The2012SummerOlympicGames
2012上海普陀中考二模英语(解析)
2012年普陀区中考二模试卷II. Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案)：(20题)1. The young kid has learnt to make_____bed by himself.A. aB. anC. theD. \2. The 2012 London Summer Olympic Games will open____July 27.A. onB. inC. atD. of3. Amy’s electronic dictionary is more expensive than_______.A. IB. meC. myD. mine4. There has been___news about the Nuclear Security Summit(核安全峰会) recently.A. a fewB. manyC. muchD. several5. My neighbor is fond____collecting different kinds of teapots.A. inB. withC. toD. of6. Why not try some____activities if you are tired of running?A. otherB. the otherC. othersD. the others7. Steven Jobs’ death marked the end of an era(时代)，______？A. did heB. didn’t heC. did itD. didn’t it8. This computer doesn’t work as____as the one in the library.A. fastB. fasterC. fastestD. the fastest9. My parents asked me what I wanted for my birthday, a bike____a camera.A. andB. soC. orD. but10. We will have less and less space for parking_____we think of better ways.A. sinceB. ifC. becauseD. unless11. Many young people think it’s more_______ to do shopping online.A. easilyB. convenientC. quicklyD. happily12. The news says a father makes his son_____without clothes on in the snow.A. runsB. ranC. runD. running13. ---Must we finish the poster in class?---No, you______ . You can finish it after class.A. Mustn’tB. needn’tC. shouldn’tD. can’t14. Jenny asked her best friend ___ think of a good name for her new pet.A. to helpB. helpC. helpingD. helped15. As a member of the school team, Peter practices____basketball every day.A. playB. to playC. playsD. playing16. The brave girl caught a woman thief while she_____at the underground station.A. stoleB. stealsC. was stealingD. has stolen17. When they got to the airport, their flight______off.A. tookB. had takenC. takesD. has taken18. Justin______for Britain for a two-week holiday in few days.A. leaveB. will leaveC. has leftD. left19. ---I’m sorry that I forgot all about the meeting.---____________.A. That’s all rightB. The same to youC. You’re welcomeD. Of course not.20. ---Shall I shut the door for you?---__________.A. You are rightB. Not at all.C. No, you mustn’t.D. Yes, please.III. Complete the following passage with the words or phrases in the box. Each word or phrase can only be used once. (将下列单词或词组填入空格。
伦敦奥运会中英文介绍
伦敦奥运会中英文介绍：会徽含义吉祥物口号伦敦奥运会会徽2010年5月20日凌晨（英国当地时间2010年5月19日晚），2012伦敦奥林匹克运动会组织委员会公布了伦敦夏季奥运会吉祥物文洛克（Wenlock)，它是以富有激情的萨罗普羊为原型的，这种羊生活在奥林匹克历史上的一个名为马齐文洛克的施罗普希尔村的中心小镇。
2012年伦敦奥运会，即2012年夏季奥林匹克运动会，正式名称为第三十届夏季奥林匹克运动会。
2005年7月6日，国际奥委会在新加坡举行的第117次国际奥委会会议上宣布，由英国伦敦主办此次奥运会，这是伦敦第3次主办夏季奥运会。
在伦敦当地时间2011年7月27日晚上7点，伦敦奥运会开始倒计时一周年活动。
2012年4月18日，在伦敦奥运会开幕倒计时100天时，伦敦奥组委公布口号为“Inspire a generation”, 翻译中文为“激励一代人。
”会徽以数字“2012”为主体，包含了奥林匹克五环及英文单词伦敦（London）。
这一设计清晰地传达出伦敦的声音――“伦敦2012年奥运会将是所有人的奥运会、所有人的2012。
”会徽颜色一共有四种，分别是粉色、橙色、蓝色和绿色，可根据不同场合的需要使用不同颜色的会徽。
这一设计是百年奥运史上第一次由同一年举办的奥运会和残奥会“共享”同一个会徽。
May 20, 2010 morning ( Britain local time in late May 19, 2010), the London 2012 Olympic Games Organizing Committee announced the London Olympics Mascots paper Rock ( Wenlock ), it is full of enthusiasm to the Shropshire as the prototype, the sheep live in the Olympic history of a named Ma Qiwen Rock Luo Pu Shi Hill village centre small town.In 2012 the London Olympic Games, namely, the 2012 Summer Olympic Games, the official name for the thirtieth Summer Olympic games. In July 6, 2005, the International Olympic Committee in Singapore 's 117th International Olympic Committee meeting, the London is hosting the Olympic Games, this is the third time hosting of the summer Olympic Games in london. In London in July 27, 20117 p.m. local time, the London Olympic Games countdown anniversary event. In April 18, 2012, the London Olympic countdown100 day, the London Olympic Organizing Committee announced the slogan " Inspire a generation", Chinese translation for" inspired a generation."The emblem of the number "2012" as the main body, including the Olympic rings and the English word London ( London ). This design clearly convey sounds of London --" the London 2012 Olympic Games would be all games, all2012." The color ofa total of four, are pink, orange, blue and green, according to the needs of different occasions with different color emblem. This design is the hundred years of Olympic history for the first time by the same year of the Olympic and Paralympic Games" sharing" the same emblem.The RingsThe Symbols of the Olympic Games奥运会的标志The Rings奥运五环The Olympic Rings are five interlocking rings that stand for the five original continents, (Africa, America, Asia, Australia, and Europe) and the athletes from around the world.奥运五环是五个相连的圆环，它们分别代表了最初的五个大洲（非洲，美洲，亚洲，澳洲和欧洲）以及来自世界各地的运动员。
现代奥林匹克运动会拓展英文
• 1984 Los Angeles, USA, Play a Part in History • 1988 Seoul, Korea, Harmony and Progress • 1992 Barcelona, Spain, Friends for life • 1996 Atlanta, United States, The celebration of the
• It appears dignified yet bears a tune of romance, reflecting the nation's thoughts and emotions. In the lead up to the Beijing 2008 Olympics, the emblem will attract more and more people from around the world to Beijing and China to join the great celebration with the Chinese people.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Curling(冰壶)
And say to throw the curling, curling. Originated in Scotland, the 1511 years of engraved words to such a stone. Every game two teams, each consisting of four people, a total of 10 innings, with two shots (16 to such a medal stone). 1924, 1932, 1936, 1964, 1988 and 1992 in 6 times is listed as winter games performance project, 1998 as official event.
London wins 2012 Olympics
London wins 2012 OlympicsLONDON, England (CNN) -- London has defeated European rival Paris to host the 2012 Summer Games, bringing the Olympics back to Britain for the first time in more than half a century.International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge made the announcement after IOC members voted 54-50 to eliminate the French capital in the fourth and final round of secret ballots Wednesday in Singapore."The International Olympic Committee has the honor of announcing that the Games of the 30th Olympiad in 2012 are awarded to the city of London," Rogge declared after opening a sealed envelope containing the result.Thousands of people in London's Trafalgar Square cheered as they watched the announcement on giant TV screens.London has twice played host to the Olympics, in 1908 and 1948. It becomes the first city to host the Olympics three times.British Prime Minister Tony Blair hailed the victory as "a momentous day for London."London bid leader Olympic gold medalist Sebastian Coe said: "I'm absolutely ecstatic, we have the opportunity to do what we always dreamed about, getting more young people into sport."This is our moment. It's massive. It's huge. This is the biggest prize in sport," The Associated Press quoted Coe as saying.England soccer captain David Beckham said: "In 2012, I can take my children to an Olympics which we might never had had the chance to do. ... This is such a huge lift for our country."Rogge also expressed joy at London's victory."We are very, very pleased with the victory of London," AP quoted the IOC chief as saying. "People we trust, people we know will give us a superb games."In the French capital, groans of disappointment swept through a crowd of thousands gathered at Paris Town Hall.It was the third defeat for Paris in 20 years, with bids for the 1992 and 2008 Games also failing.Moscow, New York and Madrid were eliminated in the first three rounds of voting respectively.Although it was a favorite, Paris never led throughout the voting, AP reported.In the first round, London got 22 votes, Paris 21, Madrid 20 and New York 19. In the second round, Madrid had 32 votes, followed by London with 27 and Paris 25, AP said.In the third round, London led Paris 39-33 after picking up several New York votes. In the last round, Madrid's votes were spread about evenly, giving London enough to win.Last-minute lobbyingThe decision followed a final, furious lobbying effort by an elite "who's who" of politicians and athletes at the IOC's annual meeting.Among the dignitaries who traveled to Singapore to lobby IOC members were Blair, French President Jacques Chirac, Queen Sofia of Spain and Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov.The five cities bidding to host the 2012 Summer Games delivered their final presentations ahead of the vote.London used royalty to get its message across, with Princess Anne kicking off the city's one-hour presentation with a message from Queen Elizabeth II."I've been impressed by the way everyone has united behind London's bid. As a country we share a passion for sport," the queen's message said, according to Reuters.Blair, who held a string of meetings with IOC delegates before flying home to host the G8 summit in Gleneagles, Scotland this weekend, underlined London's message Wednesday with a pre-recorded video clip."Our vision is to see millions of young people participate in sport and improve their lives. London has the power to make this happen," Reuters quoted Blair as saying.Chirac spoke passionately to the IOC, saying, "The heart of Paris and the heart of France are beating in unison in the hope of becoming Olympic host in 2012," AP reported."You can put your trust and faith in France, you can trust the French, you can trust us."Paris also utilized the talents of actress Catherine Deneuve and French singer Johnny Halliday to highlight the wonders of Paris.New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg, U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton and bid leader Dan Doctoroff used New York's readiness and its multicultural traditions to woo judges.Bloomberg reminded the IOC of the city's recovery from the September 11, 2001,terrorist attacks."In our city's darkest hour, we asked ourselves, can we recover?" AP quoted him as saying. "New Yorkers stood up then and said, 'Yes, we can recover, we will rebuild and we must continue to welcome everyone. That spirit will be given to your Games."U.S. President George W. Bush and former President Bill Clinton spoke in prerecorded video messages, AP said.New York's delegation also included U.S. Olympic Committee Chairman Peter Ueberroth and a host of decorated Olympians, including Muhammad Ali, Nadia Comaneci, Ian Thorpe, Janet Evans and Jackie Joyner-Kersee.Russian President Vladimir Putin's live video clip -- delivered in English -- urged the IOC to grasp a "unique and truly historic opportunity" by selecting Moscow, Reuters said."Moscow is a meeting place of cultures. Moscow is perfectly suited to host the Olympic and Paralympic Games," he said.Russian swimming great Alexander Popov added: "If we can convince you to take this historic opportunity today, together we can change the world tomorrow."Spanish Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero and Queen Sofie pressed Madrid's case."The whole Spanish royal family is convinced that Madrid fully meets the conditions to offer to the world the best Olympic Games," AP quoted the queen as saying.Responding to questions from delegates, Madrid officials downplayed threats from the Basque extremist group ETA."Absolute security is assured," AP quoted Zapatero as saying."It's our main priority. Those who have tried to attack our candidacy will see that this is something that is doomed to disappear in Madrid and all of Spain."V oting has gone to four ballots in four of the last five votes to pick a host for the Summer Games. The only exception was in 2001, when Beijing was selected for the 2008 Olympics on just the second ballot.。
2012伦敦奥运会 London Olympic Games 英文
•
The triangular-shaped torch represents: • 1、The three Olympic values (respect, excellence and friendship) • 2、The Olympic Motto (faster, higher, stronger) • 3、Olympic games hosted by United Kingdom(1908, 1948 and 2012)
1948 Байду номын сангаасondon Olympic Games
1908 London Olympic Games
slogan • “Inspire a generation” • “激励一代人”
London Olympics emblem
• Colours :green, magenta, orange and blue.
The Olympic Flame Cauldron Lighting The Olympic Flame is used to light the cauldron at the end of Day 9 following the journey between Llanarth and Llanrhystud in the London 2012 Olympic Torch Relay
Wembley Stadium(温布利体育场) Hyde Park(海德公园)
Location：in the west of London Events：marathon swimming、 triathlon三项全能…. Seats：3000 Location：in the west of London Events：football Seats：90000
Carrying_on_the_Olympic_Spirit
Mohamed Al-Dehaimi
Ambassador of Qatar to China
The year 2022 will be special to both China and Qatar as it will witness two major world sports events — Beijing Winter Olympic Games and Doha FIFA World Cup. I would like to extend my sincere congratulations to the Chinese government and the Chinese people on the upcoming Olympic Winter Games.
