第一章语法结构的层次
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作者：徐英（广外继续教育学院）
学习英语所经历的阶段 初级阶段（糊涂）：有一定的词汇量，能说一些 英文句子，但语法很糊涂，说话写文章会出现 很多的语法错误。 中级阶段（清楚）：通过系统学习必要的英语语 法，了解英语的语法结构，对每个句子的语法 结构清楚，知其然也知其所以然。 高级阶段（难得糊涂）：通过大量的语言实践， 把语法融入到我们的语言运用中，把规则变成 一种习惯，让我们脱口而出讲出流利的英语， 脑子里再不想语法规则。
My friend arrived. 我在北京工作的朋友昨天晚上到了广州。 My friend working in Beijing arrived in Guangzhou last night. The girl was always losing her keys. 住在我隔壁那女孩在小时候总是丢钥匙。 The girl who lives next door was always losing her keys when she was a child.
4. • • • •
主谓双宾：主语+动词(vt)+宾语(人)+宾语(物) My mother gave me a bracelet. The teacher teaches us English grammar. He showed me his photo. He showed me how to take photos.
The guard let the girl go in.
昨天穿深蓝色大衣的那个守卫在我们离开以后 让戴眼镜的那个女孩进入实验室。 Yesterday the tall guard in a dark blue coat let the little girl with glasses go into the lab after you left. One will lead a happy life. 满足于自己所拥有的人会过得很开心。 One content with what he has will lead a happy life.
扩展句子
一个比较简单的句子，我们可以根据需要给名 词增加一些前置或后置定语，给动词短语增 加一些状语的方式，来扩展句子，使得句子 更丰满，表达意思更准确。如：
扩展句子
Food is bad. 胆固醇高的食物对心脏不好。 Food rich in cholesterol is bad for your heart. The boy is stupid 坐在我旁边的那个男孩不采纳我的建议很傻。 The boy sitting next to me is stupid not to follow my advice. Those people are to explain the reason. 开会缺席的人要去给领导解释原因。 Those absent from the meeting are to explain the reason to the leader.
2. 复合句：由两个或两个以上的分句构成，其 中某些句子成分由分句充当，分句可以在复 合句中充当主语、宾语、表语、状语，构成 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、状语从句 。如： • It is impossible that he should give up smoking. • I suggest that we should get ready for it ahead of time. • I found it strange that no one was in the classroom. • The fact is that we have fallen behind them. • I won’t get down to the work until I send my daughter away.
The baby is crying. 这个婴儿, 是我阿姨的儿子, 正在摇篮里哭.
The baby, who is the son of my aunt, is crying in the cradle. The professor will teach us linguistics. 在第一排穿蓝色西装的那个教授下学期要 教我们语言学.
The professor in Row 1 who is wearing a suit will teach us linguistics next term.
The hunt began.
对美洲狮的搜寻在一个摘黑莓的妇女离她五码远 的地方看见一个大猫的小村庄开始了。 The hunt for the puma began in a small
简单句
5. 句子： 复合句
并列句
1. 简单句：只有一个分句、并且各成分均由词 组构成的句子。 • The students have made better grades in the past few weeks. • The boy can stay in the room only for a few minutes. • The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks. • The company wants to employ a girl whose English is good.
3. 持续的状态: remain, stay, keep等。 The book remains shut. You keep quiet. The water stays clean.
4. 不确定的状态: seem, appear等。 The story seems true. She didn't appear at all surprised at the news. He appears a perfectly normal person.
The photo looks wonderful. 昨天他照的那张相片在阳光下看起来确实很棒 The photo that he took last night looks really wonderful in the sunshine. Mr. Smith will give us a lecture. 史密斯先生，一个语言学专家，下周要给我们 作一次关于如何用英语与外国人交流的讲座 Mr. Smith, a linguistic expert, will give us a lecture on how to communicate with foreigners in English next week.
2. 变化的状态: grow, become, turn, get, go, come 等。 She grows thin. He became a doctor. The flowers turned red. It is getting warmer. The milk went sour. Your dreams will come true. The handle came loose.
village where a woman picking blackberries saw ‘a large cat’ only five yards away from her.
