大学英语翻译全教程(完美版)第14讲
大学英语翻译全教程第一讲(完美版)
翻译理论与实践(以《英语翻译教程》南开大学出版社为基础)第一讲翻译概述一、翻译的概念1.广义的翻译指语言与语言、语言与非语言等代码转换和基本信息的传达。
它包括不同语言间的翻译(如英汉互译)语言变体间的翻译(如古今语言、不同方言的互译)、语言与其他交际符号的转换(如把交通规则画成交通标志)。
他对翻译的内容只强调“基本信息”,不强调“完全的忠实”。
也有翻译家提出“理解也是翻译”的理论,这就把语言与思维也包括在广义的翻译里了。
2.狭义的翻译指语言活动,是把一种语言所表达的内容中式地用另一种远表达出来。
这个定义强调“是一种语言活动”,表明它是人类多种交际方式中语言交际的沟通;强调“一种语言到另一种语言”,排除了同一语言间各变体的互译;强调“忠实地”,避免了翻译与释义或改写的混淆。
奈达(Eugene Nida)“Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style.”(Nida & Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation)我们的翻译课讲的就是狭义的翻译,并专指“书面表达内容”,以区别于有独特之处的口译(interpretation)。
二、翻译的分类1.从所涉及的代码性质看,可分为语内翻译(intralingual translation)、语际翻译(interlingual translation)和语符翻译(intersemiotic translation)。
语内翻译是同一种语言见不同语言变体的翻译,如把古汉语译成现代汉语,把黑话译成一般语言(雷子,一方);语际翻译是不同语言间的翻译,是狭义翻译研究的对象;语符翻译是用非文字符号解释文字符号,如图画、手势、音乐符号等。
英语泛读教程第二册翻译 Unit 14 Overdue Interest
十四、迟来的关注马特•米勒在美国,许多人并不了解日本帝国军队在侵略中国时所犯下的滔天罪行。
在日本,许多人甚至试图否认南京大屠杀。
艾里斯•张写的《南京大屠杀》,就是要提醒人们牢记六十年前犯下的罪行。
下面这篇文章是对这本书的评论。
六十年前,日本帝国军队发动的南京大屠杀,在人类所犯下的集体罪行记录中位置醒目。
在不到两个月的时间里,日军杀害了15-30万手无寸铁的中国公民,强奸折磨了10多万中国妇女。
这是一次野蛮的集体暴行,至今许多日本人不能解释,或根本不承认曾经发生过这样的事情。
在美国,有一系列会议安排在南京大屠杀周年日召开-- 自12月13日起持续近六周的时间-- 试图重新激起对这一恐怖事件长期冷漠了的兴趣。
多数美国人根本不了解发生于1937年12月至1938年1月的大屠杀,也不清楚它与二战之间的关系。
在这次试图重新激起人们关注活动中起中心作用的,是伊瑞斯•张的新作《南京的强奸》。
张,二十九岁,住在加利福尼亚矽谷桑尼威尔市,它位于旧金山以南一百公里。
一位美籍华人作家在美国科技腹地正率先对日军进行谴责,既要求日方承认罪行,担负责任,又要求得到美国大众的认可,这并非偶然。
张和她的著作是美国国内的一场重大运动的标志。
它要求共享历史。
随着少数民族群体逐渐在经济、社会和政治方面树立起了信心,他们努力工作,向前迈进,好让人们听到自己的历史故事。
“这是对全体美国人提出的要求,要他们融合其他民族的历史,壮大自己,”薇拉•施瓦茨说。
她是康涅狄格州韦斯勒因大学的中国历史教授。
这场运动在任何地方都比不上在加利福尼亚的一些富有的亚裔美国人社区更引人注目。
“我去了学校图书馆,发现这方面的资料竟如此之少,非常震惊。
”住在洛杉矶的韩裔美国作家李赫利说。
她那本颇受批评家好评的回忆录《生存之粮》,讲述了她祖母在落入日军魔掌后战胜巨大困难的故事,非常引人入胜。
她说:“作为亚裔美国人,我们应该提供资料,应该说出来。
”南京大屠杀为美籍华人提供了一个令人信服的兴趣点,他们施加压力,使旧金山联合校区把大屠杀写入高中的历史课程。
大学英语翻译全教程(完美版)第13讲
第十三讲泰特勒、奈达、纽马克翻译思想简介一、泰特勒1.泰特勒简介亚历山大·F·泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler,1747-1814)生于爱丁堡。
泰特勒是律师、作家、历史学家。
多年在爱丁堡大学担任历史学教授。
18世纪末,他在《论翻译的原则》(Essay on the Principles of Translation,1791)一书中提出了著名的“翻译三原则”,标志着西方译学研究从此走上了从理论推证理论的道路。
该著作由我国现代文学史上杰出的文学家和翻译家郑振铎(1898 年~1958 年) 先生首次介绍到国内。
2.翻译三原则翻译三原则按照重要性排列顺序为:(1)译文应该完全传达原作的思想。
(The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.)完善的翻译方法介乎于两个极端之间:一个是仅仅顾及原作的思想和精神,而不问原作的表现形式;第二个极端是刻板地拘泥于原作句子的安排、次序和构造。
他认为,原作含糊的地方,译者可以根据作者的思想脉络明白地表达;原作无心错误的地方,译者可以加以纠正;原作以暗含方式表达的东西,译文可以以明确的方式表达。
他的这些见解不是在任何时候都适用,但这是他实践经验的归纳和总结。
(2)译文的风格和笔调应与原作保持一致。
(The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.)他说:“一个好的翻译者必须能够立即发现作者风格的真正性质。
他必须准确弄清楚作者的风格属于哪一类:是属于庄严一类、典雅一类、平易一类、活泼一类、绮丽华美一类,还是质朴自然一类。
”(3)译文应当和原作一样自然流畅。
(The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.)他说:“译者愈是研究怎样精确地模仿,他的临摹本就愈不会反映原作的流畅性和精神。
全国外语翻译unit 14
Group work:
Translate the following two letters in group.
Translation of Ads.
Examples:
1. 京华商厦,全国十二家最大的百货商店之一,全国 十一家遐迩闻名、效益最大的企业之一。
Jinghua Shopping Mansions
We are one of the 12 biggest department stores in China. We are one of the 11 best-established and most profitable enterprises in the country.
一瓶一斤真不少; 四角硬币买两瓶;
一喝永远忘不了!
Translation of Ads.
Examples:
1. 京华商厦,全国十二家最大的百货商店之一,全 国十一家遐迩闻名、效益最大的企业之一。 2. 上海中华铅笔:品质优良,书写润滑,美观大方。
3. “春花”牌吸尘器,清洁地毯、窗帘,还可吸净像 木制和乙烯基 (vinyl)一样坚硬的地板,甚至水泥 地。磨擦力小,噪音低。请试试吧!你的地板会 更加光亮无比。
Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you.
Translation of Ads.