The Olympic flame will be soon lit again, for a second time after the 2008 Games, at the Beijing National Stadium, during the opening ceremony of the 2022 Olympic Winter Games. The flame represents the spirit of the Games given by Greece to the whole world. It conveys both the values of the ancient Olympiads in Greece and those of contemporary Olympism: excellence and achievement, noble competition and respect, truce and friendship. These values have been bestowed to China with the passing of the flame from Ancient Olympia to the Beijing 2022 organizing committee in October 2021, in Athens. It is our sincere hope that these Olympic values will be honored by all Games participants. These values should inspire us in the broader international arena and in the wider environment we all live in, so that we can achieve more through cooperation, fair competition, and peace!
伦敦奥运会 英文
Athletics
• Competition dates: Friday 3 August – Sunday 12 August • Competition venue: Olympic Park – Olympic Stadium (track, field and combined events) The Mall (Marathon and Race Walk)
London 2012
2012年伦敦奥运会，正式 名称为第三十届夏季奥林 匹克运动会。2005年7月6 日，国际奥委会在新加坡 举行的第117次国际奥委会 会议上宣布，由英国伦敦 主办此次奥运会，这是伦 敦第3次主办夏季奥运会。
• 伦敦奥运火炬上镂刻有8000个圆环，包涵 着向8000名火炬手的人生成就致敬的寓意。 在火炬设计上还融入了火炬手的符号，这 在奥运史上也是第一次，将人的因素加入 到火炬中。 • 伦敦奥运会的火炬顶部是三角形的设 计，这是奥运历史上第一柄三角形的火炬， 全身均为金色。设计师称三角形象征了奥 运会“更快、更高、更强”的口号。
Boxing
• Competition dates: Saturday 28 July – Sunday 12 August • Competition venue: ExCeL • Number of medal events 13: 10 men’s weight categories; three women’s weight categories.
Cycling-road
• Competition dates Saturday 28, Sunday 29 July, and Wednesday 1 August • Competition venue The Mall (Road Race) • Box Hill (Road Race) • Hampton Court Palace (Time Trial) • If you don't have a ticket but are thinking of going to watch the Road Race then go to our visitor information page. • Number of medal events Four: men’s and women’s Road Race; men’s and women’s Time Trial.
The 2012 Olympic Games will take place in London
The 2012 Olympic Games will take place in London. This summer, Chinese sports fans will be able to watch the exciting games in 3-D on CCTV. When you watch 3-D movies or TV, you have to wear a special pair of glasses. The 3-D glasses make the images from the screen look like they are there in the room with you.Three-dimensional, or 3-D, means having three dimensions (维度): width, height and depth. 3-D technology is based on the way the human brain and eyes work. Because the pupils of a person’s eyes are about 6.5cm apart, when we look at something, each eye sees it from a different angle (角度). Our eyes send the two images to our brain, and the brain puts them together. The small difference between the image from the right eye and the image from the left eye allows us to see depth.When we view media such as pictures and television in two dimensions, each eye gets the same information. That is because the image has no real depth, and there is only one way of viewing it. So the goal of 3-D technology is to get a different image into each eye of the viewer. It uses two film projectors. One projects a left eye image and the other projects a right eye image. The 3-D glasses allow us to see a different image in each eye.While watching 3-D films, we feel that we are actually in the same environment as the things we’re watching. However, it also has its disadvantages. The 3-D glasses work by controlling the amount of light that reaches the eyes. It makes the screen look darker. What’s more, people with eye problems may get headaches if they spend too much time watching 3-D movies, because their brains need to work harder to “read” the images.根据短文内容，选择正确答案。
module8_unit2.He_was_invited_to_competitions_around_the_world.
在2006年国际田联超级大奖赛洛桑站男子 110米栏的决赛中, 中国选手刘翔以12秒88的 成绩打破了沉睡13年之久的男子110米栏世界 纪录, 并夺得金牌！该项目原世界纪录是由刘 翔和英国名将科林-杰克逊共同保持的12秒91。 2012年2月18日晚23点53分, 在英国伯明翰举 行的国际田联室内赛男子60米栏决赛中, 刘翔 以7秒41获得冠军, 打破了他自己保持的亚洲 纪录! 罗伯斯以7秒50 获得亚军。
They take great pride in their daughter’s achievements. 他以用be proud of表示。例如： Yun is a nice girl and her parents are very proud of her. 韵是个好女孩，她的父母为她而感到骄 傲。
Practise
Ms Wang always encourages us to speak English in class. 王老师总是鼓励我们课上讲英语。 变为被动语态为： We are always encouraged (by Ms Wang) to speak English in class. 我们总是被（王老师）鼓励在课上讲英 语。
Zhang Yining was asked to go to Beijing Shichahai Sports School by Wang Biling.
Zhang Yining’s training programme took up a lot of her time.
A lot of Zhang Yining’s time was taken up by her training programme.
Module 8
《The-school-sports-meet-is-coming》SectionC-PPT
Which Olympics is this? This is the 2008 gold medals.
Which Olympics is this? This is the 2012 Olympics. London will host the 30th Olympics.
The People’s Republic of China __t_o_o_k__ (take) part in the Olympics for the first time in 1952. Xu Haifeng __w__o_n__ (win) the first gold medal for China in the _2_3_r_d_ (23) Los Angeles Olympics in 1984. China won 28 gold _m__e_d_a_ls_ (medal) in the 2000 Sydney Olympics, and 32 in the 2004 Athens Olympics. Beijing _h_o_s_t_e_d_ (host) the 29th Olympic Games in 2008 and China won 51 gold medals. We hope that China _w_i_l_l _w__in_ (win) more gold medals in the future.
6. 每四年
every four years
1.写一篇日记， 描述你所参加 过的学校运动 会，注意日记 格式及动词时 态。
2. 搜集历届奥 运会会徽，口
号和吉祥物， 与同学交流。
1、不要做刺猬，能不与人结仇就不与人结仇，谁也不跟谁一辈子，有些事情没必要记在心上。 2、相遇总是猝不及防，而离别多是蓄谋已久，总有一些人会慢慢淡出你的生活，你要学会接受而不是怀念。 3、其实每个人都很清楚自己想要什么，但并不是谁都有勇气表达出来。渐渐才知道，心口如一，是一种何等的强大! 4、有些路看起来很近，可是走下去却很远的，缺少耐心的人永远走不到头。人生，一半是现实，一半是梦想。 5、没什么好抱怨的，今天的每一步，都是在为之前的每一次选择买单。每做一件事，都要想一想，日后打脸的时候疼不疼。 6、过去的事情就让它过去，一定要放下。学会狠心，学会独立，学会微笑，学会丢弃不值得的感情。 7、成功不是让周围的人都羡慕你，称赞你，而是让周围的人都需要你，离不开你。 8、生活本来很不易，不必事事渴求别人的理解和认同，静静的过自己的生活。心若不动，风又奈何。你若不伤，岁月无恙。 9、与其等着别人来爱你，不如自己努力爱自己，对自己好点，因为一辈子不长，对身边的人好点，因为下辈子不一定能够遇见。 10、你迷茫的原因往往只有一个，那就是在本该拼命去努力的年纪，想得太多，做得太少。 11、有一些人的出现，就是来给我们开眼的。所以，你一定要禁得起假话，受得住敷衍，忍得住欺骗，忘得了承诺，放得下一切。 12、不要像个落难者，告诉别人你的不幸。逢人只说三分话，不可全抛一片心。 13、人生的路，靠的是自己一步步去走，真正能保护你的，是你自己的选择。而真正能伤害你的，也是一样，自己的选择。 14、不要那么敏感，也不要那么心软，太敏感和太心软的人，肯定过得不快乐，别人随便的一句话，你都要胡思乱想一整天。 15、不要轻易去依赖一个人，它会成为你的习惯，当分别来临，你失去的不是某个人，而是你精神的支柱;无论何时何地，都要学会独立行走 ，它会让你走得更坦然些。
高一暑假英语奥运日记英语日记Olympicathletes奥运健儿
高一暑假英语奥运日记英语日记Olympic athletes奥运健儿Olympic athletes 奥运健儿The Olympic Games have a famous motto: faster, higher, stronger. Although just six words, but its meaning is very rich, it not only represents the in competitive sports should not fear a strong opponent, dare to struggle, dare to win, and encourage people in their life and work not mediocrity, should be full of youthful spirit, always ahead, beyond the self, your potential play to the limit. This is a Olympic spirit encourages us. So on the 2012 London Olympics, let's see.奥运会运动有一句著名的格言：更快、更高、更强。
虽然短短的6个字，但其含义却非常丰富,它不仅表示在竞技运动中要不畏强手、敢于斗争、敢于胜利,而且鼓励人们在自己的生活和工作中不甘于平庸、要朝气蓬勃、永远进取、超越自我,将自己的潜能发挥到极限.这也是一种奥运精神鼓励着我们。
那么关于2012年伦敦奥运会，我们来看下吧。
The summer of 2012, the four year of the Olympic Games has become one of the most popular topics. Every family is watching the Olympic Games in London, one of my nature is also one of the. Swimming, badminton, table tennis, weightlifting and other exciting project attracts the eyeball, which make my impression the deepest is Lin Dan and Lee Chong Wei of Malaysia player of the game exciting badminton finals.2012年的暑假，四年一度的奥运会自然成为了最热门的话题之一。
Back the Bid： the 2012 Summer Olympics and the governance of London
“BACK THE BID”:THE2012SUMMER OL YMPICS AND THE GOVERNANCE OF LONDONPETER NEWMANUniversity of WestminsterABSTRACT:The Olympic Park being developed in east London for the2012Games is one largeurban renewal project among many in the city.The impact of the Games on urban developmentmay be of less significance than the impact on city politics.Bidding for and delivering the Gameshas contributed to a reassessment of the recent experiment with mayoral government.The articleexamines these changing representations of the structures of London government that are now seenas a success.Much of the literature on Olympic cities is highly critical of the impact of the games,but the(current)substantial support for London2012also needs to be explained.We examinehow London has created opportunities for support,and moments and spaces for celebration whenpolitical leaders and Londoners can come together around particular representations of themselvesand the city.O nce the decision was taken in May2003to compete for the2012Summer Games the slogan “Back the Bid”filled billboards and posters on the sides of buses and was woven into the fabric of seats on the tube.Opinion polls suggested consistent support for the campaign running at about 70%,and by May20051.2million Londoners had signed up online to“Back the Bid”and10,000 had already volunteered to be helpers at the Games(The Londoner,2005).Experience from other recent Olympic cities and of other megaevents suggests tensions and conflicts to come as deadlines approach(Gursoy&Kendall,2006;Lenskyj,2002).Our focus in this article is not on the delivery of the facilities for the Games or squabbles over the“legacy”promoted by the London bid team but rather on the impacts of the decision to bid and the winning of the2012Games on the politics of the city.The government of London can be seen as a“recurrent experiment”(Pimlott&Rao,2002).National government may abolish the institutions of city government(as in1986)or create new institutions(as in1965and most recently in2000).The frequency of change suggests that national government sees the government of London as provisional.The most recent“experiment”is the establishment of mayoral government and the working out of new relationships between tiers of government and between government and Londoners.The decision to bid for the Games came just3years into the new system of mayoral government and,currently,relations between tiers of government are under review.What were initially frosty relations between mayor and central government are changing and there has been a radical shift of opinion about the effectiveness of the government system.The mayoral experiment is seen as aAddress Correspondence to:Peter Newman,Comparative Urban Planning at the School of Architecture and Built Envi-ronment,University of Westminster,London.E-mail:P.Newman@.JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS,Volume29,Number3,pages255–267.Copyright C 2007Urban Affairs AssociationAll rights of reproduction in any form reserved.ISSN:0735-2166.256I JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS I Vol.29/No.3/2007success and winning the Games gives a further boost to political leadership.While urban studies have given some attention to the role of leadership in city politics there is less understanding of moments when political leaders and followers can come together around shared representations of the city.We examine how competing for the Olympic Games creates moments of celebration and how the city creates spaces and opportunities for Londoners to show their support for the Olympic project and for the image of themselves represented in a global arena.Both mayor and Prime Minister present an image of an Olympic London characterized by a harmonious racial and cultural diversity.Following success in the Olympic competition on July6,2005and the London bombings on July7,2005,the dominant image of London as host for the2012Games is as a city“diverse and unafraid”(GOL,2006).We argue that bidding for and winning the2012Games has helped define the new system of London government and that through such moments different representations of city politics are(if only temporarily)clarified.We start by locating the Olympic project in the context of large-scale urban renewal in London.In part two we move on to the governance of London looking firstly at institutional relationships and then at the dominant images of the city presented in the Olympic bid and at relationships between political leaders and Londoners.The final part draws out significant issues for understanding the impacts of the Olympic Games on city politics.BIG PROJECTS IN THE TWICE OL YMPIC CITYFor cities of the size of Barcelona or Atlanta,the Olympics may have greater economic impor-tance than for a large metropolitan area that is already a double Olympic city(1908,1948).While large events are claimed to have image and tourism impacts,the promotional agency VisitLondon estimates that London is already the most visited city globally.The large numbers of visitors expected to attend the2012Games will replace other tourists who will avoid London during this period.The city is also used to big sporting occasions.Half a million spectators watch the annual London marathon,the city is home to six Premier League football clubs,all with recently upgraded stadiums including the new60,000seat Arsenal stadium opened in July2006.London hosts international rugby matches at Twickenham and international cricket at Lords and the Oval. The city is used to managing big sports events and celebrations—victory parades after the rugby world cup win in2003and the cricket series against Australia in2005.While the2012Olympic Park presents a large infrastructure and development challenge,this must also be viewed in the context of many other substantial projects taking shape in the city over the next10–20years. There are large urban renewal projects under way in the central area at Paddington(23,000jobs, 3,000apartments,plus retail space and a hospital),in a new master plan for Victoria,at Kings Cross(2,000apartments,25,000office jobs),at Wembley(4,000apartments,6,000office jobs, the national football stadium,and a casino hotel),and adjacent to the proposed Olympic park at Stratford City(4,500apartments and33,000jobs in5million square feet of commercial space with a2,000-bed hotel).The Olympic Park is not the only large project and London,like New York(Fainstein,2005),seems to have rediscovered a taste for large-scale urban renewal.An Olympic Park is just another project.On the other hand such prestige projects have presented London with substantial problems in the recent past.The proposed Picketts Lock athletics stadium was abandoned,and London withdrew its bid for the2005World Athletics Championships.The Millennium Dome was not ready on time,and has since been an expensive white elephant.Wem-bley Stadium is currently running about2years late(interestingly,construction workers at the stadium were reported to have made money in betting against the project being ready on schedule (Butt,2006)).We might expect similar contractual issues around the delivery of Olympic facilities and around essential infrastructure.In March2006the House of Commons Transport CommitteeI“Back the Bid”I257 (HOC,2006)expressed