(完整word版)metaphor(暗喻)
高级英语修辞总结完整版
高级英语修辞总结HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】Rhetorical Devices一、明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。
常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等，例如：1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。
2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。
3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。
二、隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets...德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。
2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
三、Allusion（暗引）其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。
引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。
(完整word)20种英语修辞手法整理
Figure of Speech【整理自PPT】1。
Simile 明喻❖是比喻的一种，是对两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体的相似关系,两者都在对比中出现,且常带有比喻词，如：❖ Like/ seem / be something of / as /resemble/ comparable to /similar to / akin to/ be analogous to❖My love is like a red， red rose。
(Robert Burns)2。
Metaphor 暗喻❖对两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比；所不同的是在形式上,暗喻中本体和喻体之间多通过Be 动词来联系.省掉比喻词.❖明喻：Life is like an unexplored river， full of twists and turns, great beauty and dangerous surprises .❖暗喻： Life is an unexplored river, full of twists and turns， great beauty， and dangerous surprises。
3. Personification 拟人❖本质上是一种暗喻，其特点是赋予非人类范畴的东西一些人的特征.❖The forest held its breath, and the trees seemed to listern intently.❖The sun kissed the green fields。
The thirsty desert drank up the water。
4。
Metonymy 借代/换喻❖是通过借用与某种事物密切相关的东西来表示该事物。
例如用单词word 来表示话语或者消息news，用硬币penny来表示钱 money。
❖Word comes that the Chinese government will send a pair of giant pandas to the United States。
(完整word版)现代大学英语精读5修辞
● 1. Alliteration 头韵●2。
Allusion 引喻● 3. Anaphora 首语重复法●4。
antithesis对偶● 5. Antonomasia 换称，代称●6。
Chiasmus 交错法●7。
Hyperbole 夸张●8. Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻●9。
metonymy借喻，转喻●10。
oxymoron 反意法，逆喻●11. Repetition 重复，反复●12。
Paradox 隽语●13。
Parallelism 排比, 平行●14. Pun 双关●15. Simile 明喻●16. Syllepsis 一语双叙法,兼用法●17。
Synecdoche 提喻●18. transferred epithet移就●19。
Irony反语Where do we go from hereAntithesis●Ossie Davis has suggested that maybe the English language should bereconstructed so that teachers will not be forced to teach the Negro child 60 waysto despise himself，and thereby perpetuate his false sense of inferiority, and the white child 134 ways to adore himself，and thereby perpetuate his false sense of superiority。
(para4）●As long as the mind is enslaved，the body can never be free。
(para5）●Psychological freedom ...。
..physical slavery （para5)●And one of the great problems of history is that the concepts of love and powerhave usually been contrasted as opposites - polar opposites——so that love is identified with a resignation of power, and power with a denial of love. (para7）●For through violence you may murder a murderer but you can’t murder.（para19)●The dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into brighttomorrows of quality，integrated education. （para. 25)●There will be those moments when the buoyancy of hope will be transformed intothe fatigue of despair。
(完整word版)高级英语(1)修辞格汇总
一、词语修辞格（1）simile 明喻①...a memory that seemed phonographic②“Mama,” Wangero said sweet as a bird .“can I have these old quilts?”③Most American remember M. T. as the father of...④Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail.⑤Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye.⑥My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake.⑦She gasped like a bee had stung her.（2）metaphor 暗喻①It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room,…②Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. ③The dye-market, the pottery market and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar. A④the last this intermezzo came to an end…⑤…showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse…⑥After I tripped over it two or three times he told me …⑦Mark Twain --- Mirror of America⑧saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...⑨main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart⑩All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...⑪When railroads began drying up the demand...⑫...the epidemic of gold and silver fever...⑬Twain began digging his way to regional fame...⑭Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...⑮The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind.⑯Her voice was a whiplash.⑰and launch this cataract of horrors upon mankind…⑱But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding.⑲I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.