选矿学基本概念(双语版)

1.1 Minerals and Ores
Ore species
Elements: Metallic ores and Non-metallic ores Metal species: Monometallic ores and Polymetallic ores Occurrence: Native, Sulphide, Oxide and Bulk ores Content: Poor ores and Rich ores Dissemination characteristics: Coarse-disseminated, finedisseminated, Even-disseminated and uneven-disseminated ores
Introduction on Mineral Processing
1.1 Minerals and Ores 1.2 Mineral Processing Method 1.3 Basic Flowsheet 1.4 Terms and Index 1.5 Development
1.1 Minerals and Ores
Formula CaCO3 CaF2 BaSO4 BaCO3 Ca5F(PO4)3 (Ca,Mg)CO3 CaSO4٠2H2O Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 H4 ٠ Al2O3 ٠ 2SiO3 H2KAl3(SiO4)3 KAlSi3O8
1.1 Minerals and Ores
1.2 Minerals processing methods Sorting
Separation based on optical and other properties, which used to be done by hand but is now mostly accomplished by machine.
Formula Fe3O4 Fe2O3 CuFeS2 Cu2S CuCO3٠Cu(OH)2 NiS PbS ZnS ZnCO3 Al2O3 ٠ H2O FeS2
1.1 Minerals and Ores
Table 2. Some common non-metallic ores
Ore Name 方解石 萤石 重晶石 毒重石 磷灰石 白云石 石膏 蛇纹石 滑石 高岭土 白云母 正长石 calcite fluorite baryte witherite apatite dolomite gypsum serpentine talc kaolin muscovite orthoclase
1.2 Minerals processing methods
Mineral processing
It is a process of physically separating the grains of valuable minerals from the gangue minerals, to produce an enriched portion, or concentrate, containing most of the valuable minerals, and a discard , or tailing, containing predominantly the gangue minerals. 矿物加工是利用矿物的物理或化学性质的差异，借助各种 设备将矿石中的有用矿物与脉石矿物分离，并达到使有用矿 物相对富集的过程，其目的是为冶金、化工等行业提供合格 原料。矿物加工的早期叫法即为选矿(ore dressing, mineral dressing, beneficiation, milling)
Rocks refer to natural solid mixtures of one or multiple minerals and mineraloids. 岩石是天然产出的由一种或多种矿物或类似矿物（包括火 山玻璃、生物遗骸、胶体）组成的固体集合体。根据其主要 矿物种类的多少，一般分为单矿岩(monomineralogic rock ) ，如 石英岩、辉石岩、斜长岩等；以及多矿岩 (polymineralogic rock ) ，如花岗岩、辉长岩等。
Comminution：Crushing, Grinding, Screening and Classification Physical Methods：Gravity concentration, Magnetic and
electrical separation
Froth flotation：Principle and process Production Handling：Dewatering and Drying
1.1 Minerals and Ores
Valuable minerals: chalcopyrite, bornite
Copper sulphide ores
Gangues: quartz, sericite, chlorite (galena, sphalerite)
Notice: Classification of valuable minerals and gangues is relative
crystal chemistry 晶体化学，结晶化学 broad heading 大类 hydroxide 氢氧化物
Minerals
1.1 Minerals and Ores
Table 1. Some main metallic ore minerals
Mineral Name 磁铁矿 赤铁矿 黄铜矿 辉铜矿 孔雀石 针硫镍矿 方铅矿 闪锌矿 菱锌矿 铝土矿 黄铁矿 magnetite hematite chalcopyrite chalcocite malachite millerite galena sphalerite smithsonite bauxite pyrite
Secondary resources
二次资源
1) Waste electrical apparatus 废旧电器: computer, cell phone, TV, battery 2) Waste metal products 废旧金属制品: cable, wire, can 易拉罐 3) Municipal solid waste: paper, plastic, oil wastewater 油污水
metalliferous ores 金属矿
1.Baidu Nhomakorabea Minerals and Ores
Rocks
Igneous/Magmatic rocks：火成/岩浆岩
Rocks
Sedimentary rocks：沉积岩 Metamorphic rocks：变质岩
1.1 Minerals and Ores
Ores
Rocks that valuable metals or compounds can be extracted. Most ores are mixtures of valuable minerals and extraneous rocky materials described as gangue. 在现有的技术经济条件下，人们能将含有有用矿物的岩石中 的某些组分加以富集并利用，这类岩石就称为矿石。 矿石一般由有用矿物(Valuable minerals) 和脉石矿物(Gangue) 两部分组成。
1.1 Minerals and Ores
Other materials
spent catalyst 废催化剂（用过的） electrical apparatus 电气设备，电器 municipal solid waste 城市垃圾，生活垃圾
Non-traditional mineral resources 非传统矿物资源
Minerals
By definition, minerals are natural inorganic substances possessing definite chemical compositions and atomic structure. 矿物是指由地质作用所形成的结晶态的天然化合物或单质， 他们具有均匀且相对固定的化学成分和确定的晶体结构；它 们在一定的物理化学条件范围内稳定，是组成岩石和矿石的 基本单元。
Outline
Introduction：Concepts, Methods, Terms and Development Properties of mineral：Physical, Surface chemical and Mineralogy
钒及钒化 Mineral 合物 Processing
1.2 Minerals processing methods
Gravity concentration
Separation based on differences in density between the minerals. As a technology with its roots in antiquity, it is based on the differential movement of mineral particles in water due to their different hydraulic properties. Gravity concentration is widely used in coal beneficiation, iron ore and diamond processing, and in the pre-concentration of metalliferous ores.
1.2 Minerals processing methods
Physical methods
The most important physical methods which are used to concentrate ores are as follows: (1) Sorting (分拣) (2) Gravity concentration (重选) (3) Magnetic separation (磁选) (4) Electrical/High-tension separation (电选) (5) Froth flotation (泡沫浮选)
1) Waste industrial solids: smelting slag, tailing, spent catalyst 2) Sea-bed deposits: manganese nodule, cobalt crust, heavy metal sludge
海洋矿产：锰结核、钴结壳、 海洋矿产：锰结核、钴结壳、重金属污泥
chalcopyrite
chalcopyrite(left) and galena(right)
pyrite
malachite
magnetite
hematite
1.1 Minerals and Ores
quartz
calcite
fluorite
1.1 Minerals and Ores
Rocks
1.1 Minerals and Ores
Species
According to crystal chemistry scheme, minerals are classified to the following five broad headings. (1) Native: Au, Ag, Cu, C, etc. (2) Sulphide: Pbs, ZnS, CuFeS2, FeS2, etc. (3) Oxide and hydroxide: Fe3O4, MnO2, TiO2 ... (4) Oxysalt: SiO4, CO3, SO4, PO4, WO4, etc. (5) Halide: NaCl, KCl, HgCl, etc.