数字式转速测量仪中英文对照外文翻译文献
常用仪器仪表中英文对照
常用仪器仪表中英文对照光线示波器 light beam oscillograph光学高温计 optical pyrometer光学显微镜 optical microscope光谱仪器 optical spectrum instrument吊车秤 crane weigher地中衡 platform weigher字符图形显示器 character and graphic display位移测量仪表 displacement measuring instrument巡检测装置 data logger波纹管 bellowsX射线衍射仪 X-ray diffractometerX射线荧光光谱仪 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer力测量仪表 force measuring instrument孔板 orifice plate文丘里管 venturi tube水表 water meter加速度仪 accelerometer可编程序控制器 programmable controller平衡机 balancing machine皮托管 Pitot tube皮带秤 belt weigher长度测量工具 dimensional measuring instrument长度传感器 linear transducer厚度计 thickness gauge差热分析仪 differential thermal analyzer扇形磁场质谱计 sector magnetic field mass spectrometer 料斗秤 hopper weigher核磁共振波谱仪 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer 气相色谱仪 gas chromatograph浮球调节阀 float adjusting valve真空计 vacuum gauge动圈仪表 moving-coil instrument基地式调节仪表 local-mounted controller密度计 densitometer液位计 liquid level meter组装式仪表 package system热流计 heat-flow meter热量计 heat flux meter热电阻 resistance temperature热电偶 thermocouple膜片和膜盒 diaphragm and diaphragm capsule调节阀 regulating valve噪声计 noise meter应变仪 strain measuring instrument湿度计 hygrometer声级计 sound lever meter黏度计 viscosimeter转矩测量仪表 torque measuring instrument转速测量仪表 tachometer露点仪 dew-point meter变送器 transmitter减压阀 pressure reducing valve测功器 dynamometer紫外和可见光分光光度计 ultraviolet-visible spectrometer 顺序控制器 sequence controller微处理器 microprocessor温度调节仪表 temperature controller煤气表 gas meter节流阀 throttle valve电子自动平衡仪表 electronic self-balance instrument电子秤 electronic weigher电子微探针 electron microprobe电子显微镜 electron microscope弹簧管 bourdon tube数字式显示仪表 digital display instrument光线示波器 light beam oscillograph光学高温计 optical pyrometer光学显微镜 optical microscope光谱仪器 optical spectrum instrument吊车秤 crane weigher地中衡 platform weigher字符图形显示器 character and graphic display位移测量仪表 displacement measuring instrument巡检测装置 data logger波纹管 bellowsX射线衍射仪 X-ray diffractometerX射线荧光光谱仪 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer 力测量仪表 force measuring instrument孔板 orifice plate文丘里管 venturi tube水表 water meter加速度仪 accelerometer可编程序控制器 programmable controller平衡机 balancing machine皮托管 Pitot tube皮带秤 belt weigher长度测量工具 dimensional measuring instrument长度传感器 linear transducer厚度计 thickness gauge差热分析仪 differential thermal analyzer扇形磁场质谱计 sector magnetic field mass spectrometer 料斗秤 hopper weigher核磁共振波谱仪 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer 气相色谱仪 gas chromatograph浮球调节阀 float adjusting valve真空计 vacuum gauge动圈仪表 moving-coil instrument基地式调节仪表 local-mounted controller密度计 densitometer液位计 liquid level meter组装式仪表 package system热流计 heat-flow meter热量计 heat flux meter热电阻 resistance temperature热电偶 thermocouple膜片和膜盒 diaphragm and diaphragm capsule调节阀 regulating valve噪声计 noise meter应变仪 strain measuring instrument湿度计 hygrometer声级计 sound lever meter黏度计 viscosimeter转矩测量仪表 torque measuring instrument转速测量仪表 tachometer露点仪 dew-point meter变送器 transmitter减压阀 pressure reducing valve测功器 dynamometer紫外和可见光分光光度计 ultraviolet-visible spectrometer 顺序控制器 sequence controller微处理器 microprocessor温度调节仪表 temperature controller煤气表 gas meter节流阀 throttle valve电子自动平衡仪表 electronic self-balance instrument电子秤 electronic weigher电子微探针 electron microprobe电子显微镜 electron microscope弹簧管 bourdon tube数字式显示仪表 digital display instrument。
机械类数控外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控.doc
Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manual operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator . Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems though the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool, For a machine tool to be numerically controlled , it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the p2ogrammed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operator , and it has done so . Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines , they can produce parts more uniformly , they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower . The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:1.Electrical discharge machining.ser cutting.3.Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of par4s , each involving an assortment of undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.Like so many advanced technologies , NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S Air Force .In its earliest stages , NC machines were able to make straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However ,curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter is the straight lines making up the step ,the smoother is 4he curve . Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the further development of NC technology. The original NC system were vastly different from those used punched paper , which was later to replaced by magnetic plastic tape .A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine .Together, all /f this represented giant step forward in the control of machine tools . However ,there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium . It was common for the paper containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process, This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to rerun thought the reader . If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part , it was also necessary to run the paper tape thought the reader 100 separate times . Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic tape . Whereas the paper tape carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape , theThis most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape . To make even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape thought the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced . Fortunately, computer technology become a reality and soon solved the problems of NC, associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as numerical control (DNC) solve the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions . In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer and fed to the machine tool as needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However ,it is subject to the same limitation as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down , the machine tools also experience down time . This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.The development of the microprocessor allowed for the development of programmable logic controllers (PLC) and microcomputers . These two technologies allowed for the development of computer numerical control (CNC).With CNC , each machine tool has a PLC or a microcomputer that serves the same purpose. This allows programs to be input and stored at each individual machine tool. CNC solved the problems associated downtime of the host computer , but it introduced another problem known as data management . The same program might be loaded on ten different microcomputers with no communication among them. This problem is in the process of being solved by local area networks that connectDigital Signal ProcessorsThere are numerous situations where analog signals to be processed in many ways, like filtering and spectral analysis , Designing analog hardware to perform these functions is possible but has become less and practical, due to increased performance requirements, flexibility needs , and the need to cut down on development/testing time .It is in other words difficult pm design analog hardware analysis of signals.The act of sampling an signal into thehat are specialised for embedded signal processing operations , and such a processor is called a DSP, which stands for Digital Signal Processor . Today there are hundreds of DSP families from as many manufacturers, each one designed for a particular price/performance/usage group. Many of the largest manufacturers, like Texas Instruments and Motorola, offer both specialised DSP’s for certain fields like motor-control or modems ,and general high-performance DSP’s that can perform broad ranges of processingtasks. Development kits an` software are also available , and there are companies making software development tools for DSP’s that allows the programmer to implement complex processing algorithms using simple “drag ‘n’ drop” methodologies.DSP’s more or less fall into t wo categories depending on the underlying architecture-fixed-point and floating-point. The fixed-point devices generally operate on 16-bit words, while the floating-point devices operate on 32-40 bits floating-point words. Needless to say , the fixed-point devices are generally cheaper . Another important architectural difference is that fixed-point processors tend to have an accumulator architecture, with only one “general purpose” register , making them quite tricky to program and more importantly ,making C-compilers inherently inefficient. Floating-point DSP’s behave more like common general-purpose CPU’s ,with register-files.There are thousands of different DSP’s on the market, and it is difficult task finding the most suitable DSP for a project. The best way is probably to set up a constraint and wishlist, and try to compare the processors from the biggest manufacturers against it.The “big four” manufacturers of DSPs: Texas Instruments, Motorola, AT&T and Analog Devices.Digital-to-analog conversionIn the case of MPEG-Audio decoding , digital compressed data is fed into the DSP which performs the decoding , then the decoded samples have to be converted back into the analog domain , and the resulting signal fed an amplifier or similar audio equipment . This digital to analog conversion (DCA) is performed by a circuit with the same name & Different DCA’s provide different performance and quality , as measured by THD (Total harmonic distortion ), number of bits, linearity , speed, filter characteristics and other things.The TMS320 family DQP of Texas InstrumentsThe TLS320family consists of fixed-point, floating-point, multiprocessor digital signal processors (D[Ps) , and foxed-point DSP controllers. TMS320 DSP have an architecture designed specifically for real-time signal processing . The’ F/C240 is a number of the’C2000DSP platform , and is optimized for control applications. The’C24x series of DSP controllers combines this real-time processing capability with controller peripherals to create an ideal solution for control system applications. The following characteristics make the TMS320 family the right choice for a wide range of processing applications:--- Very flexible instruction set--- Inherent operational flexibility---High-speed performance---Innovative parallel architecture---Cost effectivenessDevices within a generation of the TMS320 family have the same CPU structure but different on-chip memory and peripheral configurations. Spin-off devices use new combinations of On-chip memory and peripherals to satisfy a wide range of needs in the worldwide electronics market. By integrating memory and peripherals onto a single chip , TMS320 devices reduce system costs and save circuit board space.The 16-bit ,fixed-point DSP core of the ‘C24x devices provides analog designers a digital solution that does not sacrifice the precision and performance of their system performance can be enhanced through the use of advanced control algorithms for techniquessuch as adaptive control , Kalman filtering , and state control. The ‘C24x DSP controller offer reliability and programmability . Analog control systems, on the other hand ,are hardwired solutions and can experience performance degradation due to aging , component tolerance, and drift.The high-speed central processing unit (CPU) allows the digital designer to process algorithms in real time rather than approximate results with look-up tables. The instruction set of these DSP controllers, which incorporates both signal processing instructions and general-purpose control functions, coupled with the extensive development time and provides the same ease of use as traditional 8-and 16-bit microcontrollers. The instruction set also allows you to retain your software investment when moving from other general-purp ose‘C2xx generation ,source code compatible with the’C2x generation , and upwardly source code compatible with the ‘C5x generation of DSPs from Texas Instruments.The ‘C24x architecture is also well-suited for processing control signals. It uses a 16-bit word length along with 32-bit registers for storing intermediate results, and has two hardware shifters available to scale numbers independently of the CPU . This combination minimizes quantization and truncation errors, and increases p2ocessing power for additional functions. Such functions might include a notch filter that could cancel mechanical resonances in a system or an estimation technique that could eliminate state sensors in a system.The ‘C24xDSP controllers take advantage of an set of peripheral functions that allow Texas Instruments to quickly configure various series members for different price/ performance points or for application optimization.This library of both digital and mixed-signal peripherals includes:---Timers---Serial communications ports (SCI,SPI)---Analog-to-digital converters(ADC)---Event manager---System protection, such as low-voltage and watchdog timerThe DSP controller peripheral library is continually growing and changing to suit the of tomorrow’s embedded control marke tplace.The TMS320F/C240 is the first standard device introduced in the ‘24x series of DSP controllers. It sets the standard for a single-chip digital motor controller. The ‘240 can execute 20 MIPS. Almost all instructions are executed in a simple cycle of 50 ns . This high performance allows real-time execution of very comple8 control algorithms, such as adaptive control and Kalman filters. Very high sampling rates can also be used to minimize loop delays.The ‘ 240 has the architectural features necessary for high-speed signal processing and digital control functions, and it has the peripherals needed to provide a single-chip solution for motor control applications. The ‘240 is manufactured using submicron CMOS technology, achieving a log power dissipation rating . Also included are several power-down modes for further power savings. Some applications that benefit from the advanced processing power of the ‘240 include:---Industrial motor drives---Power inverters and controllers---Automotive systems, such as electronic power steering , antilock brakes, and climatecontrol---Appliance and HV AC blower/ compressor motor controls---Printers, copiers, and other office products---Tape drives, magnetic optical drives, and other mass storage products---Robotic and CNC milling machinesTo function as a system manager, a DSP must have robust on-chip I/O and other peripherals. The event manager of the ‘240 is unlike any other available on a DSP . This application-optimized peripheral unit , coupled with the high performance DSP core, enables the use of advanced control techniques for high-precision and high-efficiency full variable-speed control of all motor types. Include in the event manager are special pulse-width modulation (PWM) generation functions, such as a programmable dead-band function and a space vector PWM state machine for 3-phase motors that provides state-of-the-art maximum efficiency in the switching of power transistors.There independent up down timers, each with it’s own compare register, suppo rt the generation of asymmetric (noncentered) as well as symmetric (centered) PWM waveforms.Open-Loop and Closed-Loop ControlOpen-loop Control SystemsThe word automatic implies that there is a certain amount of sophistication in the control system. By automatic, it generally means That the system is usually capable of adapting to a variety of operating conditions and is able to respond to a class of inputs satisfactorily . However , not any type of control system has the automatic feature. Usually , the automatic feature is achieved by feed.g the feedback structure, it is called an open-loop system , which is the simplest and most economical type of control system.inaccuracy lies in the fact that one may not know the exact characteristics of the further ,which has a definite bearing on the indoor temperature. This alco points to an important disadvantage of the performance of an open -loop control system, in that the system is not capable of adapting to variations in environmental conitions or to external disturbances. In the case of the furnace control, perhaps an experienced person can provide control for a certain desired temperature in the house; but id the doors or windows are opened or closed intermittently during the operating period, the final temperature inside the house will not be accurately regulated by the open-loop control.An electric washing machine is another typical example of an open-loop system , because the amount of wash time is entirely determined by the judgment and estimation of the human operator . A true automatic electric washing machine should have the means of checking the cleanliness of the clothes continuously and turn itsedt off when the desired degised of cleanliness is reached.Closed-Loop Control SystemsWhat is missing in the open-loop control system for more accurate and more adaptable control is a link or feedback from the output to the input of the system . In order to obtain more accurate bontrol, the controlled signal c(t) must be fed back and compared with the reference input , and an actuating signal proportional to the difference of the output and the input must be sent through the system to correct the error. A system with one or more feedback pat(s like that just described is called a closed-loop system. human being are probably the most complex and sophisticated feedback control system in existence. A humanbeing may be considered to be a control system with many inputs and outputs, capable of carrying out highly complex operations.To illustrate the human being as a feedback control system , let us consider that the objective is to reach for an object on aperform the task. The eyes serve as a sensing device which feeds back continuously the position of the hand . The distance between the hand and the object is the error , which is eventually brought to zero as the hand reacher the object. This is a typical example of closed-loop control. However , if one is told to reach for the object and then is blindolded, one can only reach toward the object by estimating its exact position. It isAs anther illustrative example of a closed-loop control system, shows the block diagram of the rudder control system ofThe basic alements and the bloca diagram of a closed-loop control system are shown in fig. In general , the configuration of a feedback control system may not be constrained to that of fig & . In complex systems there may be multitude of feedback loops and element blocks.数控在先进制造技术领域最根本的观念之一是数控（NC）。
毕业论文外文文献翻译Introduction-of-digital-frequency-meter数字频率计的介绍
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：数字频率计的介绍文献、资料英文题目：Introduction of digital frequency meter 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14译文：数字频率计的介绍译自文斯凯赫尔著的VHDL逻辑设计76-88页数字频率计是通信设备、音、视频等科研生产领域不可缺少的测量仪器。
采用Verilog HDL编程设计实现的数字频率计，除被测信号的整形部分、键输入部分和数码显示部分外，其余全部在一片FPGA芯片上实现。
整个系统非常精简，且具有灵活的现场可更改性。
1 等精度测频原理频率的测量方法主要分为2 种方法:(1) 直接测量法, 即在一定的闸门时间内测量被测信号的脉冲个数。
(2) 间接测量法, 例如周期测频法、V F 转换法等。
间接测频法仅适用测量低频信号。
基于传统测频原理的频率计的测量精度将随被测信号频率的下降而降低, 在实用中有较大的局限性, 而等精度频率计不但具有较高的测量精度, 而且在整个频率区域能保持恒定的测试精度。
频率测量方法的主要测量预置门控信号GATE是由单片机发出，GA TE的时间宽度对测频精度影响较少，可以在较大的范围内选择，只要FPGA中32 b计数器在计100 M 信号不溢出都行，根据理论计算GATE的时间宽度Tc可以大于42．94 s，但是由于单片机的数据处理能力限制，实际的时间宽度较少，一般可在10～0．1 s间选择，即在高频段时，闸门时间较短；低频时闸门时间较长。
这样闸门时间宽度Tc依据被测频率的大小自动调整测频，从而实现量程的自动转换，扩大了测频的量程范围；实现了全范围等精度测量，减少了低频测量的误差。
本设计频率测量方法的主要测量控制框图如图1 所示。
图1 中预置门控信号GA TE 是由单片机发出, GA TE的时间宽度对测频精度影响较少, 可以在较大的范围内选择, 只要FPGA 中32 b 计数器在计100M 信号不溢出都行, 根据理论计算GA TE 的时间宽度T c 可以大于42194s, 但是由于单片机的数据处理能力限制, 实际的时间宽度较少, 一般可在10～011 s 间选择, 即在高频段时, 闸门时间较短; 低频时闸门时间较长。
Fluke931型转速计使用手册
Fluke Corporation P.O. Box 9090 Everett, WA 98206-9090 U.S.A.
