequency of stimulation reaches a critical level, the successive contractions are so rapid that they literally fused together, and the contraction appears to be completely smooth and continuous. This is called completely tetanus.去极化depolarizationThe change in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium equilibrium.入胞endocytosisVery large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis. The principle forms of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.平衡电位equilibrium potentialElectrochemical equilibrium is a steady state, as in the resting membrane potential of a cell ,in which an electrical potential and chemical potential gradient are in balance and no net movement of charged particles occurs.兴奋性excitabilityExcitability is the ability of certain kinds of cells (excitable cell) to generate active changes in their membrane potential. Excitability is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells.兴奋excitationExcitation signifies and increases in activity, such as contraction of a muscle, acceleration of the heart beat.出胞exocytosisA stimulus to secrete causes the intracellular vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and to release the vesicles contents is called exocytosis.易化扩散facilitated diffusionIn facilitated diffusion, transport proteins (carrier and channel proteins) hasten the movement of certain substances across a membrane down their concentration gradients.以通道为中介的转运facilitated diffusion via ion channelChannels are membrane proteins that contain small, highly selective aqueous pores. Channels usually allow specific ion, eg ,Na+,K+,Ca2+ or Cl- to move down their electrochemical gradients across the membrane.反馈feedbackFeedback is a flow of information along a closed loop. Usually, a constancy of physiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to modify the nature of control.稳态HomeostasisHomeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal medium.体内in vivoExperiments performed on the whole body.内环境internal environmentAll cells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called the internal environment of the body.等长收缩isometric contractionTension increases but the length of the muscle does not change when a muscle contracts.等张收缩isotonic contractionTension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle contracts.负反馈negative feedbackA regulated variable is sensed, information is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.神经肌肉接头neuromuscular junctionThe complex structure responsible for signal transmission from nerve to skeletal muscle.正反馈positive feedbackWith positive feedback, a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce change of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.前负荷preloadPreload is the load that is given to the muscle prior to its contraction.相对不应期relative refractory periodA period follows the end of the absolute refractory period, during which it is possible to elicit a second action potential, but the threshold stimulus intensity is higher than usual.复极化repolarizationShortly after depolarization, the sodium channels begin to close and the potassium channels open more than they normally do. Then, rapid diffusion of potassium ions to the exterior re-establishes the normal resting potential. This is called repolarization of the membrane.静息电位resting potentialThe difference in electrical potential across the membrane of an undisturbed cell, having a positive sign on the outside surface and a negative sign in the interior.跳跃传导salutatory conductionConduction of a nerve impulse down a myelinated nerve fiber by skipping from node to node.单纯扩散simple diffusionDiffusion means simply movement through the membrane caused by random motion of the molecules of the substances, moving either through cell membrane pores or through the lipid matrix of the membrane.钠-钾泵sodium-potassium pumpThe sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the coupled active transport of Naせout of cells and Kせinto cells. Sodium-potassium pump is also an adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).凝集agglutinationDuring blood transfusion, the red blood cells aggregated together in clumps which were sufficiently large to block minor blood vessels. This clumping is known as agglutination.血液凝固blood coagulationThe coagulation system consists of cofactors and a series of zymogens which sequentially activate one another, leading to formation of fibrin at a site of vascular injury.血型blood groupBlood groups are system of genetically determined antigenic substances on the membrane of red blood cells.血压blood pressureBlood pressure means the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall.交叉配血cross-match testSerum from recipient is tested against the donor's cells, and serum from donor is tested against the recipient's cells, this test is called cross-matching test.红细胞沉降率erythrocyte sedimentation rateWhen blood to which an anticoagulant has been added stands in a narrow tube, the red cells gradually sediment, leaving a clear zone of plasma above. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is measured as the length to column of clear plasma after one hour.红细胞生成素erythropoietinErythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys which stimulates hemoglobin synthesis and erythropoiesis.纤维蛋白溶解fibrinolysisIn many cases fibrin within blood vessels is rapidly dissolved to restore the fluidity of the blood, and in others the fibrin becomes hyalinized or is removed by phagocytes and replaced by connective tissue. The process of liquefaction of fibrin is known as fibrinolysis.血红蛋白hemoglobinHemoglobin is a chromoprotein found in the red blood cells and having a great affinity for oxygen.自动节律性autorhythmicityAutorhythmicity is the ability to initiate its own beat. Many cardiac tissues are found to have autorhythmicity, for example sinoatrial node, intraventricular tracts and Purkinje cells. In addition to the cardiac tissue, the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract has also autorhythmicity.容量血管capacitance vesselsThe veins have wide lumen and contain a greater volume of blood than any other section of the circulation does, thus the veins are referred to as the capacitance vessels.心动周期cardiac cycleThe cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called a cardiac cycle . Cardiac cycle is composed of two periods: systole and diastole.心指数cardiac indexCardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.心输出量cardiac outputThe product of the frequency of pumping (heart rate) and the stroke volume is the cardiac output; it is also called minute volume.心力储备cardiac reserveThe ability of the heart to adapt need of organism for expelling a largerquantity of blood above the basal level.心血管中枢cardiovascular centerThe cardiovascular centers are responsible for integration of sensory information and subsequent modification of efferent autonomic nerve activity to the heart and blood vessels.中心静脉压central venous pressureThe venous pressure as measured at the right atrium.代偿间歇compensatory pauseThe pause between the extra beat and the next normal beat is slightly longer than the usual beat interval, which is called compensatory pause.舒张压diastolic pressureDiastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.有效不应期effective refractory periodThe duration from the beginning of phase 0 to -60mV of repolarization fails to produce action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In the ERP, the excitability is almost zero.