中科院计算所2005年博士考试专业课试题
计算机05级计算方法试卷A、B及参考答案
计 算 机 系 05 级计算方法试卷(A)（2008.1）班级_______________姓名______________学号_____________得分______________ 本卷考试时间为90分钟。
1．（10分）已知,0050.10010001≈具有七位有效数字，试从防止误差的角度给出适当的方法计算1000010001-，并说明理由。
2．（10分）简单叙述秦九韶法（或Horner 方法）计算多项式值的方法思想, 并应用该方法计算多项式322)(245+-+-=x x x x x f 在5.0=x 处的值，写出计算过程并说明计算过程中所需的乘法次数。
3． （10分）选用适当的方法求方程032=-x e x 在5.0 附近的一个根，要求所求根的误差不超过210-=ε。
4． （15分）用LU 分解法或高斯消去法解方程组5并利用插值多项式近似计算)(x f 在8.1处的值。
67． （15分）简述龙贝格（Romberg ）求积方法的思想， 并选取适当的数值积分方法，求积分dx xe x ⎰102，要求误差不超过21021-⨯。
8． （15分）写出四阶龙格—库塔（Runge-Kutta ）方法，并选用适当的方法求解初值问题，取2.0=h ， 计算机05级计算方法试卷(B)（2008.1）班级_______________姓名______________学号_____________得分______________ 本卷考试时间为90分钟。
3．(10分)数列{n x }满足递推公式122,n n x x -=- ,若73.130≈=x （有三位有效数字），问 ①从0x 计算到k x 时误差有多大？②上述计算是稳定的？4．(10分)给出计算多项式334)(345+-+-=x x x x x f 在0x 处的值方法，使其所需乘法次数尽可能少.6． (10分)用适当数值方法求方程310x x +-= 在区间[0,1] 上的一个根，精度310-=ε。
中科院计算所2005年博士考试专业课试题
中科院计算所2005年博士考试专业课试
题：
数据结构：
1．编程实现：将一个整数用二进制数表示（不带打头0），要求二进制表示用一个数组表示。
（10分）
2．8皇后问题，编写程序给出所有解。
（15分）
3．已知目标S=”abaaabbbabbababaaa”，模式P=”babab”。
（15分）
(1)手工求出P的数组nextval；
(2)利用前面所求出的数组nextval，给
出按KMP算法对目标S进行模式匹配的过程。
4．给出一组序列：12、73、63、11、2、
99、31、45、55，手工给出每输入一
个数值平衡二杈树的状态，若出现不平
衡，指出旋转类型，并给出结果；求出
等概率下查找成功和不成功时的平均
长度。
（15分）
5．哈希函数harsh(x)= x mod 11，关键字序列为：12、25、3、28、33、38、
44、34。
应用线性探查法和链地址法构
造散列表。
（15分）
6．N个顶点的带权有向图，使用你最熟悉的语言求源点到终点的最短路径。
（15分）7．被管理的存储空间，无论大小，都有界，试完成边界标识法和回收释放快的算法。
（15分）。
计算机考博试题计算理论及答案
计算机考博试题计算理论及答案计算理论字母表：⼀个有穷的符号集合。
字母表上的字符串是该字母表中的符号的有穷序列。
⼀个字符串的长度是它作为序列的长度。
连接反转Kleene星号L* ，连接L中0个或多个字符串得到的所有字符串的集合。
有穷⾃动机：描述能⼒和资源极其有限的计算机模型。
有穷⾃动机是⼀个5元组M=(K,∑,δ,s,F),其中1）K是⼀个有穷的集合，称为状态集2）∑是⼀个有穷的集合，称为字母表3）δ是从KX∑→K的函数，称为转移函数4）s∈K是初始状态5）F?K是接收状态集M接收的语⾔是M接收的所有字符串的集合，记作L(M).对于每⼀台⾮确定型有穷⾃动机，有⼀台等价的确定型有穷⾃动机有穷⾃动机接受的语⾔在并、连接、Kleene星号、补、交运算下是封闭的。
每⼀台⾮确定型有穷⾃动机都等价于某⼀台确定型有穷⾃动机。
⼀个语⾔是正则的当且仅当它被有穷⾃动机接受。
正则表达式：称R是⼀个正则表达式，如果R是1）a，这⾥a是字母表∑中的⼀个元素。
2）ε，只包含⼀个字符串空串的语⾔3），不包含任何字符串的语⾔4)(R1∪R2),这⾥R1和R2是正则表达式5）(R10R2),这⾥R1和R2是正则表达式6）(R1*),这⾥R1*是正则表达式⼀个语⾔是正则的当且仅当可以⽤正则表达式描述。
2000年4⽉1、根据图灵机理论,说明现代计算机系统的理论基础。
1936年，图灵向伦敦权威的数学杂志投了⼀篇论⽂，题为《论数字计算在决断难题中的应⽤》。
在这篇开创性的论⽂中，图灵给“可计算性”下了⼀个严格的数学定义，并提出著名的“图灵机”(Turing Machine)的设想。
“图灵机”不是⼀种具体的机器，⽽是⼀种思想模型，可制造⼀种⼗分简单但运算能⼒极强的计算机装置，⽤来计算所有能想像得到的可计算函数。
这个装置由下⾯⼏个部分组成：⼀个⽆限长的纸带，⼀个读写头。
（中间那个⼤盒⼦），内部状态（盒⼦上的⽅块，⽐如A,B,E,H），另外，还有⼀个程序对这个盒⼦进⾏控制。
计算机专业硕士研究生入学试题(组成原理)中国科学院计算技术研究所1998.1999.2000.2001
中国科学院计算技术研究所一九九八年招收硕士学位研究生入学考试试题试题名称：计算机原理及系统结构一、填空（每空1分，共30分）1、三种基本的逻辑运算是与、或和非运算，但从逻辑运算功能完备性看，仅需要单一的一种逻辑门电路就可以实现了，这种门电路是与非或或非。
2、动态MOS存储器的刷新方式通常可分为集中式和分布式两类。
3、主频为 16MHz的微处理器，平均每条指令的执行时间为两个机器周期，每个机器周期由两个时钟脉冲组成，则存储器为“零等待”时，机器运行速度为4 MIPS；若两个机器周期有一个访问存储器周期，需要插入两个时钟的等待时间，则机器运行速度为 2.67 MIPS。
4、Intel 80386处理器中主要功能部件包括、、等；该处理器的指令预取队列长度为字节。
5、计算机在存取和传送数据的过程中，常用的数据校验方法有奇偶校验、海明码校验和CRC码校验等。
6、有一字长为24位的浮点数，阶码6位用移码表示，尾数18位用补码表示，基数为2，则非规格化数所能表示的数的范围为- 263 ~ (1-2 -7)*2 63，规格化正数所能表示的数的范围为- 263 ~ (1-2 -7 )*2 63。
7、设基址寄存器的内容为2000H，变址寄存器的内容为03A0H，指令的地址码部分为3FH，当前正在执行的指令所在地址为2B00H，则在考虑基址的前提下，变址寻址方式下访存的有效地址为23DFH，相对寻址方式访存的有效地址为2B3FH。
8、从数据流和指令流的角度来分类，计算机可分为单指令流单数据流方式SISD、单指令流多数据流方式SIMD、多指令流单数据流方式MISD和多指令流单数据流方式MIMD四种类型。
9、在多级存储体系中，虚拟存储器的主要功能是解决容量与成本之间的矛盾（使计算机具有辅存的容量，接近于主存的速度和辅存的成本），Cache 的主要功能是解决速度与成本之间的矛盾（匹配主存与CPU之间的速度）。
10、输入输出系统的数据传送控制方式包括程序直接控制方式、程序中断控制方式、DMA控制方式和I/O通道控制方式等。
2005-03中科院博士入学考试英语真题
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2005年3月-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------考生须知:一、本试卷由试卷一 (PAPER ONE) 和试卷二 (PAPER TWO) 两部分组成。
试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用普通答题纸。
二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，划线不得过细或过短。
修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。
若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。
请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。
五、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。
时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：I听力20分钟20分I I词汇15分钟10分I I I完型填空15分钟15分I V阅读60分钟30分小计110分钟75分试卷二：V英译汉30分钟10分V I写作40分钟15分小计70分钟25分CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FOR DOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2005PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Section A (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Thequestion will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choicesgiven by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He needs more fresh air.B. He is willing to go out.C. He is too sick to go out.D. He opened the window.2. A. Their friends.B. Daily activities.C. Past experiences.D. Historical events.3. A. To buy a ticket.B. To pay a fee.C. To pay back a debt.D. To buy a gift.4. A. Give information.B. State preferences.C. Ask permission.D. Attract attention.5. A. In a gymnasium.B. In an art exhibition.C. In a shop.D. In a hotel.6. A. 19 dollars each.B. 38 dollars each.C. 30 dollars altogether.D. 36 dollars altogether.17. A. Jack is a gentleman.B. Jack does everything right.C. Jack is a desirable husband.D. Jack behaves immaturely sometimes.8. A. It was remarkable to both the man and the woman.B. It was not suitable for the woman.C. The man hated this kind of movie.D. The woman complained about its quality.9. A. See how much the jacket is.B. See if the jacket there is blue.C. See if there is a cell phone in the jacket.D. See if there was anything turned in this morning.10.A. The man has caught a cold.B. The woman was caught in a rainstorm.C. The weather forecast was inaccurate.D. It rained very heavily.Section B (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear three short talks. At the end of each talk, there will be a few questions. Both the talk and the questions will be read to you only once.After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose thebest answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with asingle bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Questions 11-13 are based on Talk 1.11. A. Language comes from physical labor.B. Language learning is a long-term endeavor.C. Language reflects history.D. Language study is very important.12. A. Constructing a wheel.B. Making a choice.C. Coming back.D. Turning around.13. A. The overthrow of a class.B. The overthrow of a tyrant.2C. The overthrow of a belief.D. The overthrow of an act.Questions 14-17 are based on Talk 2.14. A. It‟s a wonderful idea.B. It‟s not a smart thing to do.C. It‟s too difficult to put into practice.D. It‟s interesting to the decision maker.15. A. Telling people about your degrees.B.Promising that you will make good achievements.C. Introducing your job responsibilities.D. Talking about the needs of the potential employer.16. A. The results which your potential boss wants to gain with your assistance.B. The results of making more money on an international market.C. The results that the employer has seen in the past.D. The results that your potential boss does not want to see.17. A. Proving that you are capable of doing the job.B. Seeking the position that is not too high or too low for you.C. Insisting that experience is more important than knowledge.D. Claiming that you are better than any other applicant.Questions 18-20 are based on Talk 3.18. A. They exercise dogs twice a day.B. They learn how to be responsible for dogs.C. They encourage dogs to go for long walks.D. They like dogs too much to care about other things.19. A. Working for the police.B. Relaxing with other dogs.C. Protecting businesses.D. Guiding the blind.20. A. Dogs ride in public transport.B. Dogs bite their owners when in a rage.C. Vehicles run over stray dogs.D. People always keep dogs on leads.3PART II VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. Giorgio, now fifteen, and Lucia, also in her teens, were reaching the _______ of theiradolescence.A. crisisB. criterionC. causalityD. credibility22. At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror _______ curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. did away withD. gave way to23. The International Olympic Committee rejects the accusations that Beijing‟s budget-cuttingmove might _______ its preparation for the games.A. degradeB. deliberateC. deployD. defend24. You are not allowed to take a second job _______ your employer gives you permission.A. so long asB. otherwiseC. unlessD. whereas25. They continued to _______ about and enjoy themselves until they became tired.A. strokeB. strollC. stammerD. string26. The survey asked 750 school children about the values and beliefs they _______ fromtelevision.A. pick upB. take upC. put upD. make up27. I am grateful for your _______ invitation, and I‟d like to accep t your offer with pleasure.A. delightedB. innocentC. graciousD. prestigious28. I must _______ you farewell right now, but on some future occasion, I hope to see youagain.A. relayB. bidC. sendD. deliver29. Perhaps my dishes will not be as delicious as those which you are accustomed to eating,but I beg you to grant my _______ and have dinner with me.A. resentmentB. requirementC. requestD. reservation30. That singular achievement was not just about Korea‟s arrival as a football force but as aself-confident mature nation to be ________ seriously.A. copedB. shownC. establishedD. taken431. Europe as a _______ unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help, or each Europeangovernment acted on its own.A. incidentalB. apparentC. cohesiveD. descendent32. On 9 December, James Joyce experienced one of those coincidences which affected him_______ at the time and which later became material for his books.A. inadequatelyB. systematicallyC. profoundlyD. simultaneously33. Embarrassed, I nodded, trying to think of some way to _______ my error.A. make do withB. make up forC. go in forD. go along with34. Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would _______, for he cannot endure to beseparated from me for more than one hour.A. prevailB. presideC. perishD. persecute35. With high hopes, the company sent samples of the substance to scientists, but theycouldn‟t _______ any practical uses for it.A. come up withB. do justice toC. get even withD. look up to36. He signed a new contract with the Dublin firm, Maunsel & Company, on more favorable_______ than those Grant Richards had given him.A. itemsB. termsC. articlesD. specifications37. Most scientists agree this outpouring contributes to global warming, which couldeventually lead to coastal flooding, _______ weather, and widespread crop loss.A. intensiveB. extremeC. unpleasedD. unique38. There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated hisemployees with _______ contempt.A. utterB. soleC. intimateD. corresponding39. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, _______ to discuss the implication ofthat conclusion.A. recededB. impliedC. compliedD. declined40. Childhood can be a time of great insecurity and loneliness, during which the need to beaccepted by peers _______ great significance.A. takes onB. works outC. brings aboutD. gives in5PART III CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose the most suitable of the words or phrases marked A, B, C, and Dfor each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phraseyou have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Can exercise be a bad thing? Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion on the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 41 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 42 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such 43 is very patchy; only a national survey could determine the true 44 of sudden deaths in sports. But the climate of medical opinion is shifting in 45 of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 46 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 47 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work 48 the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people, 49 particular, be screened for signs of heart disease before 50 vigorous exercise?Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 51 undiagnosed coronary heart disease. In North America 52 over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 53 , and ECGs（心电图）are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 54 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 55 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.41.A. Then B. Though C. Since D. Even42.A. why B. how C. if D. what43.A. runners B. exercises C. patients D. cases44.A. initiation B. evidence C. incidence D. indication45.A. favor B. positive C. inclination D. bias46.A. good B. well C. much D. far47.A. weight B. amount C. degree D. quality48.A. however B. because C. but D. so49.A. at B. to C. for D. in50.A. taking up B. trying on C. getting over D. doing with51.A. beyond B. by C. with D. of52.A. anyone B. none C. some D. nobody653.A. of course B. at all C. after all D. by far54.A. readily B. suddenly C. already D. ready55.A. having B. had C. having been D. havePART IV READING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points) Directions:You will read five passages in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followedby four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read the passage carefully, and then selectthe choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark theletter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1I myself first saw Samarkand from a rise across a wilderness of crumbling ruins and great graveyards which lie between it and the airport. Suddenly we caught a glimpse of painted towers and the great blue domes of mosques and tombs shouldering the full weight of the sky among bright green trees and gardens. Beyond the gardens and the glittering domes still were those watchful mountains and their evocative snow. I found myself thinking of the thrill I had on catching my first sight of Damascus after crossing the desert from Syria. The light, the orchards and many of the trees were the same but deeper still was the sense of coming into contact with one of the most astonishing cultures in history, the world of the one and only Allah and his prophet Muhammad. It was a world that completely overawed me.Yet the memory of Samarkand which stays with me most clearly is quite a humble one. Coming back to the city from the country on my last evening we passed some unusual elm trees and I stopped to have a look at them. They were, my guide told me, perhaps a thousand years old, older certainly than Genghis Khan. A flock of fat-tailed sheep (the same kind of sheep that my own ancestors saw a Hottentot keeping when they landed at the Cape of Good Hope 321 years ago), tended by some Tadshik children, moved slowly home in the distance. Then from the city came quite clearly the call to prayer from mosque and minaret. I had not expected any calls at all and it made no difference that some of the calls came over loud-speakers. Then beyond the trees an old man appeared on a donkey, dismounted, spread a prayer mat on the ground, and kneeling towards Mecca, he began to pray.From Samarkand I journeyed on to Bokhara which was once the holiest city in Central Asia. At one time it possessed over a hundred religious colleges and close to four hundred mosques. It drew adventurers of all races towards it as it did Marco Polo. Not many of them reached their destination. These days at what used to be one of the richest market places in the world, one buys ice-cream instead of slaves; watches and mass-produced trinkets and fizzy drinks instead of gold, silks and turquoise jewellery. Few of the four hundred mosques remain and most have vanished without even leaving a trace.756. Samarkand lies ________.A.in a desertB.high in the mountainsC.in front of DamascusD.between the mountains and the airport57. The author said that he was overawed by ________.A.the beauty of the sceneB.the sight of DamascusC.the age of the placeD.the world of Allah and Muhammad58. The author refers to his clearest memory of Samarkand as “humble” because ________.A.it was an ordinary scene that he rememberedB.it was his last night in the city and his last memoryC.the elm trees were older than Genghis KhanD.the trees looked impressive in the evening light59. The author says that the sheep he saw were similar to ________.A.the ones his ancestors had keptB.the ones that lived in his own countryC.those his ancestors had seen at the Cape of Good HopeD.those his ancestors had taken to the Cape of Good Hope60. The author was surprised to hear the calls to prayer because ________.A.he was far away from the city, yet he could hear them clearlyB.he did not think there would be any callsC.the calls came from the mosquesD.the calls were no different over loud-speakers61. The market has changed in character because now ________.A.it does sell jewelleryB.the holy men do not sell thereC.it sells goods for tourists and items of little valueD.the traders have disappeared because it is too dangerous to sell therePassage 2The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops8independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept “sense of trust” is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child‟s satisfying experiences at this early age.Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy.Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that “Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc.” Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion.Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected. It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that children first perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react so badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered.In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment‟s notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age.We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers‟ encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children‟s needs and by their overall attitude.62. The sense of trust in an infant is under development when ________.A.the infant experiences some satisfactionB.adults‟ trust is adequateC.the infant learns how to moveD.the infant is surrounded by people he can recognize963. The author raises evidence of mental illness and other disorders in children ________.A.to introduce a discussion of the effect of institutions on childrenB.to show the effect on children of an unhappy relation with their mothers duringinfancyC.to warn parents of the dangers of neglecting and abusing their childrenD.to support the point that trust is an early formed and important element of a healthypersonality64. Babies might mistrust the world if ________.A.they did not receive food when they were hungryB.they mastered their body movements too quicklyC.someone came too close to themD.they saw an object disappear65. The climax in the development of a sense of trust occurs ________.A.before maternal affection is providedB.when a child perceives that he or she is separate from the environmentC.when a child successfully controls his or her muscular coordinationD.as a result of maternal separation66. A possible reason that a child having an unhappy relation with his/her mother will not beaffected by maternal separation at 6 to 9 months is that ________.A.the struggle between trusting and mistrusting has reached a climaxB.the child sees himself/herself as being separate from the environmentC.the child‟s sense of trust is destroyedD.no sense of trust has ever developed67. According to this passage, the most important factor in developing a sense of trust is________.A.the type of techniques used by the motherB.the sensitivity of the childC.maternal loveD.the combined effect of natural feeling and cultural attitudes68. How can mothers create a sense of trust in a child?A.By showing confidence and experience in front of the child.B.By applying techniques taught by psychologists.C.By showing the child that the mother is understanding of his/her wants.D.By offering smiles and comforts.10Passage 3I saw a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer. A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant. She appeared very determined. Where others are satisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself.As a casual student of microbiology, I find it hard to escape the absurdity here. This woman is, like any human being, home to hundreds of trillions of bacteria. Bacteria make up a solid third, by weight, of the contents of her intestines. If you were to sneak into her bathroom while she was showering - and based on my general impression of this woman from the advertisement, I don't recommend this - and secret away a teaspoon of the water at her feet, you would find some 820 billion bacteria. Bacteria are unavoidably, inevitably - and, usually, utterly benignly - a part of our world.The fantasy of a germ-free home is not only absurd, but it is also largely pointless. Unless you share your home with someone very old, very young (under 6 months) or very ill, the few hundred bacteria on a countertop, doorknob or spoon pose no threat. The bacteria that cause food poisoning, the only significant rational bacterial worry in the average home, need to multiply into the thousands or millions before they can overwhelm your immune system and cause symptoms.The only way common food poisoning bacteria can manage this is to spend four or five hours reproducing at room temperature in something moist that you then eat. If you are worried about food poisoning, the best defense is the refrigerator. If you don't make a habit of eating perishable food that has been left out too long, don't worry about bacteria.Viruses are slightly different. You need only pick up a few virus particles to infect yourself with a cold or flu, and virus particles can survive on surfaces for days. So disinfecting the surfaces in the home should, in theory, reduce the chances of picking up a bug.In practice, the issue is less clear. A study by Dr. Elaine Larson at the Columbia School of Nursing called into question the usefulness of antibacterial products for the home. In New York, 224 households, each with at least one preschooler, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group used antibacterial cleaning, laundry and hand-washing products. The other used ordinary products. For 48 weeks, the groups were monitored for seven symptoms of colds, flu and food poisoning - and found to be essentially the same. According to Dr. Gerba's research, an active adult touches an average of 300 surfaces every 30 minutes. You cannot win at this. You will become obsessive-compulsive. Just wash your hands with soap and water a few times a day, and leave it at that.69. What is the main idea of this passage?A.We don‟t need to worry too much about bacteria everywhere in our life.B.Antibacterial products for the home are found to be effective.11C.The TV advertisement the writer mentioned is a total failure.D.The existent bacteria pose a threat only to the very young and very old.70. We can infer from Paragraph 3 that _______.A.healthy people should live separately from unhealthy members of the familyB. a germ-free home is not only possible, but significantC.unless you live with the vulnerable, it is pointless to sterilize the airD.our immune systems are too weak to fight against the food poisoning bacteria71. In the first sentence of Paragraph 4, “…manage this” means “to manage the process of_______.”A.killing the bacteria in your bodyB.multiplying to a significantly large numberC.raising the room temperatureD.sterilizing the perishable food72. According to the author, if you want to keep healthy, you had better _______.A.make the room dryB.keep the food in the refrigeratorC.wash your hands as much as possibleD.clean the surfaces with anti-bacterial products73. From Paragraph 5 the author emphasizes _______.A.the danger of virusesB.the common existence of virus particlesC.the short life span of virusesD.the difficulty in killing viruses74. The word “bug” used in Paragraph 5 means _______.A. a bacteriumB. a coldC. a fluD. a virus75. According to the author, one will become obsessive-compulsiveA.if he washes his hands every time he touches a surface.B.if he only washes his hands with soap and water.C.if he could not win over the bacteria in his home.D.if he does not fight against the bacteria at home.12Passage 4Until recently the halls of North High in Minneapolis were lined with vending machines where students could buy soda pop and other sugary drinks, as they can in most other high schools in the nation. But with rates of childhood obesity sky-rocketing, the Minneapolis school district worried about pushing pop. The district needed a way to keep its lucrative vending contract with Coca-Cola while steering kids toward more healthful beverages. Bryan Bass, North‟s assistant principal, took the challenge. He stocked 12 of North‟s 16 vending machines only with water, priced at 75 cents a bottle. Three machines dispensed juice and sports drinks for $1. Only one sold soft drinks, at $1.25 per can. "We located the water machines strategically outside our buildings, so when you come out of a classroom what you see is a water machine," says Bass. "We also decided to allow water in classrooms but not juice or pop." The result? Profits from the vending machines nearly tripled, from $4,500 to $11,000 in two years. They're now in their third year, and says Bass: “Water has become …cool.