concern about the“pace”of transport planning and found inconsistencies between the Interim Olympic Development Authority’s claim that the new shuttle trains would deliver25,000passengers an hour and the railway companies’own estimate of12–14,000.The Olympic Park is one urban renewal project among many under way in London over the next10or so years.The early stages of planning for the Games reflect familiar approaches to big projects in London.The large“destination Wembley”project under way in the west of the city passed through similar phases.The mayor lobbied powerful external players—the national Football Association,the government’s Department of Culture—to locate a new national football stadium at Wembley.Once the decision to build was taken,the local borough council negotiated with the FA and landowners over the local development gains and facilities that could be extracted from the project.For the proposed Olympic Park in the Lower Lea Valley in east London,once the Prime Minister has been persuaded by the mayor and others to authorize the bid the master plan was managed by a borough-led planning team.The Olympic Development Authority es-tablished in March2006is a type of development corporation familiar in the East End through the redevelopment of London docklands.This planning process has much in common with other London projects and is not the totally new approach to urban development politics seen in Athens and some other Olympic cities(Delladetsima,2004,p.86).The2012Olympic Park in the Lower Lea ValleyThe main Olympic venues are to be located in an Olympic Park and neighboring areas largely in the borough of Newham in east London.These parts of the city were identified as prospective Olympic sites in the late1970s when a bid for the1988Games was being considered.The mayor’s London Plan favors the east of the city over the west,encouraging new development to follow new public transport investment(GLA,2004a).The Borough of Newham is the third most deprived borough in London,where life expectancy is the lowest.Thirty percent of the population defined itself as“white British”in the2001census(Newham2012,2005).The Olympic bid was located in a discourse of regeneration and renewal of the East End with substantial claims in the bid documents about the legacy of jobs,homes,a new urban park,and community facilities for this part of London(London2012,2004a).The mayor does not want an“iconic”stadium and after the games the main stadium will be reduced in scale to become a permanent athletics track. Other performance spaces will either be dismantled or handed on to other users.The network of walkways to and from transport and between facilities will be demolished and green space produced.The Olympic bid“liberates”the space of the Lower Lea Valley from its industrial present,and after the Games a new green landscape will emerge.Initial planning of the main Olympic sites in east London was undertaken by the Boroughs through a Joint Planning Authorities Team(JPAT)and the mayor’s economic development agency. The boroughs organized extensive public consultation.Between August and December2003they held over70events to discuss urban regeneration plans(all of which assumed the Games would go ahead).The JPAT won a Royal Town Planning Institute award in2005for their exemplary, participatory planning process.Newham set up a new department to manage the negotiation of community benefits.Other London boroughs have appointed staff briefed to exploit opportunities arising from the Games.We might expect the branding of many local projects with an(unofficial) Olympic label exploiting the unaccustomed media focus on east London(LBWF,2004).In February2006the Borough of Newham ran“The Big Sunday”event that drew about35,000 people to look over plans.Following success at the IOC meeting in Singapore,the2006London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act set up the Olympic Development Authority with a leadership appointed by government(OPSI,2006).At the start of2006the master plan for the main Olympic site was258I JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS I Vol.29/No.3/2007revised.The aim of the revision was to achieve better integration with the adjoining Stratford City Development,a large development located around the Stratford Eurostar station.Part of the competitors’accommodation and the Media Centre would be included in SCD.Subsequently, further revisions moved the Media Centre to land nearby.The revisions to the initial plans aimed to reduce the land take of the Olympic project and displace fewer of the existing business on the sites(Interim Olympic Delivery Authority,2006).Closer integration with SCD offered planning benefits but relations between the IODA and SCD have not been smooth,with the mayor blaming SCD shareholders for delays that could jeopardize the Olympic project(Muir,2006).On the up side the reduced land take cut by95the number of potential business objectors to the IODA’s compulsory purchase orders(CPO)on land needed for the park.The public inquiry into the CPOs opened in May2006with government expected to confirm the orders by the end of the year(LDA, 2006).Displaced businesses,other displaced leisure users and environmental groups have been among the voices objecting to the bid and subsequent Olympic project in east London(LDA,2006).Critics of Olympic projects(see Lenskyj(2004,p.137)on the Sydney experience)suggest inevitable concerns about the diversion of public money,affordable housing not delivered,and the tax burden. But in London these voices have been relatively low key.Some leisure users have been displaced and not yet been offered acceptable alternative accommodation.Environmental opposition has been mute.The Lower Lea Valley consists of a network of rivers,open spaces,industrial uses,and overhead power cables.One debate on environmental impacts concluded that the valley was by no means picturesque and its habitats not worth special protection(BBC,2005).Some opposition has been voiced to the cost of the Games and in particular the cost to London property taxpayers, who began paying£625million from April2006.For example,taxpayers in the borough of Barnet in north London will pay more than the“Olympic”borough of Newham but receive no new sports facilities.For some therefore the Games are seen as“the east London Olympics”(This is Local London,2006).As in many other Olympic cities(Lenskyj,2004),taxpayers raise the issue of opportunity costs,and current underprovision of local sports facilities will not be made up by the facilities built for the Games(Self,2006).But by far the loudest and most consistent opposition has come from displaced businesses.Three hundred fifty businesses—from scrap metal to concrete recycling—are located along Marshgate Lane,which runs through the proposed Olympic Park. The mayor’s LDA proposed compensation or relocation packages.Those who refused offers were labeled by the mayor as a“handful of greedy businessmen”(Evening Standard,2005). Criticism has been relatively mute,and where critical questions have been raised they have been rebutted quickly.For example,an article drawing on the experience of the Manchester Commonwealth Games in2002to criticize claims about the legacy for local communities was rebutted within days by the leader of Manchester City Council(Leese,2005).The ODA,the Mayor and Government have been quick to dissociate the Olympic project from the failure of project management at Wembley.Indeed the mayor’s dispute with SCD centered on contracts between the Stratford developers and Multiplex,the builders of the delayed Wembley stadium.THE CHANGING GOVERNANCE OF LONDONThe Olympic Games of the past30years are located in debates about globalization,about competition between nations,ideologies,and cities,about place promotion and city image build-ing,about the imposition of IOC rules and militarization of city spaces during the games,about local sports development and a global“sport-media-tourism complex,”and about opportunity costs(not least of taxation)and the lack of proper evaluation of costs and benefits,about the cen-tralization of decision making and a relaxation of planning processes—with reduced openness, accountability and participation,and the betrayal of the aspirations of those local communities upon which the location of the games has greatest impact(see,for example,Baade&Matheson,I“Back the Bid”I259 2001;Bale&Christensen,2004;Burbank,Andranovitch,&Heyning,2001;Lenskyj,2002,2004; Maguire2005b;Nauright,2004;Preuss,2000;Roche,2000;Short,2004;Young&Wamsley, 2005).Critics argue that the demands of the IOC dominate city politics and that local benefits are only gained through local activism.Studies of particular cities locate such broad themes in local political cultures but tend to emphasize the influence of business in pro-growth politics(for example,in Los Angeles and Salt Lake City,Andranovitch et al.,2001)and community impacts(for example,in Sydney,Lenskyj, 2002).We need to take a broader view of London government and politics.Olympic planning represents the government of London in particular ways.The Games have an important impact at a time when the institutions of government are being reassessed and reconfigured.Initially in this part of the article we review current institutional reforms and then go on to examine political leadership and how leaders represent Londoners in the Olympic debate.In Olympic planning we can see the new institution of the mayor in action and a distinctive style of city governance emerging.The history of London government is one of changing institutions(Inwood,2005;Travers, 2004)and“recurrent experiment”(Pimlott&Rao,2002).In recent years experiment has been characterized by the effects of a fragmentation of responsibilities(among London Boroughs, government-sponsored neighborhood renewal initiatives,local business and public-private sector lobbies)and of the controlling hand of central government(Newman&Thornley,1997).In2000 the Greater London Authority and a directly-elected city-wide mayor were added to an already complex institutional landscape of governance.In the“new”government of London,the London Boroughs created in the1960s retain their comprehensive service delivery and planning functions. Private sector lobbies that have developed over the past20years remain influential.And despite creating a mayor,the central government retained the office of Minister for London.Initially,the new London government was regarded as a“weak mayor”model(Newman,2000;Pimlott&Rao, 2002;Travers,2004).However,just a few years on from the reform of2000,the role of the mayor is changing again and we can see this as another reworking of the“recurrent experiment.”The current readjustment of London governance needs to be seen in the context of the management of the Games.Bidding for the Games is a choice for national elites.Once the decision is made the city has to accept the Olympic package—delivery of facilities,control of the brand.In the centralized British state the decision to bid was taken by central government,after substantial encouragement from the mayor of London.But the mayor in his own right is a signatory of the Olympic contract and this act implies readjustment of relationships.The Games give the mayor a world stage to promote the city and his own personal role in governing the city.Prime Minister and mayor share leadership roles.In defining“London’s Challenge”moving toward2012,the government says of local govern-mentThe Mayor and Assembly have provided a highly successful model of city governance(GOL,2006,p.45),and,The boroughs will remain pivotal for the many local public services that matter to people.Theyprovide strong local leadership (46)Government presents a positive image of the formal structures of government.But these views are very different from the perspective on London government expressed by the Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit2years earlier:(London)has a complex system of governance that does not easily enable the city to focus onits strategic needs(Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit,2004).260I JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS I Vol.29/No.3/2007At that time the business lobby London First also focused on leadership and strategy making in asking,“Who is Responsible for London?”