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配置................................................................................................................... 3 光学（非接触式）测量...................................................................................... 3 接触式测量........................................................................................................ 3 表面速度和距离................................................................................................. 4 转轮的使用........................................................................................................ 4 最大、最小和平均读数...................................................................................... 4 更换电池................................................................................................................. 5 规格........................................................................................................................ 5 RPM（转速）................................................................................................... 5
测量工具中英文对照表
heodolite 经纬仪Water Level 水位仪Level Ruler 水平尺Casing gradienterCoating thickness Measurer 涂层测厚仪Ultrasonic thickness measurer 超声波测厚仪Ultrasonic crack detector 超声波裂纹测试仪Digital thermometer 数字温度计radiation thermometer 辐射温度计Gradient Reader 坡度读数器Electric spark leak hunter 电火花追踪器Volometer 万用表MegaOhmmeter 兆欧表Earthing resistance Reader 接地电阻读数表Plug gauge 圆柱塞规Magnifying glass 放大镜Plummet 铅锤Profile projector 投影仪Pin Gauge针规（不知道和plug gauge的区别在哪里，知道的请指正）Gauge block 块规dial indicator 百分表A vernier caliper 游标卡尺Coordinate Measureing Machine(CMM)三尺元Pressure gague 寸压力计电度厚度测试仪(Electroplating THK.Tester)转(扭)力仪(Twisting Meter)螺纹规(Thread Gauge)块规(Block Gauge)环规(Ring Gauge)力矩计(Torque Meter)塞规(Plug gage)高度仪(Altitude gauge)塞尺/间隙规(Clearance gauge)千分卡尺(Micrometer Calipers )“过” -- “不过”验规(通-止规) [go-no-go gauge]游标卡尺(Vernier Caliper)电子卡尺(Digital caliper)深度千分尺(Depth Micrometer)销(针)规(Pin Gauge)投影仪(Projector )数字高度测量仪(Digital Height Gauge)表面处理测试仪(Surface Finish Tester)内/外径千分尺(Inside/outer Micrometer) 洛(威)氏硬度仪[(HRC/HV) Hardness Tester)]温度计(Thermometer)孔规(Bore Gauge)电子称(Electric/digital Balance)三坐标测试仪 (CMM)万用表(Multimeter)温度计：thermometer台秤：Platform scale水平仪：spirit level1.刀口型直尺:knife straigjht edge2.刀口尺: knife straight edge3.三棱尺 three edges straigjht edge4.四棱尺 four edges straigjht edge5.条式和框式水平仪bar form and square levels6.合像水平仪 imaging level meter7铸铁平板 cast iron surface plate8.岩石平板 granite surface plate9.铸铁平尺 cast iron straigjht edge10.钢平尺和岩石平尺steel and granite straigjht edge11.圆度仪 roundness measuring instrument12.电子水平仪 electronic level meter13.表面粗糙度比较样块铸造表面 roughness comparison specimens cast surface14.表面粗糙度比较样块磨、车、铣、插及刨加工表面roughness comparison specimens-ground,turned,bored,milled,shape and planed 15.表面粗糙度比较样块电火花加工表面roughness comparison specimens spark-erostion machining surfaces16.表面粗糙度比较样块抛光加工表面roughness comparison specimens pollshed surfaces17.接触式仪器的标称特性18.轮廓 profiles19.轨迹轮廓 traced profile20.基准轮廓 reference profile21.总轮廓 total profile22.原始轮廓 primary profile23.残余轮廓 residual profile24.触针式仪器 stylus instrument25.感应位移数字存储触针式量仪 displacement sensitive,digitally storing stylus instrument26.触针式仪器的部件 stylus instrument components27.测量环 measurement loop28.导向基准 renfence guide29.驱动器 drive unit30.测头(传感器)probe(pick-up)31.拾取单元 tracing element32.针尖 stylus tip33.转换器 transducer34.放大器 amplifier35.模/数转换器 analog-to-digital converter36.数据输入data input37.数据输出 data output38.轮廓滤波和评定 profile filtering and evaluation39.轮廓记录器 profile recorder40.仪器的计量特性 metrological characteristics of the instrument41.静测力的变化 change of static measuring force42.静态测力 static measuring force43.动态测量力 dynamic measuring force44.滞后 hysteresis45.测头的测量范围 transmission function for the sine waves46.仪器的测量范围 measuring range of the instrument47.模数转换器的量化步距quantization step of the ADC48.仪器分辨力 instrument resolution49.量程分辨力比 range-to-resolution ratio50.测头线性偏差 probe linearity deviation51.短波传输界限 short-wave transmission limitation52.轮廓垂直成分传输 vertical profile component transmission53表面粗糙度比较样块抛丸、喷砂加工表面roughness comparison specimens shot blasted and blasted surfaces54 产品结构几何量计术规范(GPS)geometrical product specifications(GPS)55表面结构 surface texture56接触式仪器的标称特性 nominal characteristics of contact instruments57 公法线千分尺 micrometer for mearsuring root tangent lenghths of gear teeth 58最大允许误差 maximum permissible error59圆柱直齿渐开线花键量规 gauges for straight cylindrical involute splines60齿厚游标卡尺 Gear tooth verniercalipers61 齿轮渐开线样板 the involute master of gear62齿轮螺旋线样板 the helix master of gear63 矩形花键量规 gauges for straight - sided splines64测量蜗杆 master worm65万能测齿仪 universal gear measuring instrument66万能渐开线检查仪 universal involute measuring instrument67齿轮齿距测量仪 gear circular pictch measuring instrument68万能齿轮测量机 Universal gear measuring machine69 齿轮螺旋线测量仪 gear helix measuring instrument70便携式齿轮齿距测量仪 manual gear circular pitch measuring instrument71便携式齿轮基节测量仪 manual gear base pitch measuring instrument72立式滚刀测量仪 vertical hob measuring instrument73齿轮双面啮合综合测量仪 Gear dual-flank measuring instrument74齿轮单面啮合整体误差测量仪 Gear single-flank meshing integrated error measuring instrument75梯形螺纹量规 gauges for metric trapezoidal screw threads76工作螺纹量规 work gauges for metric trapezoidal screw threads77校对螺纹量规 check gauges for metric trapezoidal screw threads78.梯形螺纹量规型式与尺寸 Types and dimensions of metric trapezoidal screw threads79.普通螺纹量规型式与尺寸 Types and dimensions of gauges purpose screw threads80.非螺纹密封的管螺纹量规 Gauges for pipe threads prcessure-tight joints are not made on the threads81.螺纹千分尺Screw thread micrometer82.最大允许误差 maximum permissible error83.间隙螺纹量规 Clearance screw gauge84.量针Bar gauge85.螺纹样板 Screw thread template86.用螺纹密封的管螺纹量规Gauges for pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads 87.刀具预调测量仪? 精度Accuracy of the presetting instrument88.薄膜式气动量仪Membrane type pneumatic measuring instrument89.光栅线位移测量系统Grating linear displacement measuring system90.光栅角位移测量系统Grating angular displacement measuring system91.磁栅线位移测量系统Magnet-grid linear displacement measuring system92.量块附件Accessories for gauge blocks93.V形架Vee blocks94.比较仪座Comparator stand95.磁性表座Magnetic stand96.万能表座Universal stand for dial indicator一般术语：1.几何量 geometrical product2.量值 value(of a quantity)3.真值 true value(of a quantity)4.约定真值 conventional true value(of a quantity)5.单位 unit(of measurement)6.测量 measurement7.测试 measurement and test8.检验 inspecte9.静态测量 static measurement10.动态测量 dynamic measurement11.测量原理 principle of measurement12.测量方法 method of measurement13.测量程序 measurement procedure14.被测量 measurand15.影响量 influence quantity16.变换值 transformed value(of a measurand)17.测量信号 measurement signal18.直接测量法 direct method of measurement19.间接测量法 indirect method of measurement20.定义测量法 definitive method of measurement21.直接比较测量法 direct-comparison method of measurement22.替代测量法 substitution method of measurement23.微差测量法 differential method of measurement24.零位测量法 nulll method of measurement25.测量结果 result of a measurement26.测得值 measured value27.实际值 actual value28.未修正结果 uncorrected result (of a measurement)29.已修正结果 corrected result(of a measurement)30.测量的准确度 accuracy of measurement31.测量的重复性 repeatability of measurement32.测量复现性 reproducibility of measurements33.实验标准偏差 experimental standard deviation34.测量不确定度 uncertainty of measurement35.测量绝对误差 absolute error of measurement36.相对误差 relative error37.随机误差 random error38.系统误差 systematic error39.修正值 correction40.修正系数 correction factor41.人员误差 personal error42.环境误差 environmental error43.方法误差 error of method44.调整误差 adjustment error45.读数误差 reading error46.视差 parallax error47.估读误差 interpolation error48.粗大误差 parasitic error49.检定 verification50.校准 calibration51.调准 gauging52.调整 adjustment几何量测量器具术语1.几何量具测量器具 dimensional measuring instruments2.长度测量器具 length measuring instruments3.角度测量器具 angle measuring instruments4.坐标测量机 coordinate measuring machine5.形状和位置误差测量器具form and position error measuring instruments6.表面质量测量器具 surface quality measuring instruments7.齿轮测量器具 gear measuring instruments8.实物量具(简称“量具”)material measure9.测量仪器(简称“量仪”)measuring instruments10.测量链 measuring chain11.测量装置 measuring system12.指示式测量仪器 indicating(measuring )instrument13.记录式测量仪器 recording (measuring)instrument14.累计式测量仪器 totalizing(measuring)instrument15.积分式测量仪器 integrating(measuring)instrument16.模拟式测量仪器 analogue(measuring)instrument17.数字式测量仪器 digital(measuring)instrument18.测量变换器 measuring transducer19.传感器sensor20.指示装置 indicating device21.记录装置 recording device22.记录载体 recording medium23.标尺标记 scale mark24.指示器index25.标尺 scale26.度盘 dail测量器具术语1.标称值 nominal value2.示值 indication(of a measuring instrument)3.标尺范围scale range4.标称范围 nominal range5.标尺长度 scale length6.标尺分度 scale division7.分度值 value of a scale division8.标尺间距 scale spacing9.线性标尺 linear scale10.非线性标尺 non-linear scale11.标尺标数 scale numbering12.测量仪器的零位 zero of a measuring instrument13.量程 span14.测量范围 measuring range15.额定工作条件 vated operating conditions16.极限条件 reference condition17.标准条件 reference condition18.仪器常数 instrument constant19.响应特性 response characteristic20.灵敏度 senstivity21.鉴别力 discrimination22.分辨力 resolution(of an indicating device)23.死区 dead band24.准确度 accuracy of a measuring instruments25.准确度等级 accuracy class26.重复性 repeatability of a measuring instrument27.示值变动性 varation of indication28.稳定度 stability29.可靠性 reliability30.回程 hysteresis31.漂移 drift32.响应时间 response time33.测量力(简称“测力”)measuring force测量器具术语1.实物量具示值误差 error of indication of a material measure2.测量仪器示值误差 error of indication of a measuring instrument3.重复性误差repeatability error of a measuring instrument4.回程误差 hysteresis error5.测量力变化 variation of measuring force6.测量力落差 hysteresis of measuring force7.偏移误差 bias error (of a measuring instrument)8.允许误差 maximum permissible errors(of measuring instruments)9.跟踪误差 tracking error (of a measuring instrument)10.响应率误差 response-law error (of a measuring instrument)11.量化误差 quantization error (of a measuring instrument)12.基值误差 datum error (of a measuring instrument)13.零值误差 zero error (of a measuring instrument)14.影响误差 influence error15.引用误差 fiducial error16.位置误差 position error17.线性误差 linear error18.响应特性曲线 response characteristic curve19.误差曲线 error curve20.校准曲线 calibration curve21.修正曲线 correction curve长度测量器具量具类1.量块 gauge block2.光滑极限量规plain limit gauge3.塞规 plug gauge4.环规 ring gauge卡规 snap gauge5.塞尺 feeler gauge6.钢直尺 steel gauge7.精密玻璃线纹尺 precision glass linear scale8.精密金属线纹尺 precision metal linear scale9.半径样板 radius template卡尺类1.游标卡尺 vernier caliper2.带表卡尺 dial caliper3.电子数显卡尺 calliper with electronic digital display4.深度标游卡尺 depth vernier caliper5.电子数显深度卡尺 depth caliper with electronic digital display6.带表高度卡尺 dial height calliper7.高度游标卡尺 height vernier caliper8.电子数显高度卡尺height caliper with electronic digital display9.焊接检验尺 calliper for welding inspection千分尺类1.测微头 micrometer head2.夕卜径千分尺 external micrometer3.杠杆千分尺 micrometer with dial comparator4.带计数器千分尺 micrometer with counter5.电子数显外径千分尺micrometer with electronic digital display6.小测头千分尺 small anvil micrometer7.尖头千分尺 point micrometer8.板厚千分尺 sheet metal micrometer9.壁厚千分尺 tube micrometer10.叶片千分尺 blade micrometer11.奇数沟千分尺 odd fluted micrometer12.深度千分尺 depth micrometer13.内径千分尺 internal micrometer14.单杆式内径千分尺 single-body internal micrometer15.表式内径千分尺 dail internal micrometer16.三爪式内径千分尺 three point internal micrometer17.电子数显三爪式内径千分尺three point internal micrometer18.内测千分尺 inside micrometer指示表类1.指示表 dial indicator2.深度指示表 depth dial indicator3.杠杆指示表 dial test indicator4.内径指示表 bore dial indicator5.涨弹簧式指示表 expanding head bore dial indicator6.钢球式内径指示表 ball type bore dial indicator7.电子数显指示表 dial indicator with electronic digital display8.杠杆卡规 indicating snap gauge9.带表卡规 dial snap gauge10.带表夕卜卡规 outside dial snap gauge11.带表内卡规 inside dial snap gauge12.测厚规 thickness gauge13.扭簧比较仪microcator14.杠杆齿轮比较仪 mechanical dial comparator15.电子量规 electronic gauge16.电感式传感器 inductance type transducer17.指示装置 indicating device18.电感测微仪 inductance micrometer19.峰值电感测微仪 peak inductance micrometer20.电感内径比较仪 inductance bore comparator21.瞄准传感器 aiming transducer角度测量器具1.角度块 angle block gauge2.正多面棱体 regular polygon mirror3.刀具角度样板 cutter angular template4.直角尺square5.平行直角尺 parallel square6.宽座直角尺 wide—stand square7.刀口形直角尺edge square8.矩形直角尺square square9.三角形直角尺 three angle square10.圆柱直角尺 cylinder square11.方形角尺 square guage12.万能角度尺 universal bevel protractor13.游标式万能角度尺 vernier universal bevel protractor14.表式万能角度尺 dial universal bevel protractor15.光学分度头 optical dividing head16.目镜式光学分度头 optical dividing head with microscope reading17.投影式光学分度尺 optical dividing head with projection reading18.光电分度头 optical-electronic dividing head19.多齿分度台 multi-tooth division table20.分度转台 division rotary table21.正炫规 sine bar22.普通正炫规 general sine bar23.铰链式正炫规 hinge type sine bar24.双向正炫规 dual-directional sine bar25.圆锥量规cone gauge26.圆锥塞规 plug cone gauge27.圆锥环规 ring cone gauge28.直角尺测量仪 square measuring instrument形位误差测量器具1.平晶 optical flat2.单面平晶 optical flat3.双面平晶 parallel optical flat4.刀口形直尺 knife straight edge5.刀口尺 knife straight edge6.三棱尺 three edges straight edge7.四棱尺 four edges straight edge8.平尺 straight edge9.矩形平尺 square straight edge10.工字形平尺 i-beam straight edge11.角形平尺 angle straight edge12.桥形平尺 bridge type straight edge13.平板 surface plate14.铸铁平板 cast iron surface plate15.岩石平板 granite surface plate16.方箱 square box17.水准器式水平仪level meter18.条式水平仪 bar level meter19.框式水平仪 frame level meter20.合像水平仪 imaging level meter21.光学倾斜仪 optical inclinometer22.电子水平仪 electronic level meter23.指针式电子水平仪 electronic level meter with indicator24.数显式电子水平仪 electronic level meter with digital display25.平直度测量仪 straightness measuring instrument26.光学式平直度测量仪 optical straightness measuring instrument27.光电式平直度测量仪 photoelectrical straightness measuring instrument28.圆度测量仪 roundness measuring instrument29.转轴式圆度测量仪 spindle-rotating type roundness measuring instrument30.转台式圆度测量仪 table-rotating type roundness measuring instrument表面质量测量器具表面粗糙度比较样块 surface roughness comparison specimen铸造表面粗糙度比较样块 surface roughness comparison specimen for cast surface 磨、车、镗、铣、插及刨加工表面粗糙度比较样块surface roughness comparisonspecimen for ground,turned,bored,milled,shaped and planed surface 电火花加工表面粗糙度比较样块 surface roughness comparison specimen for spark-erosion machined surface抛（喷）丸、喷砂加工表面粗糙度比较样块surface roughness comparison specimen for shot blasted and grit blasted surface抛光加工表面粗糙度测量仪 portable surface roughness comparison specimen for polished surface便携式表面粗糙度测量仪 portable surface roughess measuring instrument 驱动箱driving box台式表面粗糙度测量仪 bench type surface roughness measuring instrumentNose bridge 鼻中 Tip 脚套Temple 脚丝 Plating 电镀Printing 印字 Lase 镭射Spectacle frames 眼镜架 Sunglasses 太阳眼镜Sports spectacles 运动眼镜 kid's eyewear 儿童眼镜Reading glasses 老花镜 Contact lens 隐形眼镜Glass optical lenses 玻璃镜片 Plastic optical lenses 塑胶镜片Sunglasses lenses, sun clips 太阳镜片、镜夹 Progressive lenses 渐进多焦点镜片Photochromic lenses 变色镜片 Othro k lenses 角膜矫形接确镜片Optical blanks 镜片毛胚 Accessories for contact lens 隐形眼镜附件Spectacle spare parts and accessories 眼镜零件及配件 Components of frames 镜架组件Spectacle cases & accessories 眼镜盒及附件Eyecare products and solution for lenses and contace lenses 眼睛护理产品及隐形眼镜洁液Spectacle cases & accessories 眼镜盒及其它配件 Lens demisting cloths and solutions 镜片除雾喷剂及清洁布Spectacle assembling & adjusting tools 眼镜加工、装配、调较工具 Visual test equipment 验眼设备Edger 磨边机 Eyeglasses and frame making machinery 眼镜架制造机械Lens manufacturing and processing machinery 镜片造机械及加工机械Contact lens processing machinery 隐形眼镜加工机械Lathe 车床 Coating machine 镀膜机Coating materials 镀膜原料 Electroplating equipment, welding machine 电镀机械、焊接机械Price labeling, stamp printing and screen printing mahcinery 标签机、移印机、丝网印刷 Ultrasonic cleaning equipment 超声波清洁仪器Ophthalmic products 眼科用品Concentrates for ultrasonic cleaning 超声波清洁剂Lens grinding and polishing filtration systems 镜片研磨及抛光过滤系统Optical processing equipmentand materials 光学加工设备及原料Measurement instrucments for optical elements and systems 光学用品及系统之测量仪器 Store and workshop fitting and furniture 眼镜店及工场设备及家具Moulds for ophthalmic lenses 镜片模具 Raw materials for frames 眼镜原料Raw materials for lenses 镜片原料 Lens abrasive and polishing materials 打磨镜片原料Electroplating, welding materials 电镀、焊接原材料Opto-laser equipment and instruments 激光科技设备和仪器机械英语单词冲床 punching machine机械手robot油压机 hydraulic machine车床 lathe刨床 planer |'plein?|铣床miller磨床 grinder（钻床）driller线切割 linear cutting金属切削 metal cutting机床 machine tool金属工艺学 technology of metals刀具 cutter摩擦 friction联结 link传动 drive/transmission轴 shaft弹性 elasticity频率特性 frequency characteristic误差 error响应 response定位 allocation机床夹具 jig动力学 dynamic运动学 kinematic静力学 static分析力学 analyse mechanics拉伸 pulling压缩 hitting剪切 shear扭转 twist弯曲应力 bending stress强度 intensity三相交流电 three-phase AC 磁路 magnetic circles变压器 transformer异步电动机 asynchronous motor几何形状 geometrical精度 precision正弦形的 sinusoid交流电路 AC circuit机械加工余量 machining allowance变形力 deforming force变形 deformation应力 stress硬度 rigidity热处理 heat treatment退火 anneal正火 normalizing脱碳 decarburization渗碳 carburization电路 circuit半导体元件 semiconductor element反馈 feedback发生器 generator直流电源 DC electrical source门电路 gate circuit逻辑代数 logic algebra外圆磨削 external grinding内圆磨削 internal grinding平面磨削 plane grinding变速箱 gearbox离合器 clutch绞孔 fraising绞刀 reamer螺纹加工 thread processing螺钉 screw铣削 mill铣刀 milling cutter功率 power工件 workpiece齿轮加工 gear mechining齿轮 gear主运动 main movement主运动方向 direction of main movement进给方向 direction of feed进给运动 feed movement合成进给运动 resultant movement of feed合成切削运动 resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向 direction of resultant movement of cutting 切削深度 cutting depth前刀面 rake face刀尖 nose of tool前角 rake angle后角 clearance angle龙门刨削 planing主轴 spindle主轴箱 headstock卡盘 chuck加工中心 machining center车刀 lathe tool车床 lathe钻削镗削 bore车削 turning磨床 grinder基准 benchmark钳工 locksmith锻 forge压模 stamping焊 weld拉床 broaching machine拉孔 broaching装配 assembling铸造 found流体动力学 fluid dynamics流体力学 fluid mechanics加工 machining液压 hydraulic pressure切线 tangent机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性 stability介质 medium液压驱动泵 fluid clutch 液压泵 hydraulic pump 阀门 valve失效 invalidation强度 intensity载荷 load应力 stress安全系数 safty factor 可靠性 reliability 螺纹 thread螺旋 helix键 spline销 pin滚动轴承 rolling bearing 滑动轴承 sliding bearing 弹簧 spring制动器 arrester brake 十字结联轴节 crosshead 联轴器 coupling 链 chain皮带 strap精加工 finish machining 粗加工 rough machining 变速箱体 gearbox casing 腐蚀 rust 氧化 oxidation 磨损 wear耐用度 durability随机信号 random signal 离散信号 discrete signal 超声传感器 ultrasonic sensor 集成电路 integrate circuit 挡板 orifice plate 残余应力 residual stress 套筒 sleeve 扭力 torsion冷加工 cold machining 电动机 electromotor 汽缸 cylinder过盈配合 interference fit 热加工 hotwork摄像头 CCD camera 倒角 rounding chamfer 优化设计 optimal design工业造型设计 industrial moulding design有限元 finite element滚齿 hobbing插齿 gear shaping伺服电机 actuating motor 铣床 milling machine钻床 drill machine镗床 boring machine步进电机 stepper motor丝杠 screw rod导轨 lead rail组件 subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器 Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工 electric spark machining电火花线切割加工 electrical discharge wire - cutting 相图 phase diagram热处理 heat treatment固态相变 solid state phase changes有色金属 nonferrous metal陶瓷 ceramics合成纤维 synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion车架 automotive chassis悬架 suspension转向器 redirector变速器 speed changer板料冲压 sheet metal parts孔加工 spot facing machining车间 workshop工程技术人员 engineer气动夹紧 pneuma lock数学模型 mathematical model画法几何 descriptive geometry机械制图 Mechanical drawing投影 projection视图 view剖视图 profile chart标准件 standard component零件图 part drawing装配图 assembly drawing尺寸标注 size marking技术要求 technical requirements刚度 rigidity内力 internal force位移 displacement截面 section疲劳极限 fatigue limit断裂 fracture塑性变形 plastic distortion脆性材料 brittleness material刚度准则 rigidity criterion垫圈 washer垫片 spacer直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear运动简图 kinematic sketch齿轮齿条 pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear虚约束 passive constraint曲柄 crank摇杆 racker凸轮 cams范成法 generation method毛坯 rough游标卡尺 slide caliper千分尺 micrometer calipers攻丝 tap光学仪器类4Topslit illumination 裂隙灯 diopter 屈光度 sphere 球镜cylinder 柱镜 prism 棱镜 magnification 放大倍率diameter 直径 dimensions 尺寸 light spot 光斑fixation lamp固视灯led发光二极管filter滤色片lensmeter焦度计metal rim金属圈PD meter瞳距仪Pupil Distance 瞳距 Vertex Distance 顶点距 Chart 视标View tester 验光仪 Cutting device 切割刀 Pattern maker 制模机Cutting needle 划针 Layout blocker 中心仪 Hand edger 手动磨边机Lens groover 开槽机 Polisher 抛光机 Polishing stick 抛光膏Drilling machine 钻孔机 Bench drilling machine 台式钻孔机 Drill bit 钻头Lock opener 锁开 Milling cutting 铣刀 Fuse 保险丝Handle手柄Center locator中心定位器Drill chuck钻夹头Dial 刻度盘 Frame heater (warmer) 烘架机 Heating coil 发热丝Ultrasonic cleaner 清洗机 Combined table 验光组合台 Optometry box 验光盘Grinding wheel 砂轮 Trial lens set 验光镜片箱 Refractometer 验光仪 Chart projector 投影仪 Keratometer 角膜曲率仪 Welding machine 焊接机 Spray cleaning machine 喷淋清洗机材料配件类4TopMonel 锰料 Stainless Steel 不锈钢 pure Titanium 纯钛Titanium Alloy 钛合金 B-Ti B 钛 Elongation 伸长率Tensile strenghth 抗拉强度 high nickel copper alloy 高镍合金 nickelfree alloy 无镍合金nicklfree stainless steel 无镍不锈钢 annealing temperture 退火温度 percent 含量density 密度 melting point 熔点 solidus 固相点liquidus 液相点 physical properties 物理性能 chemical composition 化学组成hinge 铰链 rim wire 框线 round wire 圆线cylinding grinding wheels 筒形砂轮 flaring cup wheels 碗形砂轮 diamod plain wheels 平形砂轮grinding ccoolant 切削液 lens coating liquid 护镜液 polishing powder 抛光粉polishing liquid 抛光液 polishing wheel 抛光轮 plating case 电镀盒plastic case 塑料盒 alumium oxide case 氧化铝盒 rocket screwdrivers 六角螺丝刀mini ring wrenches/nutdrivers 微型戒指扳手 radian apparatus 弧度表 thickness apparatus厚度表adhesive tape 粘片 calipers 量具 nut driver 套筒files set 锉刀 drill bits 钻咀 screwdrivers blades 螺丝刀头镜片类^Tophard resin lens 树脂镜片 round-top bifocal lens 圆顶双关镜片 flat-top bifocal lens 平顶双光镜片aspheric hard resin lens 非球面树脂镜片 Non-coated lens 基片(NC) hard coated lens 加硬镜片(HC)Hard & Multi-coated 加硬加膜片 (HMC) Hard & Multi-coated,EMI Defending Coating加硬加膜防辐射片(HMC+EMI) RX Lens-High Index 高散光片color shade 色差 deformation 变形 shrinkage 缩水light transmission 透光率 de-lamination 分裂脱层 abbe value 阿贝数raw material 原材料 catalysis 催化作用 polymerization 聚合作用tinted lens 染色镜片 photochromic lens 变色镜片 spherical 球面的autocollimator自动准直机bench comparator 比长仪block gauge 块规bore check精密小测定器calibration 校准caliper gauge 卡规check gauge 校对规clearance gauge 间隙规clinoretee 测斜仪comparator 比测仪cylinder square 圆筒直尺depth gauge 测深规dial indicator针盘指示表dial snap gauge 卡规digital micrometer数位式测微计feeler gauge 测隙规gauge plate量规定位板height gauge 测高规inside calipers 内卡钳inside micrometer 内分测微计interferometer 干涉仪leveling block 平台limit gauge 限规micrometer 测微计mil 千分之一寸monometer 压力计morse taper gauge 莫氏锥度量规nonius游标卡尺optical flat光学平晶optical parallel 光学平行passimeter 内径仪position scale 位置刻度profile projector轮廓光学投影仪protractor 分角器radius半径ring gauge 环规sine bar 正弦量规snap gauge 卡模square master 直角尺stylus触针telescopic gauge伸缩性量规working gauge 工作量规水平尺和水平仪的区别：1.水平仪用于测量小角度，在生产过程中常用以检验和调整机器或机件的水平位置或垂直位置，进而可对机器或机件作真直度或真平度的检验工作。
外文翻译Numerically Controlled (NC) Machines
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕业设计（论文）题目：剪叉式物流液压升降台外文题目：Numerically Controlled (NC) Machines译文题目：数控机床学生姓名：张龙专业：机械设计制造及其自动化指导教师姓名：张凯评阅日期：正文内容小四号字，宋体，行距1.5倍行距。
