高级翻译理论与实践课程论文

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翻译实践报告中翻译理论应用的问题及对策

翻译实践报告中翻译理论应用的问题及对策

2020年04期总第496期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS翻译实践报告中翻译理论应用的问题及对策文/买天春在MTI的培养中,翻译理论与实践的结合问题受到极大关注,翻译理论规范能指导实践、描写和阐释实践、启发和预测实践(曹明伦,2014)。

刘军平(2009)认为,翻译理论是对翻译实践中反复出现的各种现象作出适当的分析和归纳总结,寻找一些规律性的模式,以解决翻译中所遇到的问题。

翻译理论从宏观指导译者的翻译活动,起着潜移默化的作用,影响着翻译实践的各个环节。

翻译硕士在撰写翻译实践报告时,都要用翻译理论分析翻译案例,证明翻译实践的可行性和合理性。

翻译理论的选择和运用是撰写翻译实践报告时,令人困扰的难题。

一、翻译理论应用中存在的主要问题1.翻译理论的选择无所适从。

翻译硕士在完成一定量的翻译任务后,开始撰写翻译实践报告。

他们在翻译过程中很少考虑翻译理论、翻译策略和方法的问题。

翻译实践报告要求用翻译理论指导翻译实践,要用翻译理论分析翻译案例。

这时,他们才会思考用了什么翻译方法,应该用什么翻译理论分析翻译文本中的案例。

国内现有的翻译理论书籍和论文介绍了众多翻译理论,都有一定的指导翻译实践的价值。

面对众多翻译理论,理论功底相对薄弱的翻译硕士往往很难确定什么理论最适合自己的翻译文本,从而陷入理论选择的困境。

2.翻译理论与翻译实践难以结合。

翻译硕士的课程开设和培养方案都倾向于实践性。

他们对翻译理论的掌握大多停留在感性阶段,很少深入地研究翻译理论。

不少翻译硕士阐述翻译理论时,常常将中国学者介绍的西方翻译理论拼凑起来使用,无法把握理论的重点和细节,很难找到合适的理论支点分析已选的案例。

平洪(2008)指出,翻译实践报告中至少要有八个案例,并且要根据不同的翻译策略进行分类。

由于对翻译理论的理解不到位,不少翻译硕士无法根据翻译理论归类案例中存在的问题。

部分翻译实践报告中分析案例的翻译策略和翻译方法单一,致使案例分析千篇一律,缺乏层次性和逻辑性,更无法体现研究的意义和价值。

翻译实践报告总结翻译实践报告范文3篇

翻译实践报告总结翻译实践报告范文3篇

翻译实践报告总结翻译实践报告范⽂3篇翻译实践报告总结翻译实践报告范⽂3篇 总结是对某⼀特定时间段内的学习和⼯作⽣活等表现情况加以回顾和分析的⼀种书⾯材料,通过它可以全⾯地、系统地了解以往的学习和⼯作情况,不妨让我们认真地完成总结吧。

那么总结要注意有什么内容呢?以下是⼩编为⼤家收集的翻译实践报告总结翻译实践报告范⽂3篇,仅供参考,⼤家⼀起来看看吧。

翻译实践报告总结翻译实践报告范⽂3篇1 My country and my people是林语堂先⽣于1933年⾄1934年间⽤英⽂写成,并⾸先在美国出版发⾏的⼀本书。

该书第⼀次较为系统地向西⽅宣传了中国和中国⽂化。

我们⼩组的任务是翻译My country and my people的第三章————Chinese Mind,每个成员负责⼀个⼩节,我翻译的是第⼀⼩节———intelligence。

⾸先,我们把整章都通读⼀遍,了解⼤致内容,但发现⽣词太多,难以理解,所以就上⽹查了⼀下作品的主要内容及林语堂先⽣的写作风格。

在该书中,林语堂⽤坦率幽默的笔调、睿智通达的语⾔娓娓道出了中国⼈的道德、精神状态与向往,以及中国的社会、⽂艺与⽣活情趣,并与西⽅⼈的性格、理想、⽣活等做了相应的⼴泛深⼊的⽐较。

林语堂先⽣⽴于客观的地位,⽆论是揭露中国的弊端还是陈述美好之处,都是站在叙述者的⾓度,所以我们要特别注意形容词褒贬⾊彩的翻译。

除此之外,我们要求在翻译时语⾔尽量简洁、⽣动,更贴切原⽂的风格。

我先把⽂章读两遍,第⼀遍查⽣词,第⼆遍勾出难理解的句⼦,第三遍再着⼿翻译。

⽂章⾥存在很多长难句,于是我就先翻译容易理解的部分,再根据上下⽂理解难点。

对于长句,先理清句⼦的语法和语义结构,翻译成短句,既符合汉语的习惯,⼜便于理解,也有名词需要加注解释才能理解。

如:Confucius long ago condemned the Jack Dempsey type of physical courage in his discipleTzulu,and I am sure he would have preferred a Gene Tunney who could be at home in circles of educated friends as well,我翻译为“杰克·登 普西(世界重量级拳击史上最有实⼒、最凶狠的重量级拳王之⼀)的⾎⽓之勇,我认为他更青睐吉内·腾尼(曾战胜杰克·登普西⽽荣登冠军宝座,后成为⼀位著名的企业家),既有⾎⽓之勇,⼜能安然于家,与读书⼈侃侃⽽谈”。

翻译理论与实践课程概述

翻译理论与实践课程概述

• 优秀译作
– 《简爱》、《傲慢与偏见》、《爱玛》、《德伯家的 苔丝》、《名利场》等文学著作译本; – 《中国翻译》等杂志刊登的优秀英译汉、汉译英文章; – 译林出版社《英语美文50篇》、青岛出版社《名作精 译》;张培基《英译中国现代散文选》(汉英对照);
• 翻译教材
翻译理论与实践课程概述翻译理论与实践非文学翻译理论与实践翻译理论与实践论文翻译理论与实践pdf翻译理论与实践试题翻译理论与实践教程广告翻译理论与实践高级翻译理论与实践翻译理论与实践的关系
翻译理论与实践
课程描述
• 一、课程定位与目标
“翻译理论与实践”是为英语专业高年级 学生开设的一门学科基础课,由英译汉和汉译 英两大课程模块组成。本课程在一定的翻译原 则指导和理论指引下,注重学生英/汉、汉/英 双向翻译训练和技巧积累,培养学生的翻译能 力。
• 四、课程教学方法与手段 课程教学方法与手段
1、以“读、写”带“译”,以“译”促 “读、写。 2、注重汉英比较。 3、组织翻译学习活动,重视优秀译作的 学习,鼓励学生参加各级各类翻译大赛。
– 参考文献
• 刘宓庆. 当代翻译理论. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1999 • Gentzler, Edwin. COntemporary Translation Theories.上海: 上海外语教育出版社,2004 • 王秉钦. 20世纪中国翻译思想史. 天津:南开大学出版社, 2004 • 吕俊. 翻译学----一个建构主义的视角.上海:上海外语教育出版 社,2006 • 冯庆华. 红译艺坛----《红楼梦》翻译艺术研究.上海:上海外语 教育出版社,2006. • 方梦之.译学词典.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004 • 孙迎春.汉英双向翻译学语林.济南:山东大学出版社,2003 • • • • 国际译联 中国译协网/ 中国科学院科技翻译工作者协会/ 全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试网

翻译理论和实践(好)

翻译理论和实践(好)

长句处理
02
对于长句,可采用拆译、合译等方法,确保译文逻辑清晰、表
达准确。
语序调整
03
根据目标语言的表达习惯,适当调整语序,使译文更加流畅。
文化背景与语境理解
01
02
03
文化背景知识
了解源语和目标语的文化 背景知识,避免文化误解 和冲突。
语境理解
深入理解原文的语境,包 括上下文、情境、背景等, 确保译文的准确性和贴切 性。
翻译理论和实践
• 翻译理论概述 • 翻译实践技巧 • 翻译案例分析 • 翻译质量评估与改进 • 翻译行业现状与前景
01
翻译理论概述
翻译的定义与本质
翻译是将一种语言中的文本转换成另 一种语言中的文本的过程,涉及语言 、文化、社会等多个方面。
翻译的本质是信息传递和文化交流, 旨在促进不同语言和文化之间的理解 和沟通。
02
翻译实践技巧
词汇选择与运用
精确选词
根据上下文和语境,选择最准确、贴切的词汇进行翻 译。
词义辨析
注意一词多义现象,根据具体语境选择合适的词义。
词汇搭配
掌握词汇间的固定搭配和习惯用法,使译文更加地道。
句子结构与表达
句式转换
01
灵活运用各种句式,如主动句与被动句的转换、肯定句与否定
句的转换等,使译文表达更加自然。
翻译质量
由于翻译人才素质和翻 译公司管理水平参差不 齐,导致翻译质量良莠 不齐,客户投诉率较高。
翻译行业发展趋势
机器翻译技术的进步
随着人工智能和机器学习技术的发展,机器翻译的质量和效率不 断提高,未来将更加普及。
专业化和细分化
翻译行业将越来越专业化和细分化,不同领域的翻译将需要不同的 专业背景和技能。

翻译理论与实践英语毕业论文题目

翻译理论与实践英语毕业论文题目

翻译理论与实践英语毕业论文题目
翻译理论与实践英语题目
(一)翻译学理论研究
(二)翻译方法个案研究(如:“从海明威的短篇小说《一个干净的地方》看简洁句的翻译”)
(三)中外翻译比较
参考选题:
1、文化差异与英汉习语翻译
2、浅析《虞美人•春花秋月何时了》的三种英译
3、浅谈如何综合选用直译和意译
4、中国特色新词的英译
5、汉语的英译技巧探索
6、英语习语的翻译技巧
7、张扬中国文化,让世界了解中国---汉英翻译中的“求同存异”原则
8、汉英颜色词对比研究
9、广告翻译技巧
10、英语习语翻译技巧
11、从“三美”原则来谈诗歌翻译
12、浅谈直译与意译
13、a process-oriented way of categorizing translator’s electronic tools。

英语翻译实践报告论文精选(四篇)

英语翻译实践报告论文精选(四篇)

英语翻译实践报告论文精选(四篇)英语翻译实践报告论文篇三怀着感动并期盼的心情20xx年10月8日,我们一行16人,乘着公车来到了xx区新疆学校,开头了为期一个月的实习生活。