‟”North‟s success demonstrates what many obesity experts and pa rents believe: Kids will learn to make healthful food and drink choices if they have access to them and are motivated to do so. “Price is a powerful motivator,” says Simone French of the University of Minnesota, an expert on school-based obesity prevention. She‟s impressed with North‟s efforts, but she says the problem is implementing these strategies throughout society. “Obesity is the biggest health issue facing kids, and we've got to do more.”How to do more was outlined last week in the Institute of Me dicine‟s 460-page action plan, mandated by Congress, on “Preventing Childhood Obesity.” Chaired by Emory University‟s Jeffrey Koplan, the plan is the first comprehensive look at childhood obesity and what government, industry, schools, communities, families, and medical professionals can do to reduce its impact. “I think this is similar in importance to the first Surgeon General‟s Report on Smoking and Health in 1964,” Koplan says. That landmark document led to the health warning on cigarette packages and a ban on cigarette advertising on TV.76. In most American high schools, selling soft drinks is ________.A.encouragedB.allowedC.unlawfulD.unprofitable77. Water has become “cool” in the Minneapolis school district partly because ________.A.water is provided freeB.most kids can afford nothing but waterC.water machines are put in noticeable positionsD.children have realized the harm of sugary drinks13。
华中科技大学计算机系统结构2005博士入学考试题和答案
一、判断题(只能选择一个最佳的答案, 每题3分，共18分)1. 用嵌入式处理器设计移动电脑，设计者最关心的指标应该是：(a)性能; (b) 性能/价格比; (c)功耗; (d) 性能/功耗比2. .比较两台计算机在事务处理方面的性能高低，用什么指标衡量最合理。
(a)MIPS (b) MFLOPS (c) SPEC CINT2000; (d) TPC-C;3．为了使高速缓存(cache)的缺失率（miss rate）减小，下列四种方法中最有效的一种是：（a）多级cache; (b) 伪相联cache; (c)小和简单的cache; (d)非分块Cache4. 某种计算机用数据流水线的方法完成(a1, a2, …an)+(b1,b2,…bn)运算. 这种计算机器属于下面那种类型?（a）SMP ; (b) Vector machine; (c) Cluster ; (d) SIMD5. 在1 Gbits/s的网络上传送300KB 的信息，总的花费的时间为4000μs , 接受端开销（receiver overhead）和发送端开销（sender overhead）均为50μs , 问飞行时间( time of flight)是多少?(a)500μs (b) 1000μs (c) 1500μs (d) 3600μs6.往一台由8个磁盘构成的磁盘阵列中写一个很小的数据块，需要对其中的两个盘各读写一次，这时磁盘阵列所属的RAID级别是：(a) RAID0；(b) RAID1; (c)RAID3; (d) RAID5.答案：1，d; 2, d; 3. b; 4, b; 5, c; 6,d其中：答案5的细节：总时间=sender overhead+time of flight+Message size/Bandwidth +receiver overhead4000=50+time of flight+300k*8/1000M bits/sec+50;4000=50+time of flight+2400k/1000M bits/sec+50;4000=50us+time of flight+2400us+50us;time of flight=4000-2400-100=1500us二、论述题：（6分）“加快经常性事件make the common case fast”原则在RISC指令系统设计中是如何体现的？该原则在CISC指令系统设计中是否适用，请解释。
2005年(秋)笔试试卷参考答案及解析
一、选择题 I．计算机基础知识 （1）A） 【解析】龙芯二号采用 0.18 微米的工艺，实现主频 500MHz、SPECCPU2000 测试分值 超过 300 的 64 位通用处理器芯片，是 2002 年 9 月 28 日发布的“龙芯一号”实测性能的 10 到 15 倍。性 能相当于英特尔 P3,全面超过威盛。龙芯二号的样机能够运行完整的 64 位中文 Linux 操作系统，全功能的 Mozilla 浏览器、多媒体播放器和 OpenOffice 办公套件，具备了桌面 PC 的基本功能。龙芯二号是我国自主 研制的可用于桌面和笔记本电脑的通用处理器。 （2）D） 【解析】PentiumⅡ中已经集成了动态执行技术与 MMX 技术，因此选项 A）不正确； Pentium Pro 采用了二级高速缓存，因此选项 B）不正确；Intel Pentium III 处理器推出了处理器序列号，某 些应用程序可使用此特性，因此选项 C）不正确。 （3）C） 【解析】选项 C）中 10.6Q=1*81+0*80+6*8-1=8.75,所以只有选项 C）不相等。 （4）D） 【解析】原码表示中，8 位二进制数，除掉符号位和零外，一共可以表示 127 个数，原 码的负数只需要在符号位变为 1 即可，所以原码除零外，一共可以表示 127 个负数；补码中由于+0 和-0 只用一种表示方式，所以多出了一个可以表示的最负数-2n-1 或者-1.因此可以表示 128 个负数，选项 D）正 确。 （5）A） 【解析】根据题意，本题阶码为 0，尾数为-0.1000001，故该数为-28（2-1+2-7）。 （6）C） 【解析】若用一个字节的高 4 位和低 4 位分别表示两个 BCD 码，称为压缩 BCD 码；若 用一个字节的低 4 位表示 BCD 数，高 4 位为 0 称为非压缩 BCD 码；题干中高四位不全为 0，因此不是非 压缩 BCD 码，选项 C）不正确。 （7）B） 【解析】根据运算符优先顺序，先计算括号里面的，OR 与 XOR 的优先值一样，计算结 果为 5。 （8）C） 【解析】首先看虚拟存储技术出现的原因，由于多任务多道程序运行要求每个程序各自 分开、各自在自己的空间中运行，即使某个程序出现问题也不致影响和损坏其他程序，这样就需要引入一 种保护机制，以实现程序与程序、用户与用户、用户与操作系统直接的隔离和保护，从而导致了虚拟存储 技术的出现。这也反过来说明虚拟存储技术是用于多任务处理的技术。RISC（Reduced Instruction Set Computer，精简指令集计算机）是一种执行较少类型计算机指令的微处理器，起源于 80 年代的 MIPS 主机 （即 RISC 机），它能够以更快的速度执行操作（每秒执行更多百万条指令，即 MIPS）。cache 高速缓冲存 储器一种特殊的存储器子系统，其中复制了频繁使用的数据以利于快速访问。高速缓冲存储器存储了频繁 访问的 RAM 位置的内容及这些数据项的存储地址。 （9）C） 【解析】本题实际是找出位宽的依据，位宽是指微处理器一次执行指令的数据带宽。主 要依据的是内部寄存器位数。 （10）C） 【解析】操作系统是计算机系统最基本、最主要的一个系统软件，主要用于管理系统的 软硬件资源，提高资源的利用率；作为用户与计算机硬件之间的接口；扩充机器的功能，为用户提供虚拟 机。所以选项 C）不正确。 Ⅱ．软件基础和应用 （11）C） 【解析】Linux 是一个多用户多任务的操作系统。多用户是指多个用户可以在同一时间 使用计算机系统；多任务是指 Linux 可以同时执行几个任务，它可以在还未执行完一个任务时又执行另一 项任务。 （12）C） 【解析】有 n 个元素的顺序结构线性表，在第 i 个元素之前插入新元素需将 n-i+1 个元 素后移，删除第 i 个元素需将 n-i 个元素前移，因此在线性表中插入或删除一个数据元素平均移动表中数据 的一半元素，时间复杂度为 O（n），因此选项 A）、B）、D）都不正确，只有选项 C）在第 n 个元素之后插 入一个元素时间复杂度为 O（1）。 （13）B） 【解析】每字 2 字节则 273 万字占，2730000*2= 5460000，需要 1.44MB 软盘， 5460000/1.44*106≈3.7，因此需要 4 张。
中科院历年考博试题免费下载
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中科院博士入学英语辅导班资料.rar.rar中科院博士入学英语辅导班资料.rarnew.rar中科院博士英语往年作文题目及部分范文欣赏.rar中科院博士英语试题解析99-04.rar05年中科院山地所博士入学自然地理试题.rar07年3月中科院考博英语及答案.rar.rar07年中科院生态环境研究中心土壤学试题（回忆版试题）.rar07年中科院过程工程研究所考博专业课.rar.rar08中科院全国_生物化学_统考试卷.rar09中科院广州地化研所分析化学.rar.rar1999-2002中科院植物所考博题（植物学和生态学）.rar.rar2000年中科院植物研究所植物生理试题.rar2001~2005中科院动物生态学考博试题.rar.rar2001年中科院植物研究所植物生理试题.rar2002年中科院考博英语试题.rar.rar2002年中科院考博英语试题.txt.rar2006中科院有机化学(秋).rar2006年中科院生态中心生态学专业试题.rar.rar2007中科院量子力学及答案.rar2007年3月中科院博士英语试题第一部分0.rar2007年3月中科院博士英语试题第二部分.rar2007年中科院无机化学考研真题.rar.rar2008年中国科学院水生生物研究所植物生理学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院水生生物研究所环境生物学考博试题.rar【人文地理】中科院2007年博士入学考试人文地理（区域发展、经济地理）专业考试题.rar.rar【岩溶环境学】中科院2008年考博试题.rar.rar【植物生理学】中科院植物所植物生理学考博真题（2000-2001）.rar【生物化学】中科院植物所攻读博士学位研究生入学试题（1997-2001）.rar【神经生理学】中科院神经科学研究所2001年神经生理学考博试题.rar【细胞生物学】中科院2012年考博试题.rar【计算机科学与基础】中科院计算技术研究所2011年考博试题.rar【遗传学】中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2003年考博试题.rar（内部资料）中科院考博英语命题特点.rar.rar。
中科院计算机所试题
中科院计算机所试题中科院计算所2003年考研试题第一部分编译（40’）一、（1/01）*0*说明是什么语言画出DFA（10?）二、S→过程调用语句/数组的赋值语句（10?）过程调用语句为：id(id,id,…,id)赋值语句: id(id,…,id):=id(id,…,id)(a)写一个LR（1）方法（产生式不大于6个）(b)若在LR分析同时完成语义分析，中间代码生成，基于你的文法有什么困难？三、E→E*E/+E/-E/unsigned-integer为上面表达式产生栈机器代码，代码执行后，表达式值留在栈上，自己设计所需栈机器指令，并写清指令含义。
(10?)四、C语言中，a表示数组首址，而A * func ( ){return(a);}在linux上用gcc编译报告:第6行warning: return from incompatible pointer type(2) typedef int A[10][20]A a;A *func( ){return(}无类型方面错误(3) typedef int A[10][20]typedef int B[20]A a;B *func( ){return(a);}无类型方面错误(4) typedef int A[10][20]A a;func( ){Printf(“%d,%d,%d/n,a,a+1,}main( ){func( );}结果：134518112，134518192，134518912第二部分操作系统（40’）五. 1、操作系统内核有强内核和微内核，unix是前者，windowsNT是后者，简介微内核比强内核的优点。
（4?）（强内核：弱内核：各自优缺点：）2、若只有进程控制，其独立性表现在？引入线程后，独立性有何改变?（4?）3、请求调页存储系统确定页面大小的标准（4?）六、1.死锁的证明，在m个同类资源，n个进程共享它，每次进程只能获得或释放至多一个资源，问会不会发生死锁，若：(1)、设每个进程所需资源数为ri 1rlink=restore (5)+k,rpos+1,n-1-k);Return ptr;}postorder(TNODE*ptr){if(ptr=NULL) return;postorder(ptr->llink);postorder(ptr->rlink);printf(“%c”,ptr->info);}四．（10分）已知有如下定义的静态链表：TYPE component=RecordData:elemtp;Next:0..maxsizeEndV AR STALIST:array[0..maxsize] of component;以及三个指针:aV指向头结点，p指向当前结点，pre指向的前驱结点，现要求静态链表中next域中的内容，使得该静态链表有双向链表功能，从当前结点P既能往后查找，也能往前查找(1)定义next中的内容。
中科院计算所计算机软件基础 - 试题
2010一、简述进程和线程的区别和联系，用户级线程包和核心级线程包的区别、各自的优缺点。
二、简述x86平台下linux中断处理机制，中断对性能的影响及有什么优化方法。
三、以下三题任选两个：（1）简述无名管道和管道，及二者的区别；（2）简述软链接（符号链接）和硬链接，及两者的区别；（3）简述多级反馈队列调度算法的原理和特点。
四、选择题：以下哪个算法时间复杂度为O(lgn)，或给定某个典型算法，说出其时间复杂度。
五、算法复杂度分析：给出一个简单的归并排序递推关系式，要求给出该算法的时间复杂度。
六、选择题：以下哪个问题不是NP时间复杂度的（）（A）货单郎问题（B）0-1背包问题（C）哈密顿回路（D）数的遍历七、给出一棵树：（1）这棵树是不是二分检索树？为什么？（2）写出对这棵树的先根周游、中根周游和后根周游结果；（3）证明一颗二分检索树的中根周游结果是这棵树所有节点的非递减排序。
八、简述Floyd算法的基本思想；写出其伪代码。
九、简单题：上下文无关文法是乔姆斯基分类的哪一种？十、当前CPU已进入多核时代，你觉得编译技术中应该做些什么充分利用多核CPU？十一、去除一个文法的左递归：（1）判断是否为LL（1）的；（2）判断是否为LR（0）的；（3）判断是否为LR（1）的。
十二、写出文法的翻译程序，打印出括号的嵌套深度。
2009操作系统：40 编译原理：30 算法基础：30一、操作系统主要完成哪几方面工作，请列举并简述，其中每一方面的工作需要列举出一个相关的Linux系统调用或系统命令。
（20分）二、请写出Linux进程状态的五个宏定义，并解释其含义；请画出Linux的任务状态转换图，并结合“一个进程的read操作”来简要解释该任务状态转换图。
（20分）三、用Prime算法和Kruskal算法求如下连通图的最小生成树：1、分别写出Prime算法和Kruskal算法的基本思想；（8分）2、在下面的图中分别标出用上述算法产生最小生成树的过程；（10分）3、证明：用Kruskal算法得到的生成树是最小成本生成树。
中科院计算所历年考研真题编译原理操作系统数据结构软件基础含答案
中科院计算所2003年考研试题第一部分编译（40’）一、（1/01）*0*说明是什么语言画出DFA（10’）二、S→过程调用语句/数组的赋值语句（10’）过程调用语句为：id(id,id,…,id)赋值语句: id(id,…,id):=id(id,…,id)(a)写一个LR（1）方法（产生式不大于6个）(b)若在LR分析同时完成语义分析，中间代码生成，基于你的文法有什么困难？三、E→E*E/+E/-E/unsigned-integer为上面表达式产生栈机器代码，代码执行后，表达式值留在栈上，自己设计所需栈机器指令，并写清指令含义。