Numerically Controlled (NC) MachinesWith automatics, programming is expensive and can be justified only for long production runs. However, with machines incorporating feedback control, programs can be provided in the form of punched tapes or punched cards, which are relatively inexpensive to produce compared with disc and drum cams. These machines are known as numerically controlled (NC) machines and can be used economically in small-batch production.As the name implies, numerical control involves control on the basis of numerical information that specifies the relative position of the tool and workpiece. From the block diagram for a machine-tool control system in Fig. 12 it can be seen that two essential elements are added to an otherwise standard machine.The first added element is a means of driving the machine table or toolholder by a servomotor, and hence the motion of the tool or workpiece depends on the signal passed to the servomotor. The second added element is a transducer that continuously monitors the position of the tool or workpiece. The signal from the transducer is compared with that obtained from the tape, and any difference (or error) is converted to analog form, amplified, and used to drive the servomotor until the tool or workpiece position agrees with the position specified by the information on the tape.Fig. 12: Feedback loop for one axis of a machine-tool control system There are two basic types of NC systems: the point-to-point, or positioning, system and the continuous-path, or contouring, system. The point-to-point system would be applied, for example, to a vertical-drilling machine. If control of the two horizontal-motion axes of the table supporting the workpiece is arranged, the machine can be programmed to locate and then drill a specified pattern of holes. In the point-to-point system the path of the tool relative to the workpiece between holes is not important, and only the coordinates of the end point of each motion of the table are specified. The continuous-path system would be applied, for example, to a vertical-milling machine that was required to end mill a complicated shape, such as cam or pocket in a workpiece. In the continuous-path system the position of the tool relative to the workpiece must be continuously controlled while workpieces are being machined.With continuous-path, or contouring, systems the position of the tool relative to the workpiece is specified by a series of coordinates, and the control system is designed to follow a path between these points by interpolation. Some machines follow a straight-line path (linear interpolation); others follow a curved path (circular or parabolic interpolation).Numerical control can be applied to motions along or about any axis,·but two or three-axis control systems are the most common. In general, vertical-milling machines and lathes utilize continuous-path, or contouring control. Vertical-drilling machines jig borers, and small milling machines often use positional control.One sophisticated form of NC machine is known as the machining center. This machine is generally a vertical-milling machine with several axes of control and with automatic tool-changing facilities. The tools are usually held in a rotary magazine, and tool changes are commanded by the punched tape. Thus, with a machining center a complicated workpiece can be completely machined on all faces except the base through a combination of milling, drilling, boring, facing, reaming, and tapping operations. This type of system is therefore most suitable for the batch production of main components.A further refinement of numerical control is adaptive control. This type of system can adapt itself to the prevailing circumstances. These circumstances are measured by the system itself and might include the power required for the machining operation, the wear of the cutting tool or grinding wheel, the forces generated, or the onset of chatter or instability. The system ideally would be designed for automatic adjustment of the feed, speed, or tool position to produce components at minimum cost and within the tolerance specified. Such a system would be very expensive and has not yet found wide application.A relatively simple adaptive control system would automatically vary the cutting speed and feed in such a way as to maximize metal-removal rates without exceeding predetermined cutting forces and power consumption. Systems of this type are relatively inexpensive and can machine under near-optimum conditions.数控机床伴随着自动化产生，只有在长期的生产运行中，编程的价格很昂贵，同时又是合理的。
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工具、量具中英对照第一章：仪表、照明、电工电料、电缆断线剥线和压线钳数字万用表、电流表、试电笔、充电电缆、刻号机、探测仪、测温仪、涂层测厚仪、标签机、秒表电缆插头、接线板、绕线器、充电手灯、工作灯、手电筒、电池、充电器电工电料、接线排束带、线号、热塑管、接头胶、穿线器、喉箍、喉箍自制带电缆剪钳、断线钳、液压切刀、光纤剪子、光纤钳、刮漆镊子、剥线钳、电工刀过线管、过线管压线钳电缆接线端子、裸端子、绝缘端子、压线钳特殊端子压线钳、集线器压线钳、线鼻子、液压压线钳中文名称英文名称数字万用表（基本型） Digital Multimeter Basic数字万用表（专业型） Digital Multimeter Profi主动式多用途钳型电流表 active multi purpose current clamp on meter 被动式交直流钳型电流表 passive current clamp on meter ac and dc被动式交流钳型电流表 passive current clamp on meter ac绝缘表笔 insulated probe袖珍数显万用表 pocket digital multimeter绝缘表笔组套 set of insulate probe数字极性万用表 digital multimeter电压表 electronic voltage testerTD3数字电压表 digital vot and flow meter相序相位电压表 (多功能电压表) elmo multi tester（led）通断测量表 elmo beeper高级通断测量表 elmo beeper pius无接触感应试电笔 inductive flow and volt tester探磁仪(电磁阀检测仪) magnet tester (magnet valve tester) 袖珍数字万用表 digital pocket multimeter试电笔 voltage tester万能试电笔 multi tester MT5/MT6S充电钳夹（半绝缘） charging tongs (partly insulated)充电电缆（启动电缆） starter cable充电电钳夹（半绝缘） charging tongs (partly insulated) 充电电钳夹（全绝缘） charging tongs（fully insulated）试电笔 voltage tester刻号机（硬质合金划针） signograph 25 (SET)金刚石刻号机（金刚石划针） signograph 25 diamant金属、电线探测仪 metal and current detector多功能金属/电线探测仪 special detector wmv袖珍金属/电线探测仪 detector damp dmv激光红外数字测温仪 infrarot thermometer杀菌消毒喷剂 disinfection spray杀菌消毒擦巾 disinfection cloth钢铁涂层测厚仪 wirbel coating tester事故检测仪 crash check金属涂层侧厚仪 mefal coating tester工业秒表（1/100分刻度） industrial stopwatch工业秒表（百分刻度） industrial stopwatch电子数显工业计时钟 digital table watch工业秒表（1/100分和1/60分刻度） industrial digital工业秒表（百分/六十分双刻度） industrial stopwatch工业实验室计时钟 industrial table watch工业电子秒表 digital stopwatch高级工业电子秒表 digital industry stopwatch多功能电子秒表 digital multifuctional stopwatch工业电子秒表 digital stopwatch工业电子秒表 digital stopwatch工业插头和插座（移动式、防溅水） waterproof electric plugs and sockets CEE变相序插头 phase reverser plugs工业插头和插座CEE plugs sockets IP44 waterproofCEE墙插座(紧凑型) wall sockets高级防水工业插头和插座CEE plugs sockets IP67 waterproofCEE墙插座(紧凑型) wall sockets全橡胶插头(防喷水) wateproof rubber plug全橡胶插头(防喷水) wateproof rubber 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miniT7手电筒(航天铝电筒) krypton flashlight normalT9手电筒(航天铝电筒) krypton flashlight big高能电池(干电池) batteries,heave duty强光大手电筒与磁性手电筒 torches强光氪手灯 krypton hand light镍氢充电电池(环保型) Ni-cd rechargeable batteriesT50专业防爆手电筒(特亮氙灯照明) explosion-peoof xenon flashlight 防爆应急工作灯 explosion-peoof working light笔型手电 biro torch电脑超快充电器 micro controller superfast charger 电脑超快充电器 superfast table charging unit插头式充电器 plug-in charging unit台式充电器 table charging unit接线卡子 lock cable sleeve接线排 terminal strips照明灯接线卡子 lock cable sleeves分线排 branch terminal ved专用接地垫片 contact washers电缆束带 cable ties彩色束带 coloured cable ties束带枪 cable tie gripping tool专业束带枪 cable tie gripping tool profi电缆束带主套 cable tie assortment不锈钢束带 cable ties of stainless steel束带枪 cable tie gun束带枪 cable tie gun束带枪备用刀片 replacement knife电缆自制束带 strap on reel束带固定架 cable tie holders可标记电缆束带 markable cable tie电缆束带不干胶插座 self adhesive plates可标记电缆束带 markable cable ties可标记电缆束带 markable cable ties束带固定底座 cable tie holders不干胶弹性固线卡 cord clips self adhesive cable clips不干胶固定卡 self adhesive pvc flat cable holders电缆线号 cable marker电缆线号盒 cable marker set电气标签 cable marker标记笔 marker pen补充线号 refill roll tapes绕线带 coil tubing电工绝缘包布 electrical insulating tapes自熔包布 self vulcanising shrink tapes橡胶护边 rubber protector for edge热缩管(薄壁型) heat-shrinking tubing,thin walled热缩管 heat-shrinking tubing卷装彩色热缩管 roll coloured heat-shrinking tubes电缆接头防水防爆密封胶组套 wateproof and explosion proof sealing for cable穿线器 pin set for cable喉箍 hose clamps一次性喉箍 hose clips成套喉箍 assortment of hose clamps喉箍主套 hose clamps一次性喉箍主套 hose clip set软轴改锥 screwdriver with flexible shaft不锈钢喉箍 stainless steel hose clamps全不锈钢喉箍 stainless steel hose clamps不锈钢喉箍(无螺丝) stainless hose clamps弹簧钳子 plier for hose clamps不锈钢喉箍自制带(无孔) hose binding band (stainless)不锈钢自制喉箍带 hose clamp band (stainless)快卡喉箍 hose clamps喉箍自制带夹紧切断工具 cutting tool for hose binding band 卡扣 tensioning lock clip两部剪钳 cable shear电缆断线钳 cable cutter通用断线钳 wire rope cutter电线剪 combination cable shear铝柄电缆断线钳 cable shear多用剪 combination cable shear电缆剪钳(1000V绝缘) cable cutter电缆剪钳(1000V绝缘) cable cutter电工断缆剥线钳 (1000V绝缘) cable cutter电缆剪钳(1000V绝缘) cable shear电缆剪钳(1000V绝缘) cable cutter电缆断线钳 cable shear电缆绝缘断线钳(1000v) cable shear铜芯电缆绝缘断线钳(1000V) wire rope and cable cutter棘轮电缆切断钳 retchet action cable cutters扁线齐口断线钳 cutter for ribbon cables液压断线钳(液压切刀) hydraulic cutter液压电缆剪钳 hydraulic cutter液压电缆剪钳 hydraulic cutter光导纤维专用剪子(光纤剪子) shears for cutting kevlar fibres 漆包线刮漆镊子 coated wire stripping tweezer光纤剪钳 kevlar cutter电工剥线多用钳 electricians plier袖珍光缆剥线钳 microstrip fibre optics同轴电缆剥线断线钳 coax dismantling plier自动剥线钳 automatic insulation stripper万能自动剥线钳 universad insulation strippers通用自动剥线钳 universad insulation strippers颚式剥线钳 self adjust lnsulation stripper颚式剥线钳 self adjust lnsulation stripper剥线钳 lnsulation stripping tool微型剥线钳(电子行业用) self adjusting lnsulation stripper颚式剥线钳 lnsulation stripping tool颚缆剥线钳 lnsulation stripping tool and cable cutter剥线钳 cable stripper剥线钳 cable stripper剥线钳 cable stripper75同轴电缆剥线钳 coaxial cable stripper剥线钳 cable stripper70同轴电缆剥线钳 coaxial cable stripper132同轴电缆剥线钳 coaxial cable stripper两用电工刀 electrician combi knife精密剥线断线钳 precise cable stripper电工刀 electrician knife不锈钢剥缆刀 dismantling knife电工刀 electricians cable knife电工刀 electrician knife剥缆线 cable lnsulation stripper使用方法 operating instructions过线管(绝缘过线管) wire end ferrules with plastic sleeves裸过线管 wire end ferrules裸过线管组套 assortment of wire end ferrules绝缘过线管组套 assortment of wire end ferrules with plastic sleeves剥线压线钳 as 250 plus过线管连续压线钳 crimping tool成排过线管 continual wire end ferrules盒装绝缘过线管 wire end ferrule box绝缘过线盒 wire end ferrule box棘轮四方压线钳(过线管四方压线) crimping plier棘轮压线钳(过线管四方压线,前方喂料) crimping plier for front and side loading棘轮六方压线钳(过线管六方压线) hexagon crimping plier棘轮压线钳(过线管四方压线) crimping plier for front loadingC40棘轮压线钳 crimping tool with ratchetC60棘轮压线钳 crimping tool with ratchetC160棘轮压线钳 crimping tool with ratchetC500棘轮压线钳 crimping tool with ratchetC161压线钳 crimping tool过线管压线钳 crimping plier for cable links过线管压线钳 crimping plier for cable links过线管压线钳 crimping pliers for end sleeves(ferrles)棘轮压线钳(过线管压线) crimping pliers万能棘轮压线钳12.9型 crimping pliers for lnsulated and nonlnsulatedwire endsleeves(ferrules)棘轮压线钳(过线管压线) crimping pliers绝缘接线端子 lnsulated cable connectors绝缘接线端子组套 set of insulate cable connectors棘轮压线钳 crimping plier绝缘接线端子组套 set of insulate cable connectors裸接线端子 uninsulated cable connectors绝缘接线端子 lnsulate cable connectorsQi61棘轮压线钳 crimping tool for insulated cable connecrorsQu62棘轮压线钳 crimping tool for uninsulated cable connecrors BNC棘轮压线钳 crimping tool for coaxial connecrorsQU15棘轮压线钳 crimping tool for cable uninsulated cableconnecrorsQU61棘轮压线钳 crimping tool for uninsulated cable connecrorsQ60plus剥线压线断线钳 crimping tool for insulated and uninsulatedcable connecrorsQi60剥线压线断线钳 crimping tool for lnsulated cable connecrors QU60剥线压线断线钳 crimping tool for uninsulated cable connecrors 棘轮压线钳 crimping pliers棘轮压线钳 crimping tool for coaxial connecrorsCQ250万能棘轮压线钳 universal crimping tool with ratchet绝缘接线端子组套(530 pcs) assortment of insulated cable connectors绝缘接线端子组套(320 pcs) assortment of insulated cable connectorsCQ250棘轮万能压线钳的各种配件和专用压线钳 accessories of CQ250 differenttype of universal crimpingtool with ratchet万能棘轮压线钳12.25型 crimping plier for spark plug connectors万能棘轮压线钳(裸接线端子) crimping plier for noninsulated terminals andconnectors万能棘轮压线钳12.6型 crimping plier for insulated terminals andconnectors万能棘轮压线钳12型 crimping plier for noninsulated plug connectors 万能棘轮压线钳12型 crimping plier for rolled contacts and modularplug万能棘轮压线钳12.667型 crimping plier for Dsub plugs万能棘轮压线钳12.7型 crimping plier for turned contacts万能棘轮压线钳12.8型 crimping plier for western plugs电话线切线剥线压线钳 crimping plier for western plugs电话线切线剥线压线钳 crimping plier for western plugs电话线切线剥线压线钳 crimping plier for western plugs压线鼻子 copper connectors with one hole lug压线鼻子 copper connectors with one hole lug对接压线管 copper two way splicers液压压线钳 hydraulic crimpinmg tool without profile液压压线钳压模 profiles for hydraulic crimping tool PH2400液压压线钳 hydraulic crimping tool机械压线钳 mechanical crimping tool液压压线钳 hydraulic crimping tool绝缘液压压线钳 lnsulated hydraulic crimping tool第二章:手动工具及消耗材料(1)机工钳子、电工钳子、袖珍电子钳、防静电电子钳、精密镊子卡环钳、皮带打孔钳、大力钳、水泵钳、多用剪、板剪、钢筋断线钳管子刀、弯管器、液压弯管器、改椎头、改锥头快换卡头改锥、电工改锥、试电笔、磁探手、仪表改锥、冲击改锥、防静电改锥T形内六方扳子、球头内六方扳子、内六星扳子、内六槽扳子呆扳子、梅花扳子、呆梅扳子、活扳子、棘轮扳子、锤击扳子、钩扳子、单头扳子电工套筒扳子、呆扳子、机工套筒和套头、棘轮套筒扳子组套、电气动工具套筒套头扭矩扳子、测扭扳子、扳子插头、数显扭矩扳子、测扭仪、扭矩放大器扭矩改锥、改锥杆、电工扭矩改锥、防静电扭矩改锥第二章:手动工具及消耗材料(2)无反弹锤、平活锤、钳工锤、铜锤、划针、子、顶出器、冲子钢号码、自动冲子、耗棍、冲孔器、吸盘、听诊器、打包器、皮带扳子卡兰、圆吊带、平吊带、棘轮绑带子(拉马)、断螺栓取出器、棘轮绞杠、断丝锥取出器锉、刮研刀、多用刀、裁纸刀、电工刀黄油加注机、黄油枪、黄油嘴、油壶、提油泵、台虎钳、升降装置钻头、空心钻头、液压开孔器、扩孔钻头、去毛刺工具丝锥板牙、螺纹修复器、车刀、锯条、锯曲线锯条切割片、角磨片、砂纸、钢丝刷、刚玉磨头、硬质合金磨头中文名称英文名称虎钳 cutting plier偏口钳 side cutting plier尖嘴钳 snipe nose cutting plier水泵钳 water pump plier钳子组套 assortment of pliers钳子组套 assortment of pliers虎钳 cutting plier尖嘴钳 snipe nose cutting pliers强力虎钳 power cutting plier扁嘴钳 flat nose pliers偏口钳 side cutting plier起钉断线钳 front cutting pliers电工虎钳 electric cutting plier电工尖嘴钳 electric snipe nose plier电工偏口钳 electric side cutting plier电工电缆钳 electric cable shearVDE电工虎钳 electric cutting plierelectric combi plierVDE电工强力偏口钳 electric power side cutting plierVDE电工偏口钳 electric side cutting plierVDE电工尖嘴钳 electric snipe nose plier VDE电工强力虎钳 electric power cutting plierVDE电工扁嘴钳 electric flat nose plierVDE电工钳子组套 electric plier assortment VDE电工圆嘴钳 electric round nose plierVDE电工钳子组套 electric plier assortment电工钳子组套 electric plier set电工钳子组套 electric plier set电工钳子改锥组套 electric pliers screwdrivers set 电工绝缘虎钳 electric combination pliers电工绝缘偏口钳 electric diagonal cutter电工绝缘尖嘴钳 electric snipe nose pliers电工钳子改锥组套 electric sets of pliers and tools 电工绝缘断线钳 VED cable cutters电工绝缘钳子组套 VED plier set机工偏口钳 diagonal cutters机工直尖嘴钳 needle nose pliers机工小偏口钳 diagonal cutters机工弯尖嘴钳 needle nose pliers水泵钳 water pump plier机工钳子组套 pliers set水泵钳 water pump plier自动水泵钳 water pump plier机工钳子改锥组套 tools set袖珍电子偏口钳 electronic side cutting plier袖珍电子齐口断线钳 electronic super nipper袖珍电子尖嘴钳 electronic plier袖珍电子顶切钳 electronic front cutting plier电子斜切钳（宽尖头） electronic diagonal cutter电子斜切钳（宽尖头，断头卡簧） electronic diagonal cutter with wire trapping电子斜切钳（窄尖头） electronic oblique cutting nipper袖珍电子斜切钳 micro eletronics diagonal cutter电子方口鸭嘴钳 needle nose plier电子顶切钳 micro electronic oblique end cutting nipper防静电袖珍钳子组套 esd plier set袖珍电子钳组套（6件套） electronic plier set袖珍电子偏口钳 electro mechanics diagonal cutters防静电工具组套 esd tool set牛皮工具袋 tool pouches of best butt leather袖珍电子超细偏口钳 electronics diagonal cutters extra slim patterm 防静电袖珍窄尖头偏口钳 esd diagonal cutter防静电袖珍通用尖头偏口钳 esd diagonal cutter防静电袖珍窄头偏口钳 esd diagonal cutter防静电袖珍尖头偏口钳 esd diagonal cutter防静电袖珍半圆头偏口钳 esd diagonal cutter防静电袖珍斜口顶切钳 esd oblique end cutting nipper防静电袖珍窄头斜切钳 esd oblique end cutting nipper防静电袖珍超窄顶切钳 esd end cutting nipper防静电袖珍顶切钳 esd end cutting nipper防静电袖珍圆口尖嘴钳 esd ronud nose plier防静电袖珍直头尖嘴钳 esd needle nose plie,straight head防静电袖珍方头鸭嘴钳 esd flat nose plier防静电袖珍弯头尖嘴钳 esd needle nose plier 45ºangled head弱电电子行业镊子装配镊子 electronic assembly tweezer精密抓取镊子 electronic precision grip tweezer精密镊子 precision tweezers电子绝缘镊子（1000V） precision tweezers装配镊子 assembly tweezers取出镊子 pick up tweezer超细精密装配镊子 precision pick up tweezers止动镊子 grossover tweezer晶体管取出镊子 transistor pick up tweezer散热镊子 heat shunt tweezer精密安装镊子 precision pick up tweezers直嘴孔用卡环钳 internal circlip pliers with straight jaw直嘴轴用卡环钳（内置弹簧） external circlip pliers with straight jaw弯嘴孔用卡环钳 internal circlip pliers with 90ºoffset jaw弯嘴轴用卡环钳（内置弹簧） external circlip pliers with 90ºoffset jaw 无孔轴用档圈卡环钳 circlip plier for shafts卡环钳组套 set of pliers轴用卡簧钳（直头） circlip pliers for shaft孔用卡簧钳（直头） circlip pliers for bores孔用卡簧钳（90º弯头） circlip pliers for bores轴用卡簧钳（90º弯头） circlip pliers for shaft重型偏口断线钳 heavy duty side cutting plier大型轴用卡环钳 external circlip pliers(shafts)绞线钳（绕线钳） wier twisting pliers大型孔用卡环钳 lnternal circlip pliers(bore holes)皮带打孔钳 revolver hole punch plier大力钳 vise grip pliers尖嘴大力钳 vise grip pliers with wire cutter管口大力钳 vise grip pliers with wire cutter and curved jaws板口大力钳 vise grip pliers with straight jaws 开口大力钳 open jawed vise grip wrenches 板式大力钳 vise grip pliers for sheet metal 框式大力钳 grip pliers for claming焊接大力钳 welder’s grip pliers链式大力钳 chain grip plier框式大力钳 grip pliers大力钳组套（14件套） grip pliers board营口大力钳 grip pliers with wire cutter封断大力钳 sealing grip plier万能大力钳 perfect grip plier管子大力钳 pipe grip plier焊接大力钳 welding grip plier板材大力钳 grip plier with straight jaws焊管大力钳 pipe welding grip plier框式大力钳 clamp grip plier大力钳组套 grip plier set袖珍大力钳（袖珍夹具） micro grip plier通用大力钳 universal grip plierC型大力钳 c-grip plier钣金大力钳 grip pliers钣金大力钳组套（5件套） grip plier set(5 pcs)水泵钳 water pump pliers重载管钳 heavy duty pipe wrench自动水泵钳 automatic water pump plier平口钳 fitting plier链管钳 chain pipe wrench管钳（瑞典式直角型） elbow pipe wrenches管钳（瑞典式S型） corner elbow pipe wrenches 直角管钳 pipe wrench 90º斜嘴管钳 pipe wrench 45º斜角管钳 pipe wrench 45ºS型管钳 pipe wrench 45ºS棘轮平口钳扳手 clamping wrenches 万能大口钳 universal plier扩口器 pipe extension tool 盆底钳 sanitary plier管钳(钳口罩塑料套) plier with plastic jaws快进洞口钳 quick plier with copper jaws返水弯钳 plastic pipe plier多用剪 combination shear工作剪子 working shear电话电缆剪 telephone and cable shear自动顶切钳 cutter电线剪子 wire cutter顶切钳 cutter钢筋断线钳 bolt chipper“profi”钢丝绳专业断线钳 profi cutter for steel wire rope“universal”钢丝绳通用断线钳（断丝王） universal cutter for steel wire rope 扎线钳 steel bender pliers钢筋断线钳 centre cutting chipper胡桃钳 pincers钣金铁剪子 sheet metal shears铁剪子 continuous shear铁剪子 contour shear铁剪子 ldeal shear柏林剪子 berlin shear高级铁剪子 contour and continuous shear不锈钢万用剪 stainless steel shear步冲板剪 sheet metal nibbler板剪(钣金铁剪子) sheet metal shear切板机 sheet metal cutter板剪(钣金铁剪子) contour shear高速钢板剪（高级板剪） hss sheet metal shear拆包铁皮剪 steel belt cutter袖珍管子刀 mini pipe cutter管子刀 small pipe cutter管子刀 telescope pipe cutters管子刀 pipe cutter管口倒角器 ripe milling cutter链管子刀 chain pipe cutter万能管子刀组套 univerrsal pipe cutter assortment塑料管棘轮切刀 plastics pipe shear塑料管割刀 plastics pipe cutter塑料管切刀 plastic pipe cutter手动液压弯管器组套（11件套） hydraulic pipe bender,manual 弯管钳 pipe bend plier手动机械弯管器组套（10件套） manual bending tool弯管器 pipe bend tool手动机械弯管器组套（9件套） pipe bend tool强力改锥头组套（十字和米字） bit box改锥头组套（9件套） bit box改锥头便携卡子 bit clip安全螺丝专用改锥组套（30件套） assortment of safety bits(30 pieces) 安全螺丝专用改锥组套（14件套） assortment of safety bits(14 pieces) 1/4”内六星带孔改锥头组套 torx bits with drilling hole1/4”改锥头组套(36件套) 1/4”bit box(36 picecs)十字改锥头选用一览表 cross recess bit range(range of phillips pozidriv bits)内六方改锥头选用一览表 hex bits一字改锥头选用一览表 slotted bits内六星改锥头、扳子和套头一览表 torx bits改锥头万能卡头及连接件 universal holders for bits万能磁性快换卡头（特点：即带快换夹头，又有磁性） universal holderswith quickchange andmagnet万能快换卡头（特点：有快换夹头，带锁紧功能，无磁性） universalholders withquick change不锈钢万能卡头（特点：带锁紧装置，有磁性） stainless steel universalholder withsnap ring andmagnet不锈钢万能卡头（特点：带锁紧功能，无磁性） stainless steel universalholders withsnap ring andmagnet万能卡头（特点：带改锥头锁紧功能） universal holders with snapring连接杆 DIN 7428 connecting parts连接套筒 DIN 7427 connecting parts1/4”万能快换卡头（生产线专用） quick release holders磁性六方套筒 hexagonal nut setter with magnet六方套筒(无磁性) hexagonal nut setter without magnet六方套筒(带机械锁紧装置) hexagonal nut setter with snap ring通心可砸强力一字改锥 slotted screwdriver,impact resistant强力一字改锥 slotted screwdriver通心可砸强力十字改锥 phillips screwdriver,impact resistant强力十字改锥 phillips screwdriver通心可砸强力改组套（5件套） set of screwdriver for metal working机工强力改锥组套（6件套） set of screwdriver for metal working木工强力米字改锥 pozidriv screwdrivers球头内六方改锥组套 set of ballpoint screwdrivers木工强力改锥组套（5件套） set of pozidriv screwdrivers六方套筒改锥 nutdriver球头内六方改锥 ballpoint screwdriver六方套筒改锥组套 nutdriver电工绝缘改锥 VDE electric screwdrivers电工绝缘一字改锥 VDE electric soltted screwdriver电工绝缘六方套筒改锥 VDE electric screwdrivers电工绝缘六方套筒改锥 VDE electric screwdrivers电工绝缘十字改锥 VDE electric phillips screwdriver电工六方套筒改锥组套（6件套） VDE set of nutdrivers电工绝缘米字改锥 VDE electric pozidriv screwdriver电工一字十字改锥组套（5件套） VDE set of slotted phillips crewdrivers(5pcs)电工一字米字改锥组套（5件套） VDE sef of slotted pozidriv screwdrivers电工绝缘内六方改锥 VDE electric hex screwdriver电工绝缘夹持一字改锥 VDE retaining slotted screwdriver试电笔 voltage tester电工绝缘夹持十字改锥 VDE retaining phillips screwdriver电工试电笔 150－250V voltage tester，flat blade无接触感应试电笔（120－1000VAC） lnductive flow and volt tester一字改锥 slotted screwdriver十字改锥 phillips screwdriver加长十字改锥 phillips screwdrivers,long加长一字改锥 slotted screwdriver,long短十字改锥 phillips screwdriver,short短一字改锥 slotted screwdriver,short机工改锥组套（6件套） screwdriver set for metal working(6pcs) 米字改锥 pozidriv screwdrivers短米字改锥 pozidriv screwdrivers,short木工改锥组套（5件套） screwdriver set for wood working(5pcs)内六星改锥 torx screwdriver加长内六星改锥 torx screwdriver，long内六星改锥组套（8件套） torx screwdriver set(8pcs)带孔内六星改锥 screwdriver torx with drill hole三棱改锥组套（3件套） set of screwdriver tri wing带孔内六星改锥组套（7件套） set of screwdriver torx with drill hole(7pcs)六方套筒软轴改锥 socket wrenches with flexible shaft for hexagon head screws三棱改锥 screwdriver tri wing六方套筒软轴改锥组套（5件套） set of socket wrenches with flexible shaft 1/4”方头改锥 bitsholder1/4”,square drive磁性改锥 1/4”magazine bitsholder with magnet快换头改锥 bitsholder with 1/4”quick action chuck磁性可换头改锥（带六种改锥头） magnet magazine bitsholder with 6 bits 插杆改锥把 screwdriver handle for 6mm shart机工磁性可换头改锥（6种改锥头） magazine bitsholder with 6 bits for metal working机工磁性可换头改锥（6种改锥头） magazine bitsholder with 6 bits for wood working各种改锥组套 possibilities of screwdriver sets通心可砸改锥组套（8件套，带架） screwdriver set for automotive and metal working(8pcs)木工强力改锥组套（8件套，带架） screwdriver set for wood working机工强力改锥组套（一字十字球头内六方8件套带架） screwdriver set formetalworking(8pcs) 内六星改锥组套（8件套，带架） torx screwdriver set(8pcs)电工绝缘改锥组套（8件套，带架） electric screwdriver set(8 pcs)表起子组套 watchmaker screwdriver set手用倒角钻 hand deburrer冲孔器 wad punch四棱锥子 square reamer一字角扳子 slotted offset screwdriver圆锥子 hole punch十字角扳子 phillips offset screwdriver强力一字改锥 slotted screwdriver强力十字改锥 phillips screwdrivers一字改锥和长一字改锥 long type长十字改锥 phillips long screwdriver短一字改锥 short slotted screwdriver短十字改锥 phillips short screwdriver机工改锥组套（8件套） set for metal六方套筒改锥 hex nutdriver hexagonal socker spanners强力米字改锥 pozidriv screwdrivers一字角扳子 slot offset screwdriver木工改锥组套（6件套） set for wood防油可砸大把改锥组套 set of screwdrivers for oily wet applications 防油强力大把改锥组套 set of screwdrivers for oily wet applications 强力大把改锥组套 screwdriver set防油大把改锥组套 set of screwdrivers for oily wet applications 一字十字大把改锥组套 screwdriver set可砸大把改锥组套 screwdrivers set电工绝缘大把改锥组套 VDE electric screwdriver set一字十字电工绝缘改锥组套(6件套) electrician screwdriver set加磁改锥组套（6件套） magnet screwdriver set电工绝缘大把改锥组套 VDE screwdriver set十字夹持改锥 phillips screwdriver with holder刮胶扁铲 gasket scraper仪表改锥组套（一字十字） slotted/phillips screwdriver set，5pcs 车扣起子 staple lifter通心可砸四棱锥 square reamer软轴套筒 socket wrench with flexible shaff for hexagon headxcrews通心可砸圆锥子 hole punches磁探手（可弯曲） magnet lifting bar抓取器（可弯曲） fleixible claw grip磁探手（可伸缩） telescopic magnet加磁消磁器 magnetizer demagnetizer仪表改锥（手捻） screwdriver for precise lnstrument米字仪表改锥 pozidriv lnstrument screwdriver一字仪表改锥 slotted lnstrument screwdriver十字仪表改锥 phillips lnstrument screwdriver内六星仪表改锥 torx lnstrument screwdriver球头内六方仪表改锥 ballpoint lnstrument screwdriver一字十字仪表改锥组套 slotted/phillips screwdrive set ,6pcs内六星仪表改锥组套 torx screwdriver set手机内六星仪表改锥组套 torx screwdriver set for mobile phone六方套筒仪表改锥组套 nut driver set球头内六方仪表改锥组套 ballpoint hex screwdriver set一字十字双头可换仪表改锥组套（4件套） reversible screwdrivers set一字十字内六方双头可换仪表改锥组套（11件套） reversible screwdrivers set 便携式一字小改锥 screwdrivers内六星十字双头可换仪表改锥组套（6件套） reversible screwdrivers set防静电一字仪表改锥 slotted,ESD防静电六万套筒仪表改锥 nutdriver,ESD防静电十字仪表改锥 phillips,ESD防静电仪表改锥组套（六件套） ESD sets of antistatic electronic screwdrivers防静电内六星仪表改锥 torx,ESD防静电内六万仪表改锥 hex key,ESD防静电元件起子 ESD chip lifter抗磁防静电一字陶瓷改锥 ceramic antistatic slotted screwdriver陶瓷防静电改锥组套（3件套） ceramic antistatic screwdriver set抗磁防静电十字陶瓷改锥 ceramic antistatic phillips screwdriver 防静电一字改锥 antistatic slotted screwdriver防静电十字改锥 antistatic phillips screwdriver便携式磁性改锥（19件套） handypac magnet screwdriver棘轮改锥（正反转） reversible ratchet screwdriverT型棘轮改锥（正反转） reversible ratchet T-handleT型棘轮套筒组套 assortment of reversible T-handle and sockets 棘轮改锥组套 multi change tip screwdriver setT型棘轮改锥组套 multi change tip screwdriver setT型棘轮改锥组套 T-change screwdriver set内六星改锥组套 torx bit set双头可换改锥组套 multi reversible screwdriver set磁力变向改锥 wibos junior angle bitsholder双头插换式改锥组套 6mm reversible blade sets with handleT型棘轮组套改锥 6mm reversible blade sets with ratcher handle 冲击改锥（锤击改锥） lmpact driver使用方法 operating lnstructions冲击改锥组套（90NM） lmpact driver assortment组套包括 contents冲击改锥组套（120NM） lmpact driver assortment公制T型内六方扳子 metric hex screwdriver with T-handleT型套筒扳子 square nutdrives with T-handle磁性T型六方套筒扳子 magnetic nutdrivers with T-handle英制T型六方套筒扳子 hex nut driver with T-handle英制T型内六方扳子 allen key wreach with T-handle,inch sizeT型内六星扳子 torx screwdrivers with T-handle1/2”T型手柄 1/2”drive bitsholder with T-handleT型内六方两用扳子 hex driver with T-handleT型内六方两用扳子组套（6件套） sef of hex driver with T-handle T型内六方两用扳子组套 hex driver set with T-handleT型内六星两用扳子 internal torx wrench with T-handleT型内六星扳子组套（6件套） torx driver set with T-handleT型内六星扳子组套 torx driver set with T-handle1/4磁性T形两用改锥 magnet screwdrivers with T-handle 公制内六方扳子（短型） hex key,metric公制内六方扳子组套 hex key set,metric便携式公制内六方扳子 pocket allen key set公制内六方扳子煮黑 hex L－key,short折叠式内六方扳子 set of hex keys公制内六方扳子组套 metric hex key set内六方扳子组套 hex L-key set英制内六方扳子（短型） hex key lnch sizes公制加长内六方扳子组套 metnic long hex key set便携式英制内六方扳子 pocket allen key set加长内六方扳子 hex L-key，long公制加长内六方扳子 metnic hex key, long英制内六方扳子组套 hex L-key set，inch size加长内六方扳子组套 hex L-key sets，long公制球头内六方扳子组套 offset cocket screw key set弹簧卡环球头内六方扳子组套（9件套） ballpoint hex L-key set，long 公制球头内六方扳子组套 offset cocket screw key set弹簧卡环球头内六方扳子组套（9件套） hex L-key set，long英制球头内六方扳子组套 offset cocket screw key set球头内六方扳子 ballpoint hex L-key,long英制球头内六方扳子（单支） ballpoint hex L-key,long,lnch size 弹簧卡环英制球头内六方扳子组套（13件套）ballpoint hex L-key set便携式内六方扳子（公制） pocket set of hex screws,metric size便携式卡环球头内六方扳子（公制） pocket set of hex screws,metric size 便携式球头内六方扳子 hex key in fold out holder,inch size便携式多功能工具 pocket set of tools便携式卡环球头内六方扳子（英制） pocket set of hex screws,lnch sizes 便携式万能工具 pocket set of tools便携式带孔内六星扳子 torx TR keys in fold out holder便携式内六星扳子 torx keys in fold out holder球头内六星扳子组套 ballpoint tork L-key set内六星扳子组套 set of socket-torx offset screw keys内六星扳子组套(8件套) set of torx keys加长内六星扳子组套 torx L-key set折叠式内十二星扳子（XZN） multitooth key set折叠式内六槽扳子（ribe） angle screw driver set内六星扳子组套 torx L-keys set，short内六槽扳子 torx plus L-keys，short内十二星扳子 XZN L-keys。