在这一个月里,我真正体会到做一位老师责任的重要性,它使我的教学理论变为教学实践,使虚拟教学变为真正的面对面的教学。

与课堂上面对着同学讲课不同,在这里,要求我们的真正力量,最重要的是要有一颗责任心!一个月的实习,令我感慨颇多。

我实习的班级是五班级一班,记得我刚到课室的第一天,班主任陈老师要我和大家讲几句话,我简洁的跟同学们介绍了下自己,并告知他们接下来的一个月会与他们一同度过,同学们赐予了我热闹的掌声,看着眼前一张张真诚并稚嫩的脸,我的心里泛起深深的感动!新疆学校给我们的实践机会特别多,刚到的第一天我就开头了自己的第一堂课。

但是由于阅历不足和应变力量不强第一堂课讲的并不是特别胜利,班主任老师要求我多听课,多向阅历丰富的老师学习。

爱好对于一个学校生来说是至关重要的。

我深知这一点的重要,必需把同学的学习爱好调动起来,使他们在欢乐中主动学习。

无论是上英语还是语文,我都本着work hard,play harder的理念,以欢乐教学的方式,把嬉戏和教学融为一体,教他们唱英语儿歌,一个月的时间里,我教会了他们四首英文儿歌,同学的学习态度由“要我学”转化为了“我要学”。

学校五班级又是毕业班级,除了要求提高他们对学习的爱好,更重要的还是在于成果的要求,所以,在胜利提高同学的学习爱好之后,我又转变把战略变为力量教学,应校长的要求,教给他们一些生活化的英语口语,于是,我把目标索定了“美国俚语”这一环节,每天晚上回家的第一任务,就是翻查资料,找到适合于他们的一些美国俚语,比如“where can i wash my hands?” “may i have your name?” “where to?” 等。

在课堂上大家都很期盼“美国俚语”的环节,同学们都说:这样的英语既好玩又有用!一个月的时间,他们的口语有了明显的提高,无论课上还是课下,同学都会用“hello ada,goodmorning”的方式和我问好,看着他们有这样的成果,我想,我胜利了!此外,由于班主任的信任,我除了英语教学以外,还负责全学年的语文写作课程,一个月的时间里,作文讲解课10余堂,同学们由原来一篇作文100多字增长到400字左右,对作文的爱好也大大提高,课下同学主动找到我说:老师,我现在觉得作文一点都不难!听到这样的话语,我真的兴奋极了。

“翻译理论与实践”系列课程参考文献目录

“翻译理论与实践”系列课程参考文献目录

“翻译理论与实践”系列课程参考文献目录[1]Arnold, D. et al. 1994. Machine Translation: An Introductory Guide [M]. London: Blackwells NCC.[2]Baker, Mona. 1992, 2000. In Other Words: A Course-book on Translation [Z]. London: Taylor&Francis Ltd.; Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.[3]Bell, Roger. T. 1991, 2001. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice [M]. London: Longman Group UK Ltd.; Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. [4]Benjamin, W. 1993. The Task of the Translator[A]. In: L. Venuti ed. 2000. The Translation Studies Reader [C]. London & New York: Routledge.[5] Dann, Graham M.S. 1996. The Language of Tourism [M]. A Sociolinguistic Perspective.Wallingford: CAB International.[6]Davis, K. 2004. Deconstruction and Translation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.[7]Delisle, J. 1988. Translation: An Interpretive Approach [M]. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.[8]Hatim, Basil and Mason, Ian. 1990, 2001. Discourse and the Translator [M]. 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A. 1993. Language, Culture, and Translating [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai ForeignLanguage Education Press.[17] Robinson, D. 2001. Who Translates? Translator Subjectivities Beyond Reason [M]. NewYork: State University of New York Press.[18] Savory, T. 1957. Translation Through the Ages[A]. In: 申雨平ed. 2002.西方翻译理论精选[C]. 北京:外语教育与研究出版社.[19] Shuttleworth, M. and M. Cowie. 2004. Dictionary of Translation Studies [Z]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.[20] Snell Hornby, M. 1995. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach [M]. Amsterdam &Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.[21] Sofer, M. 1999. The translator’s Handbook [Z]. Rockville: Schreiber Publishing Inc.[22] Toury, G. 1980. In Search of a Theory of Translation[M]. Tel Aviv: Porter Institute forPoetics and Semiotics.[23] Tytler, A. F. 1790. Essay on The Principles of Translation [M]. Edinburgh: Cadell &Davies.[24] Venuti, L. 1995. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation [M]. 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翻译学教学研究现状论文(共3篇)

翻译学教学研究现状论文(共3篇)

翻译学教学研究现状论文(共3篇)本文从网络收集而来,上传到平台为了帮到更多的人,如果您需要使用本文档,请点击下载按钮下载本文档(有偿下载),另外祝您生活愉快,工作顺利,万事如意!第1篇:大数据下国内生态翻译学的研究现状一、生态翻译学概述2004年,清华大学胡庚申教授在《翻译选择适应论》一书中正式提出生态翻译学概念。

生态翻译学是在翻译生态环境的基础上,结合达尔文的“进化论”中的“适者生存”思想,与东方哲学思想、生态智慧而来,为翻译实践提供新的理论基础。

该理论提出后,引起学界的热议与研究,同时也有质疑之声。

在中国知网中高级搜索核心期刊,检索条件为输入主题“生态”“翻译”,时间从2013年至2015年共检索出127篇期刊论文。

2013近几年是生态翻译学相关的学术研究与研讨等学术研究成果最集中的时期。

研究学科主要集中在外国语言文字、中国语言文字等学科。

研究层次分布在基础研究(社会科学)等领域。

其中部分获得国家社会科学基金、国家自然科学基金等基金的支持。

二、生态翻译学的理论研究长期以来,国内翻译界理论发展滞后,在逐渐借鉴西方翻译思想的过程中,出现了亦步亦趋或西方思想的“追随者”现象,增强国家文化的软实力势在必行。

生态翻译学作为本土翻译理论,国内学界逐渐掀起理论研究热潮。

胡庚申教授作为生态翻译学的创始人,孜孜不倦地对理论进行探索。

胡(2014)认为生态翻译学作为新兴翻译理论。

与其他翻译理论相比,生态翻译学在立论视角、哲学理据、关注焦点等方面有自身的优势与创新。

胡(2014)对宏观层面上的“译者中心”和微观层面上的“译者责任”进行理论分析。

国外学者恩创·哈格斯(2013)介绍了生态翻译学的国际化研究进展与未来的发展趋势。

文章认为生态翻译学的引入打破了传统的西方翻译理论一统翻译界的局面,促进东西方翻译理论的交流平台的构建。

三、生态翻译学的具体应用生态翻译学作为跨学科、跨领域的翻译理论,学者运用“三维转换”“适应选择”理论分析译文的质量。

翻译英语毕业论文范文3篇

翻译英语毕业论文范文3篇

翻译英语毕业论⽂范⽂3篇英语毕业论⽂:论功能翻译理论摘要:中国传统翻译理论只有宏观的论述,缺乏⽅法论,操作性不强。

本⽂简述了功能翻译理论,详细地探讨了该理论的理论基础,并⽤关联理论予以论证,丰富了它的内容。

关键词:功能翻译理论;基础理论;阐释Abstract:Chinesetraditionaltranslationtheoryconsistsonlyoftranslationprincipleswithoutconcretemethodologyanditcannotbeappliedtopracticaltranslating.Thispapergivesabriefaccounttofunctionaltranslationtheory,prob Keywords:functionaltranslationtheory;basictheory;exposition功能翻译理论强调,翻译是⼀种特殊的交际形式,涉及三种⽂本:原语⽂本、译者的图式⽂本和译语⽂本。

对于原语⽂本,最重要的是抓住作者的修辞功能正确理解原语的修辞功能,是产⽣理想的图式⽂本的关键。

⽽正确把握原⽂的认知图式⼜是正确理解原⽂修辞功能的基础。

理想的图式⽂本来⾃原⽂的认知图式,来⾃对原⽂作者的修辞意图的准确把握。

在这个图式⽂本的基础上,产⽣怎样的译语⽂本,除了修辞功能等值之外,还应该考虑翻译的⽬的和读者对象。

⼀、功能翻译理论简述(⼀)、功能翻译理论的要点根据杂志上发表的论⽂、学术会议上宣读的论⽂、学术报告和出版的专著,功能翻译理论的要点简述如下:1、分析概念段(conceptualparagraph,具有明确主题意义⼀个或多个⾃然段)和句⼦的修辞功能,使修辞功能的形式重现,从形式的等同中求得功能的等值,意义的等值,这种翻译叫做功能翻译。

翻译应该是在修辞功能等值的前提下,遵守“信、达、X”规范;⽂体不同,翻译的⽬的不⼀样,X不⼀样。

翻译实践报告范文(共7篇)

翻译实践报告范文(共7篇)

翻译实践报告范文(共7篇)1. 引言 ................................................ ................................................... (1)2. 翻译过程分析 ................................................ ................................................... .....2.1直译法 ................................................ ................................................... ...............2.2排比、对偶句的处理 ................................................ ..........................................2.3语序调整 ................................................ ................................................... ...........2.4成语及四字词语的处理 ......................................................................................3. 结语 ................................................ ................................................... .....................参考文献................................................. ................................................... ....................1. 引言翻译是一门艺术,一门语言的艺术。

翻译理论与实践论文

翻译理论与实践论文

中南财经政法大学研究生课程考试试卷(课程论文)论文题目On the Aesthetic Effects of theTranslation of Haunting Olivia 课程名称翻译理论与实践完成时间 2015.2专业年级 2014级翻译硕士中文摘要文学翻译是语言再现的艺术, 是审美的翻译。