(10’)四、C语言中，a表示数组首址，而&a也表示数组首址，然而使用时有时并不相同，请根据下面写出a与&a 类型表达式（10’）(1) tgpedef int A[10][20]A a;A * func ( ){return(a);}在linux上用gcc编译报告:第6行warning: return from incompatible pointer type(2) typedef int A[10][20]A a;A *func( ){return(&a);}无类型方面错误(3) typedef int A[10][20]typedef int B[20]A a;B *func( ){return(a);}无类型方面错误(4) typedef int A[10][20]A a;func( ){Printf(“%d,%d,%d/n,a,a+1,&a+1);}main( ){func( );}结果：134518112，134518192，134518912中科院计算机技术研究所1999年硕士生入学试题中科院计算所1999年编译原理与操作系统一.(15分)有表达式如下:A+B*(C-D)**N (**为幂乘)(1)给出该表达式的逆波兰式表示(后缀式);(2)给出上述表达式的四元式和三元式序列.三.(5分)构造一个DFA(确定的有限自动机),使之接受含偶数个"1"的0,1串集.四.(5分)有文法G,其产生式如下:S->S(S),S->ε /*空产生式*/试写出一个语法制导定义,它输出配对的括号个数.五.(10分)已知某语言L={a^(m)b^(n)|n>m>=0}.试写出产生该语言的两个文法G1和G2,其中G1是LR(1)文法,G2是非LR(1)和非二义性文法.六.填空(每空一分,共20分)中科院计算所1999年编译原理与操作系统参考答案一.(1)后缀式:ABCD-*+ECD-N**/+(2)四元式三元式(1)(-,C,D,t1)(1)(-,C,D)(2)(*,B,t1,t2)(2)(*,B,(1))(3)(+,A,t2,t3)(3)(+,A,(2))(4)(-,C,D) (4)(-,C,D,t4)(5)(**,(4),N) (5)(**,t4,N,t5)(6)(/,E,t5,t6) (6)(/,E,(5))(7)(+,t3,t6,t7) (7)(+,(3),(6))四.(5分)为符号S引入综合属性h,语法制导定义如下:产生式语义规则S->S1(S2)S.h:=S1.h+S2.h+1S->εS.h:=0S'->Sprint(S.h)/*输出其配对括号数*/五.(10分)G1:LR(1)文法G2:非LR(1),非二义性文法S->A,BS->aSb|BA->aAb|εB->Bb|bB->Bb|b六.填空1.并发,共享2.初始化标识符信息,初始化处理机状态信息,初始化处理机控制信息;3.为了减少程序并发执行时所需付出的时空开销,提高程序执行的并发度;4.forkpipemknod5.正在执行的进程时间片完;正在执行的进程执行了sleep系统调用;正在执行的进程执行了exit系统调用;正在执行的进程在用户态运行时有优先级更高的进程进入就绪队列6.中低地址,高地址7.设备控制表,控制器控制表,通道控制表,系统设备表8.只让文件主拥有指向该文件索引结点的指针,而共享该文件的其他用户只有该文件的路径明而不是指向索引结点的指针.中科院98考研题中科院计算所1998年编译原理和操作系统一.(10分)某操作系统下合法的文件名为device:name.extension ，其中第一部分(device:)和第三部分(.extension)可缺省,若device,name和extension都是字母串,长度不限,但至少为1,画出实现这种文件名的确定有限自动机.二.(10分)下面的二义文法描述命题演算公式,为他写一个等价的非二义文法.S->S and S|S or S|not S|p|q|(S)三.(10分)把表达式- (a+b)*(c+d)+(a+b+c) 翻译成四元式.四.(10分)由于文法二义引起的LR(1)分析动作冲突,可以根据消除二义的规则而得到LR(1)分析表,根据此表可以正确识别输入串是否为响应语言的句子.对于非二义非LR(1)文法引起的LR(1)分析动作的冲突,是否也可以根据什么规则来消除LR(1)分析动作的冲突而得到LR(1)分析表,并且根据此表识别相应语言的句子?若可以,你是否可以给出这样的规则?五.(10分)下面程序的结果是120.但是如果把第5行的abs(1)改成1的话,则程序结果为1.试分析为什么会有这不同的结果.int fact(){static int i=5;if(i=0) {return(1); }else { i=i-1; return(( i+abs(1))*fact()); }}main(){printf("factor or 5=%d\n",fact());}中国科学院计算所1997年编译原理试题（共25分）1．(10分) 为正规式（a|b）*a(a|b)构造一个确定的有限自动机。
中科院软件所2000之后博士考试题
/openpic.php?user=jw-ok&pid=734296958&_dir=%2F28530707下载图片吧，以前还考离散，现在不考了，我就没上传。
中科院编译原理2003年试题公布感谢中科大陈意云老师在网上公布此份试题及部分解答。
1．（10分）叙述下面的正规式描述的语言，并画出接受该语言的最简DFA的状态转换图。
( 1 | 01 )* 0*2．（10分）某语言有两种语句：S  过程调用语句 | 下标变量赋值语句过程调用语句的形式是：id(id, id, …, id)，即过程名加置于圆括号中的变量表。
下标变量赋值语句的形式是：id(id, id, …, id) := id(id, id, …, id)，赋值号两边都是数组名加置于圆括号中的变量表。
(a) 请你完成过程调用语句和下标变量赋值语句的文法设计，得到一个以语句S为开始符号的LR(1)文法。
不得超过6个产生式，不需要给出你的文法是LR(1)文法的证明。
(b) 如果想在LR分析的同时完成语义分析和中间代码生成，基于你的文法有什么困难？3．（10分）(a) 为下面的算术表达式文法写一个语法制导的翻译方案，它将每个子表达式E的符号（即值大于零还是小于零）记录在属性E.sign中（属性值分别用POS或NEG表示）。
你可以假定所有的整数都不为零，这样就不用担心零的符号。
E  E *E | +E | E | unsigned_integer(b) 为上面的表达式产生栈机器代码。
代码执行后，表达式的值留在栈上。
你自己设计所需的栈机器指令，并写清楚指令的含义。
4．（10分）在C语言的教材上，称&为地址运算符，&a为变量a的地址。
但是教材上没有说明表达式&a 的类型是什么。
另外，教材上说，数组名代表数组的首地址，但是也没有说明这个值的类型。
中科院计算机技术研究所硕士生入学历年试题集合
软件基础操作系统部分（30分）一、填充（每空一分，共14分）1、采用单级文件目录的主要缺点是存在_______________问题。
2、在单道程序运行环境下，常用的作业调度算法有__________、__________、和__________。
3、特权指令是只能由_________________使用的指令。
4、存储器的保护机制（硬件）有___________保护和_________保护。
5、预防死锁中的预先分配法和标准（有序）分配法，它们分别破坏了产生死锁必要条件中的__________ ___条件和_____________条件。
6、在段式虚拟存储管理中，段表设置“改变位”的目的是为了___________________________________。
7、进程有三种基本状态，即[1]______________状态，[2]___________状态，[3]___________状态。
当进程又[1]演变为[2]或[3]时，就会引起__________。
二、判断。
（每题1分，共5分）1、（）有了动态重定位机构，作业地址空间的代码就可以原封不变的装入到给定的内存中。
2、（）任一时刻，若有执行状态的进程，就一定有就绪状态的进程。
3、（）文件系统中，设置OPEN操作的目的是为了将文件复制到内存中。
4、（）临界段是不可中断的程序。
5、（）作业的提交状态进入后备状态的过程是由作业调度程序完成的。
三、（5分）分页式存储管理与分段式存储管理的主要区别是什么？四、（6分）以下是高级通讯原语SEND和RECEIVE不完整的框图。
请填充以适当的P、V操作，并说明所用信号量的意义和初值。
SEND：RECEIVE：↓↓申请一消息区（3）↓↓消息送消息区（4）↓↓（1）从消息链上摘下一消息↓↓消息区挂入消息链（5）↓↓（2）消息送接收区↓↓V（S2）释放消息区↓↓语言与编译部分（35分）一、（7分）把下面不确定的有限自动机化为确定的有限自动机。
中科院0510博英B
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2005年10月考生须知:一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE) 和试卷二(PAPER TWO) 两部分组成。
试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用非机读答题纸。
二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，划线不得过细或过短。
修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。
若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。
请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。
答题纸切忌折叠。
三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。
时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：I词汇15分钟10分I I完型填空15分钟15分I I I阅读80分钟40分小计110分钟65分试卷二：V英译汉30分钟15分V I写作40分钟20分小计70分钟35分-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)1. Many people believe reckless drivers are treated too _______.A. hardlyB. tenderlyC. lenientlyD. friendly2. After more than two hours of heated argument, the judge adjourned the ________ until next Tuesday.A. gatheringB. hearingC. meetingD. suing3.The dog was so _______ that his master hung a weight from his neck.A. suspiciousB. miserableC. mischievousD. spoiled4. She w as repairing Billy’s trousers, where the ________ had come undone.A. edgeB.seamC. lineD. rim5. About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a law of classical chemistry that ________ chemical reaction rate ________ temperature.A. relates…toB. regards…asC. represents…byD. contributes…to6. She had resolved not to make any ________ to their marriage unless he raised the question.A. allusionB. assumptionC. inflammationD. inclusion7. Our flagrant disregard for the law attacks the __________ of this society.A. layerB. essenceC. foundationD. framework8. He who permits himself to tell a lie once, finds it much easier to do it a second anda third time until _________ it becomes habitual.A.at onceB. at lengthC. at endD. at times9. You solemnly advised them so as to return them to your law, but they behaved ___________ and did not obey your commandments.A. presumptuouslyB. presumptivelyC. profoundlyD. presumably10. The government was forced to __________ extra funds for the new airport.A. leave offB. sign awayC. set asideD. hold up11. After the vocal concert, the clean-up crew found the campus ___________ withcandy wrappers, bottles and cans.A. coveredB. scatteredC. dispersedD. littered12. The firemen came to their _____________ soon after they received theemergency call.A.safeguardB. securityC. safetyD. rescue13. The architect must respond to the cultural concerns of society ________ and payattention to the functional and aesthetic aspect of the buildings.A. at largeB. at heartC. at mostD. at best14. The earthquake was followed by two _________ shakings.A. attachedB. consistentC. successiveD. precedent15. The sugar plant was forced to _________ 1,100 black workers because people inthe US and Canada would not buy South African products.A. let downB. lay offC. wipe outD. take on16. If you insist on carrying out this mad experiment, you will have to _____ theconsequences.A. run intoB. choke backC. bear outD. answer for17. The advancement of ironworking in the United States put an end to this menace,much to the _______ of both passengers and railroad employees alike.A. discontentB. dismayC. reliefD. glory18. All of you will be wise to remember that Miss Trunchbull deals very severelywith anyone who gets _________ in this school.A. off the trackB. out of standardC. out of lineD. off focus19. Dismissals are likely to be fair ______that the employer can show a goodbusiness reason for the move and that adequate consultation took place.A. soB. forC. viewingD. provided20. This has been forwarded to us ‘in ______’ by the FBI and you are asked to treatthe information accordingly.A. confidenceB. mysteryC. darkD. expressPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)To its fans, it is addictive. To the media, it is a promising money-maker. Sudoku, an old puzzle long popular in Japan is fast __21__ popularity the world over. In Britain, a sudoku book is a bestseller and national newspapers are competing __22__ to publish the most, and the most fiendish, puzzles. __23__, the puzzle is being published in newspapers from Australia to Croatia to America. Even the New York Times is considering introducing sudoku in its Sunday magazine, __24__ its venerated crossword.The game’s __25__ is that its rules are as simple as its solution is complex. On a board of nine-by-nine __26__ most of them empty, players must fill in each one with a number __27__ each row (left to right), column (top to bottom) and block (in bold lines) __28__ 1 to 9. Advanced __29__ use bigger boards or add letters from the alphabet.Sudoku—the Japane se word combines “number” and “single”—seems perfectly __30__ to modern times, a puzzle for an era when people are more __31 than literate. And like globalism itself, sudoku transcends borders by __32__ no translation.The overall __33__ of puzzles is hard to measure but revenues in America from magazines, syndicated newspaper sales, books, and online and phone services are almost $200m annually. The New York Times earns millions of dollars a year from its crosswords and