⑳I see the Russian soldiers standing on the thresthold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial.21The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination.22I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes.23We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.（3）metonymy 借代，转喻①In short, all of these publications are written in the language that the Third International describes②The Washington Post, in an editorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster's"（4）synecdoche 提喻①The case had erupted round my head②The case had erupted round my head Or what of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges ...③But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of the dictionary's（5）personification 拟人①…until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes…②Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay…③...to literature's enduring gratitude...④The grave world smiles as usual...⑤Bitterness fed on the man...⑥America laughed with him.⑦Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.（6）transferred epithet 移就①Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder②The obese body shook in an appreciative chuckle.③Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks.④I have been exhilarated by two days of storms, but above all I love these long purposeless days in which I shed all that I have ever been. (V. Sackville-West, No Signposts in the Sea)（7）hyperbole 夸张①The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold.②I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out.③If Hitler invaded Hell and would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.④I see the ten thousand villages of Russia where the means of existence is wrung so hardly from the soil, but where there are still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play. ⑤...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...⑥The cast of characters... - a cosmos.⑦America laughed with him.⑧The trial that rocked the world⑨His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world."（8）oxymoron 矛盾修饰法Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a, "victorious defeat. " （9）euphemism 委婉语①… a motley band of Confederate g uerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.②...men's final release from earthly struggle（10）irony -- the use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning. 反语用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法①Hiroshima—the “liveliest” city in Japan②“Maggie’s brain is like an elephant’s”. Wangero said, laughing .③… until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century（11）sarcasm -- a cutting, often ironic remark intended to wound. 讽刺，挖苦意在伤害他人的尖刻的，常带讽刺意味的话语①My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows what he is here for," Darrow drawled. "I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance and bigotry(顽固) are, and it is a mighty strong combination.②There is some doubt about that.③a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life④the Post’ s editorial fails to explain what is wrong with the definition, we can only infer from "so simple" a thing that the writer takes the plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude that adoor is a door and any damn fool knows that（12）ridicule（嘲笑）Words or actions intended to evoke contemptuous laughter at or feelings toward a person or thing 愚弄有意激起对某人或某事的蔑视的笑或看不起的感情而说的话或做的事①Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted②Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.③Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.（13）pun 双关①DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE.②Benjamin Franklin: “If we don’t hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately.” (Peter stone and Sherman Edwards. 1776) 如果我们不能紧密地团结在一起，那就必然分散地走上绞刑架。
(完整word版)Metaphor暗喻言说
Metaphor 暗喻言说Metaphor lives a secret life all around us.暗喻秘密地生活在我们中间。
We utter about six metaphors a minute.于我们的言谈中，每分钟大约会出现六个暗喻。
Metaphorical thinking is essential to how weunderstand ourselves and others,暗喻思维是一把钥匙，它可以开启我们相互理解how we communicate, learn, discover and invent.沟通、学习、发现和创新的大门。
But metaphor is a way of thought before it is a way with words.首先，暗喻是一种思维方式。
Now, to assist me in explaining this, I've enlisted the help of one of our great est philosophers,为了说明这一点，我请教了一位当代最伟大的哲学家，the reigning king of the metaphorians, a man whose contributions to the field are so great thathe himself has become a metaphor.当权的暗喻皇帝，一位因其对暗喻学的巨大贡献而自身成了一位暗喻的人物。
I am, of course, referring to none other than Elvis Presley.当然，我指的不是别人，正是猫王埃尔维斯-普雷斯利。