小说作为文学文本,是一种特殊的艺术形式,翻译小说的最终目的就是实现小说的审美再现。

本文以美国作家凯伦·罗舒的短篇小说《游魂奥莉维亚》为研究对象,分析了小说中的人物语言个性、人物塑造和修辞,介绍了小说的翻译过程。

并且本小说的中文翻译文本,以以上对小说的具体三方面的分析为基础,着重分析了本人翻译过程。

本文结尾还列出了本人在翻译过程中遇到的困难。

关键字:审美;翻译;人物语言个性;人物塑造;修辞AbstractLiterary translation is an art of language representation with aesthetic effect. As one kind of literary text, fiction is a special art form, and the aim of fiction translation is to represent the aesthetic effects. This paper analyzes character personalities reflected by their speech, characterization and rhetoric, introduces the process of translating this fiction. And this paper will emphasize on analyzing my translation process and some strategies and skills. Also, this paper lists some problems I have met during translation.Key words:aesthetic; translation; character personalities reflected by their speech;characterization; rhetoricContentsABSTRACT (2)Ⅰ. Introduction of the author (4)Ⅱ. Analysis of the short story (5)2.1 What is the story about (5)2.2 Aesthetic analysis of the source text (5)2.2.1 Distinct character personalities reflected by their speech (5)2.2.2 Vivid characterisation (6)2.2.3 Rhetorical beauty (7)Ⅲ. The analysis of source text’s translation (7)3.1 The translation of distinct character personalities reflected by their speech (7)3.1.1 The translation of linguistic meaning (8)3.1.2The translation of pragmatic meaning (9)3.2 The representation of vivid characterisation (10)3.2.1 The translation of portrait description (10)3.2.2The translation of action description (10)3.2.3The translation of psychological description (11)3.3 The translation of rhetorical beauty (12)3.3.1 The translation of metaphor (12)3.3.2The translation of symbol (12)Ⅳ. Problems in the process of translation (13)Ⅴ.What I’ve learnt from the project (15)Bibliography (16)Appendix (17)Ⅰ. Introduction of the authorKaren Russell (born July 10, 1981) is an American novelist and short story writer whose haunting yet comic tales blend fantastical elements with psychological realism and classic themes of transformation and redemption. Setting much of her work in the Everglades of her native Florida, she depicts in lyrical, energetic prose an enchanting and forbidding landscape and delves into subcultures rarely encountered in contemporary American literature.The vividly realized stories in her debut collection, St. Lucy’s Home for Girls Raised by Wolves (2006), revolve around a cast of adolescents, often parentless, caught between the worlds of childhood and adulthood, wilderness and civilization, island and mainland, the living and the dead. In her novel Swamplandia! (2011), R ussell revisits and expands on the opening story of her earlier collection, “Ava Wrestles the Alligator,” to explore the intricacies and consequences of a family’s grief following the death of their matriarch. Narrated primarily by its thirteen-year-old protagonist, Ava, the novel weaves together a chilling odyssey into a swampland netherworld; lush descriptions of the flora, fauna, and history of the Everglades region; and profound observations about human nature in the face of irreparable loss.Russell’s recently published collection of stories, Vampires in the Lemon Grove (2013), navigates new and diverse terrain, from a nineteenth-century silk factory in Japan, to a drought-ravaged homesteader settlement on the plains of Nebraska, to the traumatic memories of an Iraq War veteran. Through the wildly inventive premises of these and other stories, Russell is widening the scope of her already far-reaching and distinctive imagination.Karen Russell received a B.A. (2003) from Northwestern University and an M.F.A. (2006) from Columbia University. Her short stories have appeared in such publications as The New Yorker, Granta, Zoetrope, and Oxford American. She was a fellow at the Cullman Center (2010) and at the American Academy of Berlin (2012), and she has taught writing and literature at Columbia University (2006–2009), Williams College (2009), Bard College (2011), Bryn Mawr College (2012), and theUniversity of Rutgers, Camden (2013).Ⅱ.Analysis of the short story2.1What is the story aboutThe short story Haunting Olivia is about two boys,Wallow and Timothy took a crab sled to look for their little dead sister and describes the wonderful scene they saw and their deep missing for their sister during search. In the novel, crab sledding is the closest thing island kids have to a winter sport. Wallow, Timothy and Olivia often played this game. One day, they’d spent all day crab sledding down the beach, and Wallow and Timothy wanted to go to Granana’s house. But Olivia wanted to play for a while. While neither of them is willing to accompany Olivia who was only 8 years old. After giving her a final push that sent her racing down the slopes, they left. Sine then, Olivia disappeared for ever. Wallow and Timothy planned to look for their little sister by rowing crab sled, and they thought Olivia must be in a cave of Glowworm Grotto drawn by herself. They began working their way around the island to find that cave. This fiction describes what Timothy saw under the water wearing goggles, the night sky above the sea and the scene in the cave during the process of their searching for Olivia, and reflects their deep missing for Olivia.2.2Aesthetic analysis of the source text2.2.1 Distinct character personalities reflected by their speechFiction contains the aesthetic factors which hide in semantic information and exists in characters’conversation(Hu Anjiang, 2005). In the fiction, character personality is an important factor inducing or restricting the variations of language style. Words are the voice of the mind; words are the reflections of one person. So the characters’conversation is undoubtedly the best explanation of self image. The meaning of “words are the voice of the mind”is that the conversations can show characters’ ideological trend, convey the mood of characters and reflect the character'spsychology. That words are the reflections of one person means conversation can reveal one’s characters' personality and nature. In Haunting Olivia, all the conversations between characters convey a certain sense and highlight characters’distinctive individuality. Conversations between Wallow and Timothy, including conversations taking place when they try the goggles, their first booty, founding in the process of two people looking for Olivia. It vividly portrays two little lovely and innocent kids whose relationship is close; Conversations between Olivia and her brothers reflect Olivia is a naughty,smart and cute; Conversations between the two boys and Granana reflect Granana is a very simple old woman having experienced hardships……2.2.2 Vivid characterizationOne important feature of fiction is to shape a large number of the vivid characters. These images not only inspired but also move the reader, and bring reader into poetic realm, and let them own extremely rich aesthetic experience at the same time(Hu Xianyao & Lili, 2009). Here, I will analyze the vivid characters in this fiction from three aspects: portrait description, action description and psychological description(Liu Xinlei, 2011).Portrait description depicts the characters by describing the character's appearance, clothing and gesture, and it is a way of revealing characters’ thoughts and personalities of a way. This novel has many portrait descriptions in paragraph ten, these descriptions use extensive adjectives and similes which compare Olivia's face to red apple and compare the Wallow teeth to the tusks of warthog. Thus it vividly highlights the Olivia's cuteness and Wallow’s funny appearance. But the sentences in source text are hard to understand, so when translating into Chinese, translators should convert them into ones conforming to Chinese patterns. In addition to the portrait description, action description can also vividly shape the characters.There are a large number of action descriptions in the novel. Paragraph 25 vividly depicts the picture of Timothy jump from pier down to water. In addition, paragraph 30 also lively the pleasant scene of rowing crab sled on the beach. Theseaction descriptions are consisted of a series of verbs, so we should pay attention to choose the corresponding words during translation.Novelists prefer using psychological description to shape the characters. By describing characters’ inner world, the author can directly narrates the ups and downs characters’ emotion and shows the characters’mind and personality traits. Psychological description is well organized, and readers can logically see characters’rational spirit world. The psychological descriptions of Timothy after seeing the ghosts of dead children show that timothy was very scared. And the psychological description: "I'd rather drown in Olivia's ghost than have question look at me that way" shows us the struggle in Timothy’s spirit world.2.2.3 Rhetorical beautyNovelist can’t improve language skills and create charm language art without rhetoric. The rhetoric is a kind of language art, which can let reader have an aesthetic experience when reading a novel. Haunting Olivia uses a large number of rhetorical devices, such as:1. Aesthetic effects created by metaphorsCompared with simile, the relationship between ontology and vehicle are not directly express. Metaphor gives readers more vast space for imagination. This novel use metaphor for many times and make the source text vivid (Chen Dingan, 2004). The description of Olivia eyes and the scene emerging in Timothy’s mind after hearing grandfather used to take Granana skinny-dipping swim. All these show the aesthetic effects of metaphor.2. Aesthetic effects created by symbolIn the novel, symbol is a micro rhetoric as important as metaphor. In this novel, there are many descriptions of light in the cave including the light coming from the the caves, the light of glowworms and the light shadow on the stone at the bottom of cave. The description of the light symbolizes the Timothy’s mood changes.Ⅲ.The analysis of source text’s translation3.1 The translation of distinct character personalities reflectedby their speechJust as the analysis of character personalities reflected by their speech above, the aim of conversations is to depict characters and convey a certain meaning, so the translation is to translate meaning. But meaning has multiple levels, semiotics provides the most comprehensive meaning theory: As a kind of symbol system, language has three meanings: referential meaning, linguistic meaning and pragmatic meaning. Here I mainly analyze linguistic meaning and pragmatic meaning applied in my translation. Linguistic meaning refers to the relationship between the language symbols of the same language system. Pragmatic meaning refers to the relationship between symbols and the user, namely the relationship between language and its users( Xu Jun, 2014).3.1.1 The translation of linguistic meaningLinguistic meaning is owned by a certain kind of language, so it’s hard to keep it in the process of translation, but it does not mean it can not be conveyed. Linguistic meaning includes the sound system meaning, grammatical meaning, lexical meaning, syntactic meaning, etc. Please look at the following example:Source text:“I want my parents to stop sailing around taking pictures of Sudanese leper colonies. I want Wallow to row back to shore and sleep through the night. I want everybody in the goddam family to leave Olivia here for dead.”Target text:“我想爸妈不要旅行去拍苏丹拍一些麻风病人隔离区的照片;我想瓦洛划回岸上然后好好睡一觉;我想这个讨厌的家庭中每个人都让奥莉维亚死在这儿。

科技英语翻译课程思政的内容维度与实践探索

科技英语翻译课程思政的内容维度与实践探索

科技英语翻译课程思政的内容维度与实践探索作者:赵文来源:《高教学刊》2021年第35期摘要:课程思政是立德树人的重要途径,在科技英语翻译课程中融入思政教育具有积极的现实意义和时代意义。

基于科技英语翻译的课程特点,将育人理念融入教学目标,重视家国情怀与国际视野、科学素养与人文情怀、职业道德与工匠精神的培养,提升教学内容与思政元素的融合度、创新教学方法、完善教学评价,从而实现价值塑造、知识传授与能力培养的统一。

关键词:课程思政;科技英语翻译;教学方法中图分类号:G641 文献标志码:A 文章编号:2096-000X(2021)35-0166-04Abstract: Moral education through courses is an important way to teach and educate students. Integrating moral education into the course of EST Translation is of positive practical value and great significance. Based on the characteristics of EST Translation, the concept of educating students should be integrated into the teaching objectives. Special attention should be paid to the cultivation of patriotism and global vision, scientific literacy and humanism, as well as professional ethics and craftsman spirit. It requires the integration of teaching content and moral education, the reform of teaching methodology, and the improvement of teaching evaluation in order to realize the unity of value shaping, knowledge imparting and ability training.Keywords: moral education through courses; EST Translation; teaching methodology高等學校人才培养是育人和育才相统一的过程,课程思政建设是全面提高人才培养质量的重要任务。

目的论指导下的英汉翻译实践报告--以《语言与文化—翻译中的语境》第7-9章翻译为例

目的论指导下的英汉翻译实践报告--以《语言与文化—翻译中的语境》第7-9章翻译为例

目的论指导下的英汉翻译实践报告—以《语言与文化—翻译中的语境》第7-9章翻译为例英语笔译硕士研究生:侯丽指导老师:胡蓉摘要随着全球化步伐的加快,各国间的文化交流也日益增多。

