美国法律英文备忘录
Memorandum
To: Martha Marples
From: Yang Li
Re:“driving” under the influence of alcohol
Date: unknown
Robin Shymite,our client, he has decided to drive the car after drunk 2 or 3 bears, but failed to drive as he feel too tired to drive, and then sleep in the driver’s seat. The police officer approached the car and insisted that he had the alcohol test, then the policeman put him in jail. One day later, his friend arranged for his release, and our client worried about he will lose the medical license if convicted of driving while intoxicated.
Issue: Does Shymite’s conduct constitute “driving” the car while intoxicated because he admitted he drink bears and decided to drive home when leaving the bar, though he did not actually drive the car away, but sleep instead.
Short Answer: Shymite’s conduct probably not constitutes a driving under the influence of alcohol and his action has not violated RSA 265:82, as he turned off the engine and decided not to drive the car before falling asleep. Shymite is passive and is not immediately going to control the car, rather than using the car for a rest.
Facts: Shymite drunk two or three bear in the local bar. When leaving the bar, Shymite decided to drive home, but before moving the car, he realized that he was too tired to drive. He turned off the engine. However, he left the keys in the ignition so that he could listen to the radio while resting. Approximately one and half hour later, the policemen found him in the car and woke him up. The policeman insisted he was fialed the alcohol test and put him in jail.
Discussion:
RSA 265:82 No person shall drive or attempt to drive a vehicle upon any way: (a) While such person is under the influence of intoxicating liquor or any controlled drug or any combination of intoxicating liquor and controlled drugs; or (b) While such person has an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more or in the case of a person under the age of 21, 0.02 or more.
“Dr iving” for purposes of RSA 265:82 means operating or having actual physical control of the vehicle.If the defendant had started his car before falling asleep—if so, then he was in actual physical control while awake and in the driver’s seat. The court says that the word “drive” does not necessarily mean “operate.” The court says that if the occupant of the car is totally passive and has not actively tried to control or is not imminently going to control the car, then that occupant should not be penalized by the
law. State v. Willard, 660 A.2d 1086 (N.H. 1995) (June).
“Driving” for purposes of RSA 265:82 means actual physical control of the vehicle. “Actual physical control” varies according to the facts of the case, but when it is reasonable to assume that the defendant will be imminently operating a vehicle rather than using the vehicle for stationary shelter, the defendant will be found to be in actual physical control. State v. Holloran, 669 A.2d 800 (N.H. 1995) (December)
In Williard case, the vehicle’s engine was idling, and the defendant was asleep. The court holds that if the defendant had started his car before falling asleep, he was in actual physical control while awake and in the driver’s seat. Just like the Williard, Shymite also started the car before falling asleep. His action also constitutes the actual physical control of the car. However, unlike Williard case, in this case, Shymite turned off the engine instead. Shymite has decided not to drive the car and he turned off the engine, according to this action, it is reasonable to believe Shymite is merely using the car for resting rather than driving home. Hence, though like the Willard, Shymite was in actual physical control of the car, but he is not attempt to drive the car.
In Holloran Case, the court holds that the defendant was driving and in actual physical control of his vehicle when found sitting behind the wheel, the keys in the ignition, the vehicle parked, and engine and lights off. Just like the Holloran Case, Shymite also left the key in the ignition. However, unlike Holloran Case, Shymite turned off the engine before falling asleep, and he left the key only for listening the radio while have a rest. Shymite was only using the car for shelter, and his conduct cannot constitute the actual physical control of the car. Hence, his action does not constitute a RSA 265:82 violation.
Prediction
Shymite’s conduct does not constitute a RAS 265:82 violaion. In this case, Shymite does not actually operate the car, and also not going to start the car. Provided the facts show that Shymite has changed his mind and decided not to drive instead. Hence, he did not attempt to drive the car, but stay in the car for a rest. He has turned off the engine and left the key in the ignition only for radio listening. He shall not be convicted of driving while intoxicated.