非限定动词词组与从句的运用
• 如果一个动词短语或一个子句在整个句子中只充 当除谓语在外的其中一个成分，我们就要用非限 定动词词组或从句。如：
5. • • • • •
• •
主谓宾补：主语+动词+宾语+补助语 Americans made Obama president of America. We found him keen on politics. The benefit made him anxious to please the guests. He put his books in his bed. His mother didn’t allow him to play computer games. I found a boy hiding in the bush. He can make himself understood.
3. 并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句或复合句， 用并列连词或其它并列手段连接起来便构成并 列句。如： • Most of us were in the hall, the doors had been closed, and latecomers had to wait outside. • He didn’t like us, and everyone knew it, but no one admitted. • They watched television and enjoyed themselves immensely, but we couldn’t see the program because our television was broken.
3. 主谓宾：主语+及物动词(vt)+宾语 主语+动词短语+宾语 主语+不及物动词(vi)+介词+宾语 • He likes English. • His classmate hurt him unintentionally. • We should make good use of our time. • They paid special attention to the costs. • He has listened to the text. (SVO) • His father was looking for him.
系动词的分类
1. 被感觉的状态: Feel, look, sound, smell, taste等。 I feel well. She feels bad. The furniture feels smooth. It sounds like a bird. The girl looks pretty. The dishes taste delicious. The bread smells nice.
雅思语法课的主要目的：了解并熟悉英语句子的 结构，明确英语语法的基本脉络，求得对英语 的整体感觉非常重要。 语法课程的主要内容：句子结构，各大从句，非 谓语（或非限定）动词的用法。
五大基本句型
主系表
主谓
4、分句： 主谓宾
主谓双宾 主谓宾补
1. • • • • ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu •
主系表：主语+连系动词+表语（主语补助语） The work is difficult for the boy. He remained faithful to his friend. My brother became a doctor. My father’s job is controlling the machine. The students are in the classroom. He looks like his father.
Pets can ease stress and anxiety. 照顾宠物可以减轻压力和焦虑. Looking after pets can ease stress and anxiety. He brought me a lot of trouble. 他的到来给我带来很多的麻烦. His coming brought me a lot of trouble. He made his parents angry. 他考试失败使他的父母很生气。 That he failed the exam made his parents angy.
2. • • • • • • •
主谓：主语+不及物动词（vi) He has arrived. The baby is crying. I’m coming. An accident happened. Time flies. Money matters. The lightening flashes.
学习英语所经历的阶段 初级阶段（糊涂）：有一定的词汇量，能说一些 英文句子，但语法很糊涂，说话写文章会出现 很多的语法错误。 中级阶段（清楚）：通过系统学习必要的英语语 法，了解英语的语法结构，对每个句子的语法 结构清楚，知其然也知其所以然。 高级阶段（难得糊涂）：通过大量的语言实践， 把语法融入到我们的语言运用中，把规则变成 一种习惯，让我们脱口而出讲出流利的英语， 脑子里再不想语法规则。
My friend arrived. 我在北京工作的朋友昨天晚上到了广州。 My friend working in Beijing arrived in Guangzhou last night. The girl was always losing her keys. 住在我隔壁那女孩在小时候总是丢钥匙。 The girl who lives next door was always losing her keys when she was a child.
4. • • • •
主谓双宾：主语+动词(vt)+宾语(人)+宾语(物) My mother gave me a bracelet. The teacher teaches us English grammar. He showed me his photo. He showed me how to take photos.
The guard let the girl go in.
昨天穿深蓝色大衣的那个守卫在我们离开以后 让戴眼镜的那个女孩进入实验室。 Yesterday the tall guard in a dark blue coat let the little girl with glasses go into the lab after you left. One will lead a happy life. 满足于自己所拥有的人会过得很开心。 One content with what he has will lead a happy life.
扩展句子
一个比较简单的句子，我们可以根据需要给名 词增加一些前置或后置定语，给动词短语增 加一些状语的方式，来扩展句子，使得句子 更丰满，表达意思更准确。如：
扩展句子
Food is bad. 胆固醇高的食物对心脏不好。 Food rich in cholesterol is bad for your heart. The boy is stupid 坐在我旁边的那个男孩不采纳我的建议很傻。 The boy sitting next to me is stupid not to follow my advice. Those people are to explain the reason. 开会缺席的人要去给领导解释原因。 Those absent from the meeting are to explain the reason to the leader.