越来越多对语言文化感兴趣的人参与到了文化交流活动中。

与此同时,大量的英语语言类书籍也源源不断地被引入中国。

《语言与文化—翻译中的语境》一书是由美国语言学家、翻译家、翻译理论家尤金·奈达所写。

在这本书中,奈达从不同侧面分析了语言与文化之间的密切关系,从语境的角度阐释了如何处理翻译中的各种关系和问题。

因此,笔者选取了书中第一部分第七至九章(即:语言与文化、功能对等、翻译过程)进行翻译,以期为那些对奈达“功能对等”理论以及翻译过程感兴趣的人提供一些参考。

“翻译目的论”作为德国功能学派最重要的理论,对翻译实践有着较好的指导作用。

在翻译过程中,笔者发现书中有较多的语言学专业术语以及长句。

因此,在对以上三个章节的翻译中,笔者以目的论为指导原则,以目的语读者为中心,采用正说反译、增词以及拆分等翻译方法,根据读者的阅读习惯以及汉语的语法规则和逻辑进行了翻译。

本篇翻译报告从目的论出发,采用相对灵活的翻译方法对语言学方面的书籍进行翻译,为从事语言学类书籍翻译的译者提供较有价值的参考。

关键词:目的论翻译方法语言学《语言与文化─翻译中的语境》A Report on English-Chinese Translation Guided by SkoposTheory: A Case Study on the Translation of Chapter 7-9 of Language and Culture: the Context in TranslatingAbstractMTI Candidate: Hou Li Advisor: Hu RongWith the acceleration of globalization, the cultural exchanges between countries are increasing. More and more people, who have interests in language and culture, are involved in cultural exchange activities. Meanwhile, a large number of English language books have been introduced to China. Language and Culture: the Context in Translating is written by Eugene A. Nida who is an American linguist, translator and translation theorist. In this book, Nida analyzes the close relationship between language and culture from different aspects and explains how to deal with the various relationships and problems in translation from the perspective of context. Therefore, the author selected Chapter 7 through Chapter 9 (namely: Language and Culture, Functional Equivalence, Translation Procedures) of the first part in Language and Culture: the Context in Translating to translate, hoping to provide some references for those who are interested in Nida’s “Functional Equivalence”and translation procedures.As the most important theory of German Functionalism, Skopos theory plays a good guiding role in translation practice. In the process of translation, the author found that there are many linguistic terms and long sentences in the book. Therefore, in the四川师范大学硕士学位论文translation of the above three chapters, the author of the translation report took the Skopos theory as the guiding principle and some translation methods like negation, amplification as well as splitting, trying to be target language readers-oriented, and carried on the translation according to the reader’s reading habits and the Chinese grammar rules and logic. From the perspective of Skopos theory, this report provides valuable references for translators who are engaged in the translation of linguistic books by taking some flexible translation methods towards the translation of linguistic books.Keys words: Skopos theory, translation methods, linguistics, Language and Culture: the Context in TranslatingContents摘要 (I)Abstract (III)Introduction (1)Chapter One Project Description (3)1.1 Background of the Translation Project (3)1.2 Source Text Analysis (4)Chapter Two Translation Process (7)2.1 Preparation before Translation (7)2.2 Work Done during Translation (8)2.3 Quality Control after Translation (8)Chapter Three Theoretical Basis (11)3.1 An Overview of Skopos Theory (11)3.2 Skopos Theory as Theoretical Guidance (12)Chapter Four Case Study (15)4.1 Negation (16)4.2 Amplification (19)4.3 Splitting (22)4.4 Logic Reorganization (25)4.5 Word-selection (27)Conclusion (31)Bibliography (33)Appendix (35)Source Text & Target Text (35)Glossary (104)Acknowledgements (107)IntroductionWith the development of economic globalization, exchanges in trade and economy among different countries become more and more frequent. In recent years, our country pays more attention to the communication with other countries, for example, reviving the century-old traditions of the Great Silk Road used to unite and facilitate strengthening relations between peoples. Therefore, the need for translators becomes urgent. In recent years, more and more students choose to study translation; consequently, the books on translation theories are in great demand.Eugene A. Nida, as a pioneer in the fields of translation theory and linguistics, is well-known in China. People who are interested in translation or linguistics try to study his theories. As early as 1980s, Tan Zaixi had studied on his theories and said “his translation theory was the first contemporary foreign translation theory which was introduced to China since 1976.”(谭载喜30). From then on, scholars in Chinese translation field have shown a great interest in his theories, for “his theories is based on developments of contemporary linguistics, semiotics and so on”(刘宇松1), which helped Chinese translators shake off the experimentalism in the previous translation studies and made translation studies have the scientific significance for the first time. However, with the further understanding of the nature of translation, scholars began to question some of Nida’s theories. “Nida’s theory is only useful for Bible translation, and is unsuitable for translation of other types of texts, especial of literary works” (王东风313). Although some of Nida’s theories are not totally right, his ideas towards translation and linguistics still worth studying.So there are three purposes for the author to choose three chapters of the book Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating as the translation material. First, the author hopes to provide some information about Nida’s ideas towards translation for those who aspire to learn translation or who are interested in this field. Second, the author wants to offer some valuable references for translators who are engaged in the四川师范大学硕士学位论文translation of linguistic books by taking some flexible translation methods towards the translation of linguistic books. Third, the author wants to improve translation ability, trying to avoid mistranslation or missing translation or other mistakes so as to make sure of the quality of the translation. So the author took some translation methods under the guidance of Skopos theory to deal with the translation of professional terms and complex sentences.In addition to the general introduction and conclusion, the main contents of this report are divided into four parts: Part One is the introduction of the translation project, including project background and analysis of the original text. Part Two is about the translation processes, including translation preparation, proof-reading and modification. Part Three is the description of the guiding theory in translation - Skopos theory. Part Four is the methods used in translation, like negation, amplification, splitting, logic reorganization, and word-selection.Chapter One Project DescriptionChapter OneProject Description1.1 Background of the Translation ProjectThe source text of the translation project is from Professor Eugene A. Nida’s influential book Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating. It was introduced to China by Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press on November 20, 2001.As we know, with the development of economic globalization, our country continues to pay more attention to enhance the communication with other countries, for example, reviving the century-old traditions of the Great Silk Road used to unite and facilitate strengthening relations between peoples. Therefore, the need for translators becomes urgent, which also leads more students to study translation. Thus, books and articles concerned with the study of foreign language translation become more and more popular. And in the book of Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating, Nida analyzes the close relationship between language and culture from different angles, and then discusses how to deal with the relationship and problems in translation from the perspective of context, which could provide translators or students with some knowledge and guidance in translation. So it is practical for the author to translate this book.The translation project mainly translates Chapter seven to nine of Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating, aiming to achieve the following purposes: first, to provide Chinese version of Chapter seven to nine of this book, hoping to offer language translators and students some useful information in learning translation. Second, dealing with the difficulties in translation under the guidance of translation theory (Skopos theory) and skills as well as strategies so as to improve theoretical attainment in translation and sum up the translation experience, adding more valuable experience for future translation practice. Third, the translation project would help the author increase四川师范大学硕士学位论文the quantity of translation exercises and have a further study of Nida’s translation theory.1.2 Source Text AnalysisEugene A. Nida is an outstanding translator and translation theorist; he is famous for his translation theory- “Dynamic Equivalence”, and is regarded as the father of the contemporary translation theory. In the light of the innate character of translation, Nida has officially raised his well-known translation theory-“Dynamic E quivalence”. In 1969, he changed that idea into “Functional Equivalence”, because he realized that translation means communication, it depends on what the person who hears or reads the translated text can learn from that. Therefore, when we talk about “Functional Equivalence”, the most important thing to consider is to compare how the source-text readers and target-text readers understand the source text and target text. Nida stressed that “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style .”(Nida 12) “Since the 1950s, Nida’s translation theory has roughly experienced three primary stages: descriptive linguistics stage; communicative theory stage as well as social semiotic stage.”(谭载喜56)Apart from the preface, Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating contains 286 pages, including bibliography, index and appendix. The main body is divided into three parts (a total of 17 chapters). It is Nida’s latest theory study achievement. It collects his latest views on translation studies. In this book, Nida not only modified the former terminology “dynamic equivalence”to “functional equivalence”, but also emphasized the importance of culture and context in translation. This book is formed by three parts; first, it is a revised version of Language, Culture and Translating which was published by Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press in 1993. Second, the notes, which Nida sorted out and perfected after doing lecture tours in more than ten famous colleges and universities in China in 1999, were compiled into a book named Context in Translation. Third, the information in this book also includes theChapter One Project Descriptioncommunication and correspondences that Nida made with Chinese reports, experts and friends.The features of this book are obvious. First, the book has many professional terms; its language is concise and coherent. Second, its logic is clear. It expounds how to deal with all kinds of relations and problems in the process of translation from the perspective of context. Third, it’s full of examples. Nida integrates his abundant translation experience into the book, accompanied by interviews and letters, carefully elaborating its ideas. This report is based on the translation of Chapter 7 through Chapter 9 of the first part in Language and Culture: the Context in Translation. The seventh chapter introduces the relationship between language and culture; besides, in this chapter, the concepts of bilingual competence and multicultural were put forward. The eighth chapter presents “f unctional equivalence” view of Nida, which is the improvement of “dynamic equivalence”. The ninth chapter shows the translation process, including some of the preliminary factors that should be taken into account before translation and some basic steps in the translation process, etc.