射血分数ejection fractionThe proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected (i.e. stroke volume/end diastolic volume).心电图electrocardiogramThe synchronized depolarizations spreading through the heart cause currents that establish field potential, whose differences can be amplified and detected by electrodes placed on the body surface. The record produced is called electrocardiogram.交换血管exchange vesselThe capillaries are tubes formed by a single layer of endothelial cells,. They create a very large area where the material exchanges between blood and the tissue cells take place.心音heart soundWhen the valves close, the vanes of the valves and the surrounding fluids vibrate under the influence of the sudden pressure differentials that develop, giving off sound that travels in all directions through the chest. These sounds are called heart sounds.异常自身调节heterometric autoregulationRegulation of cardiac output as a result of changes in cardiac muscle fiber length is called heterometric regulation.平均动脉压mean arterial pressureThe mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries, average over time.微循环microcirculationMicrocirculation is the circulation between arterioles and venules. In the microcirculation, the most purposeful function of the circulation occurs: transport of nutrients to the tissues and removal of cellular excreta.起搏点pacemakerThe automatic cells that ordinarily fire at the highest frequency which are located in the sinoatrial node, excitation of the heart normally begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node.期前收缩premature systoleWhen a second action potential is triggered at the very start of the relative refractory period, the second contraction is superimposed on the semirelaxed phase of the first contraction. This phenomenon is called premature systole.脉压pulse pressureThe pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.每搏输出量stroke volumeStroke volume is referred to the volume ejected at each contraction by one side of the heart.每搏功stroke workThe stroke work of the heart is the amount of energy that the heart converts to work during each heart beat while pumping blood into arteries.收缩压systolic pressureThe pressure rises during cardiac systole and falls during diastole. The peak pressure value reached during systole is termed the systole pressure. Usually, at rest systolic pressure of the healthy young adult is 100~120mmHg.肺泡通气量alveolar ventilationThe amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute, at rest it generally amounts to 4.2L/min.解剖无效腔anatomic dead spaceThe space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exchange with blood in the pulmonary vessels, such as in the nose, pharynx, and trachea since these area is not useful the gas exchange process but instead goes to fill respiratory passages.波尔效应Bohr effectThe increased oxygen release by hemoglobin in the presence of elevated carbon dioxide levels (the effects shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left and upward). By forming hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide loading facilitates oxygen unloading, i.e., the decrease in O2 affinity of hemoglobin when the pH of blood falls, which is closely related to the fact that deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) binds H+ more actively than does oxyhemoglobin.顺应性complianceDistensibility, the ability of the lungs to tolerate changes in volume, a property that reflects the presence of elastic fibers. It is defined as the change in volume per unit change in pressure (△V/△P), the reciprocal of the compliance.弹性阻力elastic resistanceA term used to describe the elastic properties of the lung and chest wall;the resistance or elastance (△V/△P),the reciprocal of the compliance.机能余气量functional residual capacityIt equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration (about 2300ml).何尔登效应Haldane effectThe increase in carbon dioxide unloading from hemoglobin in response to the combination of oxygen with hemoglobin, i.e., when oxygen binds with hemoglobin, carbon dioxide is released.补吸气量inspiratoy reserve volumeThe air inspired with a maximal inspiratoy effort in excess of the volume.i.e., the maximum extra volume of air that be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume, it is usually equal to about 3000ml.胸内压intrapleural pressureThe pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.肺内压intrapulmonary pressureThe pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, also called intrapulmonary pressure.氧含量oxygen contentThe oxygen content is used to indicate how much O2 per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin in normal arterial blood, described as percent saturated.氧离曲线oxygen dissociation curveThe graph of the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the degree of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, which has a characteristic sigmoid shape表面活性物质pulmonary surfactantA detergent-like mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of water, produced by surfactant-secreting (Type-II) cells. It isa mixture of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC), other lipids, and proteins.肺通气pulmonary ventilationThe total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute; equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate. The minute respiratory volume generally amounts to 6L/min.余气量residual volumeThe air left in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort. This volume averages about 1200 milliliters.潮气量tidal volumeThe amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration (or the amount that moves out with each expiration) i.e., the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath; it amounts to about 500ml.肺总容量total lung capacityThe maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effort (about 5800ml); it is equal to the vital capacity plus the residual volume.通气-血流比ventilation /perfusion ratioThe ratio of pulmonary ventilation to pulmonary blood flow for the whole lung, at rest about 0.8 (4.2 L/min ventilation divided by 5.5 L/min blood flow).吸收absorptionAbsorption is the process of transporting small molecules from the lumen of the gut into blood stream.基础代谢率basal metabolic rateThe basal metabolic rate is the metabolic rate determined under basal conditions which includes complete mental and physical relaxation in a room or a comfortable temperature and 12~14 hours after the last meal.体温body temperatureThe body temperature is often referred to core temperature. The core refers to the central area of the body, including the brain and viscera, whichare maintained at a constant temperature.消化digestionDigestion is a process essential for the conversion of food into a small and simple form.能量代谢energy metabolismThe energy metabolism means the liberation, transformation and utilization of energy produced by the material metabolism in the body.胃排空gastric emptyingGastric emptying is promoted by the intense peristaltic contractions in the stomach antrum. At the same time, emptying is opposed by varying degrees of resistance to the passage of chyme at the pylorus.胃泌素gastrinGastrin is a gut hormone secreted by the endocrine G cells in the gastric pyloric mucosa and duodenum mucosa. Gastrin is secreted in two forms, a large form called G-34, and a smaller form, G-17.调定点set pointAt a critical body core temperature, drastic changes occur in the rate of both heat loss and heat production. That is, all the temperature control mechanisms continually attempt to bring the body temperature back to this set-point level.