英文备忘录格式
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T o:A s s i s t a n t B o b From:Sophie Subject:On-the-job training plans Date:Oct.24,2013 I want to invite sales teachers. On-the-job training for the sales staff of our company, please arrange a two-day weekend. 1, get in touch with training project sponsor. 2, determine the time and place, the participant and duration of the project. 3, arrange two can take advantage of the weekend. 4, Welcome to sales of the teacher 5, after the end of each person need to submit a result. Notice: the plan to me, my signature rear can implement. Message: Remember to list in the plan for on-the-job training personnel list Offer of more hope: what don't understand the problems experienced director Li consulting host activities.
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第一课美国法律制度介绍 第一部分特征与特点 美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。与许多别的国家相比它是一个新的国家。同时，它还因新人口成分和新州的加入而持续更新，在此意义上，它也是新国家。但是在其它的意义上它是老国家。它是最老的“新”国家——第一个由旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家。它拥有最古老的成文宪法、最古老的持续的联邦体制以及最古老的民族自治实践。 美国的年轻（性）有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说，任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录，因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。而且其记录不仅全面，还非常浩繁。不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录，还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦（nation）之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。因此，据一个非常简单的例子，美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷，而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。 我们不能说一个文件或几个文件就能揭示出一国人民或其政府的特性。但如果横跨一百多年的千百万个文件敲出始终如一的音调，我们就有理由说这就是其主调。当千百万个文件都以同样的方式去解决同样的中心问题，我们就有理由从中得出可以被称为国民特定的确定结论。 第二部分普通法和衡平法 同英国一样，美国法律制度从方法论上来说主要是一种判例法制度。许多私法领域仍然主要是由判例法构成，广泛而不断增长的制定法一直受制于有约束力的（解释制定法的）判例法。因此，判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的。 从历史的角度来看，普通法就是由英国皇家法院的巡回法官的判决所得出的普通的一般法——优于地方法。采纳或执行某项诉讼请求是以存在法院令状这种特殊形式的诉为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉”所构成的体系。如果存在令状（于1227年），诉讼请求就可以被采纳或执行；没有法院令状（为前提）的诉讼请求就没有追索权，因而该诉讼请求也不存在。“牛津条例”（1285年）禁止创设除了“个案令状”之外的新令状，这种“个案令状”使该制度变得较为灵活了，而且导致了后来合同和侵权法的发展。 对于诉的形式的严格限制及由此产生的对追索权的限制导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的发展。