(London First,2004).But representing the governance of London positively has become important for the Olympic project,both for the bidding process and subsequently for relationships with the agencies that will deliver the Olympics facilities and infrastructure.We need to see this Olympic imperative alongside other important factors creating new views of London government.A government review of the powers of the mayor was launched in2005(ODPM,2005).In the 2000election Ken Livingstone stood as an independent candidate against the Labour Party.The popularity of the mayor during his first term led to his being encouraged to rejoin the Labour Party.Livingstone was welcomed back in January2004with the Prime Minister arguing that it was“very,very important”that they work together in particular on the Olympic bid(The Guardian,2004).After his reelection in2004,now as a Labour Party candidate,the mayor negotiated enhanced powers.The government review consequently proposed new relationships both between the mayor and central government and the mayor and borough councils,with the mayor’s powers increasing across a range of functions including strategic planning.Coincident with this shift in intergovernmental relations,the Olympic bid required the active involvement of the mayor’s economic development agency(the London Development Agency,LDA)to begin the process of planning and acquiring land for the Olympic Park.Once the2012games were awarded to London the Olympic Games Act recognized the importance of the mayor’s obligations under the Host City Contract in allocating powers to the ODA and other agencies(OPSI,2006).The “weak”mayor identified in2000whose power resided largely in“influence”(Travers,2004) now has substantial authority over large-scale urban renewal and a powerful relationship to the providers of infrastructure needed for the games.The GLA and mayor move from being relatively weak institutions toward something like the“Government as Promoter”that characterized a period of government-led planning in New York in which the power of development agencies expanded around a narrow policy consensus(Kantor,2002).In addition to his positional power, the mayor could also express strong(not to say offensive)personal views about a“handful of greedy businessmen”in the way of the Olympic Park and about partners in the Stratford City Development who should“go back to Iran and try their luck with the ayatollahs”(quoted in Muir,2006).The realignment of powers,the new perspective on“highly successful”mayoral government,and leadership of the Olympic development and East End regeneration project offer opportunities to a populist mayor.While businesses located around the Olympic park may establish new relationships(for better or worse)with the mayor,the process of bidding for the Games continues well-worn roles for “big business”in the government of London.Regional utilities,airlines,and hotel chains were drawn,with encouragement of government,into the boosterist London First organization in the early1990s(Newman&Thornley,1997).This corporate involvement in London government continued through the1990s,and London-wide business interests established regular contact with the new mayor in2000(Newman&Thornley,2005,pp.142–143).Businesses with London-wide interests—the utility companies EDF Energy and BT,the airlines British Airways and Virgin Atlantic,and the management consultants Accenture—became“Premier Partners”of the Olympic Bid Committee(London2012,2004b).Construction companies represented through the British Property Federation lobbied the ODA for a“legacy strategy”that would secure the infrastructure for development around the Olympic Park after the Games(Planning,2006).Relationships between government and business follow lines developed in the early1990s. However,planning of the Games reconfigures relationships between the tiers of government. Government and mayor share leadership of the Olympic project,and the mayor’s role in relation to other tiers of government has been enhanced.In the next section we examine how Londoners respond to the new government of the city.I“Back the Bid”I261Popular Support for the GamesPolitical leaders relate to their followers through persuasion,offering inducements,anticipating responses,and making emotional appeals.Most important in this relationship is for leaders to gratify the motives of followers(Stone,1995,reviewing Burns,1978).The Olympic bidding process offers political leaders at least a medium-term horizon and an international arena in which to represent the aspirations,motivations,and qualities of the public.Throughout the bidding period there was substantial support for the London Games.Critics of the Olympics tend to see such support as illusory:The Olympic industry has the power to suppress local dissent and to promote the illusion ofunequivocal support on the part of host cities and countries(Lenskyj,2004,p.152).It may be a mistake to dismiss the“illusion of support.”At the end of Wamsley’s critical review of the notion of Olympism the author says,But people love it,participants,coaches,parents,and spectators alike,now more than ever(2004,p.240).At some future time supporters of London2012may recant,but for the present it is this support rather than limited opposition that needs to be explained.Support for large public events can be underplayed,as was the case with the Millennium Dome in east London where political and media criticism drowned out the consistent evidence of public enjoyment of the Dome as a temporary visitor attraction(McGuigan,2003).The London Olympic bid committee consistently claimed high levels of support,and the crowds gathered in Trafalgar Square on July6,2006to hear the decision on which city would win the2012Games gave voice to this support.While the leadership side of leader–follower relationships is relatively well understood(e.g.,Judd,2000;Le Gal`e s, 2002;Mollenkopf,1992;Stone,1995),there has been much less consideration of followers and of how the city creates opportunities for leader–follower relationships to be consummated.To better understand such moments of popular support,we draw on some insights from the sociology of events and sport.The Games can be seen as a great public ritual that has importance and meaning for political leaders and public alike.According to Roche(2000),elites connect with liberal visions of mul-ticulturalism and environmentalism and project these periodically in mass festivals.For political leaders such events help display both a mission and global destiny(2000,p.10).They have an external audience but also an internal one through the provision of extraordinary events that give meaning to spaces in cities and help define the roles of citizens.The Olympic events offer“major medium-term political,cultural,and economic projects for cities and nations,”and for individuals “dramatic lived experiences”(Roche,2000,p.13).Linking individual experience to megaprojects suggests a way of understanding support for the London bid and how that support connects with political leaders’interpretations of the value of the Games.The timetable of bidding for and winning the Games offers moments for celebration.London offers places suitable for such celebrations.Drawing on Elias’(1997)notion of the“civilizing process,”Maguire(2005a)points out that organized games were an important feature of imperial history and he uses the idea of“zones of prestige”to signify places where“culturally impressive activities are produced,displayed,and consumed”(2005a,p.16).Over the years withdrawal from empire and defeat in competition undermines prestige,but London still retains some“culturally impressive”institutions and spaces.In the center of the city,Trafalgar Square has developed over two centuries as a place of public gathering,national celebrations(and popular uprisings).The mayor of London has overseen a£25million package of physical improvements of Trafalgar262I JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS I Vol.29/No.3/2007Square.The square is animated with almost continuous festivals and is an important feature in the mayor’s cultural strategy(GLA,2004b).The square accommodates moments of celebration and shared cultural experience and links an imperial past to the contemporary city.The use of public celebrations and festivals to“imagineer”spaces for visitors(Hughes,1999)is well documented, but cities also offer special places and special moments in which residents can see history made before their eyes and where cultural values can be reproduced.According to the mayor’s opinion polls,80%of Londoners support the organization of“events that celebrate London and its diverse communities”(Livingstone,2006a).On July6,2005,the2012Games were awarded to London and11,000people celebrated in Trafalgar Square in front of two giant television screens.The message of“patriotism and pop”(The Guardian2005a)promoted a particular vision of national and urban qualities that were simultaneously being presented to the IOC in Singapore.The event wasBrilliant for modern London as a whole,for which the Olympics will provide a thrillingvalidation and climax to its21st-century re-emergence as an open,multiracial and dynamicworld city(The Guardian,2005b).The core message was repeated in Tony Blair’s address to the crowd,London is an open,multi-racial,multi-religious,multicultural city and rather proud of it.People of all races and nationalities mix in with each other and mix in with each other well.(The Guardian,2005c)Such celebratory moments offer an opportunity for“national reassessment”of“Britain’s sense of itself and of its relation to the world”(Philips,2004,p.107).This particular image of London’s qualities and of the motivations of Londoners is important in contemporary debate about the East End of London.In their review of the impacts of public policy in east London,Dench,Gavron,and Young(2006)identify a rediscovery of imperial“tolerance”in the middle class cosmopolitanism that underpins government’s approach to managing this part of the city.In the East End the state has used a new cosmopolitan ideology to“govern a diverse population”(2006,p.226)and to define a national sense of a new place in the world(2006,p.226).Multiculturalism“now serves as Britain’s distinctive rationale in the current world order,and in many respects can be considered a success”(2006,p.226).What links political leaders and public in Trafalgar Square and in wider support for the London Olympics is a particular idea of London’s place in the world.We can see in the Olympic project an approach to governing the city in tune with contemporary political ideology. For Londoners the games offer“special opportunities to participate in collective projects”(Roche, 2000,p.222),and in the revalorized Trafalgar Square“zone of prestige”individuals can connect with political leaders and connect success in international competition with national ideology. This moment of affirmation between Londoners and political leaders may of course be short-lived.Research on megaevents suggests that support may wane after the games as residents realize that,in particular,economic gains are less than expected(Gursoy&Kendall,2006).Ideological claims may be contested.For example,political leaders interpreted the French victory in the1998 World Cup as evidence of a racially integrated France whereas others saw the“black,blanc,beur”football team as barely concealing the racism endemic in public policy(Burgel,2006,p.145). The multiculturalism of the London bid was challenged on the day after the celebration of winning the games.In Singapore the mayor had stressed security—picking two of his three adjectives—I know that what you want from me is to take whatever measures are necessary to deliver asafe,secure and superb Games.(Livingstone,2005)。
大学英语1题库及答案10.doc
一、单选)1、Kids need to _____ empathy on the needy.A. developB. growC. plantD. own2、---“When _________ the training course begin?”---“Next Monday.”A. hasB. is going toC. doesD. did3、He has spent ____money on his new houseA. a large number ofB. the number ofC. lots ofD. numbers of4、I think science is _______ than Japanese.A. much importantB. importantC. much more importantD. more much important5、The product in her factory is better than _________A. which of mineB. that of mineC. mineD. what of mine6、I don’t know if the story is true, but I will try to _______ it.A. conformB. proofC. identifyD. verify7、The ________ country for the 2012 Summer Olympics is the Britain.A. designerB. guestC. hostD. master8、Tom is so talkative. I'm sure you'll soon be familiar _______ him.A. ofB. withC. atD. on9、—Mr. Zhao, can you give me a lift after school?(2/28)---_________________.A. It’s very kind of you to do soB. Thank you for your offerC. Never mind. I’ll go shoppingD. No problem. We go the same direction10、Hello, I’m Harry Potter.Hello, my name is Charles Green, but_______.A. call my CharlesB. call me at CharlesC. call me CharlesD. call Charles me11、—Who’s that speaking?—This is Tom______________.A. speaksB. spokenC. speakingD. saying12、______ he was tired he went on workingA. EvenB. YetC. AlthoughD. In spite13、It’s believed that if a book is _____, it will surely ____ the readerA. interested…interestB. interesting …be interestedC. interested…be interestingD. interesting….interest14、Economists_____ a rise in import ____ free market.A. attribute…toB. contribute…toC. lead…toD. bring…to15、Mark is a clerk _______ a job in a top bookstoreA. inB. toC. withD. for16、May I see your tickets, please?_____________.A. No, they are mineB. No, you can’tC. SureD. Yes, you can17、You _________in such a hurry just now. Look, there is plenty of time left.A. don't have to do itB. needn't have done itC. wouldn't do itD. mustn't have done it18、The amendments of the constitution will be ______ from Christmas.A. efficientB. effectiveC. effectivelyD. efficiently19、Every time I see this picture, I cannot help____ my old friends.A. rememberB. rememberingC. recallD. recalling20、Businessmen spend enormous amounts __________ their productsA. advertisingB. six JuneC. to advertiseD. to advertising21、---I’m sorry. I lost the key.---______________.A. Well, it’s OKB. No, it’s all rightC. You are welcomeD. You are wrong22、He is rather ________ in his daily life.A. conventionB. conventionsC. conventionalD. conventionally23、Without adequate information, many students choose a college almost __________.A. blindB. wiselyC. blindlyD. gladly24、Ancient Greece is the _______ of western civilization.A. originB. sourceC. placeD. sources25、I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldn’t face ________ day like that.A. otherB. anotherC. the otherD. others26、----- Can you tell me where Tony is?-----__________________________A. At the officeB. He’s workingC. He’s from CanadaD. He’s very busy now.27、A trade war is not a war in the ______ sense.A. literalB. wordC. bookD. real28、The cost is ______ for me; I won’t go this way any longer.A. great muchB. too muchC. very muchD. much too29、John Smith is _____ honest young man.A. oneB. anC. theD. a30、By the end of last month, he ________ one of the best children in the classA. has becomeB. had becameC. becameD. had become31、Do you agree to be ____ with Xiao Wang in the game?A. a pairB. a coupleC. be pairedD. be assigned32、He is a college teacher of many years’_______.A. experimentB. experimentsC. experiencesD. experience33、—Must I be home before seven?—___________________.A. No, you needn’tB. No, you mustn’tC. Yes, you willD. No, you won’t34、I’m sorry to hear that your father is suffering from a serious ____A. sicknessB. illnessC. badnessD. disease35、Even under the best conditions, we couldn't finish in ________ three days.A. no less thanB. less thanC. less and lessD. much less36、A hunter is a man who _________ animals.A. catchB. catchesC. will catchD. was catching37、Some people who don’t like to talk much are not necessarily shy；they just be quiet people.A. mustB. mayC. shouldD. would38、He spoke so quickly that I didn’t ____ what he saidA. make forB. make sureC. make overD. make out39、All the drivers are urged to wear seat belts as a _____ against injuryA. conventionB. destructionC. precautionD. frustration40、—I don’t have any change with me．Will you pay the fare for me？—．A. No problemB. Nothing seriousC. That’s fineD. Never mind答案：1、正确【A】2、正确【C】3、正确【C】4、正确【C】5、正确【B】6、正确【D】7、正确【C】8、正确【B】9、正确【D】10、正确【C】11、正确【C】12、正确【C】13、正确【D】14、正确【A】15、正确【C】16、正确【C】17、正确【B】18、正确【D】19、正确【D】20、正确【A】21、正确【A】22、正确【C】23、正确【C】24、正确【A】25、正确【B】26、正确【A】27、正确【A】28、正确【B】29、正确【B】30、正确【D】31、正确【C】32、正确【D】33、正确【A】34、正确【D】35、正确【B】36、正确【B】37、正确【B】38、正确【D】39、正确【C】40、正确【A】。
2023届高三英语一轮复习名词性从句 课件
特殊疑问副词
泛指，“无论...”