四川师范大学硕士学位论文Chapter Two Translation ProcessChapter TwoTranslation Process2.1 Preparation before TranslationThe translation of the book Language and Culture: the Context in Translating was appointed by our teacher Mr. Zhu. He is in charge of Master of MTI in our school. So the author was assigned to translate Chapter seven through nine of the first part in the book. Because the material that the author received was in picture format, the author used ABBYY FineReader to convert image material into word document.Language and Culture: the Context in Translation is written by Eugene A. Nida. For the limited knowledge about the book and relevant information, the author referred many other relevant books like Cultural Context and Language Translation written by Bao Huinan and Intercultural Translation: A Globalization Perspective written by Zhang Quan for some information. And then, the author also learned more about Nida, the author of Language and Culture: the Context in Translation, by google, Wikipedia and Baidu Encyclopedia. After that, the author read the whole book roughly and carefully read the chapters that need to be translated.Once finishing reading the whole book, especially the three chapters which are needed to be translated, the author collected many translation theories, such as Skopos theory, Nida’s Functional Equivalence, Newmark’s Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation, trying to find a guiding theory for the translation. After comparing, the author found that Skopos theory should be taken as the guiding theory, because Skopos theory has three rules: Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule, which can help the translation be more readable. The three chapters show author’s idea on translation. Chapter seven focuses on the relationship between language and culture; Chapter eight emphasizes on explaining functional equivalence; Chapter nine pays attention to teach translators how to prepare and do the translation. So there is no need四川师范大学硕士学位论文to translate in the same ways as the original book. Let the target readers understand the content of the three chapters is the first priority. Conveying the contents of the three chapters is the main purpose of the translation. Besides, the requirements of another two rules (coherence rule and fidelity rule) could make the translation better absorbed and accepted by the target readers.2.2 Work Done during TranslationIn the process of translation, the author wrote a translation plan and followed it strictly. Meanwhile, the author referred to some books like A practical Course on Translation written by Feng Qinghua and Advanced Course in English-Chinese Translation (Third Edition) written by Ye Zinan, and downloaded many papers from CNKI for references.During the translation, the author noticed that there are plenty of professional terminologies, such as intralingual translating, interlingual translating, language universal, so a glossary is needed to unify professional vocabulary translation. Besides, there are a great number of long sentences with complicated structures, and many sentences were written in passive voices. So the author of this report wrote down the words or sentences that cannot be easily understood or appropriately translated, and made sure of them according to professional materials, and then divided them into different groups according to their types.Besides, the author also used Internet, dictionaries and professional books to translate and carried out the plan rigorously so as to ensure the efficiency and correctness of the translation.2.3 Quality Control after TranslationThe quality of translation should be put at the first place, because it is directly related to the success or failure of the translation. If the original meanings are distorted, then the translation would be meaningless and won’t be adopted by others. So theChapter Two Translation Processquality control is so important for translators and translation companies. How does the translation community control the quality of translation? The author of this report worked in a translation company as an intern for three months last year. During the internship, the author found that when the company received a translation task, six steps would be taken, that is: project analysis, setting up project team, translating by professional translators, reviewing by related field, language proofreading by senior translators, translation typesetting. Besides, translation software is also adopted, like SDL Trados Studio 2011, ABBYY Finereader, Adobe reader/acrobat, Subtitle Workshop, SDL MultiTerm Desktop,ErrorSpy. Dictionaries, including Collins Cobuild, American Heritage, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate, Random House Webster, are useful.So during the translation of Nida’s book, the author of this report took the ABBYY Finereader to convert image material into word document, and then used some dictionaries like Lingoes as well as other web tools. The author didn’t take CAT software; because only in the case of a large number of repeated words or sentences can this kind of software improve efficiency. But after finishing translating, the author used CAT to correct some mistakes and collect terminologies. As for this translation project, the author of this report thought we should translate carefully by ourselves, and then we can actually improve our translation abilities.After completing the first draft of the translation, the author switched attention to the quality control of the translation. Three steps were taken. Besides, translation evaluation is needed.First, self-proofreading; the author read the first draft carefully, trying to correct wrong spellings and wrong punctuation by using ErrorSpy, and figuring out omission translation and word-for-word translation. Then, the author read the translated text straightly without referring to the original text. Some sentences which are not clear or coherent would be marked down by the author for further revising. At last, the author compared the translated text with the original one sentence by sentence to correct missing or incorrect translations.四川师范大学硕士学位论文Second, classmates revising; “Every translation has its points of strength and weakness and every translation is open to improvement.” (Mona Baker 7). Classmate A, Classmate B and the author of this report worked together to translate the whole book. It is very important for them to read each other’s translation. In this way, some mistakes that the author overlooked could be pointed out by classmates. Besides, the translation of the original terminologies appearing in the original text could be kept consistent.Third, advisor’s checking. After the above steps, the author finished the final draft and then invited supervisor to help with correction. Advisor’s opinions and suggestions can help the author with further revision.Finally, evaluation is needed. Although the translation task has been completed, there are still some unsatisfactory places in the translated text which also needs further improving. Some classmates read the author’s translation; they thought the original meaning of the three chapters has been clearly translated. And the author’s advisor thought some of Chinese words could be further refined; in general, the translation is good.Chapter Three Theoretical BasisChapter ThreeTheoretical Basis3.1 An Overview of Skopos TheorySkopos theory is one of the most important theories proposed by German functional school. “It was established by the German linguists Hans Vermeer and Katharina Reißand comprises the idea that translating and interpreting should primarily take into account the function of the target text”(Wikipedia). It has experienced three phrases: The first stage was the initial study of Katharina Reiss. “As early as 1971 Katharina Reiss introduced a functional category into her ‘objective approach to translation criticism’. Although still firmly with equivalence-based theory, her book may be regarded as the starting point for scholarly analysis of translation in German.”(Nord 9) In the second stage, “Hans J. Vermeer has gone much further in trying to bridge the gap between theory and practice.”(Nord 10), after learning some of her ideas and making a little change in the theory of translation equivalence centered at the source language, Reiss’s student Vermeer created Skopos theory based on act theory and the Skopos of text which was taken as the first criterion of translation process. In the third stage, Justa Holz-Mänttäri and Christiane Nord developed the Skopos. The former concentrated on the action in the process of translation, the part of the participants and the environment of translation process; the latter raised “fidelity rule”, which cares whether the translator is loyal to the author of the original text and its target readers.Three guiding principles are involved in Skopos theory: Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule. In the light of Skopos rule, translation should be carried out in a manner that is expected by the target language recipients and also in the context of the target language. A translational action is determined by its Skopos; just like Vermeer said “the end justifies the means”(Vermeer 25). This kind of Skopos has three四川师范大学硕士学位论文explanations: first, the elementary purpose of the translator; second, the communicative goal of the translation, third, the purpose that applying concrete translation strategies or methods to accomplish. But ordinaril y, the “Skopos” means the communicative goal of translation. With the exception of the Skopos rule, Vermeer’s theory also contains another two rules: coherence rule and fidelity rule. The former emphasizes that the translation should be comprehend by the target readers and makes sense in the target language culture and communicative environment. The latter means that translation needs to be faithful to the original text to a certain degree.3.2 Skopos Theory as Theoretical Guidance“Translation is the conversion of text from one language to another.”(Wikipedia) It is the process of converting a relatively unfamiliar expression into a relatively familiar expression and makes communication possible. When someone wants to choose something to translate, there must be a purpose behind it. So purposes could be the motivation of translation. From the book of Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating, Nida carefully analyzes the close relation between language and culture and tells readers how to deal with all kinds of relations and problems from the perspective of context. The author of this report hopes to provide some useful information for readers who have interest in translating or want to learn more about Nida’s theories. Deng Jun says “Translation must follow a set of rules, in which the Skopos rule should be in the first place. In other words, the translated text depends on the purpose of translation, different purposes lead to different translation strategies and methods.” (邓隽2)Through reading, the author found that there are a large number of long and complex sentences in the book (like “The meaning of the chapter on the “Grand Inquisitor” in Dostoevsky’s novel The Brothers Karamazov can only be understood by noting the isomorphic similarities and contrasts in the novel, in the history of the Inquisition, and in the biblical accounts of Jesus’life.” (Nida 90). Such long sentences are not common in Chinese. So the author of this report got rid of the structure of theChapter Three Theoretical Basisoriginal sentence and took the method of logical reorganization so as to make its meaning conform to Chinese logic and easy to be understood by Chinese readers. The kind of translation method just meets the requirement of Skopos rule of Skopos theory.What’s more, the author found the book actually emphases on conveying readers the concepts of translation and teaching readers how to be a good translator through the interviews and letters which highlight the issues of practice in translating and fundamental linguistic structures that make interlingual communication possible. So another two rules (coherence rule and fidelity rule) would help the translated text be more coherent, and let the target readers learn as much information as the original readers do. Furthermore, considering questions like whether the words or sentences conform to the language habits of target language or not; whether the reader of target language can maximally understand the information, the author finally decided to take Skopos theory as theoretical direction to make the translation faithful to the original text and let the readers of the target language get information in a familiar form. So some strategic methods were taken to do translation under the guidance of Skopos theory.Chapter FourCase StudyDue to the great differences between English and Chinese, the author of this report has encountered many difficulties while translating the text, here the author pointed out the following two parts: first, after reading the original text, the author found that the expounding of the original text is precise and careful; meanwhile, it has many long and complex sentences. So it would be hard for the author to analyze and understand those sentences’ structures and meanings. Second, the original text emphasizes on conveying information, so the author needs to attach great importance to accurate transmission of the original information, the translation shouldn’t be too conservative or mechanical or deviating from the meaning of the original text. Thus, flexible translation methods and techniques are needed to make the translated text natural and accord with the target language norms.After reading the original text and analyzing its grammatical structures as well as central idea, the author decided to take the Skopos theory as the guiding theory. Under its guidance, the author made an analysis of the above difficulties and found the corresponding translation methods, like negation, amplification, splitting, logic reorganization and word-selection. For example, when the author meets some sentences with relatively complex structure or incomplete expression, then amplification would be taken by the author to try to make the translation natural and conform to the rules of Chinese grammar, like:The original text: “It is always assumed that translators are at least bilingual, but this is really not enough. To be a fully competent translator, one also needs to be bicultural in order to ‘read between the lines.’” (Nida 99)The translated text:对译者的最低要求一般是其至少能懂两种语言,但这一要求真的还不够。

试论翻译理论与实践的关系及其结合方式

试论翻译理论与实践的关系及其结合方式

校园英语 / 翻译研究试论翻译理论与实践的关系及其结合方式对外经济贸易大学/苏盼【摘要】“翻译理论与实践”是高校英语专业的一门基础课程,要获得完美的翻译效果,必须要运用翻译理论来决定采用的翻译实践类型,通过翻译实践来完成译作,要厘清两者的关系并进行有机的结合。

本文介绍了翻译理论与实践的关系以及两者的结合方式。

【关键词】翻译理论 翻译实践 关系 结合方式一、前言翻译是一种交际活动,它是不同语言、文化和社会关系的交流,翻译同时也是一门科学和艺术。

如果认为精通了一门外语再借助于字典和工具书就可以翻译,是非常片面和错误的。

要做出具有专业水平和质量的译文,必须要深入的研究原语文化。

在翻译过程中熟悉两种语言是最基本的,语言是有灵魂和生命的,要通过语言表达的信息来了解其所反映的文化,这样才能深刻体会中西文化的差异。

不同的民族都有不同的生存环境,对于世界的认识也存在着差异,这些都造成了民族文化的差异。

人们通过本民族的文化理解方式来理解周围的信息,原文的作者和读者一般来说文化背景是相似的,读者会通过词汇表达意思的理解来理解文章的文化内涵,译者根据自己的语言理解和文化前景进行翻译,表达自己的情感和对原文信息,所以纽马克说“翻译者必须是一个真正意义上的文化人”。

