跨文化商务沟通最新英文版教学课件第3章

*
Societal Clusters
• Team Orientation from High to Low: – Latin America – Eastern Europe – Southern Asia – Nordic Europe – Anglo – Sub-Sahara Arabs – Germanic Europe – Confucian Asia – Middle East
– Creates uncertainty – Creates anxiety – Is reinforced by family, school, and
government
*
Uncertainty Avoidance
• High uncertainty avoidance cultures – Latin America – Some European Countries – Japan – South Korea
Scientific opponents cannot be
personal friends
personal friends *
GLOBE Uncertainty Avoidance
• Defined as tendency towards orderliness, consistency, structure, and regulation
*
Attribution and Perception
Attribution - the ability to look at social behavior from another culture’s view
Attribution training - involves making people aware of their own cultural context and how it differs from that of the host country
political process
political process
Positive attitudes toward young Negative attitudes toward young
people
people
One group’s truth should not be There is only one truth - ours
Chapter 3 Contrasting Cultural Values
Topics
• Semantic Differences • Attribution and Perception • Attitudes Toward Women • Work Attitudes • Attitudes Toward Ethics • Religious Influences • Individualism and Collectivism
*
What are Values?
•Values are the social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. • Values are learned by contacts with the family, teachers, and religious leaders. •The media also may influence one’s value system.
Weak Uncertainty Avoidance Strong Uncertainty Avoidance
Citizen protest acceptable
Citizen protest should be
repressed
Civil servants positive toward Civil servants negative toward
Perception - the learned meaning of sensory images
Uncertainty-reduction theory - “involves the creation of proactive predictions and retroactive explanations about our own and others’ behavior, beliefs, and attitudes.” (Gudykunst & Ting-Toomy, 1988, p. 22)
*
Societal Clusters
• Participative from Higher to Lower: – Germanic Europe – Nordic Europe – Anglo – Latin America – Latin Europe – Sub-Sahara Arabs – Eastern Europe – Southern Asia – Confucian Asia – Middle East
*
Societal Clusters
• Autonomous Cluster from Higher to Lower: – Eastern Europe – Germanic Europe – Confucian Asia – Southern Asia – Nordic Europe – Anglo – Middle East – Latin Europe – Sub-Sahara Arabs – Latin America
*
Cultural Contrasts in Values
Americans
1. Freedom
Japanese
Belonging
Arabs
Family security
2. Independence Group harmony Family harmony
3. Self-reliance Collectivism
*
• U.S. women have taken two-thirds of new jobs created; they are starting new businesses at twice the rate of men.
• In France, one-fifth of small businesses are owned by women; in Canada, the rate is one-third.
*
Semantic Differences
Semantics - the study of the meaning of words; involves the way behavior is influenced by words and nonverbal means of communication.
*
Societal Clusters
• Self-Protective from Higher to Lower: – Southern Asia – Middle East – Confucian Asia – Eastern Europe – Latin America – Sub-Sahara Arabs – Latin Europe – Anglo – Germanic Europe – Nordic Europe ) (House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, & Gupta, 2004, p. 682
Example: A U.S. American, while traveling in Bolivia, observed that drivers rarely stopped at the red octagonal sign with the word “alto,” the Spanish word for “stop.” A local Bolivian explained that in that country, the stop sign is more a recommendation than a traffic law.
*
Societal Clusters
• Humane Oriented from Higher to Lower: – Southern Asia – Sub-Sahara Arabs – Anglo – Confucian Asia – Latin America – Eastern Europe – Germanic Europe – Latin Europe – Nordic Europe
Parental guidance
4. EqualityA来自e/SeniorityAge
5. Individualism Group consensus Authority
*
Societal Clusters
• Societies that are Charismatic/Value Based from Higher to Lower:
*
Uncertainty Avoidance
• Countries with low or weak uncertainty avoidance
– United States of America – India – United Kingdom – Denmark – Singapore
*
Differences Between Weak/Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Societies
• The U.S. and Canada lead the world in the number of women in executive positions; Northern and Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand also have high numbers of women managers.