1. 百事可乐,冰凉爽口; 2. 百事可乐 ,运动之友; 满满一杯,非常感受; 十二盎司,让您喝够;
小小付出,尽享其乐; 小小付出,超值享受; 百事可乐,您的朋友!
百事可乐,您的选择! 3. 百事可乐味最好;
Translation of Ads.
Examples:
2. 上海中华铅笔:品质优良,书写润滑,美观 大方。
Unit 14--大学英语
soak
n. 1.浸泡,浸渍 2.浸泡液,浸渍液 3.浸透;湿透
unprecedented
precedent n. 1.先例;前例 2.【法律】判例;惯例 adj. 在前的,在先的,前面的 unprecedented adj. 前所未有的,空前的,无前例的;新奇的
process
n. 1.过程,进程[主要用于短语 in the process] 2.(时间等的)变化过程 3.(包含许多变化的)连续发展过程 4.步骤;方法;程序;工序 5.加工方法,操作工序;制作法
process
adj. 1.经过特殊加工(或处理)的 2.(电影镜头等)有幻觉效应的;合成的 短语 1.in process 在进行中 2.in process of time 逐渐,渐渐,随着时间的推移 3.in the process of 在…过程中,正在…之中,在… 进行中
command
vi. 1.发布命令;指挥;指示: Do as I command. 2.负责;掌管;管辖;控制 3.俯视,俯临
command
n. 1.指挥;命令 2.口令 3.命令的发布,指挥的行使 4.指挥权,控制权,支配权 5.运用能力,掌握,精通 6.指挥官所属的部队、舰队等 7.指挥部,司令部 8.俯视;眺望
Five Symbols of American Culture The Statue of Liberty Barbie Dolls The Buffalo Nickel American Gothic
Uncle Sam
英汉互译简明教程(第二版)课件14 第四篇 专有名词的翻译
世界著名企业名称和品牌通常都有约定俗成的译法,其 中很多采用的是音译,如: • Nike 耐克 • Michelin 米其林 • Cadillac 凯迪拉克 • Phillips 飞利浦 • Maxwell 麦斯威尔
专有名词英译汉
3. 机构名称的翻译 3.2 意译
• 如:中国北京清华大学28号楼502室,应翻译为Room 502, Dormitory Building 28, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China。
• 中文地址翻译成英文的顺序是:X室、X号、X路/街、X区 /县、X市、X省,然后是中国。
3.中文地址的英译
其汉英对照如下:
1. 汉语地名的翻译方法
汉语地名翻译通常采用汉语拼音加直译的方法。 1.1 一般专名加通名构成汉语地名的翻译
这类情况通常将专名译作汉语拼音,然后再意译通名,例如: • 珠海市 Zhuhai City • 王府井商业街 Wangfujing Shopping Mall • 青藏高原 the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau • 四川盆地 the Sichuan Basin • 京杭运河 the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal
香山 Xiangshan Hill, 象鼻山 the Elephant Hill • Peak (山峰)
莲花峰 the Lotus Peak, 独秀峰 the Singular Beauty Peak
1. 汉语地名的翻译方法
1.5 通名为不同汉字的同一种译法 与前面相反,不同的汉字在很多情况下可英译为同一个单 词。譬如“江、河、水、溪”都统一英译为river,如:
• 长江 the Yangtze River • 黄河 the Yellow River • 珠江 the Pearl River • 古田溪 the Gutian River
新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程第二册课文翻译(全册)-大学英语读写教程翻译
新视野大学英语第三版第二册读写课文翻译Unit 1 Text A一堂难忘的英语课1 如果我是唯一一个还在纠正小孩英语的家长,那么我儿子也许是对的。
对他而言,我是一个乏味的怪物:一个他不得不听其教诲的父亲,一个还沉湎于语法规则的人,对此我儿子似乎颇为反感。
2 我觉得我是在最近偶遇我以前的一位学生时,才开始对这个问题认真起来的。
这个学生刚从欧洲旅游回来。
我满怀着诚挚期待问她:“欧洲之行如何?”3 她点了三四下头,绞尽脑汁,苦苦寻找恰当的词语,然后惊呼:“真是,哇!”4 没了。
所有希腊文明和罗马建筑的辉煌居然囊括于一个浓缩的、不完整的语句之中!我的学生以“哇!”来表示她的惊叹,我只能以摇头表达比之更强烈的忧虑。
5 关于正确使用英语能力下降的问题,有许多不同的故事。
学生的确本应该能够区分诸如their/there/they're之间的不同,或区别complimentary 跟complementary之间显而易见的差异。
由于这些知识缺陷,他们承受着大部分不该承受的批评和指责,因为舆论认为他们应该学得更好。
6 学生并不笨,他们只是被周围所看到和听到的语言误导了。
举例来说,杂货店的指示牌会把他们引向stationary(静止处),虽然便笺本、相册、和笔记本等真正的stationery(文具用品)并没有被钉在那儿。
朋友和亲人常宣称They've just ate。
实际上,他们应该说They've just eaten。
因此,批评学生不合乎情理。
7 对这种缺乏语言功底而引起的负面指责应归咎于我们的学校。
学校应对英语熟练程度制定出更高的标准。
可相反,学校只教零星的语法,高级词汇更是少之又少。
还有就是,学校的年轻教师显然缺乏这些重要的语言结构方面的知识,因为他们过去也没接触过。
学校有责任教会年轻人进行有效的语言沟通,可他们并没把语言的基本框架——准确的语法和恰当的词汇——充分地传授给学生。
8 因为语法对大多数年轻学生而言枯燥且乏味,所以我觉得讲授语法得一步一步、注重技巧地进行。
大学英语翻译全教程(完美版)第11讲
第十一讲西方翻译理论简介(二):现当代翻译理论如下特点:1.翻译理论的研究开始走人文和科学相结合的道路。
2 翻译学科发展越来越全面的考虑与越来越严格的分析翻译过程中所有的重要因素现代西方的翻译理论主要有以下学派:一、布拉格学派:创始人:马西休斯(Vilem Mathesius)、特鲁贝茨考伊(Nikolay S. Trubetskoy)和雅可布逊(Roman Jakobson)这一学派的主要论点为:(1)翻译必须考虑语言的各种功能,包括认知功能、表达功能和表情功能等;(2)翻译必须重视语言的比较,包括语义、语法、语音、语言风格以及文学体裁的比较。
雅可布森的论述主要有五点:(1)翻译分为三类:语内翻译(intralingual translation)、语际翻译(interlingual translation)和符际翻译(intersemiotic translation)。
(2)对于词义的理解取决于翻译。
(3)准确的翻译取决于信息对称。
翻译所涉及的是两种不同语符中的对等信息(4)所有语言都具有同等表达能力。
(5)语法范畴是翻译中最复杂的问题。
二、伦敦学派:创始人是弗斯,主要代表人物有弗斯、卡特福德、萨瓦里(Theodore Horace Savory)和纽马克(Peter Newmark)。
弗斯(J. R. Firth)。
《语言学与翻译》(Linguistics and Translation),《语言分析与翻译》(Linguistic Analysis and Translation)弗斯着重谈到三个方面:(1)语言分析是翻译的基础;(2)完全的翻译不等于完美的翻译;(3)在任何两种语言的翻译中,一种语言的某些意义的表达方式不可能译成完全对等的另一种语言。
卡特福德(John Catford)是该学派中比较系统提出翻译理论的学者。
任教于爱丁堡大学的卡特福德1965年发表《翻译的语言学理论》(A Linguistic Theory of Translation)一书,为翻译理论研究开拓新的途径,引起巨大反响。
Unit 14 Five Traits of the Educated Man 课文翻译 综合教程一
Unit 14 Five Traits of the Educated ManA question often asked is: "What are the marks of an educated man" It is plain that one may gain no inconsiderable body of learning in some special field of knowledge without at the same time acquiring those habits and traits which are the marks of an educated gentleman. A reasonable amount of learning must of course accompany an education, but, after all, that amount need not be so very great in any one field. An education will make its mark and find its evidences in certain traits, characteristics, and capacities which have to be acquired by patient endeavor, by following good examples, and by receiving wise discipline and sound instructions.These traits or characteristics may be variously described and classified, but among them are five that should always stand out clearly enough to be seen by all men. The first of these is correctness and precision in the use of the mother tongue. The quite shocking slovenliness and vulgarity of much of the spoken English, as well as not a little of the written English, which one hears and sees, proves beyond peradventure that years of attendance upon schools and colleges that are thought to be respectable have produced no impression. When one hears English well spoken, with pure diction, correct pronunciation, and an almost unconscious choice of the right word, he recognizes it at once. How much easier he finds it to imitate English of the other sort!A second and indispensable trait of the educated man is refined and gentle manners, which are themselves the expression of fixed habits of thought and action. "Manners make the man," wrote Wykeham William over his gates at Winchester and at Oxford. He pointed to a great truth. When manners are superficial, artificial, and