3.连接副词：when ever , where ver , however , why
泛指，“无论...”
2. 连接代词：whoever, whom ever, whichever, whatever ,whose
有选择范围，“哪个...”，
在名从中作
主语、宾语、定语
eg. 1)Of the three books, I don't know _w_h_i_c_h__ is yours. 2) Of the three books, I don't know __w_h_i_c_h_ I should choose. 3)There are so many books on the desk. I don't know _w_h_ic_h__ one is yours. 4) _W_h_i_c_h_e_v_e_r_ team wins the competition will get a chance to go abroad.
泛指，“无论...”
2. 连接代词：whoever , whomever , whichever , whatever ,whose
“什么，...的样子，所...的事物”，表示“内容”
在名从中作主语、宾语、表语、定语
eg. 1）__W__h_a_t_ surprised me most was that the gentleman should be a thief.
300道常识题【英文版一站到底】
What pop group is Howie D. in?What nationality is Robbie Williams?Which rock group did George Harrison belong to?In what country did reggae(雷鬼/雷盖) music originate?In which country is a 'gamelan(佳美兰) orchestra' most commonly found?Which is the largest stringed instrument in a classical orchestra? Which chemical element is represented by the symbol N?In which organelle(细胞器) of a living cell is DNA found?What do we call a shape with eight sides?For what process do plants need sunlight, CO2 and water?Which chemical element is represented by the symbol Zn?What do we call the study of birds?What does Modem stand for?What does AOL stand for?A domain name ending with "org" is _________.What can people use HTML to do?What does "http" at the beginning of any site's address stand for? The capacity of your hard drive is measured in________.What does RAM stand for?A caravan is a group of which animals?A cony is what sort of animal?A lady would wear a mantilla(连披肩之头纱) in which country?A poult is the young of which creature?About how far does the Sun's gravitational(引力的) influence extend? According to proverb, how do still waters run?According to proverb, what does the hand that rocks the cradle(摇篮) do?According to proverb, what is a change as good as?According to the proverb what do drowning men clutch(抓紧)? According to the proverb what is the mother of invention? According to the proverb which fruit tastes sweetest?According to the proverb, what begins at home?According to the proverb, what does the devil make work for? According to the proverb, what is better than no bread?According to the proverb, what is the better part of valour?After what is London's Fleet Street named?Ag is the symbol of which chemical element ?Anzac troops (澳新军团士兵) come from which two countries?At what height does a pony become a horse?At what speed in mph does a wind become a hurricane?Australia's Barossa Valley is famous for which industry?Between which two African countries are the Victoria Falls?Black, Whooper, and Bewick are all types of which bird?Brian Jones was in which pop group?Called cotton candy in America, what's this sweet named in the UK? Which singer usually sings rap music, Mariah Carey or Eminem? Which instrument is often used in jazz music, a saxophone or a tuba? Which female pop singer had a hit called 'Baby, One More Time'? What pop group was Michael Jackson in when he was young?What does an orchestra's conductor wave to keep time?Which instrument has keys, pedals(踏板) and strings?Which is the nearest star?Which is heavier, gold or silver?What is H20?How many legs does a butterfly have?Blood is filtered(过滤) by which pair of organs?Which planet is the fifth from the sun?Who developed the theory of relativity?Who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection?What gas do plants absorb from the atmosphere?What is the study of plants called?Is Linux a search engine or an operating system?Is Yahoo () a portal(门户网站) or an operating system?Is Google () is an operating system or a search engine?Is Internet Explorer is a web browser or a website?Is Microsoft Windows an operation system or a software?The speed of your net access is defined in terms of ________.Physical components that make up your computer are known as _______ A plant produced by crossing different species is known as what? According to proverb, a little what is a dangerous thing?According to the proverb what makes Jack a dull boy?After Earth, which planet was orbited first by a man-made object? After seven which is the next highest prime number(质数)?Called a tuxedo in America, what's this garment called in the UK? Called a vest in America, what's the name of this garment in the UK?Coal is composed of which element?Who was the actress in My Fair Lady, Roman Holiday and Tiffany'sbreakfast?When we say that "a watched pot never boils" we mean that:The use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of words in asentence, especially in poetry is called:Who is the actress in Notting Hill?Who was prime minister of the UK for most of the Second World War?What did Spain send to attack Britain in 1588?How many wives did Henry VIII have?Which people travelled in longships and raided Britain from Scandinaviain early medieval times?Which structures were built in medieval times as a mixture of residenceand defensive building?Where was Christopher Columbus from?Which king received an arrow in his eye at the Battle of Hastings? An act of 1864 outlawed children doing what job, for which they were often employed as they were smaller than adults and it was thought theycould do a better job as a result?Which ship sank off Portsmouth in 1545 but was retrieved from theseabed in 1982?Who fell in love with a robot called EVE?When we say "All truths are not to be told", we mean that:Mark tapped his wallet and said to his friends, "He who pays the pipercalls the tune", meaning that:Explain "Death is a remedy for all ills ".What overall term is given to the people who fought each other and animals as entertainment in Ancient Rome?Who wrote Great Expectations?Which member of the Royal Family holds the title Duke of York?"No man is an island" means that:What colour are the benches in the House of Commons?How do you say "说曹操，曹操到"?The idiom "in pickles" means:If we say "all clouds bring not rain" we suggest that:What is the name of the explorer who led the first expedition around theglobe?Which film and musical are about a miner’s son who wishes to become aballet dancer?When was Malaysia formed?Who was the ―Lady with the Lamp‖ during the Crimean War?With which queen is the phrase ―We are not amused‖ connected?What's the color of Superman's cape(斗篷）?What was celebrated for only the second time in British royal history bythe current Queen in 2012?How do you call a figure of speech which gives human qualities to anobject or an animal?Which country never had a colony in North America?When did the last emperor of China ascend the throne?A short poem written in a traditional Japanese style is called:What are the names of the Bronte sisters?Who wrote The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer?What are the two cities in Charles Dickens' Tale of two citi es?How many lines does a "sonnet" have?Who wrote the famous poem "Daffodils"?Is Emily Dickinson a poet or a novelist?"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day" is the first line of a sonnet bywhom?Which Hollywood star played with his own son in the movie "The pursuitof happiness"?The largest film production center in India is called _______,borrowingthe idea of "Hollywood".What's the most famous book written by Charlotte Bronte?Who wrote "Three days to see"?"I Have a Dream" is a public speech by American activist____.Who wrote the music for musicals "Cats" and "The phantom of theopera"?Who wrote the book 1984?Who is the author of The old man and the sea?Which major country speaks Portugese except Portugal?Which coutry is the third largest economy in the world?Which county is the forth largest economy in the world?Which famous politician popularised the term "Iron Curtain" to describe the separation of Europe during the Cold War?What country won the first World Cup of football in 1930?How did Julius Caesar die?What was the capital of West-Germany from 1949 to 1989?Where was the first UN Security Council meeting held?Where is the headquarter of the Uninted Nations located?On which side did Finland fight in WWII, Allies or Axis?Which three major counties formed the Axis during WWII?In which month of 1945 was an atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima?In what year did a Wall Street crash start the "Great Depression"? Which European nation briefly conquered Taiwan in the 17th century?In which year did Soviet Union collapse?Which country did first send a person to the space?From which country did Singapore receive independence?In what year did China hold its first Asian Games?Which dynasty lasted longer, Ming or Qing?What’s the name of the first Capitalist country?In which year did Lincoln make the famous Gettysburg Address?In which year did the United States gain independence?From which country did Bangladesh receive independence?In which year did the fall of Burlin Wall take place?What is the largest ocean in the world?Which river has the largest drainage basin(流域面积) in the world? Kabul（喀布尔） is the capital city of which country?In which country does the River Nile(尼罗河) meet the sea?In which US city would you find Manhattan, Brooklyn and the Bronx? What are the only two countries to have a land border(交界) with the US? What is the unit of energy?A. Newton B. Einstein C.WattWhat is approximatively（大约） the circumference（周长） of the Earth at the equator（赤道）?What is the most abundant（大量的） gas in the atmosphere?A.NitrogenB.OxygenC. Water VaporD. Carbon DioxideWhat is the capital city of Scotland?What is the currency of South Korea?In which city is the International Criminal Court situated?A. New York B. Rome C.HagueWhich of these three nations or districts does NOT hold a UN seat?A. LibyaB. TaiwanC. IsraelOn what date is the UN's World Environment Day celebrated?Which sea separates Europe from Africa?Which desert covers much of northern Africa?In which mountain range（山系） is Mount Everest?In which country are the holy cities of Mecca and Medina?What is the line of latitude（纬线） that runs around the centre of the world called?Is the Dead Sea really sea?What is the largest planet（行星） in the solar system?How many ounces are there in a pound?How many sides does a hexagon have?An inch is equal to _____centimeters.Which is the only vowel（元音） not on the top row of a computer keyboard?What is the innermost colour of a rainbow?Which planet is known as ―The Red Planet‖?What are the young of frogs and toads called?What term in mathematics refers to the number obtained when two or more numbers are multiplied（相乘的）?What colour are dandelions?From what tree do acorns come?What colour are emeralds?Which animals live in lodges and are notable(知名的) for gnawing(咬) trees?Which star can be used to work out where due North(正北) is?What name is given to the collection of 23 bones found in the head?In which country is the longest ancient canal in the world?Which stone, a form of calcium carbonate(碳酸盐), are the WhiteCliffs(伦敦的白色悬崖) of Dover(多佛港） made of?What turns red in the presence of acid（酸） and blue in the presence of alkali（碱）?What is the term for when the moon passes between the earth and the sun, blocking out light from the latter?What animals can you see on the national flag of Mexico?How many stars are there in the national flag of the USA?What is the name of the smallest continent in the world?What is the national flower of the Netherlands?What is the capital city of Spain?At more than 6.5 million square miles, what is the largest country in the world?Nowadays PM2.5 is quite familiar to us, what is PM short for?Which country is called a nation of football?Which is the second-populous country in the world?In which country is Vancouver?What is the gemstone of April?Which country has the nickname of Uncle Sam?What does WTO stand for?What do we call a family that includes two parents and one child?What is the hardest organ(器官) in human body?It is credited as the Shopping Paradise and Oriental Pearl.Which city is it? It refers to a group of eight universities in the north-eastern part of the United States, which have high academic and social status. What do we call it?Light year is the unit for _____.In which year was the Diamond Jubilee year of Queen Elizabeth?In which country did the Industrial Resolution first took place?If IQ is the short form of Inteligence quotient, what does EQ stand for? Which country is called a nation of windmills(风车)?Which was the first country that President Xi Jinpin paid a formal visit? What's the name of the most famous strait(海峡) that connects Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean?Is Auckland the capital city of New Zealand?In which state is Hollywood?Global warming is a result of the excessive emission of ___________. What is the organ（器官） where the digestion（消化） and absorption （吸收） of food take place?Is the queen bee a male one or a female one？What is the landmark building of the city of Pisa?During operation, the copying machine will give out a kind of gas which is harmful to human body. What is it?How many times does an equinox（昼夜平分） happen in a year?Is a postdoctor a degree?Are corals undersea plants?What is the most famous remark of Descartes(笛卡尔)?The Backstreet Boys English or BritishThe BeatlesJamaicaIndonesiadouble bassnitrogen(氮)nucleus(细胞核)octagon(八边形) photosynthesis(光合作用) zincornithology(鸟类学) Modulator Demodulater America OnlineAn organizationAuthor webpagesHyper Text Transfer ProtocolGigabytesRandom Access Memory CamelsRabbitSpainTurkey1.5 light yearsDeep(静水流深)Rule the world(那双轻推着摇篮的手，才真正主宰着整个世界)A rest(改换工作益如休养) StrawsNecessityForbidden fruitCharityIdle hands(闲则生非)Half a loafDiscretion(勇敢贵在审慎) The river FleetAustralia and New Zealand 14.2 hands and over73 mphWine production Zimbabwe and Zambia SwanThe Rolling Stones Candy flossEminema saxophoneBritney SpearsThe Jackson Fivea batonpianothe sungoldwatersixthe kidneysJupiterAlbert EinsteinCharles Darwincarbon dioxide (CO2) botanyAn Operating System PortalSearch EngineWeb BrowserAn Operating System KbpsHardwareA hybridKnowledgeAll work and no play MarsElevenDinner jacketWaistcoatAudrey Hepburnit seems to take foreveralliterationJulia RobertsWinston ChurchillThe Spanish ArmadaSixVikingsCastlesGenoaHarold IIChimney SweepMary RoseWall E.Some truths are better leftunspoken.he would decide where theywould eatWhen we die, all ourproblems are solved.Gladiators Charles DickensPrince Andrew Human beings do not (or should not) live in isolation.All people areinterconnected.Green"Talk/Speak of the devil!"In a difficult situation.what looks like one thing may turn out to be anotherMagellanBilly Elliot1963Florence NightingaleQueen VictoriaRed.Her Diamond JubileePersonificationGermany1909HaikuAnne, Charlotte and EmilyBronte.Mark Twain.Paris and London.14William Wordsworth.A poet. William Shakespeare.Will Smith.Bollywood.Jane Eyre.Helen Keller. Martin Luther King Jr. Andrew Lloyd Webber.George Orwell.Ernest Hemingway.BrazilJapanGermanyWinston ChurchillUruguayAssassinatedBonnLondonNew York CityAxisGermany, Itally, JapanAugust1929The Netherlands1989Soviet UnionMalaysia1990MingThe Netherlands18631776Parkistan1989 PaccificAmazon River AfghanistanEgyptNew YorkMexico and Canada Watt40,000 kilometersA. NitrogenEdinburghThe WonC.HagueB. TaiwanJune, 5 MediterraneanThe Sahara Desert the Himalayas Jerusalemthe equatorNo, it isn't.Jupiter1662.54apurpleMarstadpoleproductwhiteoakgreen woodpeckerthe Big Dipper skullChinalimestonelitmussolar eclipsea snake and an eagle 50OceaniaTulipMadridRussia Particulate Matter BrazilIndiaCanadaDiamondThe USAWorld Trade Organization Nuclear familytoothHong KongIvy Leaguelength2012BritainEmotional QotientThe Netherlands/Holand RussiaStrait of MalaccaNoCaliforniaCarbon dioxidesmall intestineFemaleThe Leaning TowerozonetwiceNo.No.I think, therefore I am.。