慢波slow waveIf an electrode is inserted into a smooth muscle, it records a recurring depolarization, they are called slow waves or basic electrical rhythm (BER). Slow waves are not action potential, but show undulating changes in the resting membrane potential.出汗sweatingSweating is an active secretory process from eccrine sweat glands which are widely distributed over the surface of body.醛固酮aldosteroneAldosterone is a sodium-retaining hormone of the adrenal cortex.Aldosterone reduces sodium excretion and increases potassium excretion by the kidneys, this increasing sodium and decreasing potassium in the body.抗利尿激素antidiuretic hormoneA product of neurohypophyseal which, through its action on kidneys, promotes the conservation of body water.皮质肾单位cortical nephronThe nephrons have their glomerular located in the outer and middle portion of the renal cortex are called cortical nephrons.肾小球有效滤过压glomerular effective filtration pressureThe effective filtration pressure of glomerular represents the sum of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that either favor or oppose filtration across the glomerular capillaries.肾小球滤过分数glomerular filtration fractionThe glomerular filtration fraction is the filtration rate as percentage of the total renal plasma flow that passes through both kidneys.球管平衡glomerulotubular balanceOne of the most basic mechanisms for controlling tubular reabsorption is the intrinsic ability of the tubules to increase their reabsorption rate in response to increased tubular inflow. This phenomenon is referred to asglomerular-tubular balance.渗透性利尿osmotic diuresisAn increase in urine flow due to excretion of an osmotic active solute.肾糖阈renal glucose thresholdWhen the plasma glucose concentration increases up to a value about 180 to 200 mg per deciliter, glucose can first be detected in the urine, this value is called the renal glucose threshold.肾素reninAn enzyme of renal origin that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.水利尿water diuresisThe volume of urine increases when water intake exceeds body needs, it is resulted from suppression of ADH secretion适应adaptationWhen a maintained stimulus of constant strength is applied to a receptor, the frequency of the action potential in its sensory nerve deadens over time. This phenomenon is known as adaptation.适宜刺激adequate stimulusThe stimulus that a receptor is specialized to receive and transduce. In the case of the eye, the adequate stimulus would be visible light, in the ear it would be sound waves, and so on.暗适应dark adaptationOn going from a light environment into a darker one, there is a gradual increase in sensitivity allowing dimmer lights to be seen, a mechanism known as dark adaptation.简化眼reduced eyeIf all the refractive surfaces of the eye are algebraically added together and then considered to be one single lens, the optics of the normal eye may be simplified and represented schematically as a "reduced eye".视敏度visual acuityVisual acuity is defined as the ratio of the distance of the individual from the chart to the distance at which the details of the correctly read line subtend 1'of arc.视野visual fieldThe field of vision is the area seen by an eye at a given instant. The area seen to nasal side is called the nasal field of vision, and the area seen to lateral side is called the temporal field of vision.胆碱能神经纤维cholinergic fiberA kind of neuron that liberates acetylcholine at its synaptic knobs with activity.条件反射conditioned reflexA conditioned reflex is a reflex response to a stimulus that previously elicited little or no response, acquired by repeatedly pairing to stimulate with another stimulus that normally does produce the response.去大脑僵直decerebrate rigidityWhen the brain stem is sectioned below the midlevel of the mesencephalon, the rigidity occurs in the antigravity muscles. This phenomenon is called decerebrate rigidity.脑电图electroencephalogramThe minute electrical currents spontaneously generated by neuronal activity which recorded from the scalp or directly from the cortical surface.诱发电位evoked potentialThe various discrete electrical changes in the encephalon or the spinal cord which can be produced by stimulation of sense organs or of some point along the ascending pathways to it.兴奋性突触后电位. excitatory postsynaptic potentialThe excitatory postsynaptic potential is the local postsynaptic depolarization due to release of excitatory transmitter from presynaptic terminals. EPSP brings the membrane closer to threshold and makes it more likely that an action potential will be triggered.抑制性突触后电位inhibitory postsynaptic potentialA hyperpolarizing potential at a synapse that reduced the excitability of the postsynaptic cell.运动单位motor unitA motor axon, together with all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates.非特异性传导系统nonspecific projection systemDiffuse projections from the nonspecific thalamic nuclei connecting the ascending reticular activating system to widespread areas of cortex have a role in modifying the states of consciousness which is called nonspecific projection system.突触后抑制postsynaptic inhibitionThe presynaptic neuron liberates an inhibitory transmitter increasing the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to potassium ions and /or chloride ions thereby increasing the negativity of the postsynaptic membrane potential. In this hyperpolarized state it is difficult to stimulate.突触前抑制presynaptic inhibitionA process which reduces the amount of synaptic transmitter liberated by action potentials arriving at excitatory synaptic knobs. The neuron producing presynaptic inhibition ends on an excitatory synaptic knob.牵涉痛referred painDamage to an internal organ is commonly associated with pain or tenderness not in the organ but in some skin region sharing the same segmental innervation. This phenomenon is called referred pain.第二信使second messengerA small, diffusible molecule produced when a hormone combines with a cell membrane receptor and which carries the message to the inside of the cell.特异性传导系统specific projection systemThe specific sensory projection system uses relatively direct pathways through specific thalamic nuclei to restricted cortical regions.脊休克spinal shockComplete transection of the spinal cord results in the immediate paralysis and loss of sensation in all body regions innervated by spinal cord segments below the lesion, this phenomenon is called spinal shock.牵张反射stretch reflexWhen a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is stretched, the muscle being stretched contracts. This is a monosynaptic reflex called the stretch reflex.非条件反射unconditioned reflexA fixed reflex whose mechanism may be supposed to be inherited as itsfunctioning does not depend on previous experience.激素hormoneA hormone can be defined as a chemical substance (a compound), which is synthesized and secreted by a specific cell type. It is generally transported in the circulation and at very low concentrations elicits a specific response in target tissues affecting the activities of cells in another portion of the body.胰岛素insulinA hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets; causes a reduction in plasma glucose concentrations. Insulin lowers blood glucose mainly by facilitating glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue and by inhibiting hepatic glucose output.甲状腺激素thyroid hormoneThe thyroid hormone is referred to thyroxine and triiodothyronine which increase the rate of chemical reactions in almost all cells of the body, thus increasing the general level of body metabolism.。