forced, no matter what their form, they are bad manners. When, however, they are the natural expression of fixed habits of thought and action, and when they reveal a refined and cultivated nature, they are good manners. There are certain things that gentlemen do not do, and they do not do them simply because they are bad manners. The gentleman instinctively knows the difference between those things which he may and should do and those things which he may not and should not do.A third trait of the educated man is the power and habit of reflection. Human beings for the most part live wholly on the surface of life. They do not look beneath the surface or far beyond the present moment and that part of the future which is quickly to follow it. They do not read those works of prose and poetry which have become classic because they reveal power and habit of reflection and induce that power and habit in others. When one reflects long enough to ask the question how He is on the way to knowing something about science. When he reflects long enough to ask the question why He may, if he persists, even become a philosopher.A fourth trait of the educated man is the power of growth. He continues to grow and develop from birth to his dying day. His interests expand, his contacts multiply, his knowledge increases, and his reflection becomes deeper and wider. It would appear to be true that not many human beings, and even not many of those who have had a college education, continue to grow after they are twenty-four or twenty-five years of age. By that time it is usual to settle down to life on a level of more or less contented intellectual interest and activity. The whole present day movement for adult education is a systematic and definite attempt to keep human beings growing long after they have left school and college, and, therefore, to help educate them.A fifth trait of the educated man is his possession of efficiency, or the power to do. The mere visionary dreamer, however charming or however wise, lacks something which an education requires. The power to do may be exercised in any one of a thousand ways, but when it clearly shows itself, that is evidence that the period of study, of discipline, and of companionship with parents and teachers has not been in vain. Given these five characteristics, one has the outline of an educated man. That outline may be filled in by scholarship, by literary power, by mechanical skills, by professional zeal and capacity, by business competence, or by social and political leadership. So long as the framework or outline is there, the content may be pretty much what you will, assuming, of course, that the fundamental elements of the great tradition which is civilization, and its outstanding records and achievements in human personality, in letters, in science, in the fine arts, and in human institutions, are all present.教养的五个特征常常有这么一个问题:“一个有教养的人的标志是什么”很显然,可能一个人在获取了某个专业知识领域大量的知识的同时,却未能养成作为一个有教养的人标志性的那些习惯和特征。
综合教程1Unit14翻译
综合教程1Unit14翻译1. 他具有不少优秀的品格:举止文雅,与人为善,慷慨大方,谦虚谨慎,工作精益求精。
He possesses some fine traits: he has refined and gentle manners; he is kind an d generous to others; he is always modest and prudent; and he constantly perfec ts his work.2.居高不下的犯罪率是社会不稳定的一个反映。
A high crime rate that doesn’t seem to drop is a reflection of an unstable societ y.3. 毫无疑问,上海正在迅速成为又一个国际金融中心。
(beyond doubt)It is beyond doubt that Shanghai is fast becoming another financial center.4.这么小的一个健身房难以满足约三千名学生这么大的一个群体的需要。
Such a small gym can hardly meet the needs of such a large student body, amo unting to about 3,000.5. 有理性的人本能地明白什么事情该做,什么事情不该做。
A person with reason instinctively knows what should be done and what should n ot be done.6. 尽管困难重重,她依然通过不懈努力完成了大学的学业。
(persist in)Despite hardships, she persisted in her efforts to complete her university educatio n.7. 只要认真学习,不断进,成功的机会就会大大增多。
新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程第一册课文翻译(全册)
新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程第一册课文翻译(全册)奔向更加光明的未来1下午好!作为校长,我非常自豪地欢迎你们来到这所大学。
你们所取得的成就是你们自己多年努力的结果,也是你们的父母和老师们多年努力的结果。
在这所大学里,我们承诺将使你们学有所成。
2在欢迎你们到来的这一刻,我想起自己高中毕业时的情景,还有妈妈为我和爸爸拍的合影。
妈妈吩咐我们:“姿势自然点。
” “等一等,”爸爸说,“把我递给他闹钟的情景拍下来。
” 在大学期间,那个闹钟每天早晨叫醒我。
至今它还放在我办公室的桌子上。
3让我来告诉你们一些你们未必预料得到的事情。
你们将会怀念以前的生活惯,怀念父母曾经提醒你们要刻苦研究、取得佳绩。
你们可能因为高中生活终于结束而喜极而泣,你们的父母也可能因为终于不用再给你们洗衣服而喜极而泣!但是要记住:未来是建立在过去扎实的基础上的。
4对你们而言,接下来的四年将会是无与伦比的一段时光。
在这里,你们拥有丰富的资源:有来自全国各地的有趣的学生,有学识渊博又充满爱心的老师,有综合性图书馆,有完备的运动设施,还有针对不同兴趣的学生社团——从文科社团到理科社团、到社区服务等等。
你们将自由地探索、研究新科目。
你们要学着惯点灯熬油,学着结交充满魅力的人,学着去追求新的爱好。
我想鼓励你们充分利用这一特殊的经历,并用你们的干劲和热情去收获这一机会所带来的丰硕成果。
5有这么多课程可供选择,你可能会不知所措。
你不可能选修所有的课程,可是要尽可能体验更多的课程!大学里有良多事情可做可学,每件事情都会为你供给不同视角来审视世界。
如果我只能给你们一条选课建议的话,那就是:挑战自己!不要以为你早就了解自己对什么样的领域最感兴趣。
选择一些你从未接触过的领域的课程。
这样,你不仅会变得更加博学,而且更有可能发现一个你未曾想到的、能成就你未来的爱好。
一个绝佳的例子就是时装设计师XXX,她最初学的是艺术史。
跟着工夫的推移,XXX把艺术史研究和对时装的热爱结合起来,并将其转化为对设计的热情,从而使她成为全球著名的设计师。
大学思辨英语教程 精读1课件Unit 14 Translation_From one languag
language to another
Text A
Things People Say About Translation
David Bellos
Learning Objectives
Autonomous learning
Intercultural Competence
Lead in
• In this unit, we are going to explore the world of translation. On the one hand, translation seems to be so straightforward that anybody equipped with two languages can have a go. On the other hand, translation can also be such a daunting task that it seems to be beyond human’s intellectual capacity. Have you ever wondered about the reasons behind this seeming contradiction?