2. 复合句：由两个或两个以上的分句构成，其 中某些句子成分由分句充当，分句可以在复 合句中充当主语、宾语、表语、状语，构成 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、状语从句 。如： • It is impossible that he should give up smoking. • I suggest that we should get ready for it ahead of time. • I found it strange that no one was in the classroom. • The fact is that we have fallen behind them. • I won’t get down to the work until I send my daughter away.
The baby is crying. 这个婴儿, 是我阿姨的儿子, 正在摇篮里哭.
The baby, who is the son of my aunt, is crying in the cradle. The professor will teach us linguistics. 在第一排穿蓝色西装的那个教授下学期要 教我们语言学.
The professor in Row 1 who is wearing a suit will teach us linguistics next term.
The hunt began.
对美洲狮的搜寻在一个摘黑莓的妇女离她五码远 的地方看见一个大猫的小村庄开始了。 The hunt for the puma began in a small
简单句
5. 句子： 复合句
并列句
1. 简单句：只有一个分句、并且各成分均由词 组构成的句子。 • The students have made better grades in the past few weeks. • The boy can stay in the room only for a few minutes. • The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks. • The company wants to employ a girl whose English is good.
3. 持续的状态: remain, stay, keep等。 The book remains shut. You keep quiet. The water stays clean.
4. 不确定的状态: seem, appear等。 The story seems true. She didn't appear at all surprised at the news. He appears a perfectly normal person.
The photo looks wonderful. 昨天他照的那张相片在阳光下看起来确实很棒 The photo that he took last night looks really wonderful in the sunshine. Mr. Smith will give us a lecture. 史密斯先生，一个语言学专家，下周要给我们 作一次关于如何用英语与外国人交流的讲座 Mr. Smith, a linguistic expert, will give us a lecture on how to communicate with foreigners in English next week.
2. 变化的状态: grow, become, turn, get, go, come 等。 She grows thin. He became a doctor. The flowers turned red. It is getting warmer. The milk went sour. Your dreams will come true. The handle came loose.
village where a woman picking blackberries saw ‘a large cat’ only five yards away from her.
非限定动词词组与从句的运用
• 如果一个动词短语或一个子句在整个句子中只充 当除谓语在外的其中一个成分，我们就要用非限 定动词词组或从句。如：
5. • • • • •
• •
主谓宾补：主语+动词+宾语+补助语 Americans made Obama president of America. We found him keen on politics. The benefit made him anxious to please the guests. He put his books in his bed. His mother didn’t allow him to play computer games. I found a boy hiding in the bush. He can make himself understood.
3. 并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句或复合句， 用并列连词或其它并列手段连接起来便构成并 列句。如： • Most of us were in the hall, the doors had been closed, and latecomers had to wait outside. • He didn’t like us, and everyone knew it, but no one admitted. • They watched television and enjoyed themselves immensely, but we couldn’t see the program because our television was broken.
3. 主谓宾：主语+及物动词(vt)+宾语 主语+动词短语+宾语 主语+不及物动词(vi)+介词+宾语 • He likes English. • His classmate hurt him unintentionally. • We should make good use of our time. • They paid special attention to the costs. • He has listened to the text. (SVO) • His father was looking for him.
系动词的分类
1. 被感觉的状态: Feel, look, sound, smell, taste等。 I feel well. She feels bad. The furniture feels smooth. It sounds like a bird. The girl looks pretty. The dishes taste delicious. The bread smells nice.
雅思语法课的主要目的：了解并熟悉英语句子的 结构，明确英语语法的基本脉络，求得对英语 的整体感觉非常重要。 语法课程的主要内容：句子结构，各大从句，非 谓语（或非限定）动词的用法。
五大基本句型
主系表
主谓
4、分句： 主谓宾
主谓双宾 主谓宾补
1. • • • • ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu •
主系表：主语+连系动词+表语（主语补助语） The work is difficult for the boy. He remained faithful to his friend. My brother became a doctor. My father’s job is controlling the machine. The students are in the classroom. He looks like his father.
Pets can ease stress and anxiety. 照顾宠物可以减轻压力和焦虑. Looking after pets can ease stress and anxiety. He brought me a lot of trouble. 他的到来给我带来很多的麻烦. His coming brought me a lot of trouble. He made his parents angry. 他考试失败使他的父母很生气。 That he failed the exam made his parents angy.
2. • • • • • • •
主谓：主语+不及物动词（vi) He has arrived. The baby is crying. I’m coming. An accident happened. Time flies. Money matters. The lightening flashes.