（整理）名词术语英汉对照索引

（整理）名词术语英汉对照索引名词术语英汉对照索引（依英文名词字顺排列）A舷梯accommodation ladderacidic solution 酸性溶液adjust valve 调节阀aft perpendicular 艉垂线aft peak tank 艉尖舱-------------aft peak bulkhead 艉尖舱壁alkaline solution 碱性溶液aileron 副鳍air diffuser 空气扩散器air hole 通风孔，透气孔air intake 进气口aircraft carrier 航空母舰air-driven water pump 气动水泵aluminum alloy structure 铝合金结构amidships engined ship 中机型船amidships / stern engined ship 中艉机型船anchor arm 锚臂anchor chain 锚链anchor crown 锚冠anchor fluke 锚爪anchor link 链环anchor mouth 锚唇anchor recess 锚穴anchor shackle 锚卸扣anchor shank 锚干anchor stock 锚杆angle bar 角钢angled deck 斜角甲板antenna 天线anti-rolling tank 减摇水舱automatic releasing hook 自动脱钩装置automatic sprinkler 自动喷水器-------------automatic ventilator 自动通风筒auxiliary engine seating 副机基座auxiliary ship 辅助船舶auxiliary tank 调节水舱awning 天幕，帐篷awning girder 天幕纵木awning pole 天幕支柱Bback of blade 叶背（见blade）baffle 挡板，隔板baggage room 行李舱balance weight 平衡锤balanced rudder 平衡舵ball 球ball bearing 滚珠轴承ball valve 球阀ballast (water) tank 压载水舱barge carrier 载驳船barrel 圆筒、桶base 基础、底座base block 垫块batten 长条护板batten seat 板条椅beam 横梁beam knee 横梁肘板beam bracket 横梁肘板-------------bearing 轴承bearing seat 轴承座becket line 把手索bed-plate girder 基座纵桁bed room 寝室bell-mouth of hawpipe 锚链筒喇叭口bench 长凳berth 软垫床bi-colored light 两色灯bilge bracket 舭肘板bilge keel 舭龙骨bilge plating 舭肘板bilge sounding pipe 舭部边舱水深探管bilge strake 舭列板bitt 单柱系缆桩bitts 双柱系缆桩blade （螺旋桨）桨叶blade face 叶面blade root 叶根blade tip 叶梢blockage 堵塞blue peter 出航旗boarding deck 登艇甲板boarding ladder 登船梯boat 小船，艇boat davit 吊艇架boat deck 艇甲板-------------boat fall 吊艇索boat guy 稳艇索boat hook 艇吊钩，（舢板）挽钩boat shell 艇壳boatswain’s store room 帆缆库bobstay 首斜桅拉索boiler 锅炉boiler bearer 锅炉基座boiler seat 锅炉基座bollard 系缆桩bolt 螺栓bolt lock 插销锁book case 书柜book rack 书架booth 舱室boss （螺旋桨）轴毂bossing 轴包架，轴毂bosun store 帆缆库bottle 瓶体bottom ceiling 舱底铺板bottom center girder 中底桁bottom frame 船底肋骨bottom grating 艇底垫板bottom plate 船底板bottom side girder 旁底桁bottom side tank 底边舱bottom transverse 底肋板（纵骨架式结构）------------- buoy tender 航标船bow door 艏门（滚装船）bowsprit （帆船）艏斜桅bow structure 艏端结构bower anchor 艏锚box keel 箱形龙骨brace 转帆索bracket 肘板，支架bracket floor 框架肋板brake 制动装置brake band 制动带brake crank arm 制动曲柄brake hydraulic cylinder 制动液压缸brake drum 刹车卷筒brake hydraulic pipe 刹车液压管breasthook 艏肘板breadth 船宽breeding pond 养鱼槽bridge 桥楼、驾驶台bridge console stand 驾驶室集中操作台bridge panel of engine remote主机遥控柜controlbuffer spring 缓冲弹簧bulb plate 球扁钢bulbous bow 球鼻艏bulk cargo carrier 散货船bulkhead 舱壁-------------bulkhead deck 舱壁甲板bulkhead plate 舱壁板bulwark 舷墙bulwark plate 舷墙板bulwark stay 舷墙支撑buoyant box 浮箱buoy 浮筒buoyancy tank 浮力舱butterfly screw cap 蝶形螺帽Ccable 缆索cable chock 导缆钳cable drum 缆索卷筒cable releaser 弃链器cable ship 布缆船cable winch 钢索绞车cage 起货机操纵室camber 梁拱cant beam 斜横梁cant frame 斜肋骨cantilever beam 悬臂梁captain 船长captain room 船长室cargo 货物cargo battens 货物护板条cargo block (tackle) 吊货滑车-------------cargo boom 吊杆cargo chain 吊货短链cargo fall, cargo runner 吊货索cargo hatch 货舱口cargo hook 吊钩cargo hook shackle 吊货钩卸扣cargo hook