Background Knowledge
continued
The more profound his thought is reflected in the two onesentence paragraphs that immediately follow the passage above:
Nor could anything we would like to call social life. Translation is another name for the human conditg Communicative Competence
新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程第四册课文翻译(全册)
unit 1 TextALove and logic: The story of a fallacy爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事1 I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次约会。
那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克,而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的,他一想到这个就受不了,于是他和我达成了一项协议,用他的女友换取我的夹克。
他可不那么聪明,而他的女友波莉也不太精明。
2 But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.但她漂亮而且富有,也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。
大学英语自学教程上UNIT14
大学英语自学教程上UNIT14[00:05.09]The importance of Being Kind and Polite[00:08.22]友善和礼貌的重要性[00:11.34]"Frankly, I think you're boring."[00:13.86]"老实说,我觉得你很乏味."[00:16.38]Why do we seldom hear people speak so honestly?[00:19.50]为什么我们很少听到人们说话如此坦城?[00:22.62]Unless you want to end a relationship,[00:25.00]除非你想结束与他或她的关系,[00:27.38]you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this.[00:30.80]你当然不会像这样告诉他或她你的真实想法.[00:34.22]Failing to be impressed by a friend's collection of stamps,[00:37.55]如果一个朋友向你展示他的集邮册,你丝毫未被打动;[00:40.88]yawning when a golfer tells you about that great shot he made on the 14th hole,[00:44.85]如果一个高尔球手告诉你他在打第十四洞时打了如何漂亮的一杆,而你却打了个哈欠;[00:48.82]or falling asleep when friends show picturesfrom their last trip to Sault Ste. Marie are all things that educated people try not to do.[00:55.41]或者当朋友们向你炫耀他们上次苏圣玛丽之旅的照片时,你却睡着了,这些都是有教养的人所尽力避免的行为[01:01.99]This is what manners are about:[01:04.88]这就是礼义的内容:[01:07.76]acting in a civilized1way to avoid misunderstanding friction2, and conflict.[01:12.08]以文明的方式行事,避免误解,摩擦和冲突.[01:16.41]There are no laws enforcing respect.[01:18.93]并没有法律强迫你去遵重别人.[01:21.45]Yet we cannot interact with others without some rules of behavior,[01:25.07]然而我们与别人打交道却不能没有一定的行为准则,[01:28.69]rules that are set by some form of social consensus3.[01:31.86]这些准则是由某种形式的社会公论所决定的.[01:35.03]These guidelines represent what a majority of people consider acceptable[01:38.72]这些标准代表了大多数人的意见,[01:42.40]and what they consider unacceptable.[01:44.99]认为什么可以接受,什么不可以接受.[01:47.57]Rude people are those whose behavior shows little respect for the rules that the majority follow.[01:52.44]某些人的行为很少尊重大多数的所遵从的准则,他们就是粗鲁的人.[01:57.32]For instance, because they talk at home while the television is on[02:00.86]比如,因为人们在家看电视的时候可以谈话,[02:04.40]many people think they can talk at movies as well.[02:07.57]很多人就认为在电影院里照样可以谈话.[02:10.74]They are not even aware that this habit will botherthe other members of the audience.[02:15.01]他们甚至意识不到这个习惯会影响其他观众.[02:19.28]Restaurants have smoking and non-smoking sections,[02:22.52]餐馆设有烟区和非吸烟区,[02:25.76]and most smokers4 are polite enough to ask,[02:28.40]而且多数吸烟者在点烟以前总会礼貌地问一句,[02:31.04]"Do you mind if I smoke?" before lighting5 up.[02:33.86]"我吸烟您介意吗?"[02:36.68]Restaurants should also have cellular-phone and no-cellu-hr-phone sections[02:41.07]餐馆也应设移动电话或非移动电话区.[02:45.46]A new class of rude people has been born:[02:48.24]一种新的举止粗鲁的阶层正在兴起:[02:51.02]the look-at-me phone users whoee boring conversationsare just as dan-gerous to our mental health [02:56.40]就是那些"看我多神气"的打电话的人.他们乏味的电话聊天就像烟雾[03:01.79]as smoke is to our lungs.[03:04.06]有害于肺部一样危害着人们的精神健康.[03:06.33]Sometimes, it is better to remain unknown[03:09.52]有时候,与其让别人憎恨,[03:12.71]than to make people hate you.[03:14.89]还不如自己默默无闻.[03:17.07]There are many children and adolescents whose behavior is gener-ally unacceptable.[03:21.44]很多儿童和青少年的举止总的来说不可接受.[03:25.82]They swear no matter who is around them[03:28.39]不管身边有谁,他们照样骂人,[03:30.96]they listen to their Walkmans while the teacher is talking to them.[03:34.24]老师和他们谈话的时候,他们都照样听"随身听".[03:37.52]Indifferent parents who refuse to discipline their childrenare not helping6 them.[03:41.84]满不在乎的家长拒绝用纪律约束孩子,这不是在帮自己的子女.[03:46.17]Kids who have no idea what being polite meanswillpay the price sooner or later.[03:50.90]不知礼貌为何物的孩子们迟早是要付出代价的.[03:55.62]When they join the work force,[03:58.11]当他们工作以后,[04:00.59]their employers and associates alike will soon realize that the behavior of these rude young people [04:05.37]老板和同事早晚会察觉这些举止粗鲁的年轻人[04:10.15]is closer to that of animals than civilized individuals.[04:13.69]更像动物而不像文明人.