ZXD转速信号测控仪中英文说明书
ZXD-01转速信号测控仪一、概述永源ZXD-01转速信号测控仪可完成水轮机发电机组的转速百分比或频率测量，其输入信号可取主机残电压（电流互感器边）、永磁机电压，输出采用七路继电器控制和一路12位D/A转换输出模拟量。
机组的转速百分比和频率由四位LED数码管显示，七路继电器的工作状态由七只LED发光二极管分别指示。
本仪表除可带4—20mA ,1—5V ，0—20mA，0—5V等标准直流信号输出外，还可带RS—485，RS—232C，RS—422A等标准串行口输出，输出采用光电隔离，使得仪表可以与计算机直接接口。
本仪表关键元器件采用美国A TMEL公司、MAXIM公司、TI公司的产品。
仪表掉电采用E2PROM数据保护，初始设置的所有参数及工作状态不会因突然停电而丢失，可永久保存；输入、输出采用光电隔离技术，使得仪表完全满足电厂安全、及时、稳定、可靠的工作要求。
二、主要技术参数1、输入信号1）发电机残压；2）发电机PT频率2、输入电压范围：发电机残压或PT信号0.1-250V AC3、测量精度：0.1级4、测频范围：频率0.02 –99.99 HZ、转速百分比2%-200%5、输出信号1）7路继电器常开触点输出2）模拟信号输出：4—20mA (对应于机组转速的0%-200%)3) RS485串行通信接口输出：标准MODBUS通信协议6、工作环境：温度-10—50 ℃，相对湿度≤85% 无腐蚀性气体及导电、易爆、尘埃等场所。
7、外型尺寸：宽×高×深 = 160 ×80×160 mm8、电源：开关电源，交流185——250V或直流75——300V三、使用说明1、面板介绍1）显示窗口：测量值及各种参数显示器2）报警指示灯：内部继电器动作，则对应指示灯亮3）单位指示灯：指示出当前窗口显示数值的单位4）增加键：参数设置时，参数设置增加键5）减少键：参数设置时，参数设置减少键6）SET键：参数设置时，状态改变及存储键2、继继电器输出规律说明：出厂时，各动作点值已经按照下表设置好（有合同的则按照合同规定的参数调试出厂）。
量仪中英文对照
序 号 英 文 名 称 1 Gauge blocks 2 Gauge blocks for Micrometer 3 Gauge blocks for Caliper 4 Digital Height Master 5 Optical Parallel 6 Digital Micrometer 7 Calibration Tester 8 Smart Scope Fov. 9 Coordinate Measuring Machine(CMM) 10 Profile Projector 11 Micro-hite (Linear Height) 12 Rockwell Superficial Hardness Testing Machine 13 Dial test indicator 14 Tube Micrometer 15 Calliper 16 Digimatic Height Gage 17 Force Gauge 18 Micrometer 19 Disk Micrometer 20 Dial Calliper 21 Inside Micrometer 22 Vernier Calliper 23 Depth (height ) Vernier Caliper 24 Precision Square 25 Universal bevel Protractor 26 Radius Template 27 Feeler Gauges 28 PH Meter 29 Conductivity Meter 30 Electric Precision Level 31 Temperature and Moisture Meter 32 Calibration Station 33 Supplier 34 Pass 35 Hold Use 36 Lost 37 ( Plug Gage Set ) 38 Granite Surface Plate 39 Vee Blocks 40 Liquid Particle Counter 41 Optical Fiat 42 Laser Particle Counter 43 Roughness tester 44 Gauge 45 Electronic Analytical Balance 46 Ion Chromatograph Tester 47 Measure Mind 48 Measure Fixture 49 Roughness Parameter 50 Mettler Toledo AT Balance 51 Digial Multimeter 52 Capacitor & Inductor Analyzer 53 Scrap 54 Laser Scan Micrometer 中 文 名 称 量块 千分尺专用量块 卡尺专用量块 数ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้步距规 平行平晶 数显千分尺 千(百)分表检定仪 精密影视坐标测量机 笛卡尔三座标测量机 投影仪 高度仪 洛氏硬度测量机 杠杆千(百)分表 测厚千分尺 卡尺 表显高度尺 推拉力计 千分尺 盘式千分尺(节距分厘卡) 带表卡尺 内径千分尺 游标卡尺 深(高)度游标卡尺 宽座角度尺 万能角度尺 半径样板 塞尺 PH值浓度计 导电计 电子水平仪 温湿度计 计量检定所 供应商 合格 停用 遗失 套装基治 岩石平板 V型规(架) 液体微粒(尘)计数器 平面平晶 空气微粒(尘)计数器 粗糙度仪 光滑极限量规(基治) 电子分析天平 离子色谱分析仪 测量电脑 测量工装 粗糙度样板 梅特勒托利多AT天平 数显万用表 电容电感测量仪 报废 镭射测量仪(激光测量仪)
数字转速表中英文翻译
Multifunctional applications to several tablesOn the rotational speed table design has many available, but mostly by mechanical or simulated digital circuits to achieve.there are large in size,precision low,not visual,electronics large, less functional and sampling time,it is difficult to detect instantaneous rotational speed. as Chanpianji with both small and control functions such strong characteristics,so it widely in control applications.we want multifunctional rotational speed control system is designed to shanpianji as the core to achieve intelligent meters. It is more functional,small electronics,and visual accuracy,showing time,speed warning systems,printing,such as instant rotational speed advantage.in computer hardware and software technology development efforts, and to present such functional single,low precision,size and price of high rotational speed tables are upgrading equipment.currently rotational speed table as a common measurement tool has many coming to market,such as:mechanical,electrical anmech- anical style, electromagnetic-type, photoelectric type.although they are precise Measurements,the use of safe,operate,but the prevailing question is a single function In the current hardware and software to improve the precision and functions on the Basis of achieving a comprehensive equipment upgrading and improving pilot skills. The introduction of new technology developed multifunctional rotational speed table, With general rotational speed table functions,but also with other special functions. From the 1970s, the human acrospace ,transport and weapons industry problems Encountered difficulty in the traditional theory to solve. The need to promote the Development of the productive forces in computer systems technology to develop. Accompanied by computer hardware and software rapid development of technology, Master degrees in multifunctional rotational speed table,function ,performance,and Have a rapid development architecture,has been able to master a complete powerful, Performance quality laser systems. Now Europe and the United States and other Developed countries,laser system technology has been successfully applied to Acrospace ,transportation,ordnance industry,mechanical design,and many other areas, Has atremendous benefit,but also for traditional design testing methods have changed Dramatically. this is the modern market demand for products that do not , how to Improve the success rate of the initial design of the traditional design methodology is a Difficult question.because of its high Chanpianji master degrees,both small and anti- Interference capability and affordable, unique control functions,it has become an im- Portant member of the computer world,applications in one ,only one chanpianji,which Is currently the largest application form,the main application areas are: (1). Monitoring system .shanpianji may constitute a variety of industrial control systems,adaptive systems,data acquisition systems(2).monitoring system.shanpianji may constitute a variety of industrial controlSystem,adaptive systems,data acquisition systems.(3).and integration products.shanpianji combination with the traditional mechanicalProducts,mechanical products simplify system control intelligent.(4).smart interface .in the computer control system(especially the larger industrialMonitoring and control systems),widespread adoption danpianji interface for the Control and management of the mainframe is chanpianji parallel with the work,it hasGreatly enhanced system operating speed.However shanpianji application must not be limited to its broad meaning and scope of The economic benefits arising from,more important lies in: danpianji applications are Fundementally changing the traditional collection control system design concepts and Design methods. Former circuit or digital circuit must be similated toachieve most of The control functions can now be used shanpianji through software (programming) Methods achieved.to replace hardware and software that can control technology will Enhance system performance with danpianji popularize the application of constantDevelopment and improvement.Shanpian microcomputers for the emergence of automated instrumentation opens broad Prospects. mcs-sj-chanpian particular type of performance computer, size, energy, Advantages,and strong computing,processing and memory storage capabilities to Control components uesd danpianji wisdom meters into the upgrading of industrial Products and advanced technology are economic means.maintain a peak capacity.Rotational speed changes to the "memory of the greatest rotational speed values.a "black box function.to the permanent preservation of important rotational speed data.For accident analysis,review appliacations,normal circumstances can provide data Analysis.amendment can be preserved to the different requirements of printintervals .thereby speeding access to test data,a maximum speed of data.anti-interference capability.on the important of abroader range of adaptive signal.applicable to electromagnetic type,photoelectric type fluid style,and many other sensors to produce one pulse per or 60-(60)business,the meters particularly suited to the testing plant housing units rotational speed,control,similar to other mining industry uses also apply.meters into measurement.display,interactive,and print several of thepolice.smart devices are microprocessors at the core of electronic equipment,hardware circuit design of the components to the mastery of the principles of work,but also for its masteryof micro-computer hardware principles.the general wisdom equipment design steps: first, it is necessary to determine the design of the mission,to prepare the design task sheets,equipment should have clear functions and should meet the technical requirements,design of mission statement is the basis for the design designers should strive to accurate precision;and then to design programmers to develop,at this stage,designers must make several designoptions,each programme should include equipment design principles, using the technology,the key components of performance :then to conduct a feasibility study on the programme. including some important part of theoretical analysis and calculation,and the necessary simulation experiments,in order to achieve certification programme can design requirements;then again into one of the options as a factor in the design of programmes to identify machines work equipment total diagram;finally, the hardware circuit and software debugging and circuit design and the overall tone. software components.which mainly 89C52 chanpianji hardware circuits,laser converters,keyboard set threshold,warning circuit,and the led LCD system with the computer interface circuits.software components including control procedures.These monitoring procedures for equipment panels keyboards and monitors,and its contents include:import and storage through keyboard operation established by the functional, operational modalities and activities of parameters;through data collection control I/O interface circuits for equipment intended for installation; ROM of the data recorded data and various state; to figures,characters, graphic,and other forms of state information and measurements show that the out of the process.多功能转速表的应用关于转速表的设计已经有很多可供参考,但大部分都是由机械式或模拟数字电路来实现的。
数字频率计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Introduction of digital frequency meterDigital Frequency is an indispensable instrument of communications equipment, audio and video, and other areas of scientific research and production . In addition to the plastic part of the measured signal, and digital key for a part of the show, all the digital frequency using Verilog HDL designed and implemented achieve in an FPGA chip. The entire system is very lean, flexible and have a modification of the scene.1 、And other precision measuring frequency PrincipleFrequency measurement methods can be divided into two kinds:(1) direct measurement method, that is, at a certain time measurement gate measured pulse signal number.(2) indirect measurements, such as the cycle frequency measurement, VF conversion law. Frequency Measurement indirect measurement method applies only to low-frequency signals.Based on the principles of traditional frequency measurement of the frequency of measurement accuracy will be measured with the decline in signal frequency decreases in the more practical limitations, such as the accuracy and frequency of measurement not only has high accuracy, but also in the whole frequency region to maintain constant test accuracy. The main method of measurement frequency measurement Preferences gated signal GATE issued by the MCU, GATE time width on the frequency measurement accuracy of less impact, in the larger context of choice, as long as the FPGA in 32 of 100 in the counter b M Signals are not overflow line, in accordance with the theoretical calculation GATE time can be greater than the width Tc 42.94 s, but due to the single-chip microcomputer data processing capacity constraints, the actual width of less time, generally in the range of between 0.1 s choice, that is, high-frequency, shorter gate;, low gate longer. This time gate width Tc based on the size of the measured frequency automatically adjust frequency measurement in order to achieve the automatic conversion range, and expanded the range of frequency measurement; realization of the entire scope of measurement accuracy, reduce the low-frequency measurement error.The design of the main methods of measuring the frequency measurement and control block diagram as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Preferences gated signal GA TE issued by the MCU, GA TE time width of less frequency measurement accuracy, in the larger context of choice, as long as the FPGA in 32 of 100 in the counter b M signal Overflow will do, according to theoretical calculations GA TE time width T c can be greater than 42194 s, but due to the single-chip microcomputer data processing capacity constraints, the actual width of less time, generally 10 to 011 s in the inter-choice, that is, high - band, the gate time shorter, low gate longer. This time gate width based on the measured T c automatically adjust the size of frequency measurement frequency range to achieve the automatic conversion, and expanded the range of frequency measurement; realization of the entire scope of measurement accuracy, reduce the low-frequency measurement error.2、Frequency of achievingFrequency Measurement accuracy of such method. Can be simplified as shown in the diagram. Map CNT1 and CNT2 two controllable counter, standard frequency (f) signal from the CN F1 clock input cI K input, the signal measured after the plastic (f) CNT2 clock input cI K input. Each counter in the CEN input as enable end, used to control the counter count. When the gate signal is HIGH Preferences (Preferencesstart time). Signal measured by the rising edge of the D flip-flop input, launched at the same time with two counts of juice; Similarly, when preferences for low gate signal (the end of Preferences time), the rising edge of the measured signals through D Trigger output end of the counter to stop counting.3、And the median frequency of relevant indicatorsMedian: At the same time the figures show that up to the median. The usual eight-count frequency of only several hundred yuan can buy. For high precision measurements, nine just beginning, the middle is 11, 13 can be relatively high.Overflow of:-the ability to promote itself to overflow the equivalent of the total. Some of the frequency with overflow function, which is the highest overflow does not display only shows that the bit behind, in order to achieve the purpose of the median. Here is the estimated value of individual indicators.Speed: namely, the number of per second. With the high number of measurement particularly slow but also lose its significance. Counting of the usual eight frequency measurement 10 MHz signals, one second gate will be 10000000 Hz, which is actually seven (equivalent to the median number of common admission after the value), to obtain eight needed 10 seconds gate ; to obtain nine needed 100 seconds gate, followed by analogy, shows that even the permission of 11 need 10,000 second measurement time. But in any case, or seven per second. Therefore, to fast must be a few high speed.Distinction: it is like a minimum voltage meter can tell how much voltage indicators are similar, the smaller the better, unit ps (picoseconds). 1000ps = 1ns. Suppose you use the frequency of 1 ns to differentiate between an e-12 error, we need a ns/1e-12 = 1000 seconds. Also assume that you have a frequency resolution of 100 ps, the measurement time can be shortened by 10 times for 100 seconds, or can be in the same 1000 second measured under an e-14 Error.4、Time and Frequency MeasurementCompared to traditional methods of circuit design, EDA technology uses VHDL language to describe circuit system, including circuit structure, behavior, function and interface logic. Verilog HDL description of a multi-level system hardware functions, and support top-down design features. Designers can not understand the hardware structure. Start from the system design, on the top floor of a system block diagram of the structure and design, in a diagram with Ver-ilog HDL acts on the circuit description and simulation and error correction, and then the system level verification,and finally use logic synthesis optimization tool to create specific gate-level logic circuit netlist, download to the specific FPGA device to in order to achieve FPGA design.Time and frequency measurement is an important area of electronic measurement. Frequency and time measurement has been receiving increasing attention, length, voltage, and other parameters can be transformed into a frequency measurement and related technologies to determine. Based on the more traditional method of synchronization cycle, and has proposed a multi-cycle synchronization and quantitative method of measuring delay frequency method.The most simple method of measuring the frequency of direct frequency measurement method. Direct Frequency Measurement is scheduled to enter the gate signal pulse, the adoption of the necessary counting circuit, the number of pulses are filled to calculate the frequency or analyte signal cycle. In the direct frequency measurement on the basis of the development of multi-cycle synchronous measurement method, in the current frequency monitoring system to be more widely used. Multi-cycle synchronization frequency measurement technology actual gate time is not fixed value, but the measured signals in the whole cycle times, and the measured signal synchronization, thereby removing the measured signal count on when the word ± 1 error, measurement accuracy greatly improved, and reached in the entire spectrum of measurement, such as precision measurement.In the time-frequency measurement method, the multi-cycle synchronization is a high precision, but still unresolved ± a word error, mainly because of the actual gate edge and standard frequency synchronization is not filling pulse edge Tx=N0T0-△t2+△t1, if accurately measured short interval Δ t1 and Δ t2, will be able to accurately measure time intervals Tx, eliminating ± a word counting error, so as to further enhance accuracy.To measure a short time interval Δ t1 and Δ t2, commonly used analog interpolation method with the cursor or more combined cycle synchronization, although accuracy is greatly improved, but eventually failed to resolve ± a word error this fundamental issue, but these methods equipment complex and not conducive to the promotion.To obtain high precision, fast response time, simple structure and the frequency and time measurement method is relatively difficult.Judging from the structure as simple as possible at the same time take intoaccount the point of view of accuracy, multi-cycle synchronization and delay based on the quantitative methods in a short period of time interval measurement, achieved within the scope of broadband, such as high-resolution measurement accuracy.Quantified by measuring short time intervals DelayPhotoelectric signal can be in a certain stability in the medium of rapid spread, and in different media have different delay. By signals generated by the delay to quantify, and gave a short period of time interval measurement.The basic principle is that "delay serial, parallel count", and different from the traditional counter serial number, that is, to signal through a series of delay unit, the delay unit on the delay stability, under the control of the computer Delay on the state of high-speed acquisition and data processing, for a short period of time to achieve accurate measurement interval.Delay quantitative thinking depend on the realization of the delay stability delay unit, the unit depends on the resolution of the delay time delay element.Delay device as a unit can be passive conduit, or other active devices gate circuit. Among them, Traverse shorter delay time (nearly the speed of light transmission delay), the gate delay time longer. Taking into account delays can be predictive ability final choice of the CPLD devices, the realization of the short time interval measurement.Will be the beginning of a short time interval signal sent delay in the transmission chain, when the advent of the end of signal, this signal delay in the delay in the chain latch state, read through the CPU, the judge signal a delay unit on the few short-term time interval can be the size of the unit decided to delay resolution of the unit delay time.Generally speaking, in order to measure both short interval, the use of two modules delay and latches, but in reality, given the time software gate large enough to allow completion from the number of CPU operation, which can be measured in the time interval taken before the end of a short period of time at Δ t1 corresponding delay the number of units through the control signals must be used only a delay and latches units, it saves CPLD internal resources. Synchronization and multi-cycle latency to quantify the method of combining The formula is:T=n0t0+n1t1-n2t1On, n0 for the filling pulse of value; t0 for filling pulse cycle, that is 100 ns; n1 for a short period of time at Δ t1 corresponding delay the number of modules; n2 for ashort period of time at Δ t2 corresponding delay unit Number; t1 quantify delay devices for the delay delay unit volume (4.3 ns). In this way, using multi-cycle synchronization and realized the gate and measured signal synchronization; Delay of using quantitative measurement of the original measured not by the two short intervals, to accurately measure the size of the actual gate, it raised frequency measurement accuracy.The frequency synthesizer output frequency signal can only be transferred to the minimum 10 Hz, XDU-17 as a standard of measurement can be calculated prototype frequency measurement accuracy.For example, the measured signal is measured at 15.000010 MHz MHz signal to 5.00001002, from the calculation can be seen above, the resolution of the prototype has reached ns order of magnitude below from the perspective of theoretical analysis to illustrate this point.It has been anal yzed,multi-cycle synchronization frequency measurement, the measurement uncertainty:When the input f0 10 MHz, 1 s gate time, the uncertainty of measurement of ±1×10-7/s. When the measurement and quantification of delay circuit with short intervals combined, the uncertainty of measurement can be derived from the following.In the use of cycle synchronization, multi-analyte Tx for the cycle value of T0 time base for the introduction of the cycle.Tx= NT0+△t1-△t2Delay circuit and quantitative combined:Tx= NT0+(N1-N2)td±δTxHere, δTx not for the accuracy of the measurement.On the decline of the share: δTx≤±2tdFrom the details of the measuring accuracy of this method depends on the td, and its direct impact on the stability and size of the uncertainty of measurement. Therefore, the application of methods, counters can be achieved within the entire frequency range, such as the accuracy of measurement, and measurement accuracy is significantly improved, measuring improvement in resolution to 4.3 ns, and the elimination of the word ± a theoretical error, the accuracy is increased by 20 times.CONCLUSION This paper presents a new method of measuring frequency. Based on the frequency of this method of digital integrated circuit in a CPLD, greatlyreduced the volume of the entire apparatus, improved reliability, and a high-resolution measurements.5 、Frequency of VHDL DesignALTERA use of the FPGA chip EPF10K10 companies, the use of VHDL programming language design accuracy of frequency, given the core course. ISPEXPER simulation, design verification is successful, to achieve the desired results. Compared to the traditional frequency of FPGA simplify the circuit board design. Increased system design and the realization of reliability, frequency measurement range of up to 100 MHz and achieve a digital system hardware and software, which is digital logic design the new trend.The design uses the AL TERA EPF10K FPGA chip, the chip pin the delay of 5 ns, frequency of 200 MHz，the standardization of application VHDL hardware description language has a very rich data types, the structure of the model of a complex digital system logic design and computer simulation, and gradually improve after the automatic generation integrated to meet the requirements of the circuit structure of the digital logic can be realized, then can be downloaded to programmable logic devices, to complete design tasks.数字频率计的介绍数字频率计是通信设备、音、视频等科研生产领域不可缺少的测量仪器。