swivel 吊钩转环cargo hose 货油软管cargo runner lead block 吊货索导向滑轮cargo winch 起货绞车cargo winch platform 起货机平台cast steel stem post 铸钢艏柱cat walk 步桥（油船）catamaran 高速双体船ceiling 室顶板ceiling lamp 吊灯cement 水泥cement draining 水泥流水沟center girder 中纵桁center keelson 中内龙骨centerline bulkhead 中纵舱壁chock 导缆钳circular mooring pipe 圆形导缆孔chain axle 链轮轴chain clamp 制链钳chain cable fairlead 导链滚轮chain cable roller fairlead 导链滚轮-------------chain cable stopper 制链器chain controller 制链器chain link 锚链环chain locker 锚链舱chain wheel 链轮chain wheel shaft 链轮轴chair 椅子chart 海图chart light 海图灯chart room 海图室chart table 海图桌chief engineer room 轮机长室children room 儿童活动室clear view screen 旋回视窗clearance hole 通焊孔cleat 系缆扣（汽艇）cleat post 羊角系缆桩clip 夹扣clipper bow 飞剪型船首closed mooring chock 闭式导缆钳clutch 离合器clutch handwheel 离合器手轮CO2fire extinguisher 二氧化碳灭火器coastal cargo / passenger ship 沿海客货船coastal vessel 沿海船coat and hat hook 衣帽钩cofferdam 隔离舱-------------collision bulkhead 防撞舱壁column 立柱combined cast and rolled stem 混合型艏柱combined skirt 组合围裙common link 普通链环communicating pipe 连通管communicating tank 连通水柜commuter 交通船compartment (3rd class) 三等舱区compass 罗经compass deck 罗经甲板compressed air bottle 压缩空气瓶condenser 冷凝器conductor tube 导管connecting tank 连接水柜connecting traverse 吊钩梁container 集装箱container ship（liner, vessel）集装箱船舶control desk 操纵台control console of main engine 轮机控制台control valve 控制阀cork 软木，软塞corrugated bulkhead 槽形舱壁coupling 接头（法兰）cover plate 盖板cowl head ventilator 头巾型通风筒cushion 软垫-------------crane 克令吊、起重机crank 曲柄crew 船员crew’s bed room 普通船员寝室crew’s mess room 船员餐厅crow’s nest桅杆瞭望台crew’s quarters船员居住区crew’s W.C 船员厕所crosshead 十字头cruciform bitts 双十字系缆桩cruciform post bollard 单十字系缆桩cruiser 巡洋舰cruiser stern 巡洋舰式船尾cup and ball joint 球窝关节curtain 窗帘cycloidal propeller 直叶推进器cylinder 缸体，圆柱体Ddamper 缓冲器davit arm 吊臂（吊艇架）davit hook 吊艇钩day room 起居室deadlight （舷窗的）风暴盖deck centerline 甲板中心线deck framing 甲板骨架deck flange of hawse pipe 甲板锚链孔凸缘-------------deck girder 甲板纵桁deck house 甲板室deck longitudinal 甲板纵骨deck side line 甲板边线deck stringer 甲板边板deck transverse 强横梁（纵骨架是结构）deep sea vehicle 深潜器deep tank 深舱detent (stopper) 棘爪，制动器derrick 起重机，吊杆derrick boom 吊杆derrick fall 吊货索derrick post 吊杆柱derrick rig 吊杆装置desk 书桌desk lamp 台灯destroyer 驱逐舰detachable shackle 散合式连接卸扣devil’s claw 链式制链器diagonal stiffener 斜置加强筋diesel engine 柴油机dining saloon (cabin class) 头等舱餐厅direction finder 方位测定器direction finder antenna 测向仪天线dispensary 医务室displacement 排水量displacement type vessel 排水型船-------------distance line 张索dock 船坞doctor room 船医室dog type cable releaser 横闩式弃链器domed bulkhead 球形舱壁door 门door curtain 门帘door frame 门框door handle 门把door hook 门钩door plate 门板doorway 出入门double bottom 双层底double bottom tank 双层底舱double bunk 双层床double hook 山字钩double roller chock 双滚轮式导缆钳doubling plate 复合板，加厚板down halyard 降帆索draft 吃水draft line 吃水线draft mark 水尺dragline 拉索drain hole 流水孔、污水孔drain well 污水井drawer 抽屉drawer handle 抽屉把手-------------drawer lock 抽屉锁dredger 挖泥船dresser with sink 带槽厨台drillship 钻井船driving gear box 