“衡平”的一般意义就是寻求“公平”，即公平且善良地裁决，它最初是由国王，后来由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官颁行，以便在艰难的案件中提供救济。但是到了十四世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成了一个独立的法律制度和与一般的普通法法院一争高下的司法系统（衡平法院）。其规则和格言变得非常固定而且在某种程度上不像在其它法律制度中一样灵活。衡平法的特点有：以特定履行（或实际履行）的方式提供救济（与普通法提供补偿性损害赔偿金的救济方式形成对照）；强制令（为或者不为某项具体行为的临时或者最终法令）；渗透了整个法律制度并且能在许多场合下揭示现代法律概念的起源的所谓的衡平法格言的发展。不过，一般都是只有在普通法救济不充分时，才会出现衡平法救济。比如，优于普通法损害赔偿金被认为是不充分的，这是因为考虑到不动产所具有的唯一性，这些赔偿金无法补偿不动产购买人（的损失），就可能判以特定履行购买不动产。 与普通法一样，衡平法通过司法接纳或通过明确的制定法条款，成了美国法律的一部分。目前，这两个法律制度在许多美国司法管辖区中得以融合（始于1848年的纽约），因而，在这些司法管辖区以及联邦的实践中只存在一种形式的民事诉讼。只有为数很少的州还保留着单独的衡平法院。尽管如此，提及这一历史演变仍然是很重要的，因为它一方面解释了许多当代法律概念（如财产法中的所有权分割）的起源和意义，另一方面，它仍然与做出某些裁决有一定的关联，比如是否有权获得陪审团的审理（这仅发生与普通法的讼案中，在其它案件中仅由法官审理）。另外，这种区别将决定“通常的”普通法赔偿金救济是否适用或者是否可以使用“特别的”衡平法特定履行救济。 “判例法”代表了整个的法官造法体系，而且在现代还包括了普通法和衡平法先例。在不准确的和令人迷惑的用法中，“普通法”和“判例法”这两个术语通常被当作同义词来使用，在这里，“普通法”这个术语一般代表着法官制定的法，以示区别制定法。“判例法”总是代表着法官制定的法律，而“普通法”则相对来说，根据想表达的意思不同，要么代表普通法主题事项（即具体问题）上法官制定的法律，要么在更广范围内指所有法官制定的法律。 第二课法律职业 第一部分律师协会 法律职业的规范主要是各州的事务，每一各州对于执业许可都有其自己的要求。大多数州都要求三年的学业和法律学位。各州自行管理本州申请律师资格的书面考试。不过，几乎所有的州都利用“多州律师资格考试”，这是一种长达一天的多项选择测试，在这项考试之外，各州还会再增加一次主要是关于其本州法律的时长一天的论文考试。大多数申请人都可以通过第一次考试，而且许多失败者都会在下一次考试中通过。每年有四万多人通过这些考试，在经过人品调查之后，他们便可获准在相应的州执业许可。在获得许可之前或之后都不要求实习。到各联邦法院执业的许可规则互不相同，但一般来讲，那些获准在州最高法院执业的律师在办理一些无关紧要的手续之后即可获准在联邦法院执业。 律师执业范围通常仅限于一个地区，因为尽管律师可以代表当事人到其它地区办理事务，但是一个人只能在其获得许可的州内执业。人们习惯雇用本州的律师办理其它洲的事务。但是，只要一个人已经在其获得职业资格的州执业达一定时间（通常是五年），那么他移居到另外一个州时通常无需考试便可获得执业许可。 律师不仅可以从事法律事务，还允许从事任何其他公民能从事的事务。执业律师在企业客户的董事会中工作、从事商业或者积极参与公共事务都是很平常的事情。律师即使在成为法官、政府或者私人企业集团的雇员或者法律教师之后仍然是律师协会的会员，他们可以辞掉这些其它事务，回头开始私人执业。为了在工商业中担任重要的执行职务而放弃执业的律师人数相对较少。这一职业中的流动性和公共责任感的一个例证是哈兰·菲斯克的职业生涯，他曾多次成为一名纽约州律师、一名教授和哥伦比亚法学院院长、美国总检察长和美国最高法院首席大法官。 律师并不按照职责进行正式的划分。在英国对诉讼律师和非诉律师的区分并没有移植到美国，既不存在拥有特别或者专有出庭权的职业群体，也没有专门制作法律文书的职业群体。美国律师的业务范围包括出庭辩护、咨询和起草文书。另外，在被广泛地成为“法律执业”的范围之内，律师的业务范围是专有性的，不对其他人开放。在出庭辩护领域，这种规则非常清楚：任何个人都可以代表其自己出庭，但除了一些基层法院之外，只有律师可以代表他人出庭。不过，律师不得代表他人参与一些行政机关设立的具有司法性质的正式程序当中。在咨询和起草法律文书领域的界限并不是太清晰，比如在在联邦所得税领域的法律执业和会计执业之间就是如此。但是，纽约最高法院的一个裁决表明了大多数美国法院的严格标准，该裁决认为，一个获准在外国执业单位获准在纽约执业的律师不得在纽约对客户提供法律咨询，即使该意见仅限于该律师获准执业的该外国的法律。但是，一个外国律师可能获准在一个州执业，而且无需获得许可便可以以一个外国法律顾问的身份向美国律师提供法律咨询。 1
商务英语备忘录范例
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