[04:17.23]When they lose a few contracts because they[04:19.96]当他们因谈话时满嘴食物[04:22.69]talk with their mouth full or when they say "Bob" to someone who should be "Mr.Johnson,"[04:26.92]而丢掉了几个合同,或本应称"约翰逊先生"但却叫他"鲍勃"时,[04:31.15]these grown-up kids,because of their ignorance,[04:34.02]这些长大了的孩子们,由于他们的无知,[04:36.90]will never understand why others are getting aheadand they are not[04:40.72]永远不明白为什么别人在取得成功,而自己却不能.[04:44.55]Every little bit of kindness helps.[04:47.44]每一丁点的友善都会让人受益匪浅.[04:50.32]With manners,the best rule is the one that works.[04:53.50]对于仪态来说,什么奏效,什么就是最好的准则.[04:56.67]It is easier to look and sound attractive when we are nice to other people[05:00.40]当我们和颜悦色待人时,我们更容易看上去并听起来都充满魅力.[05:04.12]Being polite and showing respectcan give us an edge.[05:07.94]彬彬有礼和尊重别人[05:11.77]Why do we need an edge?[05:13.85]会使我们占有优势?[05:15.92]Success in life often starts with a job we like,[05:19.35]生活中的成功总是开始于一份我们喜欢的工作,[05:22.77]and since getting a job is usually based on making the right impression,[05:26.45]而给人一个好印象是得到一份工作的关键,[05:30.14]it is always a good idea to be kind and polite.[05:33.91]所以和善待人,彬彬有礼永远不失为一个好主意.[05:37.68]Text B[05:40.56]Why We Walk in Circles[05:42.69]为什么我们走路会转圈[05:44.82]"Pin the Tail on the Donkey"[05:46.74]"给驴安尾"[05:48.66]is always funwhen you're watchlng rather than pinning.[05:51.24]的游戏就永远乐趣无穷.如果你只是旁观者而不是游戏者,[05:53.83]It is somewhat'surprising to see how the blindfolded7 performers act.[05:56.91]观看那些蒙着眼的游戏者的表现有点让人惊奇.[05:59.99]Instead of going straight,they always wander off to one side or the other[06:03.38]他们总是歪向这边或那边,而不是一直向前走.[06:06.76]The greater the distance to the donkey, the farther they go astray.[06:10.00]距离驴子越远,他们偏得越厉害.[06:13.24]Have you ever wondered why they are unable to walk straight ahead?[06:16.06]你是否会问为什么他们不能走直线行走呢?[06:18.88]It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle[06:21.41]这是一个众所周知的事实,[06:23.95]when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction.[06:26.43]即当一上人不能用眼睛控制他的方向时,他会绕圈走.[06:28.91]Dark nights, dense8 fogs, blinding snowstorms,[06:32.03]黑夜,浓雾,让人盲目的暴风雪天气[06:35.15]thick forests all these can keep a traveler from seeing where he is going[06:38.58]以及茂密的森林--所有这些都使旅行者看不清自己的去向.[06:42.00]Then he is unable to move in any fixed9 direction, but walks in circles.[06:45.83]于是他就不能沿着某一固定的方向行走,而是绕田圈子.[06:49.65]Animals act the same way.[06:51.53]动物也是如此.[06:53.41]You have probably heard the saying[06:55.61]你可能听说过一句谚语:[06:57.80]"running around like a chicken with its head cut off."[07:00.32]"像被砍掉头的鸡一样绕圈."[07:02.84]Well, a chicken with its head cut off actually does run around in circles.[07:05.78]真的,头被砍掉的鸡还真昌绕着圈子跑.[07:08.72]Blind birds fly in circles.[07:10.99]眼瞎的鸟儿也是绕圈子飞.[07:13.27]And a blindfolded dog will swim in circles.[07:16.05]还有,被蒙胧住眼睛的狗游泳时也绕着圈游.[07:18.83]A Norwegian biologist, F.O. Guldbergdecided[07:21.91]一位挪威生物学家古尔伯格[07:25.00]that this problem of circular movementwas worth investigating.[07:28.26]认为这种转圈运动问题值得研究.[07:31.53]He collected many true stories on the subject.[07:34.16]就此课题了收集了许多真实的故事.[07:36.80]One of his stories is about people rowing on a lake [07:39.44]其中一个故事是讲在一个有雾的黑漆漆的夜里,[07:42.08]during a fog on a dark night.[07:44.05]一群人在湖上划船.[07:46.02]One group of rowers who tried to cross three miles of water[07:49.05]这群划船的人想穿过3英里的水面[07:52.08]in foggy weathernever succeeded in reaching their goal. [07:54.62]却怎么也达不到他们的目标.[07:57.15]Without knowing it,they rowed in two large circles.[08:00.48]他们不知不觉地划了两个大圆圈.[08:03.81]When they finally got to the shore,[08:06.14]当他们终于靠岸时,[08:08.46]they discovered that they were at the spot they had started from.[08:11.19]发现又回到了出发的地方.[08:13.92]After studying many stories such as this,[08:16.74]研究了许多这样的故事以后,[08:19.57]Professor Guldberg wrote an article in which he discussed[08:22.54]古尔伯格教授撰文讨论了[08:25.52]Circular Motion as the Basic Motion of Animals.[08:28.30]"转圈运动是动物的基本运动方式".[08:31.09]"A simple example will help you to understand his explanation ofwhy we walk in circles.[08:35.02]一个简单的例子可以帮助你理解他对为什么我们走路会转圈这个问题做的解释.[08:38.95]Have you ever wound up a toy automobile10 and started it off across the floor?[08:42.42]你曾经给一辆玩具汽车上满发条并让它们地板上跑过吗?[08:45.90]Then you know that it will rarely travel in a straight path.[08:48.47]那么你就知道它很少能沿一条直线运动.[08:51.04]It will travel, instead, in some kind of are, or curve.[08:54.02]相反,它会跑成一条弧线或一条曲线[08:57.00]If it is to travel in a straight llne,[08:59.02]如果让它跑成直线,[09:01.05]the wheels on both sideshave to be of exactly equal size.[09:04.22]两边的轮子就要完全一样大小.[09:07.40]If they are not,[09:09.07]如果不是,[09:10.74]the little automobile turns toward the sidewith the smaller wheels.[09:13.86]小玩具汽车就会向较小的轮子那边转.