翻译者要精通两种语言,要通过大量的信息来了解两个语种文化的差异,这样才能找到一个契合点,才能让译者更客观的读懂原作,可以准确的把握原文的文化信息并进行传播,翻译理论和翻译实践缺一不可。

二、翻译理论与翻译实践1.翻译理论。

翻译理论的产生和发展一度呈现出百家争鸣、学派林业的局面,通过进行翻译理论的研究,更加深入了解翻译活动的本质,最初研究的是原文与译文,随着研究的深入,进行了对译文的读者、采取的翻译策略以及翻译者的心理活动等深层次的研究,通过翻译理论的日渐系统化,人们越来越重视翻译理论的研究。

比较有代表性的是英国翻译理论家彼得·纽马克的翻译理论,纽马克对翻译领域的各派系翻译理论进行了部结,在对翻译理论进行研究时融合了文体、话语分析、格语法、功能语法以及跨文化交际等理论内容,非常全面的论述了翻译理论、翻译教学和翻译技巧。

浅谈翻译理论和实践的关系

浅谈翻译理论和实践的关系

浅谈翻译理论和实践的关系作者:徐彦辉来源:《校园英语·中旬》2016年第10期【摘要】翻译研究包括理论和实践两个方面,理论研究是不可或缺的一部分。

本文联系翻译课堂的实践,阐述翻译理论在实践中的地位、作用和意义以及理论与实践的关系,认为二者之间存在互动关系,相互促进。

【关键词】翻译理论翻译实践互动翻译学已经成为一门独立的学科,但翻译理论研究没有得到应有的重视,这种现象在翻译教学上也得到了凸显,使得原本就难懂的理论受到忽略。

一、现状有学者认为,因为翻译对象的多元化和不确定性,翻译理论对实践没有指导作用。

有些优秀的翻译实践家对翻译理论并不清楚,由此有些人便认为翻译靠的是实践能力,而非晦涩难懂的翻译理论,结果便是“翻译理论无用论”的呼声越来越高。

该观点支持者认为,翻译对象的多元化只能通过译者的能力进行解决,而非理论。

同时,很多人认为理论研究者都在“纸上谈兵”缺少实践经验,研究结果不能指导实践。

二、理论与实践关系的确,并非所有的理论都能直接指导实践。

理论大多是从经验上升为理论的,具有普遍意义的理论可以直接对实践产生指导作用,但有一部分理论是间接的指导翻译实践帮助人们更好的认识翻译。

如果经验不能上升为理论而只是停留在经验的水平上,翻译实践很容易陷入主观经验的框架里难以继续发展。

因为,译者主体性在翻译实践中是不可避免的。

还有一部分人称理论研究者的译作中能挑出很多错误并以此证明“理论无用”。

但如前所述,翻译本身就体现了译者的主体性。

优劣应由读者去加以判断,这与科学的翻译批评密切相关。

从广义上说,翻译理论研究本身也是一种翻译实践。

古今中外,没有那种理论是可以与实践完全分割开来的。

与其他学科一样,翻译学注重的也是学以致用。

翻译理论是从描写和分析译作中总结出来的,因此理论也可以用来指导对译作的批评与赏析。

通过对译作的批评,也可以促进翻译实践的发展,这样也从某种程度上体现了翻译理论对实践的促进作用。

三、实例解析在翻译一篇讲述北京和奥运会的文章中,有这样一段文字:伴随着城市硬件建设的突飞猛进,是首都博物馆新馆、国家大剧院等一批文化设施的竣工,使北京人得以享有更高品质的新生活,享受“人文奥运”的成果;鸟巢、水立方破土而出,代表着北京敢于挑战建筑的技术极限,诠释“科技奥运”的内涵;空气质量的大幅改善,二环路上绿树成荫、碧波荡漾,则是“绿色奥运”惠及城市居民的一个范例。

期末论文:翻译理论与实践论文

期末论文:翻译理论与实践论文

研究生课程论文学年学期:2011-2012学年第一学期论文题目:隐喻及隐喻的英汉翻译课程:《翻译理论与实践》任课教师:姓名:班级:翻译硕士英语笔译学号:Discussion on Metaphor and Related English-Chinese Translation Abstract: According to the translation theory of Newmark, an English translator, metaphor can be divided into five types-“dead”, “cliché”, “stock”, “recent” and “origina1”, which will be subject to the analysis in this text in terms of their features. Meanwhile, on the basis of the translation theories learned, there are many kinds of methods for translation of metaphor. And this text also deals with the following approaches to translation of metaphor-literal translation, free translation, domestication and alienation. In addition, metaphor also serves as a way of thinking of people in western world and there are some traps in the translation of metaphor. So, it is not an easy task to carry out the translation of metaphor properly.Key words: metaphor; literal translation; free translation; domestication; alienation; trap1. PrefaceMetaphor is a common kind of rhetorical device in English. To bring the metaphor into the translation study can facilitate our interpretation of the original text and achieve the balance of various manners of recognition of the world and ourselves between two different kinds of languages and cultures so as to draw on others’ merits widely.2. Classification of MetaphorIn his work Approaches to Translation, Newmark divides metaphor into five types, namely “dead”, “cliché”, “stock”, “recent” and “origina1”.(1) DeadThe “dead” metaphor means the metaphor related with the ordinary words describing time, space, human body, natural environment and human activities with the vehicle almost not realized by people. In English, words like “space, field, top, bottom, arm, circle, drop, fall, rise” usually carry meanings of metaphor in order to ensure the explicit and clear expression of concepts and ideas. For instance, in the field of human knowledge, at the bottom of the mountain, the rise and fall off the Roman Empire, etc.(2) Cliché“Cliché” refers to many common metaphor methods that have lost their former influence. For example, one says the first one comparing woman as flower can be called genius and the second on who uses such comparison is called also-ran. This type of metaphor, cliché-some though, has its application value. For instance, “So, let us in the next five years, start a newLong March together, not in lockstep, but on different roads leading to the same goa1”.(3) Stock“Stock” refers to a kind of metaphor that has long been accepted, which has become an inherent part of language and will not lose its influence as a result of overuse. And the cultural metaphor represents an important part of the stock metaphor. For instance, “Judas’kiss (metaphor for insidious deeds –honey words and dastardly heart)” and “cat’s paw (metaphor for person serving as tool for others)”.(4) Recent“Recent” means the new terms that emerge recently. For instance, Levinski (metaphor for illicit love), Water gate scandal (metaphor for political scandal) and “9·I1”(metaphor for terrorist incidents)etc.(5) Original“Original” means a kind of metaphor used first by the writer. This kind of metaphor is not always available but product of writers’ inspiration.比如有些”坐冷板凳”的词,在作者的笔下却闪烁出灵感的光芒,这就是独创隐喻的魅力所在.Therefore, whenever you come across a sentence with correct grammatical structure but without any meaning, you must check the factors leading to the superficial meaninglessness carefully to explore the probable meaning of metaphor.3. Discussion on Translation Methods of MetaphorIn discussing the translation of metaphor, Newmark has raised seven methods:(1) Reproducing the same image in the TL); (2) Replace the image in the SL with a standard TL image; (3)The translation of metaphor by simile; (4) Translation of metaphor (or simile) by simile plus sense; (5) Conversion of metaphor to sense; (6) Deletion; (7) Same metaphor combined with sense. With reference to other methods and combining the conclusion of some of the above methods, this text will discuss the following four methods.(1) Literal TranslationLiteral translation is applicable to the metaphor with complete English-Chinese equivalence. It can retain the ethnic and cultural features of the metaphor in the original text and helpreaders using the target language have more understanding of the cultural characteristics of the original language. As a matter of fact, many cases of metaphor in English have been absorbed by the Chinese language. For example, “crocodile’s tears”, “Pandora’S box”, and “cold war”, etc. And literal translation should be adopted for some idioms consisting of metaphor and with completely equivalent meanings. For instance, “castle in the air”, “walls have ears”, and “to add oil to the flames”, etc. Besides, for some sentences containing metaphor, this method can also be used. For example, “Time is money” and “The world is a stage” etc.(2) Free TranslationFree translation, a concept opposite to literal translation, generally refers to that remove the form and reserve the content of the original text, which allows translators’ originality to some degree but with the basic information of the original text retained.Eg1. His theory has thousands of little rooms and long, windy corridors.Translation: 他的理论有过多的组成部分, 而且各部分间的关系也过于错综复杂.Eg Because of his one man style of operation, Henry Kissinger had become a kind of bottleneck in his own National Security Council system.Translation:由于亨利·基辛格惯于独断专行, 他已经成了国家安全事务委员会工作中的一块绊脚石.(3) Domestication TranslationThe domestication translation is targeted at the proper conformity of the translated text with the linguistic and cultural norms of the target language to properly satisfy the readers’ need for more localization.Eg2. They were only crying crocodile tears at the old man’s funeral because nobody had really liked man.Translation 1: 在老头的葬礼上, 他们只不过假惺惺的哭了几声, 因为在老人生前, 没人真的喜欢他.Translation 2: 在老头的葬礼上, 他们只不过挤了几滴鳄鱼的眼泪, 因为在老人生前, 没人真的喜欢他.Eg3. Many Canadians have never read a news paper though some newspapers are free, because they do not know their ABC.Translation 1: 尽管有的报纸免费, 许多加拿大人从不看报, 因为他们目不识丁. Translation 2: 尽管有的报纸免费, 许多加拿大人从不看报, 因为他们不懂自己的ABC.Domestication method is applied to Translation 1 for Eg 2, which provides all convenient conditions for readers. So, on the basis of the standard “it does not look the translation when read”, it can be rated as better translation.However, from the perspective of cultural exchange, it is obvious that Translation 2 has better effect. The reason is: although the term “crocodile tears” is borrowed, its meaning has been known for Chinese readers, and not only can literal translation be accepted by Chinese readers, but it can reflect the national features of the original text properly, which can also be reproduced. Additionally, the substitution of the expression means of the target language for that of the original language, though conveying related meanings, cannot reflect the way of thinking of the user of the original text and help readers have a comprehensive and thorough understanding of their culture to achieve the goal of translation in real terms. Nevertheless, despite the equivalence conversion of Translation 2 for Eg3, it has failed to achieve its communication goal.(4) Alienation Translation异化翻译策略是以源语文化为归宿而进行的语际间篇章意义的相互转换.近年来, 在翻译界主张重视异化翻译的学者日益增多.从文化交流的角度看, 它是尊重各国文化的内在要求, 有助于在平等的基础上真实地反映外国文化.随着文化交流的不断深入, 异化翻译逐渐显示出其特有的魅力.隐喻的异化翻译策略可以分为两种情形:a. Direct AlienationThe meaning of some vases of metaphor can be reflected clearly through the context. So the direct alienation method can be adopted without the necessity to explore the corresponding expression in the translation painstakingly.Eg4.Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years, he was completely defeated.Translation: 希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的, 可是不到几年, 就被彻底打败了.Eg5.Some personnel executives complained that many college graduates they had interviewed here had two star abilities with five2star ambitions.Translation: 一些人事经理抱怨, 在他们面试过的大学毕业生中, 不少人本事只有”二星级”, 心气儿倒有”五星级”.b. Alienation ExplanationThere are limited cases where the direct alienation method can be used in the translation of metaphor. On many occasions, brief elaboration must be made on the cultural information or cultural context contained in the text, only in which way can the goal of communication be attained.Eg6.The Warren Report has left many ques2tions unanswered.Translation: 沃伦报告(指美国肯尼迪总统被谋杀事件的调查报告) 留下许多未解之迷. Eg7.The man who waters his grass after a heavy rain is carrying coals to Newcastle. Translation:大雨后给草地浇水是多此一举.(注: 纽卡斯尔是英国的一个产煤中心.)Eg8.He was in the seventh heaven last night.Translation: 昨晚他欣喜若狂.(in the seventh heaven: ( not formal) in a state of great happiness or contentment, 意思是: 人能和上帝同居最高层,自然是非常愉快的.) Domestication and alienation are two kinds of translation strategies applied by the translator targeted at the differences in the two languages and corresponding cultures according to varied aspects such as aim of translation, type of text, intention of writers and readers of the target language to facilitate the guidance of the selection and application of specific translation methods and techniques. The two methods, sometimes, should be selected with reference to the regulations of the social culture as well as political and ideological aspects. Whichever strategy is used, it is required to focus on the need of readers and the society.Eg9. The students had been trained to compete continually against each other, so that the lesson turned into a kind of noisy grey dog race.Translation 1: 学生们练就了持续相互竞争的本事,所以这堂课变成了一场嘈杂的拍卖会场.Translation 2: 学生们练就了持续相互竞争的本事,所以这堂课变成了一场嘈杂的灰狗比赛.In the above sentence, the term “grey hound race” created in the original language-English, is analogous to the scene of disorder and chaos in class like the scene of grey dog race. Anddomestication and alienation methods are used respectively in the two sentences. But it is quite difficult for Chinese readers to understand the alienation method for translation of metaphor due to lack of grey dog race in Chinese culture. By contrast, the Chinese readers can understand the scene of the auction, which can help readers catch the connotation of this metaphor. It follows that domestication and alienation cannot only be reflected on the level of language, but also in processing the cultural factors.4. Way of Thinking in Metaphor and Traps in TranslationMetaphor is not only a type of rhetorical device but also represents a way of thinking. In other words, metaphor exists in languages and people’s thinking and behavior as well as all aspects of our daily life. And from some expressions of basic concepts of people in western countries, we can further understand that metaphor serves as their way of thinking. Way of thinking related with love: Love is a physical force; love is war.与时间有关的思维:Time is money; time is life. Besides, as a matter of fact, many proverbs in English contain the way of thinking featured by metaphor. For instance: Time and tide wait for no man(时光和潮流不等人). This is a proverb encouraging people to value time, in which the translation has failed to reflect the metaphor contained. And in this proverb, “and” does not only serve as a parallelism structure linking “time” and “tide”, but constitutes a kind of metaphor, 即将time比作tide: tide (caused by the lunar gravity) waits for no man, so does time. Another example is: Truth and roses have thorns about them(真理和玫瑰一样,都带刺); Kings and bears worry their keeper(伴君如伴虎).Only through understanding and precise translation of the metaphor implicated in these proverbs can we get hang of the way of thinking of people in western world in a more impressive and thorough way. On the other hand, some cases of metaphor seem in harmony but actually at variance. That’s what is called “trap” according to Newmark’s theory. For instance, here are some idioms containing metaphor: To heat about the bush≠打草惊蛇(而是to talk about something without coming to the point”旁敲侧击”); to lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen≠亡羊补牢(而是to take precautions too late to be effective”于事无补”); the last straw≠救命稻草(actually, “the last straw” originates from the English proverb “the last straw that breaks the camel’s back”“致命一击”). Thus, intranslating these idioms with traps of metaphor, one should avoid having superficial understanding and catching the meaning of words literally from the context, otherwise, it will lead to a miss as good as a mile.5. ConclusionIn discussing the metaphor and its translation, we do not only take metaphor as a kind of rhetorical device but also a way of thinking and a way of recognizing the objective world. And as a way of recognition, metaphor is featured with clear national characteristics as well as rich cultural connotations. Therefore, we should take flexible translation methods according to the features of texts, different contexts as well as readers’ acceptability. And generally, when involving metaphor, translation should be focused on the vehicle of the original text with the meaning of metaphor reproduces to achieve the unity of form and spirit.Reference【1】Newmark,P.A Textbook of Translation IM].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001.【2】Newmark,P.Approaches to Translation【M】.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001.【3】胡曙中.英汉修辞比较研究fM1.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1993.【4】毛荣贵.新世纪大学英汉翻译教程fM1.上海:上海交通大学出版社,2002.。