hundreds of thousands __34__ a special phone service that provides __35__ Over 30,000 people pay $35 a year for the newspaper’s e-mail version.21. A. missing B. starting C.losing D. gaining22. A. casually B. randomly C. pretentiously D. feverishly23. A.Consequently B. Meanwhile C. Eventually D. Nevertheless24. A. except B. alongside C. aside D. besides25. A. drawback B. imagination C.appeal D. contradiction26. A. points B. cubes C. boxes D. squares27. A. so that B. in that C. by that D. for that28. A. completes B.contains C. counts D. concludes29. A. books B. copies C. rules D. versions30. A. suited B. convertible C. switched D. feasible31. A. literary B. numerous C.numerate D. confused32. A. acquiring B. requiring C. requesting D. enquiring33. A. drawback B. business C. design D. difficulty34. A. from B. of C. with D. by35. A. pins B. codes C. hints D. bookingsPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Passage OneIt is hard to imagine a large city without policemen, but such was the situation in London in the early part of the eighteenth century. There was no organized police force to apprehend criminals. There were public watchmen, but they were generally feeble old men, unfit for more strenuous assignment.There were also constables appointed to keep the peace. The position of constable was an honor, given only to trustworthy men. The constable was unpaid, however. It was part of the co nstable’s duty to raise the “hue and cry” after an escaping criminal. On hearing the hue and cry all passersby were supposed to join in the pursuit, but in practice, not many passersby could be persuaded to help. It was too dangerous a task, and the constable was unarmed.Working behind most of the thieves were the receivers of stolen property, who had organized the thieves and rogues into gangs. One gang robbed on the main roads into London, one covered the churches, and one covered entertainments and public functions. One of the most notorious receivers, Jonathan Wild, set up a special brigade that would find employment as servants and then pilfer from the household or open the doors at night for other robbers to enter. He had a staff of mechanics for altering watches and jewelry, warehouses to store the loot, and a sloop to convey certain stolen goods to the Continent, where they could be sold in safety.The authorities might have taken stronger steps against Wild had he not been so useful as a thief taker. He knew every criminal, as he employed most of them himself.Whenever it suited his purpose, he would hand a man over to the authorities for hanging. This also provided Wild with a very effective means of controlling his men. Everyman knew that if he disobeyed the boss he would be betrayed and would quickly find himself on the gallows.It was novelist Henry Fielding, who was also a London magistrate, who finally thought of equipping regular patrols with arms and uniforms and sending them out to police the streets of London. His half brother, Sir John Fielding, organized these first “patrols”. At first these groups were financed by rich citizens, who were willing to pay for their security, but later they were taken over by the government. The Field ing’s “patrols” became a real police force.36.The first constables in London in the early part of the 18th century were____________.A.respected citizensB.paid officialsC.old peopleD.professional policemen37.Most passersby did not join in the hue and cry because they were ___________.A.on the criminal’s sideB.afraid of dangersC.not so quick in reactioned to the situation38.Wild made money by ___________.A.solving cases of theftB.searching for lost propertymanding robbers and thievesD.stealing people’s property himself39.Wild organized a special group to ___________.A.help him take care of houseworkB.dispose watches and jewelryC.dispose unwanted itemsmit burglary40.The authorities let Wild alone because ___________.A.he sometimes turned wanted criminals over to themB.his turn of being dealt with had not yet comeC.no one was brave enough to go after himD.he bribed the officials all the time41.Henry Fielding got the idea for a police force when he __________.A.wrote a detective novelB.served as an officialC.once helped a victimD.received private fundingPassage TwoOnce it was possible to sum up trends in American art with a few proper phrases—“abstract, gestural painting” could have served at one point, or “return to figuration” at another. Today it is muc h more difficult to identify the dominant approach with anywhere near this kind of precision. In part, this is because art has changed, in part because the world has changed. Nevertheless, I believe that there are sets of tendencies that art today is following.But first of all, it might be helpful to look more closely at the idea of “American art.” This apparently simple category is actually much more complex than it appears. The conviction that there is such a thing as “American style” painting or sculpt ure that reflects some typically “American” quality was once an absolute belief of modernist art criticism. Today, however, “American art” is no longer a simple matter of geography, national origin, or point of view. Instead, the globalization of markets, the ease of international communication, and the movement of artists from one country to another have all contributed to an art world without firm concepts of national identity. It is common for artists to list multiple countries as their home.This fluidity is an important element in any discussion of American art today. The evaporation of the borders between nations, at least in the field of art, mirrors the disappearance of all kinds of other boundaries as well. Hardly anyone worries about the unique characteristics of painting and sculpture any more. Just as artists move around the globe, they jump effortlessly across media, producing work that simultaneously incorporates not only traditional materials but also digital technology, photography, performance, music, film, and video.Similarly, “public art” once meant a massive sculpture set on a public square. Now public art is just as likely to appear on the Internet or to involve small groups of community members working together on a project of local interest. Equally changed is the old idea that art should confine itself to its own sphere. Artists today incorporate science, politics, religion, architecture, and ecology into their work and hope to have impact that stretches far beyond the gallery walls.42. By mentioning “return to figuration”, the author shows that _________.A. we were able to identify the tendencies of American art in the pastB. figuration is the solution to the problem with American artC. American art is repeating its historyD. figuration will become the characteristics of American art43. Compared with the past, it is now more difficult to ________.A. produce characteristic art worksB. discover devoted artistsC. present art works to the publicD. characterize American art44. In the past, “American art” ________A. was a variable conceptB. was an explicit conceptC. was not widely acknowledged abroadD. was not properly practiced by artists45. The second paragraph implies that today’s artists often ________.A. take pride in holding exhibitions in AmericaB. stress the commercial value of their art workC. prefer to live in foreign countriesD. have variable national conceptions46. By mentioning painting and sculpture together, the author implies that people believe________.A. they are causing controversyB. they are becoming popularC.there is no need to tell them apartD. it may be necessary to preserve their traditions47. The passage tells us that today’s artists produce works by means of _________.A. becoming good photographersB. changing the definition of fluidityC. creating boundariesD. applying various media48. What can be learned about artists in modern societies?A.They hope to expand the world of art.B. They are eager to promote art in streets.C. They regard technology as their most important tool.D. They believe that art should confine itself to its own sphere.Passage ThreeCharles Paul and his wife, Hazel, stopped using the motor home they bought several years ago; it sits idle behind their house in Richardson, Texas. Travel is just one sacrifice they made to pay for the cost of their prescriptions,more than a dozenmedications for the two of them. They found