script
Good morning dear audience ,welcome to thi s semester’s brand spanking new VOC programs and this is SKY SPORTS RADIO by David and Sunny.The Olympic Games are a major international event featuring summer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games have come to be regarded as the world’s foremost sports competition.[1] The Games are currently held every two years, with Summer and Winter Olympic Games alternating, although they occur every four years within their respective seasonal games. Since 2008, host cities are con’tracted to manage both the Olympic and the Paralympic Games,[2] where athletes who have a physical disability compete. The Paralympics are held immediately following their respective Olympic Games. Originally, the ancient Olympic Games were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 5th century AD. Baron Pierre de Couber’tin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The IOC has since become the governing body of the Olympic Movement, whose structure and actions are defined by the Olympic Charter.The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in several changes to the Olympic Games. Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Winter Games for ice and snow sports, the Paralympic Games for athletes with a physical disability, and the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes. The IOC has had to adapt to the varying economic, political, and technological realities of the 20th century. As a result, the Olympics shifted away from pure ‘amateurism, as envisioned by Couber’tin, to allow participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of the mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship and commercialization of the Games. World Wars led to the cancellation of the 1916, 1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games.The Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations (IFs), National Olympic Committees (NOCs), and organizing committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Olympic Games. The host city is responsible for organizing and funding a celebration of the Games consistent with the Olympic Charter. The Olympic program, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games, is also determined by the IOC. The celebration of the Games en’compasses many rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. There are over 13,000 athletes that compete at the Summer and summer Olympics in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third place finishers in each event receive gold, silver, and bronze medals, respectively.The Games have grown in scale to the point that nearly every nation is represented. Such growth has created numerous challenges, including boycotts, doping, bribery of officials, and terrorism. Every two years, the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national, and in particular cases, international fame. The Games also ‘constitute a major opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world.Following the spectacular closing ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Games, London has officially taken over as the next Olympic host city. And now lets see what the British people expect from the 2012 London Olympics."And congratulations to all our fantastic competitors in Beijing! You did us proud! And keepcheering, because here's to London 2012!"With the Beijing Olympic party atmosphere still being felt across London, some 40,000 people packed the front of Buckingham Palace on Sunday to cheer and celebrate the closing ceremony. Now the question on everyone's lips is how will London present their Olympics in four years time?At London's Trafalgar Square, Joseph Barnett says he expects the London Olympics will have a smaller budget. But after seeing the spectacular opening ceremony in Beijing, Barnett hopes London can also present something unique to open its games."I think it should show a lot of British history, but it shouldn't leave out how Britain is today. I think it should be very multi-cultural and forward looking, and modern."Owen Salisbury also enjoyed the Beijing Games, but he says he's really looking forward to the London Games for other reasons."I think it'll make London a healthier place to be. It's healthy, there's already stuff like a congestion charge, and they are already introducing cycling, bikes and things like that to make it safer for people to get around."As an Olympic fan, Mark Sullivan says he believes London can also put on a good show. Nonetheless, he still has a few concerns."There is a lot of financial wrangle at the moment but we'll see when it gets closer. I've seen the blueprints and stuff, but in reality, I'm a bit worried about the transport system, how people come and go - but that still has to be sorted out. Hopefully it will go well."Facing a 9.3 billion pound budget, London 2012 bosses have decided to shift the focus from outdoing Beijing, and stress history, culture, humor and Britain's sporting heritage to mark the London Games. Here's Boris Johnson, the London mayor."When I say that we're all awed by the spectacle the Chinese have put on, but I think in the 8 minute segment, we saw some of the wit and ingenuity that Britain's gunna bring to our Olympics to make sure they are every bit as fantastic. I say this respectfully to our Chinese hosts who have excelled so magnificently in Ping Pong that Ping Pong was invented on the dinning tables of England in the 19th Century, and it was called Wiff Whaff and I say to the world, Ping Pong is coming home."So for the London 2012 Olympics, the tone is set. It should be a dynamic and fun Olympics. FinancingActually, The costs of mounting the Games are separate from those for building the venues and infrastructure, and redeveloping the land for the Olympic Park. While the Games are privately funded, the venues and Park costs are met largely by public money.On 15 March 2007 Tessa Jowell announced to the House of Commons a budget of £5.3 billion to cover building the venues and infrastructure for the Games, at the same time announcing the wider regeneration budget for the Lower Lea Valley budget at £1.7 billion.On top of this, she announced various other costs including an overall additional contingency fund of £2.7 billion, security and policing costs of £600 million, V AT of £800 million and elite sport and Paralympic funding of nearly £400 million. According to these figures, the total for the Games and the regeneration of the East London area, is £9.345 billion. Then Mayor Ken Livingstone pledged the Games Organising Committee would make a profit.[30]The costs for staging the Games (£2 billion) are funded from the private sector by a combination of sponsorship, merchandising, ticketing and broadcast rights. This budget is raised and managed by the London 2012 Organising Committee. According to Games organisers, the funding for this budget broadly breaks down as:64% from Central Government;23% from National Lottery13% from the Mayor of London and the London Development AgencyOn 18 August 2007 The Belfast Telegraph reported that jubilation over winning the right to stage the Olympic Games was becoming more muted as realisation dawns on the public of the enormous costs involved in creating facilities for the athletes.[31] Grassroot sport cuts will fund the Olympics, government figures suggested on 19 August 2007.[32]In November 2007, Edward Leigh MP, criticised the organisers for significantly under-estimating the cost of staging the games, suggesting they had either "acted in bad faith or were incompetent".[33]On 10 December 2007 Tessa Jowell announced confirmation of the budget announced earlier in 2007. In June 2007, the Ministerial Fun ders’ Group (established to manage the allocation of contingency to the ODA within the overall budget) met and agreed a first allocation of contingency to the ODA, being £360m out of the £500m of initial contingency announced in March, to enable the ODA to manage early cost pressures.Following its second meeting on 26 November 2007, the Funders’ Group has now agreed a baseline budget and scope proposed by the ODA. The total budgeted base cost to be met by the public sector funding package remains at £6.090bn including tax and excluding general programme contingency as announced in March. This includes the allocation to the ODA of the remaining £140m from the initial £500m contingency announced in March.[34]There have, however, been concerns over how the Olympics are to be funded. In February 2008, a London Assembly culture and sport committee report expressed concerns over the funding of the games taking away money from London's sports and arts groups.[35] There have also been complaints that funding towards the Olympics has been to the detriment of funding other areas of the UK. In Wales, there has been criticism from Plaid Cymru about the games depriving Wales of money, by using UK-wide funding rather than English funding.[36] The Wales on Sunday newspaper claimed former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair broke his promise to not use National Lottery funding for the Olympic games.[37][38]As at December 2009, the Delivery Authority had allocated £702 million of Programme and Funders’ contingency, largely to cover the decisions to publicly fund the Village and Media Centre after it became clear private funding could not be secured on acceptable terms during the 2008 to 2010 economic crisis. According to the Government Olympic Executive and Olympic DeliveryAuthority risk assessments the remaining £1,270 million contingency is sufficient to manage risks to the Delivery Authority’s programme.[39]Also from May 2010, the Olympic budget will be cut by £27 million as part of the £6.2 billion cuts by the new Conservative-Liberal coalition government.[edit] PartnersTo help fund the cost of staging the games the London Olympic organisers have agreed partnership deals with major companies. "Tier One" partners already announced include adidas, BMW, BP, British Airways, BT, EDF Energy, Intercontinental Hotels Group, Lloyds TSB and ArcelorMittal."Tier Two" supporters already announced include Adecco, Cadbury, Cisco, Deloitte, Thomas Cook Group and UPS.[edit] TicketingOrganisers estimate that some 8 million tickets would be available for the Olympic Games, and 1.5 million tickets for the Paralympic Games. Ticket sign-up was launched on 22 March 2010 and all Olympic tickets will go on sale to the public 15 March to 26 April 2011. To reduce traffic, ticket holders will be entitled to free use of London's public transportation network on the day of the event.[40] It is estimated that 82% of available Olympic tickets and 63% of Paralympic tickets will be sold. LOCOG (London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games) aims to raise £375–£400 million in ticket sales. There will also be free events: for example, the marathon, triathlon and road cycling.[41][edit] Countdown2012 Summer Olympics countdown clockA digital clock, located in Trafalgar Square, commenced a countdown to the opening ceremony on14 March 2011. However, less that 24 hours after it was switched on, it suffered a technical failure, and stopped—displaying "500 (days) 7 (hours) 06 (minutes) 56 (seconds). It was quickly repaired."[42][edit] HospitalityThe only way to buy official on-site hospitality packages will be through the London 2012 Prestige Ticketing programme. The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) has appointed Prestige Ticketing Limited to exclusively operate the London 2012 Prestige Ticketing programme.[43]Official hospitality packages will only be available to buy from Prestige Ticketing Ltd by UK or EEA companies and residents from spring 2011. The Prestige Ticketing programme provides exclusive access to the official London 2012 on-site hospitality packages including top-category tickets, fine dining and entertainment at the Olympic and Paralympic Games venues.[edit] Scheduling issuesSome representatives of Muslim countries have complained that the 2012 Olympic Games will take place during the month of Ramadan, which in 2012 occurs from 20 July to 19 August. DuringRamadan, Muslims are to fast from sunrise to sunset, which may put Muslim athletes at a disadvantage during the Games. Some Muslims have called for the Olympics to be rescheduled outside this period.[44][edit] LogoThere have been two London 2012 logos: one for the bidding process created by Kino Design and a second as the brand for the Games themselves. The former is a ribbon with blue, yellow, black, green, and red stripes winding through the text "LONDON 2012," making the shape of the River Thames in East London. The latter, designed by Wolff Olins, was unveiled on 4 June 2007 and cost £400,000.[45] This new logo is a representation of the number 2012, with the Olympic Rings embedded within the zero.[46]。
2012_Summer_Olympic_Games_London_England_tp_summary