转速测量仪机车光电转速传感器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译英文原文:Designing the Testing and Controlling Instrument of the Photoelectric Rotating Speed Sensor Based on AT89C52AbstractAiming at the necessity of performance test of photoelectric rotating speed sensor and the limitation of traditional testing instruments,by using dual-processormodular structure of AT89C52, a new testing instrument is designed and developed, which is a generation of advanced instrument with practical high performance and high reliability. The photoelectric rotating speed sensor is driven and tested by the instrument.The drive and test of the photoelectric rotating speed sensor are implemented. The hardware design of drive and test circu it module in testing and controlling instrument are introduced, and the software design is also presented by drive and test circu it procedures of step motor. The practical running indicates the developed testing and controlling instrument improves working efficiency and testing objective reality, it has definitely practical value.Key words:Pulse Sensor Microprocessor StepmotorB.1 IntroductionTQG15 locomotive the Photoelectric Rotating Speed Sensoris used for detecting the speed of Railway locomotive vehicle wheel, it provides electric pulse signal for locomotive electric control system,and is one of the main parameters of the locomotive safety, reliability,normal work. To ensure the TQG15 locomotive photoelectric rotational speed sensor quality and performance, The test is very important.The traditional detection devices are based on manual operation, only a few limited performance indicators of detection, there is a high precision and productivity low disadvantages. With the continuous development of electronic technology, especially the Single-chip technology in intelligent instrument widely application, development a new generation of high performance and practical the testing and controlling instrument of the photoelectric sensor is imperative.B.2 TQG15 locomotive the Photoelectric Rotating Speed SensorB.2.1 Structure and working principleTQG15 locomotive the Photoelectric Rotating Speed Sensor consists of fulcrum bearing institutions、rotation shaft and universal united shaft driving、optoelectronic conversion circuit.Optoelectronic conversion circuit 's the core is small circuit boards which consists of grating plate and photosensitive transistor,grating plate fixed in the hinge shaft ends,through seven-core cable to connect a small circuit board and the external circuit,Seven-core cable is divided into two groups A and B,each group has three lines,two of the lines to add 15V DC power,other output pulse signals.After TQG15 locomotive the Photoelectric Rotating Speed Sensor connected to 15V power supply, using light-emitting diodes (leds) as the light source, grating plate rotating driven by the wheel shaft, because the blocking effect of grating plate，thus the light source becomes intermittent light, then lead the light interrupters photosensitive transistor switch interchangeably to produce the pulse signals, through the magnifying circuit reshaping, output square-wave pulse that it and speed is proportional, in order to meet the electrical control system of locomotive work needs.B.2.2 Performance index and test contentthe Testing and Controlling Instrument required performance index for: Dc working power: (15±15% )V, power dissipation current less than: 50mA, output pulse amplitude(Whenthe load resistor is 3kΩ)：high-level≥9V，low-level≤2V，phase position：90°±50%，rotational speed range：0~1 000 r/min，the number of pulses per circle:200, the dutyfactor of output pulse: (50±20)%.the Testing and Controlling Instrument required test parameters for: rotational speed、pulse number、The lowest high-level、The highest low-level and the dutyfactor of pulse.B.2 The Testing and Controlling Instrument’s hardware designThe AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory and 256 bytes of RAM, the development of instrument chosen AT89C52 microcontroller.According to the work principle of photoelectric sensor, the main performance indexes and test content, the Testing and Controlling Instrument’s general principle structure schematic instrument is shown in figure 1Fig·1Hardware structure of measuring and controlling instrument Its working process:through the keyboard of initialization and function after setting,then execute AT89C52 applications,output pulse signal,drive stepp motor and photoelectric sensors rotate,through the signal circuit and A/D converter,then photoelectric sensor output pulse signals into digital signals,into the AT89C52 microcontroller,after data processing,sendto monitor and micro printer output..Stepmotor lifting speed control need two timer interrupt handling;Although photoelectric speed sensor pulse signal test content can be a step-by-step process,but in testing dutyfactor、when two channel's phase difference is equal,all need two timers.but AT89C52 Chip can only provide three timer/counter,the AT89C52 single resources are not qualified for the testing and controlling instrument’s job.Besides,in order to simplify the operation of the testing and controlling instrument and use,the testing and controlling instrument adopts the dual structure of AT89C52 microprocessor, therefore, the testing and controlling instrument of the photoelectric rotating speed sensor divided into drive circuit and signal measuring circuit two functional modules.B.2.1 Driving circuit module designIn order to drive photoelectric sensors rotate and easily adjust its speed,you need to select suitable for the system characteristics and applications of motor,as the photoelectric rotating speed sensor’s powerplant. sepmotor has four characters: ①Step angle and speed size only and proportional to the pulse frequency; ②By changing the size of the pulse frequency range can adjust motor speed; ③To achieve quick start-up, brake, inversion; ④High control accuracy and reliable operation. Stepmotor characteristics of these four aspects,applicable to the system,therefore, in the test apparatus-driven part of the selection of the stepper motor as a power plant.Stepmotor is a type of electric pulse into angular displacement of motor.the power to drive by special offers a series of stepping motor with certain regularity of electrical signals,each input an electrical pulse,it further before stepping motor,its angular and pulse proportional to the number of,motor speed proportional to the pulse frequency,rotating speed and rotating d irection are connected with each phase windings’ way of electricity[1].Use AT89C52 MCU photoelectric speed sensor drive circuit module,output the desired frequency pulse signals.according to the function requirement of drive circuit and the principle of stepping motor,the testing and controlling instrument driver module hardware principle as shown in Figure 2:Fig·2Structure schematic of drivermoduleIn Figure 2 for the stepper motor speed grading control, In AT89C52 microcontroller P1 port pin access control 300, 500, 700 and 900 four speed (r/min) work in the press. Take advantage of some of the P2 port pin drive light-emitting diode, indicates the current step motor speed segment. While, P2.0 tube feet output stepping motor required pulse signal, control stepper motors work. Besides,P1 • 6 and P1 • 7 pin used to implement the drive circuit and test circuit of simple communication,namely stepper motor work needed to speed, take advantage of P1 • 6 control test circuitry for t esting, while the test is completed, with P1.7 control stepper motor can work to the next file.B.2.2 Test circuit module designAccording to the photoelectric sensor output speed electric pulse signal characteristics and the required test parameters, the testing and controlling instrument of measurement circuit module hardware configuration as shown in Figure 3Fig·3Structure schematic of test circuitFigure 3 the measuring circuit consists of four parts: ①Signal conditioning and acquisition circuit, the photoelectric speed sensor 15V square wave signal converting can receive the CMOS AT89C52 level. used to measure photoelectric sensor’s the number of pulses, pulse duty cycle and phase parameters.besides, using high-performance ADC AD574A achieve pulse signal high-low amplitude measurement; ②Switch control circuit, take advantage of the P1 port selection through A, B channel pulse signals; meet A and B channel pulse signal testing work; ③The I/O circuit, one is to use the keyboard input circuit of the relevant information about realizing function keys of initialization and different test content, the second is to use the LCD display the work of the test instrument in time, three is the use of micro-printer to print the test results archive. ④SCM AT89C52, AT89C52 is the core of the test circuit, to achieve coordination of data input, output, operation and processing.B.3 software designThe software design based on the system function, performance, and user requirements, and adopt modularized structure and "top-down" approach to design job.To improve the work efficiency,run-time minimizing manual intervention and action,while,system initializationwork status online adjustable, intuitive display.according to the testing and controlling instrument hardware structure layout and functionality requirements,software design content mainly includes the stepmotor driver and signal testing two basic modules,the following is a description.B.3.1 Stepmotor driver developmentPhotoelectric sensor performance parameters of the test,need a multi-level speed driven by its output signal of electrical impulses along with any exceptions to those conditions test. Stepping motor speed is the use of multistage AT89C52 application system,by changing the frequency of driven pulse to implementation,in addition there is a limit to start stepping motor and the frequency and maximum working frequency,that is, the acceleration and deceleration excessive exist-problem, in devising their control program is to give full consideration[2] As shown in Figure 4 is in accordance with the requirements for the design of driving part of the main module flowchart.Fig·4Flowchart ofmain control program for stepmotorWhen developing a stepper motor driver, you should also deal with three issues: first, on the work of the State flag of motor planning and application; the second is the stepper motor acceleration and deceleration of discrete tranche and the correspondence between the operating frequency;the third is determined by pulse frequency is the SCM timer interrupt output, but the initial timer interrupt response and there is an additional delay of Mount, the program performs processing necessary[2].B.3.2 Software development of testing modulesTest modules of software into the monitoring program and the interrupt service program, where each part consists of a number of functional modules. Monitor mainly includes initialization modules, self-diagnostics and test module, display module and key scanning and processing module; interrupt service program mainly consists of A/D conversion, data read, timer, and clock handling function module.Depending on the test circuit functional requirements, which monitor the overall process as shown in Figure 5. Various monitoring module of key features are: initialize module is used to initialize the extension interface, internal RAM and SFR (special function register) and work status flag; test and diagnostic module, used to check the data input and output channels, DAC and display hardware circuit is functional; display module, used to display the test work parameters and the work of the State; key scanning and processing module, complete key recognition and execution of the function, each key to set the flags. The main function keys and function keys for lot number is used to set the test batch; date key is used to set the test day channel key toggles the A/B test pulse output channel; keys are used to perform the testing capabilities; print key control miniature printer output test reports.Fig·5Flowchart ofmonitoring programDepending on the system needs, pulse more performance indicators of measurement, is in the main test key control for itemized testing, test module to process as shown in Figure 6. To test the implementation requires the combination of appropriate sub modules, the interrupt service program and hardware wiring.Fig·6Operational flowchart of testingmoduleTest method for main parameters: its a number of measurement, pulse, qualified grating spare should open with 200 tanks, according to the stepper motor speed, you can determine a desired time, scheduled count total; Secondly, the pulse of high and low level measurement, belong to the analog test, the use of pulse of rising and falling edge as the interrupt flag, with A/d converter, converts the analog voltage digital; its three, duty cycle measurement, pulse input to the external interrupt interface, with its rising and falling edge control two timer start and stop; fourth, two channel phase difference measurement, in the phase difference function keys under the control of the complete switch about wiring, makes A, B channel pulse signal received two external interrupt port, and then use a timer to determine its latency, combined with pulse signal cycle can determine the phase difference between the two.B.4 conclusionThe development of the Testing and Controlling Instrument of the Photoelectric Rotating Speed Sensor with dual microprocessor architecture, in the system's hardware and software,both in terms of structure, its control operations simple and practical, work performance and high reliability. The actual running shows that the design of the instrument has high utility value.Article From：Xi'an University of Technology中文翻译:基于AT89C52的机车光电转速传感器测控仪设计摘要针对光电转速传感器性能指标测试的必要性和传统测试仪的局限性,引入AT89C52双微处理器模块结构,设计开发出先进而实用的高性能、高可靠性的新一代光电转速传感器测控仪,实现光电转速传感器的驱动和测试工作。
DS18B20单片机中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文对照外文翻译文献The introduction to The DS18B201. DESCRIPTIONThe DS18B20 digital thermometer provides 9-bit to 12-bit Celsius temperature1measurements and has an alarm function with nonvolatile user programmable upper and lower trigger points. The DS18B20 communicates over a 1-Wire bus that by definition requires only one data line for communication with a central microprocessor. It has an operating temperature range of -55°C to +125°C and is accurate to ±0.5°C over the range of -10°C to +85°C. In addition, the DS18B20 can derive power directly from the data line (―parasite power‖), eliminating the need for an external power supply.Each DS18B20 has a unique 64-bit serial code, which allows multiple DS18B20s to function on the same 1-Wire bus. Thus, it is simple to use one microprocessor to control many DS18B20s distributed over a large area. Applications that can benefit from this feature include HV AC environmental controls, temperature monitoring systems inside buildings, equipment, or machinery, and process monitoring and control systems.2.FEATURES●Unique 1-Wire® Interface Requires Only One Port Pin for Communication●Each Device has a Unique 64-Bit Serial Code Stored in an On-Board ROM●Multi-drop Capability Simplifies Distributed Temperature-Sensing Applications ●Requires No External Components●Can Be Powered from Data Line; Power Supply Range is 3.0V to 5.5V●Measures Temperatures from -55°C to +125°C (-67°F to +257°F)●±0.5°C Accuracy from -10°C to +85°C●Thermometer Resolution is User Selectable from 9 to 12 Bits●Converts Temperature to 12-Bit Digital Word in 750ms (Max)●User-Definable Nonvolatile (NV) Alarm Settings●Alarm Search Command Identifies and Addresses Devices Whose Temperature isOutside Programmed Limits2●Software Compatible with the DS1822●Applications Include Thermostatic Controls, Industrial Systems, ConsumerProducts, Thermometers, or Any Thermally Sensitive System3.OVERVIEWFigure 1 shows a block diagram of the DS18B20, and pin descriptions are given in the Pin Description table. The 64-bit ROM stores the device’s unique serial code. The scratchpad memory contains the 2-byte temperature register that stores the digital output from the temperature sensor. In addition, the scratchpad provides access to the 1-byte upper and lower alarm trigger registers (TH and TL) and the 1-byte configuration register. The configuration register allows the user to set the resolution of the temperature to-digital conversion to 9, 10, 11, or 12 bits. The TH, TL, and configuration registers are nonvolatile (EEPROM), so they will retain data when the device is powered down.The DS18B20 uses Maxim’s exclusive 1-Wire bus protocol that implements bus communication using one control signal. The control line requires a weak pull up resistor since all devices are linked to the bus via a 3-state or open-drain port (the DQ pin in the case of the DS18B20). In this bus system, the microprocessor (the master device) identifies and addresses devices on the bus using each de vice’s unique 64-bit code. Because each device has a unique code, the number of devices that can be addressed on one DS18B20 bus is virtually unlimited. The 1-Wire bus protocol, including detailed explanations of the commands and “time slots,‖ is covered i n the 1-Wire Bus System section.Another feature of the DS18B20 is the ability to operate without an external power supply. Power is instead supplied through the 1-Wire pull up resistor via the DQ pin when the bus is high. The high bus signal also charges an internal capacitor (CPP), which then supplies power to the device when the bus is low. This method of deriving power from the 1-Wire bus is referred to as ―parasite power.‖ As an alternative, the DS18B20 may also be powered by an external supply on VDD.3Figure 1.DS18B20 Block Diagram4.OPERATION—MEASURING TEMPERATURThe core functionality of the DS18B20 is its direct-to-digital temperature sensor. The resolution of the temperature sensor is user-configurable to 9, 10, 11, or 12 bits, corresponding to increments of 0.5°C, 0.25°C, 0.125°C, and 0.0625°C, respectively. The default resolution at power-up is 12-bit. The DS18B20 powers up in a low-power idle state. To initiate a temperature measurement and A-to-D conversion, the master must issue a Convert T [44h] command. Following the conversion, the resulting thermal data is stored in the 2-byte temperature register in the scratchpad memory and the DS18B20 returns to its idle state. If the DS18B20 is powered by an external supply, the master can issue ―read time slots‖ (see the 1-Wire Bus System section) after the Convert T command and the DS18B20 will respond by transmitting 0 while the temperature conversion is in progress and 1 when the conversion is done. If the DS18B20 is powered with parasite power, this notification technique cannot be used since the bus must be pulled high by a strong pull up during the entire temperature conversion.The DS18B20 output temperature data is calibrated in degrees Celsius; for Fahrenheit applications, a lookup table or conversion routine must be used. The temperature data is stored as a 16-bit sign-extended two’s complement number in the temperature register (see Figure 2). The sign bits (S) indicate if the temperature is4positive or negative: for positive numbers S = 0 and for negative numbers S = 1. If the DS18B20 is configured for 12-bit resolution, all bits in the temperature register will contain valid data. For 11-bit resolution, bit 0 is undefined. For 10-bit resolution, bits 1 and 0 are undefined, and for 9-bit resolution bits 2, 1, and 0 are undefined. Table 1 gives examples of digital output data and the corresponding temperature reading for 12-bit resolution conversions.5.64-BIT LASERED ROM CODEEach DS18B20 contains a unique 64–bit code (see Figure 3) stored in ROM. The least significant 8 bits of the ROM code contain the DS18B20’s 1-Wire family code: 28h. The next 48 bits contain a unique serial number. The most significant 8 bits contain a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) byte that is calculated from the first 56 bits of the ROM code. The 64-bit ROM code and associated ROM function control logic allow the DS18B20 to operate as a 1-Wire device using the protocol detailed in the 1-Wire Bus System section.5MSB LSB MSB LSB MSBFigure 3.64-Bit Lasered ROM Code6.MEMORYThe DS18B20’s memory is organized as shown in Figure 4. The memory consists of an SRAM scratchpad with nonvolatile EEPROM storage for the high and low alarm trigger registers (TH and TL) and configuration register. Note that if the DS18B20 alarm function is not used, the TH and TL registers can serve as general-purpose memory.Byte 0 and byte 1 of the scratchpad contain the LSB and the MSB of the temperature register, respectively. These bytes are read-only. Bytes 2 and 3 provide access to TH and TL registers. Byte 4 contains the configuration register data. Bytes 5, 6, and 7 are reserved for internal use by the device and cannot be overwritten. Byte 8 of the scratchpad is read-only and contains the CRC code for bytes 0 through 7 of the scratchpad. The DS18B20 generates this CRC using the method described in the CRC Generation section.Data is written to bytes 2, 3, and 4 of the scratchpad using the Write Scratchpad [4Eh] command; the data must be transmitted to the DS18B20 starting with the least significant bit of byte 2. To verify data integrity, the scratchpad can be read (using the Read Scratchpad [BEh] command) after the data is written. When reading the scratchpad, data is transferred over the 1-Wire bus starting with the least significant bit of byte 0. To transfer the TH, TL and configuration data from the scratchpad to EEPROM, the master must issue the Copy Scratchpad [48h] command.67.CONFIGURATION REGISTERByte 4 of the scratchpad memory contains the configuration register, which is organized as illustrated in Figure 5. The user can set the conversion resolution of the DS18B20 using the R0 and R1 bits in this register as shown in Table 2. The power-up default of these bits is R0 = 1 and R1 = 1 (12-bit resolution). Note that there is a direct tradeoff between resolution and conversion time. Bit 7 and bits 0 to 4 in the configuration register are reserved for internal use by the device and cannot be overwritten.8.1-WIRE BUS SYSTEMThe 1-Wire bus system uses a single bus master to control one or more slave devices. The DS18B20 is always a slave. When there is only one slave on the bus, the system is referred to as a ―single-drop‖ system; the system is ―multi-drop‖ if there are multiple slaves on the bus. All data and commands are transmitted least significant bit first over the 1-Wire bus. The following discussion of the 1-Wire bus system is7broken down into three topics: hardware configuration, transaction sequence, and1-Wire signaling (signal types and timing).9.TRANSACTION SEQUENCEThe transaction sequence for accessing the DS18B20 is as follows:Step 1. InitializationStep 2. ROM Command (followed by any required data exchange)Step 3. DS18B20 Function Command (followed by any required data exchange)It is very important to follow this sequence every time the DS18B20 is accessed, as the DS18B20 will not respond if any steps in the sequence are missing or out of order. Exceptions to this rule are the Search ROM [F0h] and Alarm Search [ECh] commands. After issuing either of these ROM commands, the master must return to Step 1 in the sequence.