Now, "All Shook Up" is a great love song.好，《神魂颠倒》（意即整个人都被动摇了）是一首经典情歌。
(word完整版)常用前缀后缀
常用前缀后缀一.表示否定的前缀1.dis—加在名词、形容词，动词之前。
disadvantage（缺点)dishonorable（不光彩的）disagree(不同意)2。
in-加在形容词，名词之前incorrect(不正确的)，inability(无能，无力），inaccurate（不准确的)3。
im—加在字母m，b，p之前impossible（不顺能的)，impolite(不礼貌的），impudence（厚颜无耻）4.il—加在以1开头的词前illegal（非法的），illiterate（文盲的,无文化的)illogical（不合逻辑的)5。
ir-加在以r开头的词前irregular（不稳定的)，irresistable（不可抵抗的）,irresolvable（不能分解的，不能解决的）6。
un-加在名词,形容词，副词之前unfinished（未完成的）undoubted(无疑的）unemployment（失业）7.non—加在形容词，名词前non-existence(不存在），non-essential（不主要的）,non-electrical(非电的)8.mis-加在动词、名词之前misunderstand（误解)，misjudge（误判)，misleading（误导），misfortune(不幸）9。
de—加在名词，形容词之前demobilize(遣散;使…复员) decolor (脱色, 漂白）10.anti-加在名词、形容词之前anti-Japanese（抗日战争）,anti-social(厌恶社会的，反社会的)，antidite(解毒药）11.counter—加在名词、动词前counterattack(反攻，反击），counteract(抵抗，阻碍)counterrevolution（反革命)二.表示“前before”的前缀1.pre—preconception（成见),pre—exsiting（先于……而存在的),pre-selection(选举前的) preface(前言） 2。
(完整word版)Metaphor暗喻言说
Metaphor暗喻言说Metaphor lives a secret life all around us.暗喻奥密地生活在我们中间。
We utter about six metaphors a minute.于我们的言谈中，每分钟大概会出现六个暗喻。
Metaphorical thinking is essentialto how weunderstand ourselves and others,暗喻思想是一把钥匙，它能够开启我们互相理解how we communicate, learn, discover and invent .交流、学习、发现和创新的大门。
But metaphor is a way of thought before it is a way with words.第一，暗喻是一种思想方式。
Now, to assist me in explaining this, I've enlisted the help of one of our greatest philosophers,为了说明这一点，我讨教了一位今世最伟大的哲学家，the reigning king of the metaphorians, a man whose contributions to the fieldare so great thathe himself has become a metaphor.当权的暗喻皇帝，一位因其对暗喻学的巨大贡献而自己成了一位暗喻的人物。
I am, of course, referring to none other than Elvis Presley.自然，我指的不是他人，正是猫王埃尔维斯- 普雷斯利。
Now, "All Shook Up" is a great love song.好，《魂不守舍》（意即整个人都被摇动了）是一首经典情歌。
(完整word版)Metaphor和Simile
Metaphora way of describing something by referring to it as something different and suggesting that it has similar qualities to that thingSimilean expression that describes something by comparing it with something else, using the words 'as' or 'like', for example 'as white as snow'Metaphor(隐喻)：用一个词来指代与该词本来所指事物有相似特点的另一种事物的方法。
这也是一种比较，不过这个比较是暗含的,且没有用like 或as 等指出。
如果把例句：“My girlfriend is like a sweet watermelon.”，去掉了like 这个描述词，这便是隐喻用法而不是明喻了。
因为在改了的这个句子里面，虽然也把My girlfriend 比作 a sweet watermelon，但却没有一个词指出这个比较，因而watermelon 此处是隐喻用法。
隐喻通常和be 动词连用，但是句子中的名词、动词、形容词或副词都可以有隐喻用法。
(1) A nest is to a bird what a house is to a man. （Art and Architecture, SEFC 2A, P.21）鸟巢对于鸟而言，正如房子对于人一样。
本句话的语言结构：“A is to B whatC is to D”为隐喻结构，意为“A 对B 而言正如C 对D 一样。
”(2) There were a few lordly poplars before the house.有一排白杨像贵族一样矗立在房子前。
含而不露的 隐喻(metaphor)
• • • •
When the night has been too lonely And the road has been too long; And you think that love is only For the lucky and the strong;
• Just remember in the winter, • Far beneath the bitter snow, • Lies the seed that with the sun’s love • In the spring becomes the rose. • （Bette Midler，The Rose）
Examples(1)
• The thought was fire in him.(他的想法是一团烈火。） 他的想法是一团烈火。） 他的想法是一团烈火 • He still has a ray of hope.(他仍抱有一线希望） 他仍抱有一线希望） 他仍抱有一线希望 • His mind swept easily over the world.(他对世上各方面的情况 他对世上各方面的情况 都了如指掌。） 都了如指掌。） • This country has rosy prospects.（这个国家前途光明。） （这个国家前途光明。） • There was a stormy debate at the meeting.（会上辩论激烈） （会上辩论激烈） • He could not bridle his anger.（他怒不可遏。） （他怒不可遏。） • A bright idea suddenly struck him.（他计上心来。） （他计上心来。） • He needled his way through the crowd..(他穿过 人群。） 他穿过 人群。） • The train steamed the station.（火车吐着蒸气开进车站。） （火车吐着蒸气开进车站。）
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Metaphor隐喻 暗喻 隐喻/暗喻 隐喻
definition：a figure of speech in which ： one thing is described in terms of another; implicit comparison; the basic figure in poetry. (Greek : metaphorn--- a transfer of meaning)
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1. nominal metaphor
Isn’t this a feather in your cup? (a thing you may justly proud of) He regards me as a thorn in his flesh. (a constant bother) His death was the last straw to her hardships. You are the backbone of the team. My life is one long curve, full of turning points. Military glory is a bubble blown from blood. (一将功成万骨枯)
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2. verbal metaphor
From every window heads were craning for a view of it. 每个窗口都有人探出头来看。 He doesn’t have an idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say. 他没有自己的观点，只会鹦鹉学舌。 A heavy silence blanketed the room. 整个房间沉浸在一片沉默中。
Metaphor
metaphors and similes are not just pretty ornaments; they are ways of thinking. Everyday concept: Theories are buildings. Is that the foundation for your theory?