Olympic Delivery AuthorityTransport Plan for the London2012Olympic and Paralympic GamesSummaryFirst edition October2007moveForeword Delivering the transport needed for the London2012Olympic and Paralympic Games is a challenge andan opportunity.We need to ensure safe,reliable and accessibletransport for500,000spectators daily from acrossthe UK and overseas,as well as the50,000athletes,officials and media we will host in the summer of2012.We want to do this at the same time as leaving lastingtransport improvements for generations to come.The publication of the Transport Plan marks a yearof significant achievement,during which importantprogress has been made by our transport partners onkey2012schemes.This partnership will be crucial toour future success.Thanks to the strong teamwork thatis in place right across the industry we are on trackto deliver.Together with our partners,we have hit all of ourmilestones in the last12months.Work to treblecapacity at Stratford Regional Station is underway;thetunnels needed to extend the Docklands Light Railwayhave broken through;the first new trains to be used onthe Javelin®shuttle service in2012have arrived in theUK for testing and the high speed rail link they willtravel on,HS1,is ready.With a number of other transport improvements underwayand more to follow before the Beijing Games in2008there are important targets ahead to ensure we maintainthis momentum.We are on track to meet these challengesand are confident of delivering a‘public transport Games’for spectators and a legacy of worldclass transport linksfor London and beyond.Vitally important will be the transport for the athletes.We want the athletes who will grace the Olympicand Paralympic stage in2012to have highqualityservices between accommodation,competition andtraining venues.The key to delivering worldclass transport throughout the Games is partnership.The first version of the Transport Plan has been shaped and developed through extensive consultation with industry stakeholders after we published the draft plan one year ago.We will continue to listen carefully to the views of our transport partners as we review and develop our plans on the road to2012.The transport plans for the Games will create a positive legacy,helping transform the Lower Lea Valley into one of the best connected areas in the capital and bringing economic and social benefits that go far beyond2012, and far beyond sport.It is an ambitious vision but one that we can deliver together.The construction of the venues and infrastructure for the London2012Games is funded by the National Lottery through the Olympic Lottery Distributor,the Department for Culture,Media and Sport,the Greater London Authority and the London Development Agency.John ArmittChairmanOlympic Delivery AuthoritySebastian CoeChairLondon2012Organising Committeeof the Olympic and Paralympic GamesForeword Page1–Contents PageLondon2012Olympic and Paralympic Games4The transport strategy for the Games7Getting spectators to the Games13Games venues18The Paralympic Games22Ensuring a sound transport system25London2012Olympic and Paralympic Games The Olympic and Paralympic Games are two of theworld’s greatest sporting events.In the summer of2012,the Games of the XXX Olympiadwill be held in London.Around10,700worldclassathletes from more than200nations will compete in theOlympic Games.Over16days of competition,approximately7.7milliontickets will be available for sale for the Olympic Gamesto watch the athletes compete in26sports.On thebusiest days of competition,around800,000tickets areexpected to be sold.Eighteen days after the Olympic Games ClosingCeremony,the sporting action at the Paralympic Gameswill begin.The Paralympic Games provide an arena forcompetition between the world’s top4,200athletes witha disability.In2012,athletes from162countries willcompete in20sports.During the11days of competition,approximately1.5million tickets will be available forsale for the Paralympic Games.The Olympic and Paralympic Games have beendescribed as a country’s largest peacetime logisticaloperation.They present the UK and London with a hugetransport challenge.However,they also provide anopportunity to showcase London and the UK and createa valuable legacy of real and lasting improvements.Olympic Games28July to12August201210,700athletes from205countries26sports and300events7.7million tickets available for saleParalympic Games30August to9September20124,200athletes from162countries20sports and471events1.5million tickets available for salePage4Summary Transport Plan for the London2012Olympic and Paralympic Games–first editionKey dates for Games transportThe London2012Games will be delivered by two organisations:the London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games(LOCOG);and the Olympic Delivery Authority(ODA).LOCOG is responsible for preparing for and staging the Games.The ODA is the public body responsible for developing and building the venues and infrastructure for the Games.Athletes and team officials for both Games will live in the Olympic Village,which will open on13July2012, two weeks before the Olympic Games Opening Ceremony.It will serve as the Paralympic Village during the Paralympic Games and will close nearly two months later,after the Paralympic Games Closing Ceremony.Section1:London2012Olympic and Paralympic Games Page5Transport Plan for the London2012Olympic and Paralympic GamesThe London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006requires the Olympic Delivery Authority(ODA)to prepare and keep under review a plan to address transport matters relating to the Games.This first version of the Transport Plan has been produced by the ODA in conjunction with LOCOG.Working in partnershipThe task of delivering a safe,reliable and inclusive transport for the Games impacts on the whole of the UK transport sector.LOCOG and the ODA are working with a wide range of partners to ensure that London2012is remembered as the best connected Games ever.Many stakeholder organisations were involved in the development of the transport strategy.These,and many more,will continue to be involved during the detailed planning and operational phases.Transport for the Games will be delivered through apartnership between the ODA’s Transport team,LOCOGand a number of transport authorities,including:–Transport for London;–Department for Transport;–Highways Agency;–Train Operating Companies;–Network Rail;–London&Continental Railways(LCR),includingUnion Railways(North)–BAA;and–other transport providers,including London boroughsand local authorities and transport operators acrossthe UK.Key client groupsAs part of hosting a successful Olympic and ParalympicGames,the Host City Contract requires the safe andefficient movement of three key groups of people.The Games FamilyTransport for the Olympic Family and Paralympic Family,particularly the athletes,is the top priority.Some50,000Games Family members will require transport on any oneday during the Olympic Games for training,competitionor recreational purposes.SpectatorsAn estimated800,000spectators will use publictransport to travel to the Olympic Games on the busiestday of competition.Every person with a ticket to aLondon2012sports event will be given free publictransport within Greater London for that day.Games workforce–staff,contractors and volunteersThe majority of travel by the Games workforce,which isexpected to grow to100,000by the Games,will be bypublic transport.The Games workforce will be able touse the public transport system within Greater Londonfree of charge.Page6Summary Transport Plan for the London2012Olympic and Paralympic Games–first editionThe transport strategy for the Games The transport strategy for the Games has evolved throughregular stakeholder involvement since the bid stage in2003.This Transport Plan has also developed throughthe responses received during the formal consultationperiod,as well as through the ongoing partnership withthe transport delivery partners and stakeholders.Delivering a fitforpurpose transport system will be criticalto the success of the Games.The transport strategy focuseson building on London’s existing transport system andinfrastructure and driving a series of transportenhancements to meet transport demand during theGames.Just as importantly,the strategy focuses onproviding a valuable legacy for London and the UKbefore and after the Games.A‘public transport’GamesUnderpinning London2012’s transport strategy is itsambition to host a‘public transport’Games.The aim isfor100per cent of ticketed spectators to travel to theGames by public transport,or by walking or cycling.There will be no private car parking for spectators at anyvenue except for some Blue Badge parking.Existing public transport services will be improved andenhanced in the years before2012and additionalservices will operate during the Games to meet theextra demand.The challenge to get all ticketed spectators to the Gamesby public transport,walking or cycling can only be met iftransport is accessible and inclusive for all.London2012will implement an accessible and inclusive transportnetwork to ensure that everyone,including disabledpeople of all impairments and other people who mayhave difficulties using the transport system,can get tothe Games.The five key objectives of the transport strategy are to:–provide safe,secure,inclusive,fast and reliabletransport for the Olympic Family and ParalympicFamily client groups;–provide frequent,reliable,friendly,inclusive,accessible,environmentally friendly and simpletransport for spectators and visitors from all aroundthe UK and overseas;–leave a positive legacy and facilitate the regenerationof east London;–keep London and the rest of the UK moving during theGames and thus make it a positive experience to hostthe Games;and–achieve maximum value for money for every poundspent on transport.Section2:The transport strategy for the Games Page7Athletes a top priorityLondon2012is required to provide safe,secure and reliable transport for all Games Family client groups (see Figure2.1).The highest transport priority duringthe Games will be the transport services for the Olympic and Paralympic athletes,as it is essential the athletescan arrive in good time at their training and competition venues.Athletes,accredited media,technical officials and Marketing Partners(sponsors)will all be provided with their own bespoke transport services to meet their different transport requirements.To support further seamless Games Family transport,an Olympic Route Network(ORN)will be implemented(see Figure2.2).This will comprise a network of roads linking all the competition and key noncompetition venues.It will be used to transport the Olympic Family quickly and securely between accommodation areas,all competition venues and other venues,such as arrival airports.In general,the roads will still be available for use by alltraffic during the Games.However,some traffic laneswill be reserved for Games vehicles on the busiestsections of the ORN.Following the Olympic Games,the ORN will bescaled down to form the Paralympic Route Networkand facilitate efficient transport services for theParalympic Family.Keeping London and the UK movingThe implementation of the Transport Plan will ensurethat increased demand for transport services during theGames has a minimal impact on existing transportnetworks and commuters’regular journeys within London.It will also ensure that spectators can easily get to andfrom London from across the UK,and to competitionvenues that are located outside of London,such as thevenues for the Football competition.As part of the transport strategy,an Olympic TransportOperations Centre(OTOC)will be established tomanage all modes of transport for the Games Family,spectators,workforce,and for all those travelling forreasons unconnected with the Games.This will helpTransport for London,other transport operators,thepolice,local authorities and those running the Gamesto keep London and the UK moving.Page8Summary Transport Plan for the London2012Olympic and Paralympic Games–first editionFigure2.1Games Family client groupsCreating a lasting and positive legacyThe ODA aims to implement a Transport Plan that will produce benefits which reach beyond simply delivering transport during the Games.The ODA is committed to providing a legacy of new transport infrastructure, enhanced and new public transport services,training and employment opportunities in the transport sector,and to regenerating east London.The implementation of the Transport Plan will provide benefits in two ways.The first is to enhance or accelerate existing transport schemes–for example,cofunding22 of an additional55rail cars to increase capacity on the Docklands Light Railway.For other schemes,such as the upgrade of Stratford Regional Station,the ODA is funding the full scheme so that benefits can be enjoyed before,during and after2012.Other important benefits after the Games will include:–a network of new and upgraded walking and cyclingroutes,and an increased awareness about the benefitsof walking and cycling asa healthy means of travel;–improvements to key stations to enable disabled peopleof all impairments to use public transport networks moreeasily;and–more people choosing public transport when travellingto or within London and the UK,and to future events.Section2:The transport strategy for the Games Page9Weymouthand PortlandPage10Summary Transport Plan for the London2012Olympic and Paralympic Games–first editionMaximum value for moneyIn order to meet immovable deadlines and to achieve the best value for money,the ODA will maximise the use of existing transport infrastructure and services,and will build new infrastructure only where it is essential and leaves an appropriate legacy.Wherever possible and where there is no costeffective legacy,temporary solutions will be used to meet temporary peaks in travel demand generated by the Games.The ODA will use existing expertise and processes to deliver the new transport solutions needed.In addition to creating cost efficiencies by identifying legacy opportunities,the transport strategy seeks to bring forward where possible planned transport infrastructure or investment in services so that passengers may enjoy the benefits earlier.Sustainable transportLondon2012has made a commitment to be the first‘sustainable’Games,setting new standards for majorevents.Sustainability principles were incorporated intothe development of the transport strategy for the Gamesfrom the start of the planning process.The following areexamples of these principles:–All ticketed spectators will travel to competition venuesby noncar modes.–The transport strategy makes best use of existinginfrastructure.–The need for transition between the Olympic Gamesand Paralympic Games has been minimised.–A compact Games means that the need for travelis reduced.