（1）INITIALIZATIONAll transactions on the 1-Wire bus begin with an initialization sequence. The initialization sequence consists of a reset pulse transmitted by the bus master followed by presence pulse(s) transmitted by the slave(s). The presence pulse lets the bus master know that slave devices (such as the DS18B20) are on the bus and are ready to operate.（2）ROM COMMANDSAfter the bus master has detected a presence pulse, it can issue a ROM command. These commands operate on the unique 64-bit ROM codes of each slave device and allow the master to single out a specific device if many are present on the 1-Wire bus. These commands also allow the master to determine how many and what types of devices are present on the bus or if any device has experienced an alarm condition. There are five ROM commands, and each command is 8 bits long. The master device must issue an appropriate ROM command before issuing a DS18B20 function command.81.SEARCH ROM [F0h]When a system is initially powered up, the master must identify the ROM codes of all slave devices on the bus, which allows the master to determine the number of slaves and their device types. The master learns the ROM codes through a process of elimination that requires the master to perform a Search ROM cycle (i.e., Search ROM command followed by data exchange) as many times as necessary to identify all of the slave devices. If there is only one slave on the bus, the simpler Read ROM command can be used in place of the Search ROM process.2.READ ROM [33h]This command can only be used when there is one slave on the bus. It allows the bus master to read the slave’s 64-bit ROM code without using the Search ROM procedure. If this command is used when there is more than one slave present on the bus, a data collision will occur when all the slaves attempt to respond at the same time.3.MATCH ROM [55h]The match ROM command followed by a 64-bit ROM code sequence allows the bus master to address a specific slave device on a multi-drop or single-drop bus. Only the slave that exactly matches the 64-bit ROM code sequence will respond to the function command issued by the master; all other slaves on the bus will wait for a reset pulse.4.SKIP ROM [CCh]The master can use this command to address all devices on the bus simultaneously without sending out any ROM code information. For example, the master can make all DS18B20s on the bus perform simultaneous temperature conversions by issuing a Skip ROM command followed by a Convert T [44h] command. Note that the Read Scratchpad [BEh] command can follow the Skip ROM command only if there is a single slave device on the bus. In this case, time is saved9by allowing the master to read from the slave without sending the device’s 64-bit ROM code. A Skip ROM command followed by a Read Scratchpad command will cause a data collision on the bus if there is more than one slave since multiple devices will attempt to transmit data simultaneously.5.ALARM SEARCH [ECh]The operation of this command is identical to the operation of the Search ROM command except that only slaves with a set alarm flag will respond. This command allows the master device to determine if any DS18B20s experienced an alarm condition during the most recent temperature conversion. After every Alarm Search cycle (i.e., Alarm Search command followed by data exchange), the bus master must return to Step 1 (Initialization) in the transaction sequence.（3）DS18B20 FUNCTION COMMANDSAfter the bus master has used a ROM command to address the DS18B20 with which it wishes to communicate, the master can issue one of the DS18B20 function commands. These commands allow the master to write to and read from the D S18B20’s scratchpad memory, initiate temperature conversions and determine the power supply mode.1.CONVERT T [44h]This command initiates a single temperature conversion. Following the conversion, the resulting thermal data is stored in the 2-byte temperature register in the scratchpad memory and the DS18B20 returns to its low-power idle state. If the device is being used in parasite power mode, within 10µs (max) after this command is issued the master must enable a strong pull up on the 1-Wire bus. If the DS18B20 is powered by an external supply, the master can issue read time slots after the Convert T command and the DS18B20 will respond by transmitting a 0 while the temperature conversion is in progress and a 1 when the conversion is done. In parasite power mode this notification technique cannot be used since the bus is pulled high by the strong pull up during the conversion.102.READ SCRATCHPAD [BEh]This command allows the master to read the contents of the scratchpad. The data transfer starts with the least significant bit of byte 0 and continues through the scratchpad until the 9th byte (byte 8 – CRC) is read. The master may issue a reset to terminate reading at any time if only part of the scratchpad data is needed.3.WRITE SCRATCHPAD [4Eh]This comm and allows the master to write 3 bytes of data to the DS18B20’s scratchpad. The first data byte is written into the TH register (byte 2 of the scratchpad), the second byte is written into the TL register (byte 3), and the third byte is written into the configuration register (byte 4). Data must be transmitted least significant bit first. All three bytes MUST be written before the master issues a reset, or the data may be corrupted.4.COPY SCRATCHPAD [48h]This command copies the contents of the scratchpad TH, TL and configuration registers (bytes 2, 3 and 4) to EEPROM. If the device is being used in parasite power mode, within 10µs (max) after this command is issued the master must enable a strong pull-up on the 1-Wire bus.5.RECALL E2 [B8h]This command recalls the alarm trigger values (TH and TL) and configuration data from EEPROM and places the data in bytes 2, 3, and 4, respectively, in the scratchpad memory. The master device can issue read time slots following the Recall E2command and the DS18B20 will indicate the status of the recall by transmitting 0 while the recall is in progress and 1 when the recall is done. The recall operation happens automatically at power-up, so valid data is available in the scratchpad as soon as power is applied to the device.6．READ POWER SUPPL Y [B4h]The master device issues this command followed by a read time slot to11determine if any DS18B20s on the bus are using parasite power. During the read time slot, parasite powered DS18B20s will pull the bus low, and externally powered DS18B20s will let the bus remain high.10.WIRE SIGNALINGThe DS18B20 uses a strict 1-Wire communication protocol to ensure data integrity. Several signal types are defined by this protocol: reset pulse, presence pulse, write 0, write 1, read 0, and read 1. The bus master initiates all these signals, with the exception of the presence pulse.（1）INITIALIZATION PROCEDURE—RESET AND PRESENCE PULSES All communication with the DS18B20 begins with an initialization sequence that consists of a reset pulse from the master followed by a presence pulse from the DS18B20. This is illustrated in Figure 6. When the DS18B20 sends the presence pulse in response to the reset, it is indicating to the master that it is on the bus and ready to operate.During the initialization sequence the bus master transmits (TX) the reset pulse by pulling the 1-Wire bus low for a minimum of 480µs. The bus master then releases the bus and goes into receive mode (RX). When the bus is released, the 5kΩ pull-up resistor pulls the 1-Wire bus high. When the DS18B20 detects this rising edge, it waits 15µs to 60µs and then transmits a presence pulse by pulling the 1-Wire bus low for 60µs to 240µs.12TimingBus master pulling lowDS18B20 pulling lowResistor pullupFigure 6.Initialization Timing（2）READ/WRITE TIME SLOTSThe bus master writes data to the DS18B20 during write time slots and reads data from the DS18B20 during read time slots. One bit of data is transmitted over the 1-Wire bus per time slot.1.WRITE TIME SLOTSThere are two types of write time slots: ―Write 1‖ time slots and ―Write 0‖ time slots. The bus master uses a Write 1 time slot to write a logic 1 to the DS18B20 and a Write 0 time slot to write a logic 0 to the DS18B20. All write time slots must be a minimum of 60µs in duration with a minimum of a 1µs recovery time between individual write slots. Both types of write time slots are initiated by the master pulling the 1-Wire bus low (see Figure 7).To generate a Write 1 time slot, after pulling the 1-Wire bus low, the bus master must release the 1-Wirebus within 15µs. When the bus is released, the 5kΩ pull-up resistor will pull the bus high. To generate a Write 0 time slot, after pulling the 1-Wire bus low, the bus master must continue to hold the bus low for the duration of the time slot (at least 60µs).The DS18B20 samples the 1-Wire bus during a window that lasts from 15µs to 60µs after the master initiates the write time slot. If the bus is high during the1314sampling window, a 1 is written to the DS18B20. If the line is low, a 0 is written to the DS18B20.DS18B20Write Time SlotSTART OF SLOTVccBus master pulling low Resistor pullupFigure 7.DS18B20 Write Time Slot2.READ TIME SLOTSThe DS18B20 can only transmit data to the master when the master issues read time slots. Therefore, the master must generate read time slots immediately after issuing a Read Scratchpad [BEh] or Read Power Supply [B4h] command, so that the DS18B20 can provide the requested data. In addition, the master can generate read time slots after issuing Convert T [44h] or Recall E 2 [B8h] commands to find out the status of the operation.All read time slots must be a minimum of 60µs in duration with a minimum of a 1µs recovery time between slots. A read time slot is initiated by the master device pulling the 1-Wire bus low for a minimum of 1µs and then releasing the bus (see Figure 8). After the master initiates the read time slot, the DS18B20 will begin transmitting a 1 or 0 on bus. The DS18B20 transmits a 1 by leaving the bus high and transmits a 0 by pulling the bus low. When transmitting a 0, the DS18B20 will release the bus by the end of the time slot, and the bus will be pulled back to its high idle state by the pull up resister. Output data from the DS18B20 is valid for 15µs after the falling edge that initiated the read time slot. Therefore, the master must release the bus and then sample the bus state within 15µs from the start of the slot.VccBus master pulling lowResistor pullupDS18B20 pulling lowFigure 8.DS18B20 Read Time Slot15DS18B20介绍1.说明DS18B20数字式温度传感器提供9位到12位的摄氏温度测量，并且有用户可编程的、非易失性温度上下限告警出发点。
量具中英文对照
量具中英文对照量具中英文对照卡规snap gauge5.塞尺feeler gauge 卡尺类6.钢直尺 steel gauge7.1.游标卡尺vernier caliper 精密玻璃线纹尺precision glass linear scale8.精密金属线纹尺2.带表卡尺dial caliper precision metal linear scale9. 半径样板radius template 3.电子数显卡尺测量器具术语calliper with electronic digital display深度标游卡尺depth vernier caliper 4.1.实物量具示值误差error of indication of a 5.电子数显深度卡尺material measuredepth caliper with electronic digital display2.测量仪器示值dial height calliper 误差error of indication ofa 6.带表高度卡尺measuring instrumentheight vernier caliper7.高度游标卡尺3.caliper with 重复性误差repeatability error ofa measuring height 高8.电子数显度卡尺instrumentelectronic digital display4.回程误差calliper for welding inspection hysteresis error9.焊接检验尺5.千分尺类测量力变化variation of measuring force6. 测量力落差hysteresis of measuring force7.偏移误差bias error micrometer head1.测微头(of a measuring instrument)8.允许外径千分尺2.external micrometer误差maximum permissible errors(ofmeasuring instruments)3.杠杆千分尺micrometer with dial comparator9.跟踪误差tracking error 带计数器千分尺4.micrometer with counter (of a measuring instrument)电子数显外径千分尺5.10.micrometer with electronic digital display 响应率误差response-law error (of a measuring instrument)小测头千分尺small anvil micrometer 6.11.7.量化误差quantization error (of a measuring 尖头千分尺point micrometer instrument)板厚千分尺sheet metal micrometer 8.12.基值误差datum error 壁厚千分尺9.tube micrometer (of a measuringinstrument)blade micrometer10.叶片千分尺13.零值误差zero 奇数沟千分尺11.odd fluted micrometer error (of a measuringinstrument)12.深度千分尺depth micrometer14.影响误差internal micrometer influence error 内径千分尺13.15.引用误差 14.单杆式内径千分尺fiducial error16.single-body internal micrometer位置误差position error17.线性误差 dail internal micrometer 15.表式内径千分尺linear error18. 响应特性曲线response characteristic curve 三爪式内径千分尺16.19.误差曲线error curvethree point internal micrometer20.电子数显三爪式内径千分尺17. 校准曲线calibration curve21.修正曲线three point internal micrometer correction curve测量器具术语inside micrometer 内测千分尺18.1.标称值nominal value长度测量器具 2. 量具类示值indication(of a measuring instrument)3.gauge block标尺范围scale range 量块1.4.plain limit gauge 光滑极限量规2.标称范围nominal range 5.标尺长度scale length plug gauge 塞规3.scale division标尺分度6.ring gauge环规4.7.分度值value of a scale division 13.记录式测量仪器recording（scale spacing measuring）instrument 8.标尺间距14.9.线性标尺linear scale 累计式测量仪器totalizing(measuring)instrument 非线性标尺non-linear scale10.15.scale numbering11.标尺标数积分式测量仪器integrating(measuring)instrumentof a measuring instrument 12.测量仪器的零位zero16.模拟式测量仪器13.量程spananalogue(measuring)instrument17.数字式测量仪器14.测量范围measuring rangedigital(measuring)instrument18.测量变换器measuring transducer 15.额定工作条件vated operating conditions19.传感器sensor极限条件16.reference condition20.指示装置reference condition indicating device 17.标准条件21.18.仪器常数instrument constant 记录装置recording device22.记录载体response characteristic recording medium 19.响应特性23.20.灵敏度senstivity 标尺标记scale mark24.鉴别力指示器discriminationindex 21.25.22.分辨力resolution标尺scale （of an indicating device）26.度盘dail 23.死区dead band一般术语：准确度24.accuracy of a measuring instruments1.几何量 geometrical product accuracy class 25.准确度等级2.量值value(of a quantity) 26.重复性3.真值repeatability of a measuring instrument true value(ofa quantity)4.约定真值示值变动性varation of indication 27.conventional true value(of a quantity) 28.稳定度stability5.单位可靠性29.reliability unit(of measurement)6.hysteresis 30.回程测量measurement7.测试measurement and test 漂移31.drift8.response time 响应时间检验inspecte32.9.33.静态测量measuring force 测量力（简称“测力”）static measurement10. 几何量测量器具术语动态测量dynamic measurement11. 测量原理principle of measurement12.测量方法 1.几何量具测量器具method of measurement13.测量程序dimensional measuring instrumentsmeasurement procedure14.被测量length measuring instruments 2.长度测量器具measurand15.影响量influence quantity角度测量器具3.angle measuring instruments16.变换值transformed value(of a measurand) coordinate measuring machine4.坐标测量机17.测量信号error and 形状和位置误差测量器具5.form position measurement signal18.直接测量法direct method of measurement measuringinstruments19.间接测量法indirect method of measurement 6.表面质量测量器具20.surface quality measuring instruments 定义测量法definitive method of measurement21.gear measuring instruments 齿轮测量器具直接比较测量法7.direct-comparison method of measurement）material measure 实物量具（简称“量具”8.22.替代测量法substitution measuring instruments 测量仪器（简称“量仪”9.）method of measurement23.微差测量法differential measuring chain 测量链10.method of measurement24.零位测量法nulll method of measurement measuring system 测量装置11.25.测量结果指示式测量仪器12.result of a measurementmeasured value测得值26.indicating(measuring )instrument27.实际值actual value 15.表面粗糙度比较样块电火花加工表面roughness comparison specimens spark-erostion 28.未修正结果machining surfaces （of a measurement）uncorrected result16.表面粗糙度比较样块抛光加工表面measurement) 29.已修正结果corrected result(of a roughness 30.测量的准确度accuracy of measurementcomparison specimens pollshed surfaces17.接触式仪器的标称特性31.测量的重复性repeatability of measurement18.轮廓reproducibility of measurements profiles32.测量复现性19.实验标准偏差轨迹轮廓experimental standard deviation traced profile33.20.34.测量不确定度uncertainty of measurement 基准轮廓reference profile21.总轮廓35.测量绝对误差absolute error of measurement total profile22.原始轮廓相对误差36. relative error primary profile23.残余轮廓37.随机误差random errorresidual profile24.触针式仪器stylus instrument38.系统误差 systematic error25.感应位移数39.修正值correction字存储触针式量仪displacementsensitive,digitally storing stylus instrument 修正系数40.correction factor26.触针式仪器的部件stylus personal error41.人员误差instrument components27.environmental error 测量环measurement loop 环境误差42.28.导向基准renfence guide 43.方法误差error of method29.驱动器drive unit调整误差44.adjustment error30.测头(传感器)probe(pick-up) reading error 45.读数误差31.拾取单元tracing element 46.视差parallax error32.针尖 interpolation error 47.估读误差stylus tip33.parasitic error 转换器transducer 粗大误差48.34.49.检定放大器amplifier verification35.模校准50.calibration /数转换器analog-to-digital converter36.数据输入51.调准gauging data input37.adjustment数据输出data output 调整52.38.:knife straigjht edge 刀口型直尺轮廓滤波和评定1.profile filtering and evaluation2.刀口尺: knife straigjht edge39.轮廓记录器profile recorder three edges straigjht edge 3.三棱尺40.four edges straigjht edge 仪器的计量特性四棱尺4.metrological characteristics of the instrument 条式和框式水平仪5.41.静测力的变化change bar form and square levelsof static measuring force42.静态测力imaging level meter 6.合像水平仪static measuring force43.动态测量力 dynamic measuring force 铸铁平板7 cast iron surface plate44.滞后 granite surface plate 岩石平板8.hysteresis45.测头的测量范围cast iron straigjht edge 铸铁平尺9.transmission function for the sine waves 10.钢平尺和岩石平尺46.steel and granite straigjht edge仪器的测量范围measuring range of the instrument 圆度仪11. roundness measuring instrument47.模数转换器的量化步距电子水平仪12.electronic level meterquantization step of the ADC表面粗糙度比较样块铸造表面13.48.仪器分辨力instrument resolutionroughness comparison specimens cast surface49.量程分辨力比表面粗糙度比较样块磨、车、铣、插及刨加工表面14.range-to-resolution ratioRoughness comparisonspecimens-ground, turned, 50.测头线性偏差probe linearity deviation 短波传输界限51.,shape and planed bored,milledshort-wave transmission limitation 76工作螺纹量规work gauges for metric trapezoidal screw threads 52.轮廓垂直成分传输77校对螺纹量规vertical profile component transmissioncheck gauges for metric trapezoidal screw threads78.梯形螺纹量规型式与尺寸表面粗糙度比较样块抛丸、喷砂加工表面53 Types anddimensionsof metric trapezoidal screw threadsroughness comparison specimens shot blasted and79.普通螺纹量规型式与尺寸blasted surfacesTypes and dimensionsof gauges purpose screw threads54产品结构几何量计术规范80.非螺纹密封的管螺纹量GPS（）geometrical product specifications(GPS) 规 Gauges for pipe threads prcessure-tight joints are not made on the 55表面结构 surface texture threads接触式仪器的标称特性 nominal characteristics 5681.of contact instruments螺纹千分尺Screw thread micrometer57公法线千分尺micrometer for mearsuring root82.最大允许误差tangent lenghths of gear teethmaximum permissible error83.间隙螺纹量规 maximum permissible error58最大允许误差 Clearance screw gauge84.量针圆柱直齿渐开线花键量规 gauges for straight Bar gauge5985.cylindrical involute splines螺纹样板 Screw thread template86. Gear tooth vernier calipers 用螺纹密封的管螺纹量规 60齿厚游标卡尺Gauges for pipe threads where pressure-tight 齿轮渐开线样板the involute master of gear 61joints are made on the threads 62齿轮螺旋线样板 the helix master of gear87.刀具预调测量仪 sided straight 规键形63矩花量 gauges for–精度Accuracy of the presetting instrument splines88.64测量蜗杆 master worm 薄膜式气动量仪Membrane type pneumatic measuring instrument 万能测齿仪6589.光栅线位移测量系统universal gear measuring instrument Grating linear displacement measuring system 万能渐开线检查仪6690.光栅角位移测量系统universal involute measuring instrumentGrating angular displacement measuring system 齿轮齿距测量仪6791.磁栅线位移测量系统gear circular pictch measuring instrumentMagnet-grid linear displacement measuring 万能齿轮测量机68 system92.量块附件 Universal gear measuring machineAccessories for gauge blocks 齿轮螺旋线测量仪6993.Vgear helix measuring instrument 形架Vee blocks 便携式齿轮齿距测量仪7094.manual gear circular pitch measuring instrument 比较仪座Comparator stand 71 便携式齿轮基节测量仪95.manual gear base pitch measuring instrument 磁性表座Magnetic stand 立式滚刀测量仪7296.万能表座vertical hob measuring instrument Universal stand for dial indicator 齿轮双面啮合综合测量仪73Gear dual-flank measuring instrument1. 齿轮单面啮合整体误差测量仪74刀口型直尺:knife straigjht edge2.刀口尺Gear single-flank meshing integrated error : knife straigjht edge3.measuring instrument 三棱尺three edges straigjht edge4.75四棱尺four edges straigjht edge梯形螺纹量规bar form and square levels条式和框式水平仪5.gauges for metric trapezoidal screw threads6.合像水平仪imaging level meter 41.静测力的变化change of static measuring force42.7铸铁平板cast iron surface plate 静态测力static measuring force43.动态测量力dynamic measuring force 8.岩石平板granite surface plate44.滞后9.铸铁平尺cast iron straigjht edgehysteresis45.steel and granite straigjht 测头的测量范围transmission function for the 10.钢平尺和岩石平尺sine wavesedge46.仪器的测量范围圆度仪11.roundness measuring instrument measuring range of the instrumentelectronic level meter12.电子水平仪47.模数转换器的量化步距造粗13.表面糙度比较样块铸表面roughness quantization step of theADCcomparison specimens cast surface48.仪器分辨力instrument resolution14.表面粗糙度比较样块磨、车、铣、插及刨加工表面49.量程分辨力比range-to-resolution ratio comparison roughness50.测头线性偏差and probe linearity deviationspecimens-ground,turned,bored,milled,shape51.planed短波传输界限short-wave transmissionlimitation表面粗糙度比较样块电火花加工表面roughness 15.52.spark-erostion machining 轮廓垂直成分传输vertical profile component specimens comparisontransmission1surfaces53表面粗糙度比较样块抛丸、喷砂加工表面16.表面粗糙度比较样块抛光加工表面roughness roughnesscomparison specimens shot comparison specimens pollshed surfaces blasted and blasted surfaces17.接触式仪器的标称特性54轮廓18.profiles产品结构几何量计术规范(GPS)geometricalproduct specifications(GPS) 轨迹轮廓traced profile 19.5520.表面结构surface texture 基准轮廓reference profile56接触式仪器的标称特性nominal characteristics 21.总轮廓total profileof contact instrumentsprimary profile 原始轮廓22.57公法线千分尺micrometer for mearsuring root residualprofile 23.残余轮廓tangent lenghths of gear teethstylus instrument触针式仪器24.58仪最大允许误差displacement maximum permissible error量针储字移应25.感位数存触式59sensitive,digitally storing stylus instrument 圆柱直齿渐开线花键量规gauges for straight cylindrical involute splinescomponents stylus 26.触针式仪器的部件instrument60齿厚游标卡尺测量环27.measurement loop Gear tooth vernier calipers6128.齿轮渐开线样板renfence guide 导向基准the involute master of gear62驱动器29.drive unit齿轮螺旋线样板the helix master of gear63传感器(30.测头矩形花键量规) probe(pick-up)gauges for straight拾取单元31.tracing element –sided splines64测量蜗杆stylus tip 32.针尖master worm65万能测齿仪转换器33.transducer universal gear measuring instrument6634.amplifier放大器万能渐开线检查仪universal involute measuringinstrument35./模数转换器analog-to-digital converter6736.data input 数据输入齿轮齿距测量仪gear circular pictchmeasuring instrument 37.data output 数据输出6838. 轮廓滤波和评定万能齿轮测量机Universal gear measuring machine profile filtering and evaluation69profile recorder轮廓记录器39.齿轮螺旋线测量仪gear helix measuring instrument 仪器的计量特性40.metrological characteristics便携式齿轮齿距测量仪70of the instrumentmanual gear circular pitch measuring instrument71便携式齿轮基节测量仪manual gear base pitch measuring instrument72立式滚刀测量仪vertical hob measuring instrument73齿轮双面啮合综合测量仪Gear dual-flank measuring instrument74齿轮单面啮合整体误差测量仪Gear single-flank meshing integrated error measuring instrument 75梯形螺纹量规gauges for metric trapezoidal screw threads76工作螺纹量规work gauges for metric trapezoidal screw threads77校对螺纹量规check gauges for metric trapezoidal screw threads78.梯形螺纹量规型式与尺寸Types and dimensions of metric trapezoidal screw threads。