Apt and appropriate (适当的)
Her beautiful long hair was Pitch-black (漆黑的) / jet-black (黑玉色的) ? Pitch (沥青) clashes with the concept of beauty
The metaphors are consistent (一致的) if they produce images related to and supporting each other and are not mixed or discordant (不和谐的).
Two different types of metaphors ? Sustained metaphors Extended metaphors Three properties for an effective metaphor ? fresh and original Apt and appropriate (适当的) consistent (一致的)
The seeds of rebellion were kindled (点燃) in secret. Not consistent.
One metaphor compares the initial stirrings of rebellion to seeds; the other likens the birth and growth of these feelings to the kindling of flames.
隐喻Metaphor
Metaphor: Situation vs. the Real ThingYou may have often heard expressions such as “he drowned in a sea of grief” or “she is fishing in troubled waters,” or “success is a bastard as it has many fathers, and failure is an orphan, with no takers.” All these expressions have one thing in common: a situation is compared to a real thing, although the situation is notactually that particular thing.∙Sea of grief - How and where does one come across a sea that is filled not with water, but with grief?∙Fishing - It is not used to mean that the person is actually fishing; it is an expression which is used to signify that the person is looking for something that is difficult to obtain.∙Success is a sense of achievement; it is not an illegitimate child! - The saying is used to reinforce the age-old belief that everyone wants to take credit for something that becamea success, either by fluke or by conscious effort. On the other hand, no matter how mucheffort or creativity may have gone into an enterprise, the moment it is considered a failure, no one wants to take responsibility for it, much like an abandoned infant.∙Broken heart - Your heart is not literally broken into pieces; you just feel hurt and sad.∙The light of my life - The person described by this metaphor isn't really providing physical light. He or she is just someone who brings happiness or joy.∙It's raining men - Men do not literally pour from the sky; there are simply an abundance of male suitors around at the time.∙Time is a thief - Time isn't really stealing anything, this metaphor just indicates that time passes quickly and our lives pass us by.∙He is the apple of my eye - There is, of course, no real apple in a person's eye. The "apple" is someone beloved and held dear.∙Bubby personality - A bubbly personality doesn't mean a person is bubbling over with anything, just that the person is cheerful.∙Feel blue - No one actually ever feels like the color blue, although many people say they are "feeling blue" to mean they are feeling sad.∙Fade off to sleep - You don't actually fade, you simply go to sleep.∙Inflamed your temper - The news inflamed your temper is not a situation where there is any actual fire or flames, it is just a situation where someone gets mad.∙Reeks of infidelity - When said about a cheating partner, this doesn't actually mean that there is a literal smell. Instead, it is just apparent that the person is cheating.∙Rollercoaster of emotions - A rollercoaster of emotions doesn't exist anywhere, so when people are on a rollercoaster of emotions, they are simply experiencing lots of ups and downs.∙Stench of failure - The stench of failure is strong, according to the common metaphor, but of course failing doesn't really smell.All of these expressions are examples of metaphors. They are juxtaposing anactual (literal) thing and a figurative thing in order to give more meaning to the figurative concept. To use the above examples, the literal expression in the phrase is “sea,” while “grief” is the figurative item.Purpose of MetaphorsExpressions are used to give effect to a statement. Imagine how bland a statement such as “he was sad” is, compared to a statement describing a “sea of grief.” The metaphor