功能对等理论相关文献

Literature review----The history and development of functional equivalenceThose who insist functional equivalence define that translation is a unique way of human being's activity with specific intentions, which is language service item for customers 、readers 、function and aims of the text in society circumstance.Baker tell us that the process of translation should not been limited by original text and it's influence to the translated or even the certain function which author use in the text. Meanwhile, he got the result that translation is certainly depend on the needs that readers and users aims to translate text eventually.Eugene A. Nada, a famous America translator, got the functional Equivalence in his book of Language and Culture: Translation Context in 2001. First of all, a minimal, realistic definition of functional equivalence: The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it. Secondly, idealistic of functional equivalence: The readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did.Nada start his research of translation theory, which has significantly influenced on people in the field of translation. Because he gave his ideas that combine this two concepts of function and meanings will be better for a word to have the true meaning in specific language context. The theory of functional equivalence was widely used in translation research and practice; however, it was just used in the field of literature translation. In 70 to 80s of last century, there came to German functional equivalence scholars, which is a sign of transforming from functions alone to combine with communication for researching. (Chen Juan, foreign studies of Shanghai university, 2008)The functional Equivalence emphases that translation is a process of which use the most suitable and natural words to reproduce the original in the text from it's meanings to terms. On the one hand, functional equivalence describes equivalence as the standard of translation and also a part of the core concept in modern translation. Many western language scholars always adopt the functional equivalence when they give their ideas about translation. While the earliest one gave the functional equivalence is George Camber, the founder of equivalence, who insists to connect the meanings of word with intention of using it in 18th century. In 1934, the Soviet Union literature scholar Seamier gave his idea of equivalence, which explains it theoretically in the writer’s prospective and then the Equivalence formed initially. (Zhang Li, Journal of XianNing College , 2010, 76-77)Alexander Fraser Tyler figured out the Three Principles in his Essay on the Principles of Translation, which sets three criteria rules for translating in 1790. The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work, which means that the translated should be as functional as possible in transforming the original information to readers. The style andmanner of writing in the translation should be of the same character with that of the original. It gives the translator a implying that they need to describe character of the original as fairly as possible, otherwise the translated would not be properly understood by readers.Liu Chong De, a well-known Chinese translator, gave his views of faithfulness、expressiveness of translation in 1994. Faithfulness, namely, the translated should be faithful to the content of the original. Expressiveness means to be as expressive as the original.参考文献Jan De Ward. Eugene Albert Nada. From One Language to Another. Functional Equivalence in Bible Translating. Nelson. 1986电影字幕中文化因素的翻译《中国电力教育》2008 年第19 期窦强浅谈电影字幕翻译《大众商务》2009 年第08期Eugene Albert Nada Language. Culture and Translation. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 1993Eugene A, Nada & Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.2004.方琰，曹莉编. 《经典电影精彩片断语言评析》.北京；清华大学出版社. 2001. 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