高中英语语法系统讲解之十三省略、倒装和强调

省略、倒装和强调
省略
为了使句子结构更加紧密或为了避免重复，而将前面或后面已经出现过的词语省略，或因习惯上的用法而省略部分词语，这样所形成的句子叫省略句。

一. 简单句中的省略
1. 省略主语
在祈使句或某些习惯性的用法中常省略主语。

如(You) Close the door at once.
(It) Sounds fine to me.
2. 省略主语和谓语的一部分
在表示建议的问句、比较状语从句、感叹句和there be句型中常省略。

如What (do you think) about a cup of tea? He speaks English as well as you (do).
What a (good) girl (she is)! (Is there) anything elso to buy?
3. 省略宾语、表语
这种省略常见于对话的答语中。

如---Which of the two is better?
---It’s hard to tell (it).
He is hard-working and so is his sister (hard-working).
4. 名词所有格后名词的省略
名词所有格修饰的名词有上下文已出现或表示店铺、住宅、教堂等地点时常省略。

如These are John’s books and those are Mary’s (books).
At her mother’s (house) she passed many happy days.
5. 冠词的省略
在某些固定短语the next day（morning，week，year …）中，有时为了使语气紧凑，定冠词the常可以省略；在副词的最高级前面定冠词常可以省略；另外在某些独立结构中和as引导的让步状语从句中，常可省略冠词。

如We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day.
He sings (the) best in the class. Child as she is, she knows a lot.
6. 介词的省略
一些动词搭配构成的短语，如prevent / stop sb（from）doing，have trouble / difficulty/ problems（in）doing，spend time（in）doing等中的介词常可以省略。

如Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away.
Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river?
I have some difficulty (in) answering the question.
7. 动词不定式中的省略
如果不定式所表示的内容在上文中已经出现，为了避免重复，常常把不定式里的动词及其后续部分省略，只保留to。

如---Will you go with me?---Well, I’d like to (go with you).
动词不定式省略的八种情况：
○1有些动词，如believe，find，think，feel，consider，imagine，prove等后作宾补的结构to be + n. / adj.中的to be可以省略。

如I consider him (to be) lazy.
His mother found him (to be) a clever boy.
○2当不定式在某些动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，不定式常省略。

常见动词有wish，warn，invite，allow，ask，force，forbid，permit，persuade，order等。

如Why didn’t he come earlier? He was told to (come early).
She didn’t come, though we had invited her to (come).
○3在can not but，can not choose but，can not help but之后的动词不定式一般不带to；but 之前有实义动词do的某个形式do，does，did，done时，也不带to，否则要带to。

如I can not but admire his courage.
He has no choice but to accept the fact.
○4当不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，常可省略，常见动词有afford，agree，expect，forger，wish，want，refuse，remember，pretend，manage，know，hope等。

如I would like to do it for you, but I don’t know how to (do it for you).
Nothing has ever stopped him from sleeping when he wants to (sleep).
○5感官动词see，hear，feel，watch，notice等以及使役动词let，make，have后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，to必须保留。

如They made the boy go to bed early.---- The boy was made to go to bed early.
注意：help后作宾补的动词不定式中的to可以省略，也可以保留。

○6当不定式在形容词afraid，anxious，eager，glad，happy，ready，willing等后作状语时，to后的内容常承前省略。

如---Will you join us in the game?
---I’ll be glad to (join you in the game).
You can’t force him to answer the question if he’s not ready to (answer the question).
○7不定式在chance，courage，time等名词后作定语时可省略，此时to也常省去。

如I haven’t read the book, but I wish I would have time (to read the book).
温馨提示：如承前省略的不定式内容含有be或作助动词用的have，to后要保留be或have。

如---Are you a student?---No, but I used to be.
John didn’t come, but he ought to have.
○8当不定式在be going to，be able to，have to，ought to，used to后作复合谓语时，不定式符号后的内容可省略。

如I didn’t want to wait for him but I had to (wait for him).
They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to (visit their parents).
二. 并列句中的省略
1.如果后面分句中的谓语动词有与前面相同的部分，则省略谓语动词相同的成分。

如Bob has done his homework, but Tom hasn’t (done his homework).
2.主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。

如He gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.
3.主语相同，谓语也相同，则二者都可以省略。

如She was poor but (she was) honest.
His suggestion made John happy, but (his suggestion made) Mary angry.
三. 复合句中的省略
1. 名词性从句中的省略
○1wh-特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句，若有与前面主句重复的内容，则可将重复内容省略，而只保留特殊疑问词wh-。

如Someone has used my bike, but I don’t know who (has used it).
He will come back, but he does n’t know when (he will come back).
He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).
You are unhappy. Can you tell me why (you’re unhappy)?
○2在某些表虚拟语气的名词性从句中，从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。