【《商务日语中的翻译理论和实践》开题报告2100字】

【《商务日语中的翻译理论和实践》开题报告2100字】

论文题目商务日语中的翻译理论和实践一、选题意义及国内外研究现状综述(一)选题意义中日建交后,随着中国加入WTO,改革开放不断深入,中日两国间的商务活动日益频繁,商务翻译活动也在急剧增加。

商务日语的基本含义是为了进行贸易交流而产生的。

它被用来促进中日商人之间的贸易交流,是顺应当前经济发展趋势的一门新兴学科。

比较的一些著名大学也开设了该课程,目前我国开设该课程的大学拥有超过三百多家,这也为我国在中日贸易中语言提供了大量的人才,但由于商务日语的发展时间是不够长,这方面的人才严重缺失。

商务日语是日语语言体系中的一个重要分支,它是专门用于商务活动的,集目的性、专业性和实用性于一体。

近年来,中日贸易的发展使得商务日语越来越重要,它可以提高中日贸易的便捷性和规范性。

因此,了解和掌握商务日语的语言特点和翻译技巧就显得尤为重要。

随着我国与日本的联系日益密切,商务日语翻译也变得越来越重要。

在中日贸易过程中,商务翻译在金融、旅游、投资等方面发挥着非常重要的作用。

因此,商务日语不仅是社会经济发展的重要结果,也是日语语言自身发展的重要结果。

加强商务日语翻译研究,有利于促进中日事务的发展,进一步促进中国的对外开放。

在当前的经济环境下,译者应该意识到商务日语翻译的重要性。

应更加重视存在的问题,并在此基础上有针对性的改进,提高商务日语翻译质量,从而保证商务日语翻译的可靠性。

作为译者,只有了解了商务日语翻译特征,掌握了商务日语翻译技巧,才会在商务日语翻译活动中做到游刃有余。

(一)国内外研究现状综述对于商务日语,主要是本国所进行的一些研究,没有查找到国外的相关资料,故而针对于国内研究现状做出综述。

田一汐在《商务日语中的敬语特点分析及翻译技巧探讨》中提到,敬语作为日语的一大特色,在日常交际中使用广泛,并且已日渐形成体系。

随着时代的发展,日语交际用语的形式也在不断演化,尤其是在正式的商业会晤中,敬语的使用频率被不断提高,但是敬语运用不当的情况却仍时有发生,而敬语的运用不当又当然的会对商务活动产生不同程度的影响。

理论与实践英语作文及翻译

理论与实践英语作文及翻译

理论与实践英语作文及翻译Theory and Practice。

Theory and practice are two important components in the process of learning. Theory provides us with a frameworkfor understanding and analyzing concepts, while practice allows us to apply these concepts in real-life situations. Both theory and practice are necessary for a comprehensive understanding of any subject.Theoretical knowledge is important because it helps us to understand the underlying principles of a subject. For example, in the field of physics, theoretical knowledge helps us to understand the laws of motion, the properties of matter, and the behavior of energy. Without this theoretical knowledge, it would be difficult to make sense of the world around us.However, theoretical knowledge alone is not enough. We also need to apply this knowledge in real-life situationsin order to fully understand its implications. This is where practice comes in. Through practice, we can test our theories and see how they work in real-life situations. For example, a doctor may have a theoretical understanding of how to treat a particular illness, but it is only through practice that they can develop the skills and experience necessary to successfully treat patients.Theory and practice are also interconnected. Theoretical knowledge can inform our practice, while practice can also lead to new theoretical insights. For example, a scientist may develop a new theory based on observations made during an experiment.In conclusion, theory and practice are both essential components of learning. Theoretical knowledge provides us with a framework for understanding concepts, while practice allows us to apply this knowledge in real-life situations. By combining theory and practice, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of any subject and develop the skills and experience necessary to succeed in our chosen field.理论与实践。

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中国地质大学研究生课程论文封面课程名称高级翻译理论与实践教师姓名胡志红研究生姓名李灵智研究生学号120131468研究生专业翻译硕士所在院系外国语学院类别: A.博士 B.硕士 C.进修生日期: 2013 年12 月27 日评语对课程论文的评语:平时成绩:课程论文成绩:总成绩:评阅人签名:注:1、无评阅人签名成绩无效;2、必须用钢笔或圆珠笔批阅,用铅笔阅卷无效;3、如有平时成绩,必须在上面评分表中标出,并计算入总成绩。

从电影《西游降魔篇》汉译英字幕的翻译中看文化缺失现象李灵智翻译硕士120131468[摘要]中国电影梦既是世界梦,也是民族梦,中国电影走向世界,需要外国观众的接受和认可。