传动齿轮箱driving shaft system 传动轴系drum 卷筒drum flange 卷筒凸缘dry cell 干电池dry power container 干粉容器dry power fire extinguisher干粉灭火器drying agent 干燥剂dynamic supported craft 动力支撑型船舶Eeccentric wheel 偏心轮eccentric roller jacking device 偏心起升滚轮装置echo-sounder 回声测深仪electric motor 电动机electric plug 电源开关插头electric rudder gear 电动舵机electric revolving crane 电动回转式起重机electric motor windlass 电动锚机elevating system, elevator 升降机装置elliptical mooring pipe 椭圆形导缆孔elliptical stern 椭圆形船尾embarkation deck 登乘甲板-------------emergency dynamo room 紧急发电机室emergency exit 紧急出口enclosed lifeboat 封闭式救生艇end open link 末端链环endshackle 末端卸扣engine 主机、发动机engine air inlet 发动机进气口engine casing 机舱棚engine foundation 机座engine room 机舱engine room opening 机舱口engine room frame 机舱肋骨engine room hatch end beam 机舱口端梁engine room hatch girder 机舱口纵桁engine telegraph 车钟enlarged link 加大链环ensign staff 船尾旗杆enter guide （集装箱格栅）入口导承entrance hall (tourist class) 二等舱大厅入口exhaust pipe （发动机）排气管exhaust valve 排气阀expanded bracket 延伸肘板expansion joint 伸缩接头expansion trunk 膨胀井eyeplate 眼板-------------Fface plate 面板fairlead 导缆器fan 鼓风机fan vent 鼓风机排气口fast craft 高速船舶fender 护舷材ferry 渡船filling board 垫板filter 过滤器fin 鳍fin angle feedback set 鳍角反馈装置fin box 鳍箱fin shaft 鳍轴fin stabilizer 减摇鳍fire boat（fire fighting ship）消防船fire extinguishing agent 灭火剂fire fighting gun 消防水枪fire hose 消防水带fire hydrant (fire plug) 消火栓fishing boat（vessel）渔船fishing hatch 鱼舱口fixed water fire extinguisher 固定式水灭火器flange（flanged edge）折边flap 折板（滚装船艏艉跳板）flap-type rudder 襟翼舵-------------flat steel plate 扁钢floating crane 起重船floating dock 浮船坞floor 肋板flume tank 槽形水舱flush deck vessel 平甲板型船flush lift 拉手（柜子）flush valve 冲水阀fly 苍蝇fly net纱窗flying bridge （游艇）驾驶台flying jib 首三角帆flying passage 步桥（油船）foam concentrate container 泡沫液容器foam fire extinguisher 泡沫灭火器foamed plastic buoy 泡沫塑料浮folding hatch cover 折叠式舱口盖folding retractable fin stabilizer 折叠收放式减摇鳍foot brake 脚踏刹车foot plate 搁脚板（救生艇）foot ring 地铃foot lock 甲板侧栏板footrope 根缆fore and aft stay 前后拉索fore lower topsail 前下中桅帆fore staysail 前支索帆fore upper topsail 前上中桅帆-------------forecastle 艏楼forecastle deck 艏楼甲板fore peak 艏尖舱fore perpendicular 艏垂线forged steel stem 锻钢艏柱forward draft mark 船首水尺foundation 基座framing 骨架freeboard 干舷freeing port 排水口fresh water loadline 淡水载重线fresh water tank 淡水柜fuel / water supply vessel 油水供给船fuel box 燃油箱fuel oil tank 燃油舱fullload waterline 满载水线funnel 烟囱fusible alloy 易熔合金Ggaff 纵帆斜桁gaff foresail 前桅主帆gaff mainsail 主帆gangway 舷梯galley 厨房gas line valve 气管阀gasket 垫圈-------------gasoline tank 汽油箱gear 小齿轮gearwheel 大齿轮general cargo ship (vessel) 杂货船guest cabin (cabin class) 头等舱客房girder of foundation 基座纵桁goalpost 门形桅（柱）go-ahead and go-back 前进和后退grating 防滑格子gravity type boat davit 重力式吊艇架guide rail 导轨guide roller 导向滚轮gunwale 船舷上缘gunwale angle 舷边角钢gunwale rounded thick strake 舷边圆弧厚板gusset plate 菱形板guy 稳索guy drum 拖索用卷筒guy of collision mat 顶索（堵漏毯）guyline 定位索gypsy 链轮（锚机上的）gyro-pilot steering indicator 自动操舵操纵台gyroscope 回转仪Hhalf beam 半梁half depth girder 半深纵骨-------------。