如It is important that we (should) speak to the old politely.
○3在I’m afraid，I think，I believe，I hope，I guess等作答句时，后面跟“so”与“not”分别表示肯定和否定，宾语从句可省去。

如---Do you think it will rain?
---I hope not (that it will not rain).
注意：I don’t hope so.(×)
---Do you believe our team will win?---I guess so.
2. 定语从句中的省略
○1在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that，which，who（whom）常可以省略。

如The man (who / whom) I saw is called Smith.
Where is the book (which) I bought this morning?
○2有些定语从句，在不引起歧义的情况下，可省略一些成分，变为“介词+ 关系代词+ 不定式”形式，从而使语句更加简洁。

如I was trying to find a place in which to lay all these books.
上句的完整形式是：I was trying to find a place in which I could lay all these books.
温馨提示：在这种句子里主句的主语必须与不定式的主语一致，否则不可改为省略式定语从句。

如I was trying to find a place in which my brother could live.不能改为I was trying to find a place in which to live.
而I was trying to find a place in which I could live.可以改为I was trying to find a place in which to live.
○3在限制性定语从句中“起”表语作用的关系代词可以省略。

如He still talks like the man (who) he was ten years ago.
She is no longer the sweet girl (that) she was before.
○4关系代词在限制性定语从句中作主语且定语从句为“there be”句型时可以省略。

如Milk is the best food (that) there is for babies.
We must make better use of the time (that) there is left for us.
3. 状语从句中的省略
○1当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可以省略从句中的主语和系动词be。

A.在as，before，until，once，when，while等引导的时间状语从句中。

如While (I was) waiting, I was reading some magazines.
B.在though，although等引导的让步状语从句中。

如Though (they were) tired, they went on working.
C.在if，unless（= if … not）等引导的条件状语从句中。

如You shouldn’t come to his party unless (you were) invited.
D.在as，as if，as though引导的让步状语从句中。

如He did as (he had been) told.
He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak.
E. 在as（so）… as …，than引导的比较状语从句中。

如I know you can do better than he (can do).
This car doesn’t run as fast as that one (does).
○2当从句中的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略，此时构成连词（if，unless，when，whenever）+ 形容词的结构。

如Unless (it is) necessary, you’d better not refer to the dictionary.
另外，还可以用so或not代替上文内容，此时可用if + so / not省略句式。

如Get up early tomorrow, if not (you don’t get up early), you will miss the first bus.
He may not be at home then, if so (he is not at home), leave him a note.
倒装
英语的基本语序是“主语+ 谓语”。

如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语
序叫做倒装语序。

倒装的原因：一是语法结构的需要（如某些疑问句）；一是为了强调。

倒装分为部分倒装和完全倒装。

一. 部分倒装
部分倒装是把谓语的一部分（通常是助动词、情态动词）放在主语之前。

如Never shall I forget the day.
Only in this way can we finish the work.
下列情况需要使用部分倒装：
1. 在一般疑问句和特殊疑问句中。

如Does he play the guitar well? What are you doing?
2. as作“尽管”讲，引导让步状语从句时，要采用倒装语序，把表语、状语（一般是程度
副词）或动词原形提到句首，主谓顺序不变。

如Hero as he is, he still has shortcomings.
Much as I like it, I’ll not buy it.
Try as he might, he failed completely.
注意：○1though引导的让步状语从句也可以采用这种倒装句式，但although引导的让步状语从句不能倒装。

○2将名词提前时，省去名词前的冠词。

3. only后接副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时。

如Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
Only in this way can you improve your pronunciation.
4. 含有否定意义的副词，如never，hardly，seldom，little，nowhere，not once，ont a word，
scarely，barely等放在句首时。

如Little did he know who the woman was.
Hardly had I arrived when I had a new problem to deal with.
5.省略了if的条件句中，were，had或should可提到句首构成部分倒装（虚拟语气）。

如Were I not so busy, I should go with you.
Had he been here yesterday, he would have come to watch the football match.
6. so在句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人或物，其句型是：so + be / have / 助动词
/ 情态动词+ 主语。

如He has been to Beijing, so have I.
I saw the film last week, so did she.
温馨提示：对前面所说的情况作一肯定，前后两句的主语指的是同一个人或物时，主谓不倒装，其句型是：so + 主语+ be / have / 助动词/ 情态动词。

如---You look tired.---So I do. I stayed up too late last night.
7.在“so … that”句型中，当so + 形容词/ 副词放在句首时，则so所在的分句主谓要倒
装。

如So interesting was the book that he couldn’t help reading it in class.
So fast does the boy run that I can’t catch up with him.
8. 用于no sooner … than …和hardly … when …句型中。