而一部电影,除了声音和画面等艺术表达方法,最重要的障碍便是字幕。

近年来我国大量引入国外电影,英译汉的字幕翻译工作发展的越来越好。

逐渐引入了越来越多的翻译理论和翻译策略,从而建立出字幕翻译的翻译体系。

而中国电影能否占据国外市场,汉译英的字幕翻译工作便成为了新的挑战。

汉译英字幕的质量高不高,外国观众能不能看懂,直接影响了国产电影的海外票房。

如何通过字幕翻译来传达电影的内涵、文化和笑料,是我们面临的新的难题。

本文旨在通过借鉴英译汉字幕的翻译策略,解读电影《西游降魔篇》的汉译英字幕翻译,从而发现电影中文化缺失的现象,以促进汉译英字幕翻译的发展。

[关键词]字幕翻译;翻译策略;直译;意译;文化内涵一、引言随着中国对外开放的水平越来越高,中国的电影产业蓬勃发展,越来越多的中国电影被推向的了世界市场,越来越多的华语电影导演跻身于国际电影参选的行列。

一部好的电影,应该是深入人类灵魂的,各个种族和文化圈的人都应该有不同程度的共鸣。

但是中国电影是否真的已经走向了世界,被世界观众所接受,却仍一件不能肯定的事情。

近来几部国产片——《西游降魔篇》、《人再囧途之泰囧》持续打破了国产片的销售记录,但却在国际市场上遭受冷遇。

国人在电影院看得捧腹大笑,酣畅淋漓;国外的片场上映后,既不叫好也不叫座,早早的下了院线。

这不得不让我们反思,究竟是哪一个环节绊住了我国电影走出去的脚步。

抛开电影的画面和声音,最能影响观众理解的便是字幕了,因此本文从电影《西游降魔篇》汉译英字幕的翻译中看文化的缺失现象。

二、电影字幕及其翻译特点字幕(subtitling)用来指翻译电影、电视等大众音像交际类型时使用的两种方式转换的术语,字幕可以是语际间的,也可以语内的。

(谭载喜, 2005: 257) 语内字幕翻译是指将话语转换成同语言文本; 语际字幕指的是在保留影视原声的情况下,将源语译为目的语叠印在屏幕下方的文字。

(张美芳, 2005:83) 因此,通常所说的字幕翻译是指语际字幕翻译。

字幕翻译属于文学翻译,用我国较早研究影视翻译的著名翻译家钱绍昌的话来说“影视语言既含一般文学语言的要素,但也有自身的特点:聆听性、综合性、瞬间性、通俗性和无注性。

” (钱绍昌,2000)。

因此,电影字幕翻译具有如下的特点:第一, 受限性。

影视字幕翻译受限于时间和空间的限制。

首先,字幕翻译受限于时间限制。

字幕稍纵即逝,己经播出的字幕,观众无法再看一次,不像书面翻译,可以反复琢磨,细细品味。

一方面,字幕必须与电影画面即对白保持同步,尤其是快速对白;另一方面,又必须保证观众能够理解字幕。

既能快速阅读一闪即过的字幕,又能观看到故事画面。

因此,字幕翻译必须文字精炼,表意准确,不影响观众的视觉享受和对异域文化的领略。

其次,字幕翻译还受限于空间限制。

一方面,由于屏幕的大小有限,字幕占的空间太多会影响画面,所以字幕一般只占屏幕下方两行;另一方面,字号的大小及每行的字数也有严格的规定。

译者不能像书面翻译一样,为了完整准确表达出译文,而译出冗长的字句或过度运用修饰技巧。

综上所述,字幕翻译的功能应该是在时间与空间的限制下,最大限度地传递原文的信息,同时实现源语与目标语之间的文化转换。

第二,通俗性。

电影作为大众传媒的手段之一,要考虑到观众的接受能力和市场反应。

因此,字幕翻译必须考虑人物角色的性格特点,把握整个影片的基调及作者的意图,字幕翻译的语言必须大众化或通俗化,要让人一看就懂。

因此,字幕必须简明易读,以便让观众将注意力集中到画面上。

三、汉译英字幕的翻译策略在具体的汉译英翻译时,可采取以下策略,保留电影的文化价值: ( 1) 片名或对白中的人名、地名多采用直译,坚持文化自信,同时通过电影扩大中华文化的影响力; ( 2)影片中事件、事物名要反映原中文名特有的文化内涵; ( 3)中文成语、熟语或诗词往往有深刻的寓意,尽量以意译与直译相结合的方法还原表达,必要时可双关或比喻。

总之,在电影翻译时要注意避免过度归化或显化,同时尽量保留文化信息,掌握双语语言和文化的精髓。

四、译例分析由周星驰执导的喜剧电影《西游降魔篇》票房一路飘红,接连创下23项票房纪录的《西游降魔篇》最终拿下12.45亿元票房,位列内地华语片单片票房榜第二,而这样的成绩与冠军《人再囧途之泰囧》(以下简称《泰囧》)的12.66亿元仅有2000多万元的差距。

抛开两部影片在票房上的输赢,《泰囧》和《西游降魔篇》其实都堪称“优质喜剧”的典范,也都为中国的喜剧电影带来了启示。

不过,虽然未能超越《泰囧》成为内地最卖座的国产片,《西游降魔篇》却已经成功超越了《卧虎藏龙》创下的2.13亿美元成绩,成为全球最卖座的华语电影。

说起来是全球最卖座的华语电影,实际上最主要的观众还是来自于华人,相比于《卧虎藏龙》在国际上的口碑,相去甚远。

一方面喜剧片本身的文化地域性较为浓厚,很难同时满足多个市场观众的口味,在翻译上是一道障碍;另一方面《西游降魔篇》的创作一部分来源于中国古典小说《西游记》的灵感,带有浓厚的中国特色文化,无疑给这部电影的翻译又增加了难度。

中西文化有根本性的差异,西方对中国的认识还停留在中国功夫上,对中国人的情感和表达方式并不能深刻理解。

而《卧虎藏龙》本身是一部武打动作片,对于外国人来说,他们对中国武术更感兴趣,因此尽管票房上的显性数据倒向了《西游降魔篇》,但事实上还是无法打败《卧虎藏龙》在外国观众心目中的华语影片地位。

《西游降魔篇》中讲述的是一个妖魔横行的世界,百姓苦不堪言。

年轻的驱魔人陈玄奘以“舍小我,成大我”的大无畏精神,历尽艰难险阻,依次收服水妖、猪妖以及妖王之王孙悟空为徒,并用“爱”将他们感化,而玄奘自己也终于领悟到了“大爱”的真意。

为救天下苍生于水火,为赎还自己的罪恶,师徒四人义无反顾的踏上了“下地狱”般的西行取经之路......《西游降魔篇》的电影片名采取了直译的方法,译为Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons。

不仅清晰的表达了电影的故事内容,同时当外国观众看到“Conquering the Demons”的时候,脑袋中闪现出恶魔打斗的场面,也体现出了电影的魔幻色彩。

影片的汉译英字幕翻译整体上非常简洁,通俗易懂,遵循了字幕翻译的方法和策略,运用了直译,意译,以及直译与意译相结合的方法。

为了适应电影对话的逻辑发展,还适当调整了语序。

便于与汉语字幕同步,英文翻译也选取了简短的句式。

但有一些汉译英的小细节,有文化缺失的现象,个人觉得很有争议,虽然还未找到更合适地方法,但在这里提出来,与大家共同思考。

电影开头的那个四五岁的小女孩取名为“长生”,英文翻译为“sheng”。

英文选择了用名字中其中一个字的拼音代替了整个名字,这便没有传达出电影想要表达的文化内涵。

这个小孩子的出现,以及在通过陈玄奘一系列的努力后仍旧被水妖吃掉的事实,是为了打破陈玄奘这个驱魔人,想要成佛所面对的生死观。

整部电影,陈玄奘降妖的过程,就是颠覆自己曾经的三观的过程,打破旧的思想,而形成真正可以成佛的思想。

小女孩取名为长生,长生意味着长命百岁,寄托了父母对孩子的祝福和期望。

而一个名叫长生的孩子,却还在那么小的时候意外夭折了,所谓的姓名与真实的经历背道而驰,形成了鲜明的反差。

这个过程即打破了陈玄奘对待生死的态度,颠覆了他之前的生死观。

电影转换到降服猪妖的场景,一对师兄妹之间的对话,其中师妹对师哥说了句“讨厌”,英文翻译为“You’re terrible.”这个背景实际上是类似于情侣之间的调情,大家都知道,女生总是口是心非的,当她说出这句“讨厌”的时候,并不是真的表达出厌恶之情,而是一种不好意思的、扭捏的情绪。

英译选择“terrible”这个词,就损坏了原对话想要表达的意思。

“Terrible means very unpleasant; or making you feel very unhappy,upset or frightened”.翻译为中文便是“非常讨厌的;令人不愉快的;可怕的”。

这个词语的情感明显违背了片中小师妹当时的情感表达。

电影中的名字翻译似乎是个硬伤,猪妖猪刚鬣出场的时候,英文翻译为“KL Hog”。

当外国观众看到这个名字的时候,第一反应是一头代号为KL的公猪。

可能译者想要表达的,正是希望人们以为这是一头猪而不是一个人,但是,这样名字分解后一部分翻译而一部分不翻译的结合,总是让人感觉很奇怪。

如同广埠屯这个地名,英译的时候就不需要把屯字翻译成英文的意思,而是保留的名称的完整性,直接译为“Guang Bu Tun”,完全采取了汉语拼音的翻译。

电影中当师傅给玄奘讲述猪妖的来源时,有一句台词说猪妖原本“是个情种”,英文翻译为“he was a kind man”,这里的“kind man”就没有充分体现出“情种”的内涵。

愿意是想表达猪刚鬣还是人的时候,虽然相貌丑陋,但是非常痴情,对爱情的态度忠实专一。

而“kind man”只能笼统地说明他是个好人或者善良,不如中文表达的情感细腻。

当段小姐做戏引玄奘就范的时候,玄奘的一句台词“男女之间的小情小爱”,翻译成“lesser love”,这里的英译与前文的大爱“greater love”在英文格式上形成了对比。

但是却没有明显地体现出“Lesser love”究竟是哪一种“love”。

这里之所以要强调男女之间的爱,就是为了毁掉陈玄奘的爱情观,即在成佛过程中对待爱情的态度,影片发展到这里,他一直为了追求一种大爱,而忽视了内心存在的爱情,他把爱情与大爱割裂开来,并没有把男女之间的这种感情包括在大爱之中。

因此仅仅将男女之间的小情小爱翻译成“lesser love”,实际上也丢失了影片想要表达的文化内涵。

其实整部影片的汉译英字幕也有很多翻译的非常好的,精彩的地方,值得大家观摩和学习,在这里我就不一一赘述了,大家有机会可以自行观看影片,之所以找出汉译英中文化缺失的部分,也是想和大家共同讨论和进步。

究竟怎样翻译才能达到更多的传达中国影片中的文化内涵,让国外观众能够看懂并且接受的程度。

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