英语的各名词解释

英语的各名词解释英语作为一门主要的通用语言，被全球范围内广泛使用。

在我们日常使用英语的过程中，我们经常会遇到各种各样的名词。

本文将对一些常见的英语名词进行解释，帮助读者更好地理解这些概念。

以下是一些我们经常遇到的名词及其解释：1. Vocabulary（词汇）词汇是语言的基础，是构建语言表达的基本单元。

它包含了各种单词和短语，用于表达思想、情感和概念。

词汇的掌握对于学习一门语言至关重要，它能帮助我们更好地理解和沟通。

2. Grammar（语法）语法是一门语言的基本组织规则。

它包括了词汇的用法、句子的结构以及各种语法规则。

学习语法可以帮助我们正确地构建句子，使我们的表达更加准确和流畅。

3. Pronunciation（发音）发音是指我们在口语中使用语音和音标来表达单词和句子。

正确的发音对于与他人的有效交流至关重要。

学习发音可以帮助我们准确地表达自己的意思，并更好地理解他人的表达。

4. Listening（听力）听力是指通过倾听他人的口语来理解其意思的能力。

良好的听力技巧是学习一门语言的核心能力之一。

通过提高听力技巧，我们能更好地理解他人的表达，并从中学习新的词汇和句式。

5. Speaking（口语）口语是指用语音和语调表达自己的思想和情感的能力。

良好的口语技巧可以帮助我们更好地与他人交流，并且在实际情境中更准确地表达自己的意思。

6. Reading（阅读）阅读是指通过阅读文字来获取信息和理解意思的能力。

通过阅读，我们可以接触到丰富的文化知识、学习新的词汇和语法结构，并提高我们的语言理解能力。

7. Writing（写作）写作是通过书写文字来表达思想和观点的能力。

良好的写作技巧可以帮助我们更准确地表达自己的意思，并以清晰的方式传达给读者。

8. Fluency（流利度）流利度是指在使用一门语言时，轻松自如地表达自己的能力。

它包括了发音流利、词汇量丰富、语法准确以及思维和语言的自然衔接等方面。

提高流利度需要通过不断的练习和实践来达到。

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生物化学上册中英文名词解释汇总第一章：糖类1. 糖(Saccharide):糖是多羟醛或多羟酮及其缩聚物和某些衍生物的总称。

2. 单糖(monosaccharide)：也称简单糖，不能被水解成更小分子的糖类，是多羟醛或多羟酮。

常见的单糖有葡萄糖(Glucose )、果糖(Fructose )、半乳糖(galactose )。

3. 寡糖(oligosaccharide ):又称低聚糖，是由2〜20个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的糖类物质。

可分为二糖、三糖、四糖、五糖等。

4. 二糖(disaccharide ):又称双糖，是最简单的寡糖，由2个分子单糖缩合而成。

常见的二糖有蔗糖(sucrose )、乳糖(lactose )、麦芽糖( maltose )。

5. 多糖(polysaccharide )：由多分子单糖或单糖的衍生物聚合而成。

6. 同多糖(homopolysaccharide )由同一种单糖聚合而成，如淀粉( starch )、糖原(glycogen )、纤维素(cellulose )。

7. 杂多糖(heteropolysaccharide )有不同种单糖或单糖衍生物聚合而成，如透明质酸( hyaluronicacid,HA )、肝素(heparin,Hp )等。

8. 糖胺聚糖(glycosaminoglycan,GAG )又称粘多糖，氨基多糖和酸性多糖。

是动植物特别是高等动物的结缔组织中的一类结构多糖。

例如透明质酸.硫酸软骨素.硫酸角质素等。

9. 蛋白聚糖(proteoglycan )：由一条或多条糖胺聚糖和一个核心蛋白共价连接而成，糖含量可超过95%主要存在于软骨、腱等结缔组织，构成细胞间质。

由于糖胺聚糖有密集的负电荷，在组织中可吸收大量的水而赋予粘性和弹性，具有稳定、支持和保护细胞的作用。

10. 糖蛋白(glycoprotein):短链寡糖与蛋白质以共价键连接而形成的复合物，其总体性质更接近蛋白质。

糖蛋白的寡糖链参与分子识别和细胞识别。

11. 糖脂(glycolipid )12. 脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide )第二章脂质1. 脂质：lipid 是一类低溶于水而高溶于非极性溶剂的生物有机分子。

2. 储存脂质(storage lipid )、结构脂质(structure lipid )、活性脂质(active lipid )3. 单纯脂质(simple lipid 、、复合脂质(compound lipid )、衍生脂质(derived lipid )4. 脂肪(真脂(fat、、脂肪酸(fatty acid,FA )5. 必需脂酸(essential FA 亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生四烯酸等多不饱和脂酸是人体不可缺乏的营养素，不能自身合成，需从食物获取。

6. 磷脂酰胆碱 (phosphatidyl Choline，PC)也称卵磷脂(lecithin )可降低胆固醇，增加高密度脂蛋白的作用，防止降低动脉硬化。

7. 胆碱(Choline )、胆固醇(cholesterol )8. 脂蛋白(lipoprotein 、脂质与蛋白质以非共价键结合而成的复合物a. 乳糜微粒(chylomicron、主要功能是从小肠转运三酰甘油、胆固醇以及其他脂质到血浆和其他组织。

b. 极低密度脂蛋白(very low density lipoprotein ，VLDL)主要功能是从肝脏运载内源性三酰甘油和胆固醇至各个靶组织。

c. 中间密度脂蛋白(intermediate density lipoprotein ，IDL) 一部分被肝脏直接吸收，一部分转化为LDL.d. 低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein ，LDL)把胆固醇从肝脏运送到全身组织，过量时则其携带的胆固醇便积存在动脉上引起动脉硬化。

e. 高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein ，HDI)会将胆固醇从周边组织输送到肝脏代谢第三章：蛋白质1. 单纯蛋白质(simple proein ):许多蛋白质仅有氨基酸组成，不含其它化学成分。

2. 缀合蛋白质(conjugated protein ):许多其它蛋白质含有除氨基酸外的各种化学成分作为其结构的一部分。

3. 辅基(prosthetic group )配体(ligand ):许多其它蛋白质含有除氨基酸外的各种化学成分作为其结构的一部分，这些非蛋白质部分，称为辅基。

4. 纤维状蛋白质(fibrous protein )、球状蛋白质(globular protein )、膜蛋白质(membraneprotein )5. 单体蛋白质(monomeric protein ):有一条多肽链构成的蛋白质。