–The promotion of the‘Active Spectator Programme’.London2012is committed to working with stakeholders tomaximise the economic,social,health,environmental andsporting benefits the Games bring to the UK and London.For example,the‘Active Spectator Programme’is beingdeveloped to promote active and healthy travel modes,such as walking and cycling,across London and the UK.To help minimise the amount of carbon dioxide emissionsrelated to Games transport,the Olympic Park will be aLowEmission Zone(LEZ)during the Games.This is anindependent LOCOG initiative that requires emissionlevels to be even lower than the Greater London LEZlevels and extends to smaller passenger vehicles,such ascars.Only vehicles under five years old and which meetthe predetermined London2012emissions standards willbe allowed to enter the Olympic Park.Section2:The transport strategy for the Games Page11–Getting spectators to the Games A wide range of schemes are proposed to enhancetransport networks across the UK and London to meet thetravel demand generated by the Games.The transportstrategy will build on and maximise existing transportnetworks,infrastructure and assets.It will also utilisefuture transport networks that are planned to be inplace by2012.Major schemes for the Olympic ParkRail,including National Rail services,LondonUnderground and Docklands Light Railway services,will play a key part in delivering spectators and Gamesworkforce and volunteers to competition venues andcultural events across the UK and London.Three stations–Stratford Regional Station,Stratford International Stationand West Ham Station–have been identified as keyaccess points to the Olympic Park.A total of12differentrail services will run through these stations.Stratford Regional StationStratford Regional Station is a major public transportinterchange that allows passengers from east of Londonto travel to Canary Wharf without travelling into centralLondon,as well as providing interchange opportunitiesfor passengers using National Rail and Undergroundservices from central London.Currently,Regional Station in the morning peak period.By2012,this number is forecast to rise to55,000.An additional63,000spectators are expected to use the station eachmorning during the Games,bringing the number ofpeople passing through Stratford in the morning peakperiod to118,000.The ODAfunded improvements to Stratford RegionalStation are already underway.By2012theseenhancements,which are part of a wider package ofimprovements,will include:–nine new lifts to make all station platforms fullyaccessible;–reopening a disused subway to create additionalaccess to platforms and make it easier to changebetween rail,Underground and Docklands LightRailway services;–a new westbound Central Line platform;–lengthened and wider platforms to increasecapacity;and–a new station entrance at mezzanine level to improvethe flow of passengers.37,000passengers pass throughStratford Section3:Getting spectators to the Games Page137Seven Number of minutes it will take to travel from St. Pancras International to the Olympic Park using the Javelin ® shuttle service. Fifteen Frequency in seconds of trains serving the Olympic Park 1.5 million Number of tickets available for sale for the Paralympic Games 7.7 million Number of tickets available for sale for the Olympic Games 118,000 Number of people passing through Stratford Regional Station in the morning peak period during the Games Up to 25,000 The hourly capacity of the Javelin ® shuttle service that will transport people to and from Stratford International Station Up to 240,000 Hourly capacity of the rail system servicing the Olympic Park during the Games Up to 800,000 Number of spectators who will use public transport totravel to the Olympic Games on the busiest day of competition151.5million 7.7million 118,000 Up to 25,000Up to 240,000 Up to 800,000Stratford International StationDuring the Olympic Games,a highspeed rail shuttle service–the Javelin®–will operate from St.Pancras International Station to Stratford International Station and then on to Ebbsfleet in Kent.This temporary Gamestime service will be one of the transport centrepieces forthe Games.It will run from St.Pancras International to Stratford International in seven minutes,with a service frequency of up to ten trains per hour.Spectators travelling on Eurostar services,which will not stop at Stratford International Station during the Games,will use the Javelin®service to complete their journey to the Olympic Park.North London LineThe North London Line will undergo two significant changes before2012.The first is that the section ofthe line between Stratford Regional Station and Canning Town Station will be converted from National Rail to Docklands Light Railway operationand extended from Stratford Regional Station toStratford International Station.The second change is that new terminating platformswill be constructed for the North London Line atStratford Regional Station.The existing North London LineNational Rail services to the north from Stratfordwill become part of the Transport for London,NorthLondon Railway(‘London Overground’)concessionfrom November2007.As a result,there will be four new stations on theDocklands Light Railway network:Star Lane,AbbeyRoad,Stratford High Street and Stratford International.The converted route will also serve the existing stationsat Canning Town,West Ham and Stratford Regional.New Docklands Light Railway services will run betweenStratford International and Woolwich Arsenal stations,and between Stratford International and Beckton stations.Docklands Light RailwayThe Docklands Light Railway(DLR)currently providesa highly accessible transport service in east London.Capacity on the DLR service will be increased througha2.6km track extension from King George V Station toWoolwich Arsenal and through the procurement of anadditional55rail cars.Other plans include a number of enhancements that werealready being developed by DLR,including infrastructureworks to allow for threecar trains on most of the existingDLR network by2009.Threecar trains will increasecapacity on the Bank–Lewisham line by50per cent atpeak times.Due to the nature and location of the DLRsystem,the proposed enhancements will benefit boththe Olympic Park and River Zone venues,as well ascontributing to the delivery of the rail strategy for theCentral Zone and cultural events.Page16Summary Transport Plan for the London2012Olympic and Paralympic Games–first editionOther rail enhancementsA range of other temporary and permanent station enhancements are planned that will provide benefits to people using the rail network during the Games.For example,temporary and permanent lifts are being constructed at Prince Regent Station to enable the circulation of spectators between the platforms and the ExCeL venue.Permanent enhancements include the refurbishment of St.John’s Wood Station and the modernisation of Highbury&Islington station.Mode specific schemesWalking and cyclingPromoting sustainability is at the heart of the transport strategy,and walking and cycling play an important role in supporting this objective.The Active Spectator Programme will ensure that spectators are encouraged to walk and cycle to venues. This will also help to raise awareness about the benefits of walking and cycling as a mode of transport,and help increase the number of walking and cycling journeys across London as a whole.Local bus,coach,taxi,and river and canal servicesThe ODA is working with Transport for London,therelevant local authorities and trade representatives todefine the role that bus,coach,taxi and river and canalservices will play to help deliver the transport strategy.For example,discussions will be required todetermine the location of bus and coach stops andtaxi dropoff/pickup points,and service patternsduring the Games.Bus and rail park and ride servicesTwo types of park and ride services are planned;onecoachbased and the other railbased,and each one willserve different spectator demand.Park and rail serviceswill operate from Ebbsfleet to Stratford InternationalStation using the Javelin®service.During the bid stage,two large coachbased park andride sites located close to the M25and M11wereproposed.Analysis has since suggested the longtermbenefits and use of these schemes would be low andso alternative arrangements are being investigated.Dedicated,temporary,local park and ride servicesare proposed for spectators at the Wimbledon,Weymouth and Portland,and Eton Dorney venues.In addition,the need for temporary park and rideservices to serve Broxbourne and Weald CountryPark will be investigated.Section3:Getting spectators to the Games Page17Games venues Competition venuesThe2012Olympic Games will be staged at33competition venues within London and the UK,asshown in Figures4.1and4.2.Venue transport plansDuring the bid stage,a venue transport plan was createdfor each competition venue.London2012is continuingto review and develop the detail of these plans,whichmay undergo significant changes before2012.TheInternational Olympic Committee requires a VenueOperating Plan to be produced for each venueapproximately two years before the Games.The ODA and LOCOG will continue to work with venueoperators and other stakeholders to develop robustvenue transport plans.Crowd movementThe Games will generate large numbers of spectatorstravelling to competition venues.This will createconsiderable volumes of pedestrian crowd movement atvenues,on the transport systems and on the approachesto venues.Careful analysis is being undertaken for all competitionvenues in relation to key transport interchanges to ensurethat the predicted levels of crowd movement can besafely accommodated and managed.Noncompetition venuesA series of noncompetition venues will be used during the Games.These include:–the Olympic Village;–other accommodation for athletes and team officialsat Weymouth and Portland and at Royal Holloway College;–the International Broadcast Centre/Main Press Centre (IBC/MPC)in the Olympic Park,which will house an estimated20,000members of the media for the Olympic Games and10,000media for the Paralympic Games;–training venues;–hotel accommodation in central London for Games Family members,including the International Olympic Committee and International Paralympic Committee members,and the media;and–airports for arrivals and departures to and fromthe UK.Transport services will be provided to serve thesenoncompetition venues.Venue transport plans that outline the specific transport arrangements for each venue will be produced.Page18 Summary Transport Plan for the London2012Olympic and Paralympic Games–first editionSection4:Games venues Page19Page20Summary Transport Plan for the London2012Olympic and Paralympic Games–first editionThe Paralympic Games will be hosted at 17 competition venues, which will be mainly concentrated in the Olympic Park and River Zone, as seen in Figure 5.1. It is expected that more than 1.5 million spectators will travel to the Olympic Park and River Zone to watch the Games. The Paralympic Games will be held over 11 days and the sporting action will start 18 days after the Olympic Games Closing Ceremony. An integrated approach to transport planning for both Games has been adopted. This will minimise the need for transition works between the two Games and achieve the best value for money. As for the Olympic Games, the transport strategy for ticketed spectators to the Paralympic Games is founded on the principle that public transport, walking and cycling will be the main modes of transport for spectators. Spectators with a valid event ticket will be entitled to free public transport within Greater London on the day of the event. In many respects, the transport challenge and strategy for the Paralympic Games are similar to the Olympic Games with some important differences: – providing safe, reliable and accessible transport for more than 16,500 Paralympic Family members each day; The ParalympicGames – provide for disabled people of all impairments; – providing appropriate transport for approximately 2,500 Paralympic Family members, including athletes, who use a wheelchair for daily living; – maintaining a high level of security for the Paralympic Family and spectators, while satisfying the access requirements for all; – ensuring that transport is available for up to 160,000 spectators each day during the Games; and – providing highcapacity, accessible transport, to cater for approximately 15–20 per cent of spectators (24,000 to 32,000) who are expected to have specific access needs. The ticketing arrangement for the Paralympic Games will be different from the Olympic Games. The majority of tickets will be sold as ‘open day’ passes, allowing entrance to any events held on that day. In addition, a significant number of spectators will be schoolchildren who are likely to arrive by coach. Transporting equipment Paralympic athletes use a variety of specialist equipment, both for daily living and for sporting activities. This includes wheelchairs, throwing platforms and tandem bicycles, as well as spare parts and maintenance equipment. This equipment will need to be transported to venues, and extra time and resources will be required to load equipment into vehicles. ensuring that Paralympic Family transportservices Page 22 Summary Transport Plan for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games – first edition。
奥运会英语PPT课件
A symbol of Dynamic, modern, flexible
London Olympic Games emblem
The slogan is "Inspire a generation&#ympic Events
Several of summer Olympic Games
• 1、First:April 6, 1896 venue:Greece • 2、Second:May 14, 1900 venue:Paris,France • 3、Fourth: April 27, 1908 venue: London, UK • 4、14th: July 29, 1948 venue: London, UK • 5、18th: October 10, 1964 venue: Tokyo, Japan • 6、23rd: July 28, 1984 venue: Los Angeles • 7、29th:August 8,2008 venue: Beijing,China
The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games is an international sporting events organized by the
International Olympic Committee, the project contains a variety of sports, held every four years. The Olympic Games
• The Olympic spirit of mutual understanding, friendship, solidarity and spirit of fair competition.
2012年第三十届夏季奥林匹克运动会
Main Stadium Wembley Stadium Water sports center Velodrome
Stratford (Stratford, east London) Wide and narrow at, "London bowl" ,movements of athletes, accommodate 80,000 people, 55 000 temporary seats , dismantled,25,000 fixed seats, awning made of textiles, mosaics awning will be demolished, made into bags for sale. Opening and closing ceremonies
The thirtieth 2012 Summer Olympics
Place Time Emblem Slogan Tickets Torch Venues Medals Ambassador Mascot
London Third ( 1908 1948 2012) Largest number of cities
威廉王子(Prince William) 凯特·米德尔顿(Kate Middleton) 亨利王子(Prince Harry)
1850 British Winrock Olympic Games named Mandeville National Spinal Cord Injury Center only one eye camera created for children,help the healthy growth of children yellow light London taxi Olympic bracelet friendship communication，engage in various sports movement.