is sure to give the reader a better idea of the depths of grief in thissituation.Similarly, who would really spend time thinking of the vast differences between success and failure if the metaphor was missing, and the statement was just“Everyone wants to be successful, no one wants to be a failure?” That statement would be a failure itself, in inspiring interest in the conversation!Implied Metaphors: An Unmentioned ComparisonHere are some examples of implied metaphors:∙Samuel brayed his refusal to leave the party peacefully. (Compares Samuel to a donkey) ∙Angrily Sonia barked commands at her child. (Compares Sonia to a dog)∙Andy’s wife asked him to fetch their dinner. (Compares Andy to a dog)∙Tony tucked his tail and ran. (Compares Tony to a scared dog)∙Beth was drowning in love. (Compares Beth to someone drowning and compares love to water)∙Jennifer purred over the lavish present. (Compares Mary to a cat)∙The leaves were fluttering in the breeze. (Compares leaves to butterflies)∙The Porsche crouched before the race, growling in anticipation. (Compares the Porsche toa big cat)∙When Todd’s deception was found out, he left with his tail between his legs. (Compares Todd to an ashamed dog)∙Alex was chomping at the bit to have his turn. (Compares Alex to a horse)∙Harry squawked when the teacher ordered him to detention. (Compares Harry to a bird) ∙Zeus bellowed his commands to his subjects. (Compares Zeus to a bull)∙Elmer galloped to the store. (Compares Elmer to a horse)∙The words nourished his bruised ego. (Compares words to food)∙She lured him into her web. (Compares her to a spider)∙Wanda sailed through her exams in no time. (Compares Wanda to a sailboat)∙The flowers nodded in the wind. (Compares flowers to people)∙At the party, the men orbited the super model. (Compares men to planets)∙The paparazzi circled over the young singing sensation. (Compares paparazzi to vultures) ∙She cackled at the kids to get off her lawn. (Compares her to a witch)∙The hostess spent the entire party buzzing from table to table. (Compares the hostess to a bee or fly)∙Justin’s smile radiated throughout the room. (Compares Justin’s smile to the sun)∙The snow swaddled the hillside. (Compares snow to a blanket and the hillside to a baby) ∙Philip’s anger grew until it erupted. (Compares anger to a volcano)∙The colors of the sunset were leafy orange and yellow. (Compares the sunset to autumn leaves)∙To keep the peace, Alice steered away from confrontation. (Compares Alice to a driver) ∙The pregnant woman waddled into the delivery room. (Compares a pregnant woman to a duck or goose)∙"Science is dangerous; we have to keep it most carefully chained and muzzled." Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, p. 225 (Compares science to a vicious dog)∙Armando slithered to Doris and hissed, “I am here, dear.” (Compares Armando to a snake)∙Love sometimes has dangerous thorns. (Compares love to a rose)∙Ahmed wound his way through the crowd to get a better view. (Compares Ahmed to an ivy or other vine)∙Bigotry infects the soul. (Compares bigotry to a disease)∙Her thoughtless remarks slashed his ego. (Compares remarks to a knife)∙The couple shed their clothes and jumped into the hot springs. (Compares the couple to snakes shedding their skin)。
暗喻
Element
A simile always contains the subject and the reference, which are connected by simile markers. It states literally that A is like B. A metaphor compare things implicitly. Read literally, it dose not state that things are alike; it says that they are the same thing. Sometimes there is only the subject and no reference in a metaphor.
3."adjective" pattern形容词型: (1).The mountainous waves swallowed up the ship.
(2).I was all smiles, looking forward to a pleasant, homey evening. (3).He gave Mark a wintry smile.
5."idiom" pattern:
(1). We mended our fences.
(2). Failure is the mother of success. (3). Time is money.
