跨文化商务沟通最新英文版教学课件第3章

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Societal Clusters
• Self-Protective from Higher to Lower: – Southern Asia – Middle East – Confucian Asia – Eastern Europe – Latin America – Sub-Sahara Arabs – Latin Europe – Anglo – Germanic Europe – Nordic Europe ) (House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, & Gupta, 2004, p. 682
Example: A U.S. American, while traveling in Bolivia, observed that drivers rarely stopped at the red octagonal sign with the word “alto,” the Spanish word for “stop.” A local Bolivian explained that in that country, the stop sign is more a recommendation than a traffic law.
Chapter 3 Contrasting Cultural Values
Topics
• Semantic Differences • Attribution and Perception • Attitudes Toward Women • Work Attitudes • Attitudes Toward Ethics • Religious Influences • Individualism and Collectivism
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Uncertainty Avoidance
• Countries with low or weak uncertainty avoidance
– United States of America – India – United Kingdom – Denmark – Singapore
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Differences Between Weak/Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Societies
– Anglo – Latin America – Southern Asia – Germanic Europe – Nordic Europe – Sub-Sahara Arabs – Latin Europe – Eastern Europe – Confucian Asia – Middle East
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Semantic Differences
Semantics - the study of the meaning of words; involves the way behavior is influenced by words and nonverbal means of communication.
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Societal Clusters
• Participative from Higher to Lower: – Germanic Europe – Nordic Europe – Anglo – Latin America – Latin Europe – Sub-Sahara Arabs – Eastern Europe – Southern Asia – Confucian Asia – Middle East
– Creates uncertainty – Creates anxiety – Is reinforced by family, school, and
government
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Uncertainty Avoidance
• High uncertainty avoidance cultures – Latin America – Some European Countries – Japan – South Korea
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• U.S. women have taken two-thirds of new jobs created; they are starting new businesses at twice the rate of men.
• In France, one-fifth of small businesses are owned by women; in Canada, the rate is one-third.
imposed on others
Human rights: nobody should be Religious, political, ideological
persecuted for their beliefs
fundamentalism and
intolerance
Scientific opponents can be
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Societal Clusters
• Autonomous Cluster from Higher to Lower: – Eastern Europe – Germanic Europe – Confucian Asia – Southern Asia – Nordic Europe – Anglo – Middle East – Latin Europe – Sub-Sahara Arabs – Latin America
Weak Uncertainty Avoidance Strong Uncertainty Avoidance
Citizen protest acceptable
Citizen protest should be
repressed
Civil servants positive toward Civil servants negative toward
• Related to societal, economic, and organizational values
• Higher values found with higher team orientation, humane orientation, and selfprotective leadership
– Kenya women are considered subordinate to men.
• Gender differences in the U.S. workplace are de-emphasized - women are accepted at higher levels in government and in many companies.
• Lower values found with lower participative and charismatic leadership values
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Attitudes Toward Women
• Influenced by cultural roots
– U.S. women are supposed to have the same rights as men.
Perception - the learned meaning of sensory images
Uncertainty-reduction theory - “involves the creation of proactive predictions and retroactive explanations about our own and others’ behavior, beliefs, and attitudes.” (Gudykunst & Ting-Toomy, 1988, p. 22)
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Cultural Contrasts in Values
Americans
1. Freedom
Japanese
Belonging
Arabs
Family security
2. Independence Group harmony Family harmony
3. Self-reliance Collectivism
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Uncertainty Avoidance
• Uncertainty avoidance is defined as the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.
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Attribution and Perception
Attribution - the ability to look at social behavior from another culture’s view
Attribution training - involves making people aware of their own cultural context and how it differs from that of the host country
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Societal Clusters
• Humane Oriented from Higher to Lower: – Southern Asia – Sub-Sahara Arabs – Anglo – Confucian Asia – Latin America – Eastern Europe – Germanic Europe – Latin Europe – Nordic Europe
Parental guidance
4. Equality
Age/Seniority
Age
5. Individualism Group consensus Authority
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Societal Clusters
• Societies that are Charismatic/Value Based from Higher to Lower:
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What are Values?
•Values are the social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. • Values are learned by contacts with the family, teachers, and religious leaders. •The media also may influence one’s value system.
Scientific opponents cannot be
personal friends
personal friends *
GLOBE Uncertainty Avoidance
• Defined as tendency towards orderliness, consistency, structure, and regulation
• The U.S. and Canada lead the world in the number of women in executive positions; Northern and Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand also have high numbers of women managers.
political process
political process
Positive attitudes toward young Negative attitudes toward young
people
people
One group’s truth should not be There is only one truth - ours
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Societal Clusters
• Team Orientation from High to Low: – Latin America – Eastern Europe – Southern Asia – Nordic Europe – Anglo – Sub-Sahara Arabs – Germanic Europe – ConfucΒιβλιοθήκη Baiduan Asia – Middle East