6. 寡聚蛋白质(oligomeric protein ) 多聚蛋白质(multimeric protein ):由两条或多条多肽链构成的蛋白质。

7. 亚基或亚单位(subunit )：寡聚蛋白质中的多肽链。

8. 二硫键(disulfide bond):在蛋白质或多肽分子中连接氨基酸残基的共价键，除肽键外，较常见的一个是两个半胱氨酸残基的侧链之间形成的化学键。

9. 多肽(polypeptide ) /寡肽(oligopeptide ):通常把含有几个至十几个氨基酸残基的肽链统称为寡肽，更长的肽链成为多肽。

10. 氨基酸残基(aminoacid residue ):肽链中的氨基酸因为参加肽键的形成已经不是原来完整的分子，故称为氨基酸残基。

11. 蛋白质(protein )、肽(或肽链)(peptide chain )、肽基肽单位(petpide group )12. 蛋白质的一级结构(primary structure):多肽链中氨基酸的排列顺序，包括二硫键的位置称为蛋白质的一级结构。

13. Hydrogen bond:氢键14. hydrophobic interation: 疏水作用(熵效应)15. a -helix: a -螺旋16. B -pleated sheet: p -折叠17. p -turn: p -转角18. random coil :无规卷曲19. Primary structure: 一级结构肽链中氨基酸的排列顺序，包括二硫键的位置称为蛋白质的一级结构secondary structure: 二级结构蛋白质主链折叠产生的由氢键维系的有规则的构象。

20. super secondary structure:超二级结构由若干相邻的二级结构元件组合在一起，彼此相互作用，形成种类不多的、有规则的二级结构组合，在多种蛋白质中充当三级结构的构件。

21. teriary structure: 三级结构指由二级结构元件构建成的总三维结构，包括一级结构中相距远的肽段之间的几何相互关系和侧链在三维空间中彼此间的相互关系。

22. quaternary structure: 四级结构指寡聚蛋白质中亚基缔合形成聚集体的方式。

23. Stucture domain:结构域多肽链在二级结构或超二级结构的基础上形成三级结构的局部折叠区，它是相对独立的紧密球状实体。

24. homomultimeric protein :同多聚蛋白质，由单一类型的亚基组成25. heteromultimeric protein :杂多聚蛋白质，由几种不同类型亚基组成26. allosteric effect :别构效应，多亚基蛋白质一般具有多个结合部位，结合在蛋白质分子的特定部位上的配体对该分子的其他部位所产生的影响(如改变亲和力或催化能力)27. allosteric protein :别构蛋白质，具有别构效应的蛋白质28. allosteric site :别构部位，除活性部位外还有别的配体(如效应物或调节物)的结合部位29. 同源蛋白质(Homologous protein ):在不同生物体中，行使相同或相似功能的蛋白质，具有明显系列同源的蛋白质也称同源蛋白质。

30. 趋异突变(divergent mutation ):导致蛋白质一级结构改变，使蛋白质被淘汰或者形成新的蛋白质。

31. 中性突变 (neutral mutation ):中性突变是指这种突变对生物体的生存既没有好处，也没有害处，也就是说，对生物的生殖力和生活力，即适合度没有影响，因而自然选择对它们不起作用。

32. 分子病(molecular disease ):基因突变引起的某个功能蛋白的一个或几个氨基酸残基发生了遗传性替代从而导致整个分子的三维结构发生改变，功能部分或全部丧失，由此引起的疾病称分子病。

33. 血红蛋白(hemoglobin)=球蛋白(globin )+ 血红素(heme)34. 蛋白质前体(precursor protein )：生物刚合成的无活性的蛋白质，也称为蛋白原或前蛋白质。

35. 血红蛋白的别构效应(变构效应) (allosteric effect ):指亚基的蛋白质分子由于一个亚基构象的改变而引起其余亚基以至整个分子构象，性质和功能发生变化。

36. 效应物effector37. 血红蛋白Hb、肌红蛋白Mb ;紧张态T态(tense state) 、松弛态R(relaxed state) ;波耳效应(Bohr effect )、2,3-二磷酸甘油酸2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (DPG) 。

38. Dialysis(透析):利用蛋白质分子不能通过半透膜的性质，使蛋白质和其它小分子物质如无机盐、单糖等分开的方法。

39. ultafiltration (超滤)：利用压力或离心机，强行使水和其它小分子溶质通过半透膜，而蛋白质被截留在膜上，以达到浓缩和脱盐的目的。

40. Density gradient (密度梯度)：蛋白质质量和密度大的颗粒沉降的快，进而形成密度梯度。

41. Salting out( 盐析):很多蛋白质可以从水溶液中沉淀出来。

42. Electrophoresis (电泳)：不处于等电状态的蛋白质分子，将向着与其电性相反的电极运动。

43. Isoelectric focusing (等电聚焦)：一种高分辨率的蛋白质分离技术。

44. Chromatofocusing(聚焦层析)：根据蛋白质的等电点差异分离蛋白质混合物的柱层析方法。

45. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography( 疏水作用层析)：根据蛋白质表面的疏水性差别发展起来的一种纯化技术。

46. Affinity chromatography( 亲和层析)：利用蛋白质分子对其配体分子特有的识别能力，建立起来的有效纯化方法。

47. Denaturation 蛋白质的变性蛋白质在某些物理或化学因素的作用下，其特定的的空间构象被破坏，也即有序的空间结构变成无序的空间结构，从而导致其理化性质发生改变和生物学活性的丧失称为蛋白质的变性作用(denaturation )。

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