中英文翻译-三坐标测量机外文翻译(可编辑)
中英文翻译-三坐标测量机外文翻译（可编辑）英文原文Coordinate Measuring MachiningOn-line diagnostics in the Mobile Spatial coordinate Measuring System MScMSFiorenzo Franceschini?, Maurizio Galetto, Domenico Maisano, Luca MastrogiacomoPolitecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Sistemi di Produzione ed Economia dell’Azienda DISPEA, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 - Torino,ItalyKeywords:Mobile measuring systemCoordinate metrologyDimensional measurementsLarge-scale metrologyWireless-sensor-networksLocalization algorithmsOn-line diagnosticsAbstract:Mobile Spatial coordinate Measuring System MScMS is a wireless-sensor-network based systemdeveloped at the industrial metrology and quality engineering laboratory of DISPEA ? Politecnico diTorino. It has been designed to perform simple and rapid indoor dimensional measurements of large-size volumes large-scale metrologyItis made up of three basic parts: a “constellation” of wireless devices Crickets, a mobile probe, and a PC to store and elaborate data. Crickets and mobile probe utilize ultrasound US transceivers in order to evaluate mutual distancesThe system makes it possible to calculate the position ? in terms of spatial coordinates ? of the object points “touched” by the probe. Acquired data are then available for different types of elaboration determination of distances, curves or surfaces of measured objectsIn order to protect the system against causes of error such as, for example, US signal diffraction and reflection, external uncontrolled US sources key jingling, neon blinking, etc., or software non-acceptable solutions, MScMS implements some statistical tests for on-line diagnostics. Three of them are deeply analyzed in this paper: “energy model-baseddiagnostics”, “distance model-based diagnostics”, and“sensor physical diagnostics”. For each measurement, if all these tests are satisfied at once, the measured result may be considered acceptable with a specific confidence coefficient. Otherwise, the measurement is rejectedAfter a general description of the MScMS, the paper focuses on the description of these three onlinediagnostic tools. Some preliminary results achieved by the system prototype are also presented and discussed1. IntroductionIn many industrial fields for example, automotive and aerospace dimensional measurements of large-size objects should be easily and rapidly taken [1?5]. Nowadays, the problem can be handled using many metrological systems, based on different technologies optical, mechanical, electromagnetic, etc.. These systems are more or less adequate, depending on measuring conditions, user’s experience and skill, cost, accuracy, portability, etc. In general formeasuring medium?large-size objects, portable systems can be preferred tofixed ones. Transferring the measuring system to the measured object place is often more practical than the vice-versa [1]This paper analyzes the Mobile Spatial coordinate Measuring System MScMS, which has been developed at the industrial metrology and quality engineering laboratory of DISPEA ? Politecnicodi Torino [6]MScMS is a wireless-sensor-network based system, designed to perform dimensional measurementsofmedium?large-size objectsfor example, longerons of railway vehicles, airplane wings, fuselages,etc.. These objects can hardly be measured by traditional coordinatemeasurement systems, such as, for example, Coordinate Measurement Machines CMMs because of their limited working volume [7,1]. MScMS working principle is very similar to that of well-known NAVSTAR GPS NAVigation Satellite Timing And Ranging Global Positioning System [8]. The main difference is that MScMS is based on ultrasound US technology to evaluate spatial distances, instead of radiofrequency RF.MScMSiseasily adaptable to different measuring environments and does not require complex procedures for installation, start-up or calibration [6]The aim of this paper is to describe the on-line diagnostics tools implemented in the system in order to continuously monitor measurement reliability2. The concept of “reliability of a measurement”If we refer to the field of CMMs, the concept of “on-line metrologicalperformance verification” is strictly related to the notion of“on-line self-diagnostics” [5,9]. In a same sense, this approach is “complementary” to that of uncertainty evaluation [10?15]. In general, the on-line measurement verification is a guarantee for the preservation of a measurement system characteristics including accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility [16,17]. The effect of a measuring system degradation is the produc tion of “non-reliable measurements”In general, we can define the concept of “reliability of a measurement” as follows3. MScMS technological and operating features MScMS prototype is made up of three main components see Fig. 1 [6]: - a constellation network of wireless devices Crickets, opportunely arranged around the working area;- a measuring probe, communicating via ultrasound transceivers USwith constellation devices in order to obtain the coordinates of the touched points;- a computing and controlling system PC, receiving and processingdatasent by the mobile probe, in order to evaluate objectsgeometrical featuresThe measuring probe is a mobile system hosting two wireless devices, a tip to touch the surface points of the measured objects and a trigger to activate data acquisition see Fig. 2 [6]Given the geometrical characteristics of the mobile probe, the tip coordinates can be univocally determined by means of the spatial coordinates of the two probe Crickets [6]4. MScMS diagnostic systemFig. 5. An example of 2D mass?spring system. Three reference nodes_x1, _x2, _x3 with known position are linked by springs to the point to be localized _xP Being based upon US technology, MScMS is sensible to many influencing factors. US signals may be diffracted and reflected by obstacles interposed between two devices, external uncontrolled events can become undesirable US wave sources and even positioning algorithms can lead to non-acceptable solutions. These and other potential causes of accidental measurementerrors must be taken under control to assure proper levels of accuracyWith the aim of protecting the system, MScMS implements a series of statistical tests for on-line diagnostics. Three of them are analyzed in the following sections:- “energy mod el-based diagnostics”;- “distance model-based diagnostics”;- “sensor physical diagnostics”5. ConclusionMScMSis an innovative wireless measuring systemcomplementar to CMMs.A prototype of this system has been developed at the industrialmetrology and quality engineering laboratory of DISPEA Politecnico di Torino. It is portable, not too much expensive, and suitable for large-scale metrology uneasy on conventional CMMsSome innovative aspects of the system concern its on-line diagnostics tools. When dealing with measurement systems, the importance of a good diagnostics of produced measures is crucial for applications in which errors can lead to serious consequencesThe diagnostics tools described in this paper, all based on the concept of “reliability of a measurement”, enable MScMS user to reject measurements which do not satisfy a series of statistical acceptance tests with a given confidence coefficientFor eachmeasurement, if all these tests are satisfied at once, the measured result is considered acceptable. Otherwise, the measurement is rejectedAfter rejection, the operator is asked to redo the measurement, changing the orientation/positioning of the probe or, if it is necessary, beacons arrangement in the system networkIn same cases, the system might force to repeat a measurement too many times, causing an excessive extension of the measurement duration. This problem can be overcome by changing the configuration of the constellationFuturework, aswell as improving the power of the existing tools, will be aimed to enrich MScMS control system by implementing additional tools able to steer the operator duringmeasurement. For example, suggesting the position of the probe inthe measuring volume, or proposing possible extensions of the network ofbeacons, or automatically filtering and/or correcting corrupted measurements6. Three coordinates measuring instrument profile Three dollars and name is mechanical measuring three coordinates an essential toolTri-ordinate measuring machine, it is to point to in one hexahedral space can behave, within the scope of geometry, length and circumferential indexing, etc, and the instrument measurement capabilities three coordinates measuring instrument or called three coordinates quantity bedTri-ordinate measuring instrument can be defined as "a has can make three direction of detectors, can be in three mutually perpendicular guide rail to move, the probe contact or non-contact signal means such as the three shaft transmit system as displacement measurement by optical ruler data processor or computer calculation, etc all point coordinates the needed parts X, Y, Z and various function measurement instrument". Tri-ordinate measuring instrument measurement function should include size accuracy,positioning accuracy, geometry precision and contour precision, etcA few decades ago, three coordinates measuring instrument industry is only few people know. Since the 1960's, because electronic, computer and sensor technology development, the three coordinates functions and application of measuring apparatus, also improved many, make the manufacturing industry can achieve high quality,high efficiency and multifunctional etc measurement requirements. So quality management department can to size of workpiece geometry andoutline, such as rapid and accurate measuring reachRefer From mechanical speaking, coordinate measuring machine three yuan advantages are:1 the key -, and technological progress coordinate measuring machine for the advancement of science and technology, make a coordinate measuring machine practical, and have many different measurement function. The key technological progress as follows: floating bearing, each face -axes air-float bearing mobile use, make head mobile smooth, measuring precision measurement can be very moving head; Optical linear feet, cooperate installed on the machine coordinate system, optical linear feet nubile can very precise coordinate measuring value; have to win Computer equipment, coordinate measuring machine adopts calculation method of obtaining measurements results, data processor and has the measuring software, increased the function of coordinate measuring machine. Due to the above three technological progress, make a coordinate measuring machine has the superior measurement function2, the advantages of coordinate measuring machine are as follows: A, in space detection head along the X, Y, Z three axial movement, its are scrambling to right standard or polar saidB, workpiece cube of five sides are measurable, need not transform workpiece position, ifinstalled with proper jigs and special measure head, sixth surface can also measuredC, coordinatemeasuring machine operation and measure the work, do not needspecial technology can do the jobD, can be in any position, set, and to work axis indirect measurement result calculated main algorithm, increasing the functionand using the elastic measurementE, using computer data processor,quickly and accurately calculate the measured value, cooperate to teach program of CMM measuring Richard work automationF, replace traditional measurement methods to improve the inspection accuracy, and for high precision products, can 100 percent inspectionG, complex workpiece and measure the difficulty of workpiece is high, can be measured accuratelyH, sharply reduce inspection time, inspection charges, inspection human, increase measurement efficiency.encesCoordinate measuring machine type can be divided into:1, right Angle coordinate system: including painting line machine, cantilever, bridge posture;2, joint coordinate system: joint coordinate measuring machine by differential, this type of measurement section coordinate system with measured along the surface of workpiece mobile, head to the joint Angle will guide the change by decoder, the angular measuring know each axis, the joint coordinates of homogeneous transformation type, can move through the axis quantitythe market typically have: the epithet in three times yuan, video images, three times the CNC three yuan RMB, economical three yuan, optical image measuring instrument, longmen type three yuan, CNC automatic big three yuan, schedule of non-contact three yuan, optical tri-ordinate measuring machine, three coordinates measuring instrument, three-dimensional coordinates, optical three yuan, probetype three times yuan, economical manual three yuan measuring machine, high precision automatic three yuan measuring machine, measuring type three yuan measuring machine, three yuan measuring machine, second yuan measuring instrument, three yuan measuring instrument, three yuan,activity bridge type three yuan measuring machine, fixed bridge type three yuan measuring instrumentActually three times by exposure to $workpiece surface can bedivided into: touch coordinate measuring machine and contactless coordinate measuring machine. Coordinate measuring machine will contact with floating bearing introduced above, and the measuring of the headnon-contact coordinate measuring machine refers to our present market called image type precision surveying and mapping three yuan. Itsfunction generally have:1, CNC electric desktop: in a software function control working mesa, increase operation personnel use and operational convenience 2, CNC automatic measurement: the set automatically according to customers can be automatically measure the product size, measured values can be automatically forwarded to Excel generate statistics report3, SPC data conversion process capability analysis : can the measured data output to Excel analysis4, AutoCAD standard engineering drawing can be input: the standard engineering graphics directly AutoCAD input to the images of surveying and mapping apparatus software, make AutoCAD engineering drawings with actual workpiece appearance, comparing overlapping so as to find out the difference between workpieces andengineering drawing5, graphics output to AutoCAD and automatically adjust: according to the real-time image can be described according to the actual workpiece appearance according to the actual needs of the graphics to set automatically benchmark and right during transmission6, automatic take line, take round: need not with the artificially takeline or round in a certain range, can be automatically capture software most accurate linear or circular8, scanning workpiece appearance as action map: smother origin appearance chart form to become action map,if with the mouse is workbench will automatically will you click moved to screen centerMeter 9, JPEG images input: input previously stored in the photo JPEG image the actual workpiece real-time image overlapping contrast10 and urumqi-kuitun jiangshan graph: all the graphics observable workpiece similar AutoCAD zoom function11, in the view of all the floor-kan uriah to mark the floor-kan: the ability to size. To mark in the map12, custom round: according to customer's need can be defined standard graph since by customers to define round circle coordinates, diameter,radius. Again with the standard for the workpiece circular and image contrast, thus find overlapping between the workpiece and standard error of graphics13, custom line: the customer to define the starting point coordinates counting, length, rotating Angle, again with images as the workpiece, thus find overlapping contrast between the workpiece and standard error of graphics14, direct drawing: move work table, to directShiZiXian center line, circle, arc drawing not only can be in AutoCAD directly generate graphics while in surveying and mapping apparatus software images also generate the same shape and position of the graphics15, custom coordinates customer: can the need according to customer itself in the actual live video of workpiece set automatically coordinates origin 0, 0, again with 0, 0 point as a benchmark in picture as point point X, Y marked position16, coordinates with his label set coordinates origin 0, 0 as a benchmark, tagging map coordinatesarbitrary point17, patent take R Angle function: for the present market condition accurate plane take R Angle way18, measurement: measurable any plane geometry size Angle, diameter, radius, point to the line of the distance and round eccentric, two round spacing, etc.20, automatic capturing graphics line can be automatically capture each node: the starting point, the halfway point, line intersection of two line ending and the circle and circumference, three node, used to help mark drawing application function21, will product appearance stroke, trace graphics, can turn toAutoCAD forming engineering drawingsThree times in ACG bound, three times to explain: $$the normalsocial reality is refers to circle. The world beyond OTAKUTri-ordinate measuring machine measurement method for the CMM measuring product featuresaccording to need usually divided into non-contact measurement,non-contact measurement and contact with non-contact composite measurement, currently tri-ordinate measuring machine have been widely used in automotive, aerospace, mould and machining field and in the school scientific research units also widely used to boost domestic product overall competitiveness to get not the effect that cannot ignore. Tri-ordinate measuring instrument of measuring method of classification: 1, non-contact probe measurement 3 coordinates measuring meters most commonly used the most common use; 2, image composite tri-ordinate measuring apparatus; Three, laser composite tri-ordinate measuring instrument mainly applied to product measurement and reverse copy。
计量器具中英文对照
计量器具中英文对照量具类1. 量块gaugeblock2. 光滑极限量规plainlimit gauge3. 塞规pluggauge4. 环规ringgauge卡规snap gauge5. 塞尺feelergauge6. 钢直尺steelgauge7. 精密玻璃线纹尺precision glass linear scale8. 精密金属线纹尺precision metal linear scale9. 半径样板radiustemplate卡尺类1. 游标卡尺verniercaliper2. 带表卡尺dialcaliper3. 电子数显卡尺calliperwith electronic digital display4. 深度标游卡尺depthvernier caliper5. 电子数显深度卡尺depthcaliper with electronic digital display6. 带表高度卡尺dialheight calliper7. 高度游标卡尺heightvernier caliper8. 电子数显高度卡尺heightcaliper with electronic digital display9. 焊接检验尺calliperfor welding inspection千分尺类1. 测微头micrometerhead2. 外径千分尺externalmicrometer3. 杠杆千分尺micrometer with dial comparator4. 带计数器千分尺micrometer with counter5. 电子数显外径千分尺micrometer with electronic digital display6. 小测头千分尺smallanvil micrometer7. 尖头千分尺pointmicrometer8. 板厚千分尺sheetmetal micrometer9. 壁厚千分尺tubemicrometer10. 叶片千分尺blademicrometer11. 奇数沟千分尺oddfluted micrometer12. 深度千分尺depthmicrometer13. 内径千分尺internalmicrometer14. 单杆式内径千分尺single-body internal micrometer15. 表式内径千分尺dailinternal micrometer16. 三爪式内径千分尺threepoint internal micrometer17. 电子数显三爪式内径千分尺three point internal micrometer18. 内测千分尺insidemicrometer指示表类1. 指示表dialindicator2. 深度只是表depthdialindicator3. 杠杆指示表dialtestindicator4. 内径指示表boredialindicator5. 涨弹簧式指示表expanding head bore dial indicator6. 钢球式内径指示表balltype bore dial indicator7. 电子数显指示表dialindicator with electronic digital display8. 杠杆卡规indicatingsnap gauge9. 带表卡规dialsnapgauge10. 带表外卡规outsidedial snap gauge11. 带表内卡规insidedial snap gauge12. 测厚规thicknessgauge13. 扭簧比较仪microcator14. 杠杆齿轮比较仪mechanical dial comparator15. 电子量规electronicgauge16. 电感式传感器inductance type transducer17. 指示装置indicatingdevice18. 电感测微仪inductance micrometer19. 峰值电感测微仪peakinductance micrometer20. 电感内径比较仪inductance bore comparator21. 瞄准传感器aimingtransducer角度测量器具1. 角度块angleblockgauge2. 正多面棱体regularpolygon mirror3. 刀具角度样板cutterangular template4. 直角尺square5. 平行直角尺parallelsquare6. 宽座直角尺wide-stand square7. 刀口形直角尺edgesquare8. 矩形直角尺squaresquare9. 三角形直角尺threeangle square10. 圆柱直角尺cylindersquare11. 方形角尺squareguage12. 万能角度尺universalbevel protractor13. 游标式万能角度尺vernier universal bevel protractor14. 表式万能角度尺dialuniversal bevel protractor15. 光学分度头opticaldividing head16. 目镜式光学分度头optical dividing head with microscope reading17. 投影式光学分度尺optical dividing head with projection reading18. 光电分度头optical-electronic dividing head19. 多齿分度台multi-tooth division table20. 分度转台divisionrotary table21. 正炫规sinebar22. 普通正炫规generalsine bar23. 铰链式正炫规hingetype sine bar24. 双向正炫规dual-directional sine bar25. 圆锥量规conegauge26. 圆锥塞规plugconegauge27. 圆锥环规ringconegauge28. 直角尺测量仪squaremeasuring instrument 计量器具中英文对照汇总表-形位误差测量器具1. 平晶opticalflat2. 单面平晶opticalflat3. 双面平晶paralleloptical flat4. 刀口形直尺knifestraight edge5. 刀口尺knifestraight edge6. 三棱尺threeedgesstraight edge7. 四棱尺fouredgesstraight edge8. 平尺straightedge9. 矩形平尺squarestraight edge10. 工字形平尺i-beamstraight edge11. 角形平尺anglestraight edge12. 桥形平尺bridgetypestraight edge13. 平板surfaceplate14. 铸铁平板castironsurface plate15. 岩石平板granitesurface plate16. 方箱squarebox17. 水准器式水平仪levelmeter18. 条式水平仪barlevelmeter19. 框式水平仪framelevel meter20. 合像水平仪imaginglevel meter21. 光学倾斜仪opticalinclinometer22. 电子水平仪electronic level meter23. 指针式电子水平仪electronic level meter with indicator24. 数显式电子水平仪electronic level meter with digital display25. 平直度测量仪straightness measuring instrument26. 光学式平直度测量仪optical straightness measuring instrument27. 光电式平直度测量仪photoelectrical straightnessmeasuringinstrument28. 圆度测量仪roundnessmeasuring instrument29. 转轴式圆度测量仪spindle-rotating type roundnessmeasuringinstrument30. 转台式圆度测量仪table-rotating type roundnessmeasuringinstrument计量器具中英文对照汇总表1.刀口型直尺:knifestraigjht edge2.刀口尺: knife straigjht edge3.三棱尺three edges straigjht edge4.四棱尺four edges straigjht edge5.条式和框式水平仪bar form and square levels6.合像水平仪imaging level meter7铸铁平板cast iron surface plate8.岩石平板granite surface plate9.铸铁平尺cast iron straigjht edge10.钢平尺和岩石平尺steel and granite straigjht edge11.圆度仪roundness measuring instrument12.电子水平仪electronic level meter13.表面粗糙度比较样块铸造表面roughness comparisonspecimens castsurf ace14.表面粗糙度比较样块磨、车、铣、插及刨加工表面roughness comparison specimens-ground,turned,bored,milled,shapeandpla ned15.表面粗糙度比较样块电火花加工表面roughness comparison specimens spark-erostion machiningsurfaces16.表面粗糙度比较样块抛光加工表面roughness comparison specimens pollshed surfaces17.接触式仪器的标称特性18.轮廓profiles19.轨迹轮廓traced profile20.基准轮廓reference profile21.总轮廓total profile22.原始轮廓primary profile23.残余轮廓residual profile24.触针式仪器stylus instrument25.感应位移数字存储触针式量仪displacement sensitive,digitally storin gstylusinstrument26.触针式仪器的部件stylus instrument components27.测量环measurement loop28.导向基准renfence guide29.驱动器drive unit30.测头(传感器)probe(pick-up)31.拾取单元tracing element32.针尖stylus tip33.转换器transducer34.放大器amplifier35.模/数转换器analog-to-digital converter36.数据输入data input37.数据输出data output38.轮廓滤波和评定profile filtering and evaluation39.轮廓记录器profile recorder40.仪器的计量特性metrological characteristics of the instrument41.静测力的变化change of static measuring force42.静态测力static measuring force43.动态测量力dynamic measuring force44.滞后hysteresis45.测头的测量范围transmission function for the sine waves46.仪器的测量范围measuring range of the instrument47.模数转换器的量化步距quantization step of the ADC48.仪器分辨力instrument resolution49.量程分辨力比range-to-resolution ratio50.测头线性偏差probe linearity deviation51.