[09:16.98]Circular, movement in walking is caused in much the same way.[09:20.16]行走时的转圈现象也是由十分相同的原因引起的.[09:23.33]Us-ally a manwalking will "watch his step" and "look where he is going."[09:27.25]通常一个人走路时会"注意脚下"并"看清方向".[09:31.17]He needs his senses' especially his eyesto get to the point he intends to reach.[09:35.14]他需要运用他的感觉,特别是眼睛,以到达自己要去的地方.[09:39.11]When he cannot use his eyes to guide his steps,[09:41.77]当他不能用眼睛引导脚步时,[09:44.44]he will walk straight only if he takes a stepof the same length with each foot.[09:47.47]只有两脚迈出的步伐完全一样他才能走得笔直.[09:50.50]In most people,however,muscle development is not the same in both legs[09:54.18]然而对于多数人来说,两腿的肌肉发达程度并不一样,[09:57.86]so that it is probable that the steps will be uneven11.[10:00.44]所以走起步来很可能不匀称.[10:03.01]The difference may be so small that no one is aware of it.[10:05.69]这种差异也许很小以至于没有人会注意到它.[10:08.37]But small as his, it can cause circular movement.[10:11.25]但是虽然差异很小,它却能千百万边境转圈移动.[10:14.14]Let us suppose that a man's left foot takes a step 20 inches long[10:17.67]假设一个人左脚每步走20英寸[10:21.19]and that his right foot takes a step 30 inches long.[10:24.08]而右脚每步走30英寸.[10:26.96]Now suppose he takes ten step[10:29.34]现在假设他走了10步[10:31.72]--five with his left footand five with his right.[10:34.40]----左脚5步右脚5步.[10:37.07]His left foot will travel 100 inches.[10:39.56]其左脚将走100英寸.[10:42.04]His right foot will travel 150 inches.[10:44.82]其右脚则走了150英寸.[10:47.60]This sounds impossible. One foot cannot remain 50 inches behind the other[10:51.53]这听起来不太可能.一只脚不可能落后于另一只脚50英寸.[10:55.46]What really happens?At each step the man turns a little bit to the left.[10:59.29]事实会怎样呢?每走一步,这个人就往左偏一点.[11:03.12]Sooner or later he makes a complete circle[11:05.69]迟早他就会走完整的一圈.[11:08.26]The tracks of his feet, however, make two circles, one inside the other[11:12.00]他的足迹,就这样,形成内外两个圈.[11:15.74]His left foot makes the smaller circle because it is taking smaller steps[11:19.00]他的左脚走了内圈,因为左脚步伐较小.[11:22.27]His right foot makes the larger circle because it is taking larger steps[11:25.83]他的右脚走了外圈,因为右脚步伐较大.[11:29.40]This is why a person may walk in an are when he sets out in a straight line.[11:32.88]这就是一个人往前走直线却反而走出弧线来的原因.[11:36.37]The muscles of a man's arms are no more identical than the muscles of his legs [11:40.09]一个人手臂的肌肉和他的两腿的肌肉一样不是完全相同的.[11:43.82]This explains why the rowers who set out to cross the lakeat night rowed in a circle.[11:47.70]这就解释了为什么划船的人在夜间想划过湖面反而却划成圆圈.[11:51.58]By the same rule, a bird's wings do not develop evenly[11:54.81]同样的规则 ,鸟儿的翅膀也发育不均衡,[11:58.05]and so it will fly in circles when blinded.[12:00.48]于是当蒙住鸟儿的眼睛时,它就会转圈飞.[12:02.91]Thus,dear readers,our circular mystery has a very straight answer.[12:06.39]因此,亲爱的读者,我们的圆圈奥秘却有着一个非常直截了当的答案.。
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14对外 14翻 牛万程 译01 14翻译 132 32
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14翻译01 14
2911006 0
14
形势政策与社会实践 (1-2)
刘会刚
翻译02 14英 德01 14英德
119
0
0
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必考 修试
14朝语0201 14
朝语02 14朝
语03 14朝语
04 14翻译01
14翻译02 14
语 14商科 14数学 14统 计01 14统计 683 32 1 02 14信息 14英德01 14
年级: 2014 教师名 上课班级
(完整版)第三版新视野大学英语第二册课文翻译
Unit 1An impressive English lesson1 If I am the only parent who still corrects his child's English, then perhaps my son is right. To him, I am a tedious oddity: a father he is obliged to listen to and a man absorbed in the rules of grammar, which my son seems allergic to.2 I think I got serious about this only recently when I ran into one of my former students, fresh from an excursion to Europe. "How was it?" I asked, full of earnest anticipation.3 She nodded three or four times, searched the heavens for the right words, and then exclaimed, "It was, like, whoa!"4 And that was it. The civilization of Greece and the glory of Roman architecture were captured in a condensed non-statement. My student's "whoa!" was exceeded only by my head-shaking distress.5 There are many different stories about the downturn in the proper use of English. Surely students should be able to distinguish between their/there/they're or the distinctive difference between complimentary and complementary. They unfairly bear the bulk of the criticism for these knowledge deficits because there is a sense that they should know better.6 Students are not dumb, but they are being misled everywhere they look and listen. For example, signs in grocery stores point them to the stationary, even though the actual stationery items — pads, albums and notebooks —are not nailed down. Friends and loved ones often proclaim they've