relief by switching drugstores, to one in nearby McKinney. A prescription fo r Paul’s diabetes had cost $ 89.88 when he got it from a national chain but dropped down to $58 from McKinney’s Smith Drug.Smith, which claims to be the oldest drugstore in Texas, has been getting a lot of attention since a Dallas newspaper touted its astoundingly low prices. The overwhelming response from the public has been “a little scary,” says co-owner Kaylei Mosier. She says the store simply marks each prescription up enough to cover its costs, but for many prescriptions that’s a lot lower than at ot her stores.The Smith Drug story has highlighted a little-known fact: prescription prices vary from city to city and block to block, and a little research can save consumers hundreds or thousands of dollars. Insurance copays can make these differences invi sible, but they’re a huge deal to the 45 million uninsured Americans.Why the price swings? Howard Schiff, executive director of the Maryland Pharmacists Association, explains that pharmacies generally buy their drugs from a wholesaler, who doesn’t sell to every drugstore at the same price. Once the drug is in the pharmacy, each owner chooses how much to mark it up. Because fewer than 10 percent of consumers comparison-shop for prescriptions the way they might for a quart of milk—and drug prices generally are not advertised—pharmacies don’t worry that higher prices will drive people away, says Stanford economist Alan Scorensen.There is a downside to hopping from drugstore to drugstore. If people price-shop, they’re going to lose some protection that comes f rom having one pharmacy track all your medications. Going to many pharmacies keeps one pharmacist from noticing potentially harmful interactions between prescriptions. Comparison-shopping is further complicated because pharmacies that have the best price o n one drug don’t usually have the lowest prices across the board, so finding a good price on one drug ata pharmacy does not guarantee a cheaper total bill.49. Charles and his wife haven’t traveled for long because ________.A.their motor home was not in good conditionB.they wanted to save for medicinesC.they have been too weak to do soD.they didn’t get their doctor’s permission50.We learn that the oldest drugstore in Texas, Smith, _________.A. surprises people when its low prices are reportedB. sells prescriptions at a prices below their costsC. is an unprofitable businessD. had many scared customers after a news report51. Who may care LEAST about the varied prices?A. Those who are uninsuredB. Those who are insuredC. Those who comparison-shop for drugsD. Those doing research in drugstores52.Some drugstores can sell drugs at a higher price than others because __________.A. people may have more choices over the same productB. not many people know the price differencesC. some drugstores spend more on ads than othersD. drugs were bought from different wholesalers53.The word “downside” used in the last paragraph refers to __________.A.the poor service in tracking medicationsB.the trend of reducing drug pricesC.the popularity of comparison-shoppingD.the drawback of switching drugstoresPassage FourJust when I thought I'd escaped my likely fate, I went to prison.I had been visiting a friend in Crystal City, Virginia. I left her hotel around 9:30 in the evening and called a cab back to D.C. As we drove down Jefferson Davis Highway, a cop stopped us. He pulled his gun, told me to get out and put my hands up. Four more cars arrived. The cop who arrested me had overheard the private security guards on their walkie-talkies saying that they were looking for a black guy who had stolen $50 and that they had seen me getting into a cab. I had $223.94, a Rolex and a rack of credit cards. I saw the man I had supposedly robbed for the first time at my trial.I brought my own lawyer to court, but the judge said he had known my court-appointed public defender for ten years, that he was good for the job and that Icould not use my own lawyer. When I protested, the judge said, "We can either do this with you here or with you in the bullpen." Half of my jury was selected while I was in the bullpen. I was sentenced to seven years.It was all unjust. But none of it, not one fact of my case, is unique. It happens to one in three black men, every day.I had found the paths to success in college and then in training with well-known brokerage houses. I had built a profitable financial consulting firm working 70 hours a week, always trying to make more, prove more, be more. I thought that if I could close one more deal, break one more record, trespass one more line, maybe I wouldn't walk around feeling like my colors were spilling out with no border to define them.I can still taste the metallic rage I felt that first day in prison. I was shackled hand and foot, being led by two black captors who were "just doing their jobs." They pushed me into my cell. Snow blew through the broken window and piled up on the thin plastic mattress.Alone, without money, without position, without even a name, only a number, I realized that everything I'd believed in was a lie. If my choices were dictated by someone else's sensibilities about what was valuable, how could I have been free? I had known superficial luxuries, but real freedom is an inside job. I had never known that feeling. And for that I sat on the cold cement floor and cried.54. The author had been trying _________.A. not to be treated like many other blacksB. not to be caught while stealing at the hotelC. to avoid the punishment for his speed drivingD. to keep calm when confronted with the police55. The author got arrested because _________.A. he was suspected of robberyB. he had stolen over 200 dollarsC. he had robbed a taxi driverD. he was guilty of defiance against law56. The author’s defending lawyer in court ________.A. was hired by the defendantB. was paid by the governmentC. shared the jury’s opinionsD. did a good job for the author57. According to the author, on average every day _______A. more than 1/3 of blacks are given a court trialB. over 30% of blacks are wrongedC. over 30% of blacks tried are wrongly convictedD. more than 1/3 of blacks are convicted of serious crimes58. The clause “my colors … to define them” (in boldface in Para 5) implies that the author _________.A. was seen as nothing but a blackB. was treated like a white manC. regretted being born blackD. believed he was the best in blacks59. For the author, the two black captors who pushed him into his cell were ________.A. unfairly treated like himselfB. helping do him injusticeC. among those dishonest blacksD. just earning their living60. In prison the author realized that _________.A. he could never overtake whites in careerB. he had never been able to enjoy true freedomC. he had taken a wrong path to successD. he could enjoy freedom without luxuriesPassage FiveHell is for those who are offered the light but spurn it. The heathens are blameless if they ignore a gospel that they have never heard, but damnation awaits our neighbors who have been shown the way and refuse to take it. Speakers of a foreign language are like the heathens; they are forgivable because their only fault has been the lack of opportunity to learn to talk as we do. We resent the speakers of some unfamiliar dialect of our own language because they have had the opportunity – they prove this by the fact that we can usually understand them –but have obviously misapplied it.So we do what we can to bring them into line, as we may once have been brought into line ourselves. The method is not necessarily crude or heartless and itshuman targets are not necessarily victims: there are always learners –outsiders moving in, younger generations moving up – and they may be as eager to take as we are to give. Especially when the gift is advertised as part of the “cultural heritage” with prestige at stake. The art object in question is an establishment dialect, the “standard,” which nearly every society sees fit to impose in the schools and to promote through the great army of language wholesalers: the reporters of news, writers of stories, preachers of sermons, and pleaders of cases and causes. In most modern societies the teaching of the standard language – including writing – probably absorbs more educational resources than any other single effort.To the extent that it is codified, the substance of what is taught is known as normative or prescriptive grammar. Textbooks embodying it – which are a mixture of description along traditional lines and comparisons of good and bad usage – make up the great bulk of writing on language, and go back to its very beginnings. In the ancient world they were mostly individual products, but with the Renaissance there came a change. An epidemic of learned societies swept Italy and spread across Europe –“academies,” they were called, each with special interests rangi ng from meteorology to the study of Petrarch. Two of the later Italian academies, which were devoted largely to matters of language and are still in existence, were quite influential in establishing bodies in other countries.61. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that ________.A.a Frenchman who can’t learn English well should be damned.B.a Cantonese who doesn’t speak standard Chinese are unpopular.C.an Italian who can only speak an Italian dialect is a heathen.D.a German who often incorrectly pronounces Swedish should be resented.62. The author’s primary purpose is most probably to _________.A.refute an argumentB.correct a misconceptionC.justify an occurrenceD.reveal a mystery63. The passage says that a standard language can be promoted by all the following people EXCEPT _________.A.JournalistsB.writersC.clergymenD.officials64. We can infer from the second paragraph that _________.A. everyone has some flaws in their accentB. standard language may suggest high social statusC. people with non-standard language are eager to learnD. it is wrong to impose language standards in schools65. According to the passage, the Renaissance witnessed a change ___________.A. from prescriptive to descriptive grammar in language teachingB. from respec t to disrespect to the “culture heritage”C. from individual to academic efforts to advocate standard languageD. from language oriented to various subject oriented teachingSection B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Passage OneThe term “Further Education” is the name given, in Britain, to a very broad and diverse range of post-school education. ___66___ There is also a vast and varied provision of evening classes. For many older people, evening study was the only way they could pursue their education and they still think of the institution that provided it as “Night School”.Nowadays, however, the opportunities for Further Education at all levels and for all ages are manifold. ___67___ They are provided in a widely differing set of institutions. The majority of the lower level courses, relating mainly to apprenticeship schemes and qualifications, are provided in Colleges of Further Education or Technical Colleges. Middle level courses are also offered in Technical Colleges with those having a good share of more adv anced work being called “Colleges of Technology”. The great bulk of advanced studies and degree level work is undertaken in the Polytechnics. ___68___ Very few of the broad divisions here are clear cut; there is much overlapping.One of the major areas of “overlap” that has occurred during the past ten years or so has been between the school system and Further Education. There has been a growing provision of “Six Form” Level studies in colleges of Further Education and Technical Colleges during this period and almost all of the “non-advanced” technicalcolleges now offer a broad spread of subjects for the GCE advanced Level (‘A’ level) examinations. ___69___ A few Local Education Authorities have decided, partly because of this existing trend and partly for reasons of economy, that all the post-sixteen education in certain areas — both technical and academic — should be amalgamated in one establishment; such amalgamated institutions are called “Tertiary Colleges”.___70___ The Tech has played an important part in British educational history and its role will be no less important in the future.A.Whatever the type of establishment and its range of educational provision, mostof the local inhabitants will probably refer to it as “the Tech”.B.We must make the leap forward and embrace the development of theknowledge-based economy.C.Many sixth form students seem to prefer the more adult atmosphere of theTechnical College to that of the school.D.The courses provided range from the most elementary, directlyvocationally-orientated kind, to those at degree level or beyond.E.Some is full-time, some is part-time and some is half-and-half with periods atcollege alternating with periods at work.F.But there are a number of specialized colleges such as the London College ofPrinting and the National College of Agricultural Engineering.Passage TwoFor years, youth sports pushers tried to get us hooked: Organized sports, they said, offered a natural high and would build character in our children. ___71___ But there are high-functioning cokeheads too. Like every American, I have close friends whose families struggle with a youth sports addiction. So let's talk about the dark side of the youth sports epidemic.First off, when they're spending every spare second at soccer practice, children lose that crucial downtime they need for exercising their imaginations, as well as their limbs. And Dr. Lenny Wiersma, co-director of the Center for the Advancement of Responsible Youth Sport, warns that when kids miss out on "the old sandbox and。
中科院历年RS考博试题及相关知识点
1995年博士生(地学分析入学试题一、简答题(40分1. 遥感地学评价标准。
2. LandsatTM数据特征。
3. 我国风云一号气象卫星主要通道及特征。
4. 遥感信息处长合分析。
二、问答题(任选二题,60分1. 评述我国遥感应用的发展特点。
2. 遥感在自然资源调查中的应用。
3. 举例说明遥感在地学研究中应用与作用。
4. 遥感监测在全球变化研究中的作用。
1996年博士生入学试题(遥感地学分析(任选四题,每题25分1. 遥感地学分析及其意义2. 遥感在资源调查中的应用特点3. 论述遥感在全球变化研究中作用4. 遥感信息增强方法5. 专题遥感信息提取的方法与应用2000年中科院博士入学考试(RS一、简答与名词解释:1. 混合像元(982. 高光谱(983. 监督与非监督分类(974. 最大似然法(975. 纹理特征用于信息提取 (986. 主成分分析(997. TM的七个波段(978. 高光谱遥感(999. 遥感影象的特征(99二、论述1. 最小二乘法的原理、公式及应用。
(982. 结合工作,谈遥感的应用与发展前景。
(993. 遥感地学评价基础。
(97一、简答题(10分/题1、ETM影像的各波段特征2、监督分类的过程3、高光谱遥感及其特点4、植被指数及其计算方法5、干涉雷达遥感二、论述题(25分/题1、遥感信息融合的方法及它们比较2、遥感图像分类的方法3、遥感分辨率及其地学意义一、简答每个10分共5个1.几何校正的主要方法2.光谱成像仪的成像机理3.监督分类及其优缺点4.水体的光谱特征5.图像融合有哪些技术方法二、论述体 3选21.遥感信息地学评价的标准及应用意义2.微波技术的发展现状及趋势3.光学影像的分类方法及特点2008年中科院地理所博士考题总分:100分时间:180分钟一、名词解释(2*5 10分1.波谱反射率2.地面反照率3.辐射能量4.合成孔径雷达5.水色遥感二、简述题(6*5 30分1.中巴资源卫星光谱成像特征2.影像数据几何纠正方法3.小卫星遥感系统4.植被指数计算方法5.激光雷达成像原理三、论述题(20*3 60分1.影像分割基本原理及方法2.高空间分辨率处理分析及其趋势3.结合您专业,浅谈多源遥感数据心综合处理和分析复习总结中心投影:投影面是平面、投影中心S在有限远处的投影称作中心投影。
2005年10月浙大计算机考博试题-推荐下载
最优置换算法、先进先出算法、最近最久未使用算法、second chance
5.某系统允许 5000 个用户同事访问，怎么设置只能让 4990 个用户同时访问 Develist 文
件。
通过设置用户属性来实现、通过设置文件属性来实现、两个一起、两个都不行
6.哲学家进餐问题，怎样改进才能避免死锁发生：
do
R1,R2,LOOP ;ifR1!=R2 LOOP
使循环内竞争最少，写出优化后代码，
试题 3 遵循写时无效 cache 一致性监听协议，动作有：总线写，总线读，本地写，本地读 状态有：共享，独占，无效 1） 画出本地 cpu 请求时的状态转换图 2） 填表
-1-
对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术关，系电通，力1根保过据护管生高线产中0不工资仅艺料可高试以中卷解资配决料置吊试技顶卷术层要是配求指置，机不对组规电在范气进高设行中备继资进电料行保试空护卷载高问与中题带资2负料2，荷试而下卷且高总可中体保资配障料置各试时类卷，管调需路控要习试在题验最到；大位对限。设度在备内管进来路行确敷调保设整机过使组程其高1在中正资，常料要工试加况卷强下安看与全22过，22度并22工且22作尽22下可护都能1关可地于以缩管正小路常故高工障中作高资；中料对资试于料卷继试连电卷接保破管护坏口进范处行围理整，高核或中对者资定对料值某试，些卷审异弯核常扁与高度校中固对资定图料盒纸试位，卷置编工.写况保复进护杂行层设自防备动腐与处跨装理接置，地高尤线中其弯资要曲料避半试免径卷错标调误高试高等方中，案资要，料求编试技5写、卷术重电保交要气护底设设装。备备置管4高调、动线中试电作敷资高气，设料中课并技3试资件且、术卷料中拒管试试调绝路包验卷试动敷含方技作设线案术，技槽以来术、及避管系免架统不等启必多动要项方高方案中式；资，对料为整试解套卷决启突高动然中过停语程机文中。电高因气中此课资，件料电中试力管卷高壁电中薄气资、设料接备试口进卷不行保严调护等试装问工置题作调，并试合且技理进术利行，用过要管关求线运电敷行力设高保技中护术资装。料置线试做缆卷到敷技准设术确原指灵则导活：。。在对对分于于线调差盒试动处过保，程护当中装不高置同中高电资中压料资回试料路卷试交技卷叉术调时问试，题技应，术采作是用为指金调发属试电隔人机板员一进，变行需压隔要器开在组处事在理前发；掌生同握内一图部线纸故槽资障内料时，、，强设需电备要回制进路造行须厂外同家部时出电切具源断高高习中中题资资电料料源试试，卷卷线试切缆验除敷报从设告而完与采毕相用，关高要技中进术资行资料检料试查，卷和并主检且要测了保处解护理现装。场置设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。
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中科院计算所2005年博士考试专业课试题：
数据结构：
1．编程实现：将一个整数用二进制数表示（不带打头0），要求二进制表示用一个数组表示。
（10分）
2．8皇后问题，编写程序给出所有解。
（15分）
3．已知目标S=”abaaabbbabbababaaa”，模式P=” babab”。
（15分）
(1)手工求出P的数组nextval；
(2)利用前面所求出的数组nextval，给出按KMP算法对目标S进行模式匹配的过程。
4．给出一组序列：12、73、63、11、2、99、31、45、55，手工给出每输入一个数值平衡二杈树的状态，若出现不平衡，指出旋转类型，并给出结果；求出等概率下查找成功和不成功时的平均长度。
（15分）
5．哈希函数harsh(x)= x mod 11，关键字序列为：12、25、3、28、33、38、44、34。
应用线性探查法和链地址法构造散列表。
（15分）
6．N个顶点的带权有向图，使用你最熟悉的语言求源点到终点的最短路径。
（15分）7．被管理的存储空间，无论大小，都有界，试完成边界标识法和回收释放快的算法。
（15分）
离散数学：
1．证明一个关系R是偏序集，并给出相应的哈斯图及链和反链的例子。
（10分）
2．用逻辑命题形式的给出证明：（10分）
鸟会飞，鸭子不会飞，鸭子不是鸟。
3．已知关系R，要求用矩阵法求出t(R)。
（10分）
4．找一种9个a，9个b，9个c的图形排列，使由字母{a,b,c}组成的长度为3的27个字的每个字仅出现一次。
（15分）
5．证明欧拉定理：v-e+r=2。
（15分）
6．已知<G,*>是群，x的阶数是n，求证：x0,x1,x2,…,xn-1是G中不同元。
（10分）
7．给出一组有序权值，求其对应的最优树。
（15分）
8．确定了从分）。