(完整word版)英语中所有19种修辞手法的全部解释和例句
英语中所有19种修辞手法的全部解释和例句拟声onomatopoeia，头韵alliteration，半韵assonance，移就transferred epithet，圆周句periodic sentences，反复repetition，倒装inversion，延喻 extended metaphor，共轭zeugma，嘲讽 ridicule 典故allusion1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.例如:1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud.3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.例如:1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻[mɪ'tɒnɪmɪ]借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.I.以容器代替内容,例如:1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.III.以作者代替作品,例如:a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.4.Synecdoche 提喻[sɪ'nekdəkɪ]提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.例如:1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体)他的厂里约有100名工人.2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般)他是本世纪的牛顿.3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分）这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉[,sɪnɪs'θiːzɪə]这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。
暗喻Metaphor
• Element
• Function
• A simile makes a clear comparison by means of words like, as ,as if,as…so…,etc. • A metaphor makes a comparison which is implied rather than stated. As metaphor is closely related to simile,it is sometimes referred to as a condensed or implied simile.
structure
• A simile always contains the subject and the reference, which are connected by simile markers. It states literally that A is like B. • A metaphor compare things implicitly. Read literally, it dose not state that things are alike; it says that they are the same thing. Sometimes there is only the subject and no reference in a metaphor.
4.Adverbial metaphors He was freezingly polite to us. 5.Proverb(谚语) as Vehicle Still waters run deep.
Differences between simile and metaphor
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含而不露的Metaphor（隐喻）2、含而不露的Metaphor（隐喻）Metaphor（汉译名为“隐喻”或“暗喻”），也是一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接把甲事物（喻体）当作乙事物（本体）来描述，其比喻关系隐含在句意中，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。
Webster’s New World Dictionary的解释是：“a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase or dinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another”这个解释的意思是说，隐喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，他通常的基本用法是，表述某一事物的词或短语被用来表述另外的一种事物。
由于比喻是隐含的，决定了它的本体与喻体的关系必然十分紧密。
与simile相比较，不但不需要as, like之类的比喻词，有时甚至可以连本体也不出现。
基于这种情况，有些词典或著作常常对metaphor 和simile同时论述，称之为“浓缩的明喻（a compressed or condensed simile）”。
如A Dictionary of Literary Terms对Metaphor的定义就是如此，“Metaphor: A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit.”下面用实例对这两种修辞格做一比较：1a. Life is like an isthmus between two eternities. (simile)生活像永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。
（明喻）1b. Life is an isthmus between two eternities. (metaphor)生活是永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。
（隐喻）2a. Happiness is like sunshine: it is made up of very little beams. (simile)幸福像阳光，它由非常细小的光速构成。
（明喻）2b. The sunshine of life is made up of very little beams. (metaphor)幸福的阳光由非常细小的光速构成。
（隐喻）Metaphor在英语里运用极为广泛、频繁。
请看下面几例：Police work on inner city streets is a domestic Vietnam, a dangerous no-win struggle fought by confused, misdirected and unappreciated troops.( Gordon Witkin )市中心贫民区的治安工作是一场国内的越南战争，有一支思想混乱、指挥失灵、无人赏识的部队进行的一场危险的，只输不赢的斗争。