just ate when, in fact, they've just eaten. Therefore, it doesn't make any sense to criticize our students.7 Blame for the scandal of this language deficit should be thrust upon our schools, which should be setting high standards of English language proficiency. Instead, they only teach a little grammar and even less advanced vocabulary. Moreover, the younger teachers themselves evidently have little knowledge of these vital structures of language because they also went without exposure to them. Schools fail to adequately teach the essential framework of language, accurate grammar and proper vocabulary, while they should take the responsibility of pushing the young onto the path of competent communication.8 Since grammar is boring to most of the young students, I think that it must be handled delicately, step by step. The chance came when one day I was driving with my son. As we set out on our trip, he noticed a bird in jerky flight and said, "It's flying so unsteady." I carefully asked, "My son, how is the bird flying?" "What's wrong? Did I say anything incorrectly?" He got lost. "Great! You said incorrectly instead of incorrect. We use adverbs to describe verbs. Therefore, it's flying so unsteadily but not so unsteady."9 Curious about my correction, he asked me what an adverb was. Slowly, I said, "It's a word that tells you something about a verb." It led to his asking me what a verb was. I explained, "Verbs are action words; for example, Dad drives the truck. Drive is the verb because it's the thing Dad is doing."10 He became attracted to the idea of action words, so we listed a few more: fly, swim, dive, run. Then, out of his own curiosity, he asked me if other words had names for their use and functions. This led to a discussion of nouns, adjectives, and articles. Within the span of a 10-minute drive, he had learned from scratch to the major parts of speech in asentence. It was painless learning and great fun!11 Perhaps, language should be looked upon as a road map and a valuable possession: often study the road map (check grammar) and tune up the car engine (adjust vocabulary). Learning grammar and a good vocabulary is just like driving with a road map in a well-conditioned car.12 The road map provides the framework and guidance you need for your trip, but it won't tell you exactly what trees or flowers you will see, what kind of people you will encounter, or what types of feelings you will be experiencing on your journey. Here, the vocabulary makes the journey's true colors come alive! A good vocabulary enables you to enjoy whatever you see as you drive along. Equipped with grammar and a good vocabulary, you have flexibility and excellent control. While the road map guides your journey to your destination, an excellent vehicle helps you to fully enjoy all of the sights, sounds and experiences along the way.13 Effective, precise, and beneficial communication depends upon grammar and a good vocabulary, the two essential assets for students, but they are not being taught in schools.14 Just this morning, my son and I were eating breakfast when I attempted to add milk to my tea. "Dad," he said, "If I were you, I wouldn't do that. It's sour."15 "Oh my!" I said, swelling with pride toward my son, "That's a grammatically perfect sentence. You used were instead of was."16 "I know, I know," he said with a long agreeable sigh. "It's the subjunctive mood."17 I was, like, whoa!Translation一堂难忘的英语课1 如果我是唯一一个还在纠正小孩英语的家长,那么我儿子也许是对的。
李观仪《新编英语教程》(第3版)(参考译文 Unit 14)【圣才出品】
三、参考译文对话采用公制A:嗨,刘英!B:嗨,茱莉亚。
校园生活怎么样?你学习中国文化有什么问题吗?A:有啊,我确实有一些问题。
作为一个学习中国文化的西方人,我常常弄不清楚你们传统的度量衡。
我查字典,却发现字典上的解释更令人困惑。
B:我有时也感到困惑呢。
A:你们的重量単位和容积单位很令人费解,譬如,在中文小说中,我常常会碰到这些词:毫、钱、两、斤、升、斗、石、担……它们真难懂。
B:许多中国的年轻人也觉得很难懂。
很多地方会同时使用传统计量方法和新的公制计量法,所以才会出现这个问题。
A:在英国,我们也使用传统的单位来计量一些东西。
譬如,我们计量液体的单位有品脱、夸脱和加仑。
B:在中国,我们同时使用传统方法和公制方法来进行长度测量。
我们既用“米”也用“尺”。
1尺相当于三分之一米或比1英尺稍长一点。
A:我们用的是英寸、英尺、码和英里。
在我们国家每个人都会牢牢记住这些计量公式,如“12英寸是1英尺”,“3英尺是1码”,“1760码是1英里”等等。
B:这也够复杂的。
A:是的,对来自其他国家不熟悉这一方法的人来说尤其复杂。
B:多亏了公制改革,我们现在计量重量已经不麻烦了。
A:但你们所使用的“斤”并不是公制。
B:“斤”也是公制。
1斤相当于500克,也就是半公斤。
1斤等于10两,50克等于1两。
你们的传统重量计量单位比我们的要复杂得多。
A:是的,确实如此。
最小的单位是盎司。
16益司是1磅,14磅是1英石,8英石是1长担,20长担是1吨。
1麻袋土豆或煤炭通常重1长担。
B:几天前我们称过体重。
我记得你的体重是76公斤,相当于大约167磅。
因此你的体重是1长担3英石13磅。
太复杂了。
A:不,不!长担不用来称量人的体重。
它只用来称量土豆和煤炭的重量。
我们只用英石和磅来称量人的体重,因此我的重量是11英石13磅。
B:不大好懂啊。
A:没错。
是该公制化的时候了。
事实上,我们的政府已经做了大量工作来推动公制化进程。
B:我们的政府在统一计量方法方面的工作也做得不错。
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第十四讲关于翻译批评(一):翻译批评基础知识一、翻译批评的概念界定翻译批评(translation criticism)是指在一定的社会条件下、遵循一定的翻译原则、并运用一定的方法,对某一译作所做的具体探讨、解析和评价。