该句型中的no sooner和hardly位
于句首时，它们所在的句子一般使用过去完成时的倒装句。

如No sooner had he got to his office than he got down to work.
Hardly had we started when it began to rain.
9.含有no的词组出现在句首时，如at no time，by no means，in no way等句子采用部分倒
装。

如By no means will I give up.
10. neither，nor放在句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一人或物，其句型是：neither / nor
+ be / have / 助动词/ 情态动词+ 主语。

如I didn’t go to the cinema, nor did he.
He seldom goes to the cinema, nor do I.
11.Not until位于句首作状语，它所在的句子的谓语动词用倒装，如果句子是主从复合句，
主句要用倒装。

如Not until yesterday did I know he was going to come here.
Not until you told me did I realize I was wrong.
12. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子。

如May you succeed! Long live the people!
May you all be happy!
二. 全部倒装
全部倒装就是整个谓语部分放在主语之前。

如In front of the house stands a tree. Here comes the bus.
下列情况需要使用全部倒装
1、用于there be句型。

eg: There are many students in the classroom.
2、用于here，there，now，then等副词开头的句子里面表示强调。

eg: Here comes the bus.
注意：代词作主语时，主谓语序不变。

eg: Now comes our turn.
3、当句首状语是表示地点的介词词组时，也常引起全部倒装。

eg: South of the city lies a big steel factory.
4、表语置于句首时，倒装结构采用“表语+ 连系动词+主语”的结构。

○1形容词+ 连系动词+ 主语：
eg: Present at the meeting were Doctor Li, Doctor Su and many other guests.
○2过去分词+ 连系动词+ 主语：eg: Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. ○3介词+ 连系动词+ 主语：eg: Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers candles and
toys.
5、为了保持句子结构平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或为了使上下文结构紧凑。

eg: They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.
强调
一. 强调句型
要强调句子的某一部分（通常是主语、状语、宾语），可以把it当作先行词。

这种句子的结构是“It is / was + 被强调部分+ that / who + 句子的其余部分”。

如果强调的部分是人，可用who代替that。

如I met Tom in the street yesterday.
It was I who met Tom in the street yesterday. (强调主语)
It was Tom that I met in the street yesterday. (强调宾语)
It was in the street that (不用where) I met Tom yesterday. (强调地点状语)
It was yesterday that (不用when) I met Tom in the street. (强调时间状语)
1. 时态的运用
强调句中的时态要依原句的时态来确定。

即原句为过去的某种时态，则强调句中的be 动词就用过去时；若原句为现在的某种时态，强调句就用be的现在时态。

如It was because I was caught in the traffic that I came late. (was与came时态保持一致)
It is Tom who loves football most. (is与loves时态保持一致)
2. 人称和数的运用
被强调的部分如果是句子的主语，that / who之后的谓语动词在人称和数上应与句子的主语保持一致。

如It is I that / who am your friend that will come to help you.
3、判断一个句子是否是强调句型的方法：如果将句中的It is / was… that / who / whom…去
掉，仍能还原为一个完整的句子，那么此句就是强调句。

否则，就是其他句型结构。

请比较：It was 1999 when he came back from the United States. (定语从句)
It was in 1999 that he came back from the United States. (强调句型)
二、强调句型的几种较为复杂的结构形式
1、被强调部分为状语从句。

eg：It was when Tom was eleven years old that his talent for writing became obvious.
2、被强调部分含有定语从句。

eg：It was on July 4 th, 1975 when he was born that his father died.
3、not…until结构用于强调句型。

not…until作为被强调部分，起结构是：It is / was + not until…+ that + 其他部分。

eg：It was not until his father came back that he went to bed.
4、强调句型的一般疑问句结构：Is / Was it + 被强调部分+ that + 其他部分。

eg：Was it last year that his cousin joined the army?
5、强调句型的特殊疑问句结构：疑问词（被强调部分）+ is / was + it + that + 其他部分。

eg：When was it that the accident happened?
Where was it that your lost your wallet?
6. 强调句型与定语从句、同位语从句、It is … since / before / when …句型的区别：
如It was at three o’clock that we came back home. (强调句型)
It was three o’clock when we cane back home. 我们回家时是三点(定语从句)
It was three days before he left.他过了三天就走了(before引导的时间状语从句)
It’s three years since we last met. (since引导的状语从句)
It is a fact that he has lost the game by one score. (同位语从句)
二. do / does / did + 动词原形
如果句子中没有助动词，在肯定句中可以用do表示强调，一般译为“务必，一定、确实”，这种强调结构只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种，只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调，没有疑问和否定形式。

如She does come from America.
She did tell me about her address, but I forgot all about it.
Do be careful next time, please.。