短波传输界限short-wave transmission limitation52.轮廓垂直成分传输vertical profile component transmission53表面粗糙度比较样块抛丸、喷砂加工表面roughness comparison specimens shot blasted and blastedsurfaces54产品结构几何量计术规范（GPS）geometricalproduct specifications(GPS) 55表面结构surface texture56接触式仪器的标称特性nominal characteristics of contact instruments57公法线千分尺micrometer for mearsuring root tangent lenghths of gear teeth58最大允许误差maximum permissible error59圆柱直齿渐开线花键量规gauges for straight cylindricalinvolute splines60齿厚游标卡尺Gear tooth verniercalipers61齿轮渐开线样板the involute master of gear62齿轮螺旋线样板the helix master of gear63矩形花键量规gauges for straight –sided splines64测量蜗杆master worm65万能测齿仪universal gear measuring instrument66万能渐开线检查仪universal involute measuring instrument 67齿轮齿距测量仪gear circular pictch measuring instrument 68万能齿轮测量机Universal gear measuring machine69齿轮螺旋线测量仪gear helix measuring instrument70便携式齿轮齿距测量仪manual gear circular pitch measuring instrument 71便携式齿轮基节测量仪manual gear base pitch measuring instrument72立式滚刀测量仪vertical hob measuring instrument73齿轮双面啮合综合测量仪Gear dual-flank measuring instrument74齿轮单面啮合整体误差测量仪Gear single-flank meshing integratederrormeasuring instrument75梯形螺纹量规gauges for metric trapezoidal screw threads 76工作螺纹量规work gauges for metric trapezoidal screw threads77校对螺纹量规check gauges for metric trapezoidal screw threads78.梯形螺纹量规型式与尺寸Types and dimensions of metric trapezoidalscrewthreads79.普通螺纹量规型式与尺寸Types and dimensions of gauges purposescrewthreads80.非螺纹密封的管螺纹量规Gauges for pipe threadsprcessure-tight joints arenot made on the threads81.螺纹千分尺Screw thread micrometer82.最大允许误差maximum permissible error83.间隙螺纹量规Clearance screw gauge84.量针Bar gauge85.螺纹样板Screw thread template86.用螺纹密封的管螺纹量规Gauges for pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made onthethreads 87.刀具预调测量仪精度Accuracy of the presetting instrument88.薄膜式气动量仪Membrane type pneumatic measuring instrument89.光栅线位移测量系统Grating linear displacement measuring system90.光栅角位移测量系统Grating angular displacement measuring system91.磁栅线位移测量系统Magnet-grid linear displacement measuring system92.量块附件Accessories for gauge blocks93.V形架Vee blocks94.比较仪座Comparator stand95.磁性表座Magnetic stand96.万能表座Universal stand for dial indicator计量器具中英文对照汇总表一般术语：1. 几何测量geometrical product2. 量值value(ofaquantity)3. 真值truevalue(ofa quantity)4. 约定真值conventional true value(of aquantity)5. 单位unit(ofmeasurement)6. 测量measurement7. 测试measurementand test8. 检验inspecte9. 静态测量staticmeasurement10. 动态测量dynamicmeasurement11. 测量原理principleof measurement12. 测量方法methodofmeasurement13. 测量程序measurement procedure14. 被测量measurand15. 影响量influencequantity16. 变换值transformedvalue(of a measurand)17. 测量信号measurement signal18. 直接测量法directmethod of measurement19. 间接测量法indirectmethod of measurement20. 定义测量法definitive method of measurement21. 直接比较测量法direct-comparison method of measurement22. 替代测量法substitution method of measurement23. 微差测量法differential method of measurement24. 零位测量法nulllmethod of measurement25. 测量结果result ofameasurement26. 测得值measuredvalue27. 实际值actualvalue28. 未修正结果uncorrected result（ofameasurement）29. 已修正结果correctedresult(of a measurement)30. 测量的准确度accuracyof measurement31. 测量的重复性repeatability of measurement32. 测量复现性reproducibility of measurements33. 实验标准偏差experimental standard deviation34. 测量不确定度uncertainty of measurement35. 测量绝对误差absoluteerror of measurement36. 相对误差relativeerror37. 随机误差randomerror38. 系统误差systematicerror39. 修正值correction40. 修正系数correctionfactor41. 人员误差personalerror42. 环境误差environmental error43. 方法误差errorofmethod44. 调整误差adjustmenterror45. 读数误差readingerror46. 视差parallaxerror47. 估读误差interpolation error48. 粗大误差parasiticerror49. 检定verification50. 校准calibration51. 调准gauging52. 调整adjustment计量器具中英文对照汇总表-几何量测量器具术语1. 几何量具测量器具dimensional measuring instruments2. 长度测量器具lengthmeasuring instruments3. 角度测量器具anglemeasuring instruments4. 坐标测量机coordinate measuring machine5. 形状和位置误差测量器具form and position error measuring instruments6. 表面质量测量器具surface quality measuring instruments7. 齿轮测量器具gearmeasuring instruments8. 实物量具（简称“量具”）materialmeasure9. 测量仪器（简称“量仪”）measuringinstruments10. 测量链measuringchain11. 测量装置measuringsystem12. 指示式测量仪器indicating(measuring )instrument13. 记录式测量仪器recording（measuring）instrument14. 累计式测量仪器totalizing(measuring)instrument15. 积分式测量仪器integrating(measuring)instrument16. 模拟式测量仪器analogue(measuring)instrument17. 数字式测量仪器digital(measuring)instrument18. 测量变换器measuringtransducer19. 传感器sensor20. 指示装置indicatingdevice21. 记录装置recordingdevice22. 记录载体recordingmedium23. 标尺标记scalemark24. 指示器index25. 标尺scale26. 度盘dail计量器具中英文对照汇总表-测量器具术语1. 标称值nominalvalue2. 示值indication(of a measuring instrument)3. 标尺范围scalerange4. 标称范围nominalrange5. 标尺长度scalelength6. 标尺分度scaledivision7. 分度值value ofascale division8. 标尺间距scalespacing9. 线性标尺linearscale10. 非线性标尺non-linear scale11. 标尺标数scalenumbering12. 测量仪器的零位zeroofa measuring instrument13. 量程span14. 测量范围measuringrange15. 额定工作条件vatedoperating conditions16. 极限条件referencecondition17. 标准条件referencecondition18. 仪器常数instrumentconstant19. 响应特性responsecharacteristic20. 灵敏度senstivity21. 鉴别力discrimination22. 分辨力resolution（ofanindicating device）23. 死区deadband24. 准确度accuracyofa measuring instruments25. 准确度等级accuracyclass26. 重复性repeatability of a measuring instrument27. 示值变动性varationof indication28. 稳定度stability29. 可靠性reliability30. 回程hysteresis31. 漂移drift32. 响应时间responsetime33. 测量力（简称“测力”）measuringforce计量器具中英文对照汇总表-测量器具术语1. 实物量具示值误差errorof indication of a material measure2. 测量仪器示值误差errorof indication of a measuring instrument3. 重复性误差repeatability error of a measuring instrument4. 回程误差hysteresiserror5. 测量力变化variationof measuring force6. 测量力落差hysteresis of measuring force7. 偏移误差biaserror(of a measuring instrument)8. 允许误差maximumpermissible errors(of measuringinstruments)9. 跟踪误差trackingerror (of a measuring instrument)10. 响应率误差response-law error (of a measuring instrument)11. 量化误差quantization error (of a measuring instrument)12. 基值误差datumerror(of a measuring instrument)13. 零值误差zeroerror(of a measuring instrument)14. 影响误差influenceerror15. 引用误差fiducialerror16. 位置误差positionerror17. 线性误差linearerror18. 响应特性曲线responsecharacteristic curve19. 误差曲线errorcurve20. 校准曲线calibration curve21. 修正曲线correctioncurve计量器具中英文对照汇总表-表面质量测量器具表面粗糙度比较样块surface roughness comparison specimen 铸造表面粗糙度比较样块surface roughness comparison specimen forcastsurface磨、车、镗、铣、插及刨加工表面粗糙度比较样块surface roughness comparison specimenforground,turned,bored,milled,shaped andplanedsurface电火花加工表面粗糙度比较样块surface roughness comparison specimenforspark-erosion machined surface抛（喷）丸、喷砂加工表面粗糙度比较样块surface roughness comparison specimen forshotblasted and grit blasted surface 抛光加工表面粗糙度测量仪portable surface roughnesscomparison specimenforpolished surface便携式表面粗糙度测量仪portable surface roughessmeasuringinstrument驱动箱drivingbox台式表面粗糙度测量仪bench type surface roughnessmeasuringinstrument。
机电专业中英文文献翻译-模拟与数字转换器译文
Analog and Digital TransducersAs mentioned previously, considerable experience has been accumulated with analog transducers, signal conditioning, A/D converters etc. , and it is natural that the majority of current systems tend to use these techniques. However, there are a number of measuring techniques that are essentially digit in nature, and which when used as separate measuring instruments require some intrgral digtal circuitry, such as frequency counters and timing circuits, to provide an indicator output. This type of transducer, if coupled to a computer, does not necessarily require the same amount of equipment since much of the processing done by the integral circuitry could be programmed and by the computer.Collins classifies the signals handled in control and instrumentation systems as follows:(1) Analog, in which the parameter of the system to be measured although initially derived in an analog form by a sensor is converted to an electrical analog, either by design or inherent in the methods adopted;(2) Coded-digital, in which a parallel digital sigal is generated, each bit radix-weighted according to some predetermined code. These are referred to in this bood as direct digital transducers;(3) Digital, in which a function, such as mean rate of a repetitive signal, is a measure of the parameter being measured. These are subsequently referred to as frequency-domain transducers.Some analog transducers are particularly suited to conversion to digital outputs using special techniques. The most popular of these are synchros, and similar devices, which produce a modulated output of a carrier frequency. For ordinary analog use, this output has to be demodulated to provide a signal whose magnitude and sign represent any displacement of the transducer’s moving element. Although it is possible to use a conventional A/D technique to produce a digital output while providing a high accuracy and resolution, and at a faster rate than is possible in the A/D converter method.Direct digital transducers are, in fact, few and far between, since there do not seem to be any natural phenomena in which some detectable characteristic changes in discrete intervals as a result of a change of pressure, or change of tempreature etc.. These are many advantages in using direct digital transducers in ordinary instrumentation systems, even if computers are not used in the complete installation.These advantages are:(1)The ease of generating, manipulating and storing digital signals, as punched tape, magnetic tape etc. ;(2)The need for high measurement accuracy and discrimination;(3)The relative immunity of a high-level digital signal to external disturbances (noise);(4)Ergonomic advantages in simplified data presentation(e. g. digital readout avoids interpretation errors in reading scales or graphs).The most active development in direct digital transducers has been in shaft encoders, which are used extensively in machine tools and aircraft systems. High resolution and accuracies can be obtained, and these devices may be mechanically coupled to provide a direct digital output of any parameter which gives rise to a measurable physical displacement. The usual displacement of these systems is that the inertia of the instrument and encoder often limit the speed of response and therefore the operating frequencies.Frequency domain transducers have a special part to play in online systems with only few variables to be measured, since the computer can act as part of an A/D conversion system and use its own registers and clock for counting pulses or measuring pulse width. In designing such systems, consideration must be given to the computer time required to access and process the trransducer output.Data Line Isolation TheoryWhen it comes to protect data lines from electrical transients, surge suppression is often the first thing that leaps to mind. The concept of surge suppression is intuitive and there are a large variety of devices on the market to choose from. Models are available to protect every-thing from your computer to answering machine as well as those serial devices found in RS-232, RS-422 and RS-485 systems.Unfortunately, in most serial communications systems,surge suppression is not the best choice. The result of most storm and inductively induced surges is to cause a difference in ground potential between points in a xommunications system. The more physical area covered by the system, the more likely those differences in ground potential will exist.The water analogy helps explain this. Instead of phenomenon water in a pipe, we’ll thi nk a little bigger and use waves on the ocean. Ask anyone what the elevation of the ocean is, and you will get an answer of zero－so common that we call it sealevel. While the average ocean elevation is zero, we know that tides and waves can cause large short-term changes in the actual height of the water. This is very similar to earth ground. The effect of a large amount of current dumped into the earth can be visualized in the same way, as a wave propa-gating outwards from the origin. Until this energy dissipates, the voltage level of the earth will vary greatly between two locations.Adding a twist to the ocean analogy, what is the best way to protect a boat from high waves? We could lash the boat to a fixed dock, forcing the boat to remain at one elevation. This will protect against small waves, but this solution obviously has limitation. While a little rough, this comparison isn’t far off from what a typical surge suppressor is trying to accom-plish. Attempting to clamp a surge of energy to a level safe for the local equipment requires that the clamping device be able to completely absorb or redirect transient energy.Instead of lashing the boat to a fixed dock let the dock float. Now the boat can rise and fall with the ocean swells (until we hit the end of our floating dock’s posts).Instead of fighting nature, we’re simply moving along with it. This is our data line isola-tion solution.Isolation is not a new idea. It has always been implemented in telephone and Ethernet equipment. For asynchronous data applications such as many RS-232, RS-422 and RS-485 systems, optical isolators are the most common isolation elements. With isolation, two different grounds (better thought of as reference voltages) can exist on opposite sides of the isolation element without any current flowing through the element. With an optical isolator, this is performed with an LED and a photosensitive transistor. Only light passes between the two elements.Another benefit of optical isolation is that it is not dependent on installation quality. Thpical surge suppressors used in data line protection use special diodes to shunt excess energy to ground. The installer must provide an extremely low imprdance ground connection to handle this energy, which can be thousands of amps at frequencies into the tens of megahertz. A small impedance in the ground connection, such as in 1.8m (6ft) of 18 gauge wire, can cause a voltage drop of hundreds of volts －enough voltage to damage most equipments. Isolation, on the other hand, does not require an additional ground connection, making it insensitive to installation quality.Isolation is not a perfect solution. An additional isolated power supply is required to support the circuitry. This supply may be built in as an isolated DC-DC converteror external. Simple surge suppressors require no power source. Isolation voltages are limited as well, usually ranging from 500V to 4000V. In some cases, applying both surge suppression and isolation is an effective solution.When choosing data line protection for a system it is important to consider all available options. There are pros and cons to both surge suppression and optical isolation, however isolation is a more effective solution for most systems. If in doubt, choose isolation.模拟与数字转换器前面我们已经提到，人们在模拟转换器、信号调节器和A/D 转换器等的使用上已经积累了大量的经验。
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中英文资料对照外文翻译外文资料Digital Meter for Measuring Rotational Speed The rotor speed control system of industry is one of the important parameters. Mechanical tachometer measuring speed, the rotor contact with the measured object must be to get the synchronous speed, through the internal gear shift instruction after the pointer speed with the size of the header. Use of mechanical tachometer measured object can interfere with movement, especially when measured rotor mass is very small, speed tables on the rotor pressure is not a small additional load, which affects the measurement accuracy. This paper describes a 8032 single-chip microcomputer as the core to the non-contact Digital Tachometer.1 speed measuring principleThe gun speed-sensitive devices with infrared sensors, launched by the specialized infrared detection devices, while receiving reflected back from the measured object infrared, photoelectric conversion into electrical pulses through the signal, does not affect the rotation of the object. Tubes and pipes are fixed in the detection of acceptable shelf, through the lens focus, semi-transparent film not only to the reflected infrared light fired rotating objects, they can rotate the object by the reflected infrared light through the translucent membrane back fired for management. Along the circumference of a rotating1body even paste some reflection paper, it directed reflection infrared to receive the reflected acceptance of the infrared control.Photovoltaic conversion shown in Figure In the optical triode 3DU5C adding an appropriate bias, when 3DU5C by infrared irradiation, at the conduction state, A point for the low level, 3DG6 end, B point is high; when no infrared radiation, the photoelectric transistor closed A high point presentation, so 3DG6 low collector point B, B point of the pulse signal through the inverter 1,2 plastic, and then the door 3 RP, frequency and speed will be proportional to the size of the corresponding changes The speed pulse signal. Speed pulse signal into the 8032 microcontroller timer / counter, through the microcontroller to calculate speed software processing.Figure 1 Schematic photoelectric conversionWhen the machine used in the measurement speed M / T method and timing method were used. M/T M / T method is the detection time Tc, the time according to speed pulse m1 and m2 to calculate the speed pulse. If a fixed period Tc, the total time taken and pulse rotation pulse fp fc's Pulse on m1 and m2, timing pulse frequency f, rotor output pulses per revolution for the p, the speed n = 60fm1 / pm2 (r / min). Such as the speed measured over 1 s pulses for the m1, rotor output pulse number per revolution, that great number of p, the speed n = 60m1 / p (r / min).2 hardware speed measurement instrumentFigure 2 constitute the grounds of speed 8032 MCU measuring circuit. 8032 is MCS-51 series single chip, compared with the common 8031 chip, a feature more than28032 strong T2 timer / counters and 128 bytes of internal RAM, which T2 counter with 16-bit auto-reload and capture, can for timer / counter with, but also used as a baud rate generator. The system used for time T2, which take into account regular pulse, regular pulse signal directly from the 8032 chip address latch signal ALE client leads, and through the 74LS74 dual D flip-flop frequency, was two points. When using 6 MHz crystal oscillator, the time pulse frequency fc is 0.5 MHz. T0 accrual speed pulse counter fp, T1 time pulse counter for taking into account fc, trigger DFF1, DFF2 and 1,2,3,4 component count and gate control circuit, can also start and stop counters T0 and T1. P0 port to allow control through the end of 8D with latch 74LS377 extends an 8-bit output, as a five segment LED digital display of the data line selection code. P3.0, P3.1 access switches S1 and S4, S1 for the very few P set selector switch, S4 input pulse for the very few keys. P3.2 and P3.3 are connected S2 and S3 switch, S2 switch method for the speed selection key; select the use of M / T method speed, or velocity measurement with time. S3 for the speed frequency select switch, to select the measuring speed or frequency measurements. When using regular method to measure the speed, the system can be easily measured by measuring the frequency.3 software design and anti-interference measuresSystem programming includes the main program, interrupt procedures, code conversion routines, display routines, etc. The hardware structure of two measurement methods are identical, but different software process, to set the speed through the P3.2 port approach. The following two measurement methods were discussed works.M / T method, first of all by the end of 8032 the P1.1 output start pulse signal, the start pulse cleared DFF1 and DFF2 two triggers, so that Q1 ended output low, blocking the door 2,3,4, Q- 1 side open the door for the high one, and trigger DFF2 the Q-2-ended output is high, ready for the start of work. When the speed pulse signal fp receives the rising edge, the flip-flop DFF1 turn, Q-1 is low, blocking the door 1, Q1 is high, open the door 2,3,4, so that start time T2, m1, m2 and started counting. In the interrupt program, the P1.2 8032 ended output pulse signal to stop, set bit trigger DFF2, Q-2 low-side outputs,3blocking the door 2,3,4, T0, T1 and stop counting. Interrupt the program while reading speed signal pulses and timing signal pulses m1 m2, in the main program, in accordance with m1, m2, P and f calculated speed n = 60fm1/pm2, and converted to BCD code sent to the digital look-up table display, complete a data collection and display.In the regular method, due to the timing signal generated 1 s, while the maximum time the system 131 ms, it is the law in time to take 10 consecutive 100 ms time method, when the time to 100 ms, the timer T2 overflow interrupt to the 8032 application. Interrupt in the interrupt process of the cumulative number of times, if the cumulative number of times until they break 10, not to make any operation on the return, T2 to the next 100ms the time, T0 to count speed pulse, when the interrupt when the number reached 10 in interrupt the program, set bit P1.2, stop counting, and reading the count value T0 m1, corresponding in the main program to calculate the speed of operation, and converted to BCD code, send LED display. Time here with 16-bit counter with auto-loading feature of the T2 counter, when T2 overflow interrupt the same time, the counter counts automatically reload the initial value, continue to regularly. So it's time is continuous, without interruption and response procedures for dealing with the impact of disruption. If not overloaded by features such as timers T0 or T1, then when the timer overflow, it should be in response to failure, reset the timer interrupt program, the initial value. Timer timing is intermittent, the impact of timing accuracy, thereby affecting measurement precision. Visible by 8032 in the T2 counter timer is a feature of the system, it can significantly improve measurement precision. The guns range in 0-49r/min accuracy up to ± 0.1 r / min, at 50-99 999r/min range of accuracy up to ± 1 r / min.The gun can measure the number of different pole pulse generator pulse occurs, such as infrared detectors above, when changing the rotating body attached to the amount of reflection paper, issued by the rotor per revolution pulse number p is also changed accordingly, At this point, if still in accordance with the procedures in the original p value calculation, calculation error will be. Therefore, the system provides very few of the features set the scene: P3.0 I take very few set selector switch, when P3.0 is high time that45need to set the pole, then the system waiting for input into the mouth by the P3.1 pulse signal, each pulse makes the system very few register value plus 1, and displayed in the LED digital tube.Velocity measurement at the time, and when not to n = 60m1 / p the operators directly to the speed of 1 s pulses m1 transformed into BCD code shows that the value obtained is obviously the input pulse frequency. Therefore, the system set up speed frequency options. P3.3 port access speed frequency select switch S3, when P3.3 is high time that test frequency.Meanwhile, the system software has set a number of logical fault diagnosis functions, such as speeds above 99 999 r / min, the system will display PPPPP, that go beyond the scope of this gun is measured, and as if the M / T velocity measurement, the Select the measurement frequency, it shows EEEEE, prompts the user error and so on.As the gun is generally in the industrial field in the working environment of sources of interference, so in the design, using anti-jamming measures, such as power supply filtering, decoupling, pay attention to the trend of ground, then the locations and other hardware interference approach to CPU, RAM self-test, software redundancy, software, software such as anti-jamming technology trap.Figure 2 Circuit Digital Speed Meter6数字式转速测量仪1 转速测量仪原理本测速仪的测速敏感器件采用红外线传感器，由专门的探测装置发射红外线，同时接受从被测物体反射回来的红外线，通过光电转换变为电脉冲信号，不影响物体的转动。