这是一例典型的隐喻。
人们对警方的工作（本体）可能了解不深，但在美国人们对越南战争（喻体）则是体会的既具体又痛切。
本体，喻体同时出现，通过三个相似点（confused, misdirected，unappreciated），痛陈警察的不平和苦衷，可望引起公众对警察的同情和理解。
文中Vietnam指the Vietnam War。
For years her cries of “fish for sale” were in vain. She had no home, no family, no friends — and her life was a basket of unsold fish.( Humphrey Hawksley )多年来，她“卖鱼啦”的叫喊声全然白费。
她无家可归，无夫无子，无亲无友——她的生活就是一篮没卖出去的鱼。
把卖鱼妇的生活比喻成一篮没有卖出的鱼，激起人们对卖鱼妇的无限同情。
This century…man has started to look into the working of that other universe which is inside himself ——the human brain.(Isaac Asimov: What Is Intelligence, Anyway)本世纪……人类已经开始研究自身内部的的另外一个宇宙的活动了，这另外一个宇宙就是人脑。
作者用隐喻向读者表明：“人脑”就是一个“宇宙”，它奥秘无穷，有待人类进一步研究探索。
While most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somewhat reluctant to give our fellow the warm sunshine of praise.（Janet Grham: The Profits of Praise）我们大多数人动不动就对别人刮起批评的寒风，不知为什么却不愿意把表扬的温暖阳光给予我们的同伴。
此句把太多的批评比喻为“冷风”，把表扬比喻为“温暖的阳光”，本体和喻体的关系由of含蓄表达，都是喻体在前，本体在后。
Benedick: Would you buy her, that you inquire after her?Claudio: Can the world buy such a jewel?(William Shakespeare: Much Ado about Nothing)培尼狄克：您这样问起她，是不是要把她买下来？克劳狄奥：全世界所有的财富，可以买得到这样一块美玉吗？这个例子中本体和比喻词都没有，直接由喻体jewel代替本体her（Beatrice）。
Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested…（Francisco Bacon：Of Study）一些书浅尝即可，另一些书却要囫囵吞下，只有少数的书才值得咀嚼和消化。
此句的本体是book，喻体无疑应当是food，因为只有食物才能被“浅尝”，“吞下”，或者被“咀嚼”，“消化”。
但是作喻体的food一词却没有出现，喻体之意则折射隐含在有关进食的几个动词之中。
Iago: How poor are they that have not patient! What would did ever heal but by degrees?（William Shakespeare: Othello）伊阿古：没有耐性的人多么可怜！什么伤口不是慢慢地平复起来的？Beware of little expenses. A small leak will sink a great ship.( Benjamin Franklin )当心小笔的费用。
小漏不堵也会沉大船。
以上两例不是用词或短语而是用句子进行比喻，前一句为本体，后一句为喻体。
1、Metaphor的结构英语Metaphor的运用格式灵活多样，它可体现在任何句子成分上，如主语、谓语、表语、定语或状语。
在表达上它可以是一个单词、一个词组、一个句子，甚至是一个段落。
常见的有以下几种结构：1）用to be 连接本体（the tenor）和喻体（the vehicle），喻体一般体现在句子的表语部分。
这是metaphor最基本的结构形式。
To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama.(Helen Keller: Three Day to See)对我来说, 四季的奇丽变幼犹如一出动人心弦永无完结的戏剧。
在这个句子中pageant 是本体, drama 是喻体, 用is 将二者连接起来。
其结构的核心就是The pageant is a drama. 下面的例句也是如此：Macbeth：… Out, out, brief candle！Life is but a walking shadow,…( William Shakespeare: Macbeth )麦克白：……熄灭了吧，熄灭了吧，短促的烛光！人生不过是一个行走的影子，……All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players.大千世界是个舞台，所有男男女女不外是个角色。
Money is a bottomless sea, in which honour, conscience, and truth may be drowned.金钱是无底的海洋，荣誉、良心和真理都可以淹没在其中。
Habit is a cable; every day we weave thread, and soon we cannot break it.习惯是缆索，每天我们都编上一条线，不久我们便扯不断了。
2）用of连接喻体和本体, 这是metaphor 另一结构, 其中的介词of 表示同位关系。
I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!我落入生活的荆棘中, 我淌血!His eyes came out of his head like a prawn’s, and once more his moustache foamed up against his breakwater of a nose.（G.. H. Vallins: Best English）他的眼睛像对虾一样鼓出来，胡子再一次泡沫似地向上翘起，抵住他那防波堤般的鼻子。
The Dutchman was six-foot, a great red-faced, hot-tempered treckox of a man.(Doris Lessing: In Pursuit of the English)那荷兰人身高六尺，大块头，红脸膛, 急脾气，简直是一条拉车的公牛。
句中的of 连接喻体treck-ox 和本体a man。
这个metaphor 的实质就是A man is a treckox.下列例句也是如此。
He nodded toward the corner to where the giant stood, his thick arms crossed on his hogshead of a chest.（Richard Connell: The Most Dangerous Game）他朝那彪形大汉站着的墙点了点头。