翻译批评不应该是专挑毛病,为纠错而纠错,对译作的评价应做到“客观、公正”。
要做到“客观”必须用科学的测量评价方法对译文作分析;要做到“公正”必须从语言的多个层次出发,运用一定的法则从语篇入手,自下而上地去研究原作和译文。
因此,翻译批评需要系统的科学的理论来指导。
二、翻译批评的目的和功能1、目的桂乾元在《译事繁荣需评论》一文中提出翻译批评的六个目的:(1)帮助—帮助译者提高翻译水平,甚至可以帮助具体译者提高某些基本功,帮助译者提高翻译理论修养。
(2)限制—限制粗制滥造、质量低劣的译作泛滥,限制其出版问世。
(3)扩大—扩大优秀译作的影响,促进译事的繁荣。
(4)鼓励—鼓励译者不断努力,译出优秀的作品。
(5)监督—监督译者的工作,促进他们认真负责地工作。
(6)促进—促进翻译事业健康迅速发展。
2、功能(1)判断功能判断是批评的一个最为重要的功能。
俄国著名批评家别林斯基从批评的词源学出发,确定批评的意思就是“做出判断”。
在翻译批评中,就是通过翻译批评发掘译作的优点和缺点,并分析其原因,从而揭示出一部译作与理想之间的差距,并最终对译作的质量做出判断。
这就要求批评者要进行理性的、客观的分析,而不是从个人的好恶出发。
(2)构建协调功能纽马克在《翻译教程》(A Textbook of Translation)(1988)一书中指出:“翻译批评是联接翻译理论与翻译实践的一条必不可少的纽带”。
理论是通过批评制约实践的,实践也是通过批评来校正翻译理论的内容。
理论的价值和实践的价值都是通过批评来实现的。
翻译批评在翻译活动中, 一方面起着协调翻译理论与翻译实践的关系的作用, 另一方面还起着矫正、推动实践和丰富、完善乃至修正理论的作用。
在翻译实践、翻译批评和翻译理论的关系中, 丰富多彩的翻译实践活动是翻译理论得以产生和发展的源泉, 而作为翻译实践经验总结和理性升华的翻译理论, 其建构和发展又需要翻译批评这一中介。
翻译批评依据翻译理论所提供的基本原理对翻译实践进行分析、判断和评价。
在分析、判断和评价翻译实践的过程中, 翻译理论本身也受到翻译实践的检验,并得到及时的调整和匡正。
同时, 动态变化着的翻译实践为翻译批评不断提供新的对象和内容, 使翻译批评不断发现和揭示其中的规律, 这无疑又会丰富和完善原有的理论,同时也引导和推动着翻译实践的发展。
因此, 我们可以说, 翻译实践、翻译批评、翻译理论构成了一个翻译活动的自控系统, 它们在翻译活动中自我调节和发展, 随着翻译活动的变化而不断充实进新的内容, 并形成一定时期译学内部的相应的关系, 形成特定历史时期的特定的译事风貌。
理论和实践各有自己独特的对翻译活动的把握方式——实践通过具体的操作来把握翻译, 理论通过认识来把握翻译, 它们又都通过批评对对方产生影响: 理论通过批评制约实践, 实践也通过批评来校正理论的内容, 理论的价值通过批评来实现, 实践的价值也通过批评来实现。
这便是理论和实践的关系——一种彼此独立又互为依存, 彼此制约又相互促进的关系。
(3)社会功能在翻译批评的过程中,既要立足于具体的翻译实践,又要充分考虑影响翻译的社会意识形态因素。
纽马克认为,翻译实践既包括个人的翻译活动,也包括特定历史时期内社会的翻译活动。
翻译作为一种社会文化活动在很大程度上必然要顺应特定时代内占主导地位的意识形态,有时也可能受到社会所不容的“异端学说”的影响。
这一点,从中国的翻译史中可以得到证明。
如在汉代,因统治者迷信神仙方术,便用神仙方术的思想来改造佛教。
到了魏晋时代,因谈玄之风日甚,统治阶层便用玄学来改造佛教,等等。
(4)人际功能批评者、译者、读者形成一个相互交叉的“关系网”。
在这个网中,批评者是中介。
首先,批评者通过对译作的批评与译者和读者建立联系,对译者的审美能力、表达能力、工作态度等做出中肯的批评,从而鞭策译者不断提高自己的翻译水平。
其次,通过批评,译者重新审视自己的译作,思考在忠实、达意及技巧的应用,审美价值的再现等方面成功与失败的经验教训,也可以向批评者和读者陈述自己的见解。
再次,读者在批评者和译者的对话中提高自己的鉴赏能力和文化审美能力,或者写文章表达自己对译作的感受和对翻译原则、技巧等的看法。
三、翻译批评的主体和客体1. 翻译批评的主体-----“谁来进行批评”的问题翻译批评者应该具有的条件大致有一下几点:(1)学识渊博------批评者要有深厚的中外文语言功底,广博的知识面和相当深度和广度的理论基础。
(2)客观公正------批评者要有实事求是的科学态度。
(3)敏锐严谨------批评者对批评的对象要敏感,同时也要有严谨踏实的治学作风。
翻译批评的主体分为:(1)读者的批评:读者的批评往往是直觉的、感性的,不乏启人心智的审美价值,但有时缺乏缜密的分析,因而难免判断不够准确。
(2)批评家的批评:批评家的批评往往是理性的,具有理论的深度和审美的高度,但有时不免模式化、教条化。
(3)翻译家的批评:翻译家的批评往往是寻美的,具有同情心,迸射出天才的火花,但有时因一己的偏见、同行间的嫉妒等原因,批评起来有时失之客观。
总之,三者的批评各有所长,也有欠缺。
2. 翻译批评的客体-----“批评什么”的问题长期以来,对于翻译批评的客体,翻译界的认识也略显狭窄,存在着两个比较突出的问题:“(1)跳不出以实用为目的的技术性评论和以挑错为主要手段的批评性评论的圈子,以致形成一种定势,批评路子狭窄;(2)不少批评是有感而发,像读书笔记,而比较全面的、系统的、有理论力度的翻译批评还是少见。
”(许钧,《文学翻译批评研究》,1992)翻译批评不仅要对各要素(作者、原作、语言、译者、译作、读者等)进行分析、判断,更要把整个翻译过程作为客体来进行分析、判断,包括背景(原作产生的背景、译作产生的背景、各种影响译者抉择的因素等)、译者(译者的价值趋向、译德等)、译作(译作的审美价值、语言分析等)、读者(译作对读者产生的社会功效、对读者的启发等)、翻译评论(翻译标准、原则、方法等)等,都是翻译批评的对象。
四、翻译批评的原则和方法1、翻译批评的原则(1)翻译批评要承担起维护翻译事业在社会生活中的地位的任务。
(2)翻译批评既要分析译作的正误,又要关照翻译的全过程。
(3)翻译批评要注意科学方法(归纳、演绎)与人文主义(直觉、顿悟)相结合。
(4)翻译批评既要重视对翻译实践的批评,又要重视对翻译理论的批评。
(5)翻译批评既要把目光投向词、句、短语的微观批评,又要重视对译文整体的宏观审视。
(6)翻译批评要注意导向作用,批评时既要对译作严格,又要对译者友善。
2、翻译批评的方法翻译批评的方法就是批评者在各种翻译批评实践中,为达到某种批评目的而采取的途径、手段和方式。
翻译批评的方法可分为三个层次:(1)哲学层次:杨晓荣在《翻译批评理性化探索》中说:“翻译理论要发展,要有成效,首先要关注的,恐怕就是对正确的哲学方法或思想方法的探讨。
近些年来,翻译研究中不时有这一类声音出现,从多元互补、动态观念,到综合思维论、辩证逻辑学派,我们看到了一条越来越清晰的线索。
就翻译批评而言,负责的、有效的批评或评论就应当是客观的、辩证的、动态的,翻译批评必须用正确的思想方法武装自己。
”(2)逻辑层次:任何翻译批评的文章都离不开分析、综合、归纳、演绎、判断、推理等逻辑方法。
(3)具体学科层次:①功能批评法和分析批评法:纽马克在《翻译教程》中提出了这两种翻译批评方法。
前者是一种具有普遍意义的批评方法,多侧重于思想内容方面。
批评者依据自己对原文和译文的理解评价译文是否达到了译者和批评者期望的目标,以及在哪方面出现了失误,一般并不过多涉及细节问题。
纽马克承认这种方法有很强的主观性,难免缺乏可靠性;后者为一种具体的分析批评方法,批评者可以从译文中划分出若干段落,对照原文找出误译或使用不当的词句,因此具有显著的相对客观性。
②历史的方法:即历史考查研究、历史功能阐释、历史比较。
③目的论的方法:即充分考虑翻译的目的,不简单地将与传统意义上的“忠实”不相符的翻译斥为胡译、乱译。
当然对翻译目的本身的批评也是十分重要的,不良的目的一定要予以抨击。
④文化批评的方法:即从世界各名族文化及其交流的大背景出发去考察翻译,不简单地以译作是否精品来评判译作的成败。
⑤接受美学批评的方法:即强调读者对译作审美价值及社会价值的实现的重要地位,译者在翻译时应力争使自己的翻译或再创造意图与读者的审美期待相吻合。
总之,批评者面对不同的批评对象,应选择不同的批评方法。
各种翻译批评方法也没有高低优劣之分,只是支持各种方法的观念不同、审视问题的角度不同和使用范围不同。
翻译技巧学习:修辞的翻译翻译修辞时为了对原文保持最大限度的忠实,要采取恰当、最接近原文的处理方法,尽一切可能传达原文的修辞美,使原文中的音、形、意的修辞效果完美传达到译文中去。
1.直译直译可以保留原文的修辞美,但也要把握分寸,使译文不至于误导读者。
(1) Jane's uncle is an old fox , up to all kinds of evils. 珍妮的叔叔是个老狐狸,什么坏事都干得出来。
(暗喻)(2) He dealt with some of the great men of Washington for almost twenty years. He waspaid to take out the garbage and thrown a couple of bills by the fat cats in theirthousand-dollar suits.他和华盛顿的某些要人打了近二十年交道,受雇去清除垃圾,然后再由那些穿着千元西装的肥猫给他丢下几张钞票。
(暗语和借代。
英文原文采用暗喻“ take out the garbage”,隐含“ he ” 是专处理华盛顿的要人所干的坏事,又用借代“ fat cats ” 代表“有钱有势的人物”,译文保留了原文的修辞手段,再现了原文的生动表达。
)(3) 正如乌云不能遮蔽太阳,谎言是掩盖不了事实的。
Just as dark clouds can't hide the sun so no lies can cover up the fact.(明喻)(4)His wife spent all her life on the stage.他的妻子在舞台上度过了一生。
(转喻。
用“ the stage ”转喻他妻子从事表演艺术)(5)She is t the prettiest girl in the world. 她是世界上最漂亮的姑娘。