城乡规划英文文献综述

合集下载

城市规划英语作文

城市规划英语作文In the modern world, city planning plays a crucial role in shaping the urban environment. It involves the design and organization of urban spaces to ensure the efficient use of resources and the well-being of residents.City planning encompasses various aspects, such as zoning, transportation, housing, and infrastructure. Zoning regulations determine how land can be used, ensuring a balance between residential, commercial, and industrial areas. Transportation planning focuses on creatingefficient networks of roads, public transit, and pedestrian pathways. Housing planning aims to provide affordable and quality housing for all residents. Infrastructure planning involves the development of utilities, such as water, electricity, and telecommunications.A well-planned city can enhance the quality of life for its residents. It can promote sustainability by reducing energy consumption, minimizing pollution, and preservinggreen spaces. It can also improve public health by providing access to healthcare facilities, recreational areas, and safe streets. Additionally, a well-planned city can boost economic growth by attracting businesses, creating job opportunities, and increasing property values.However, city planning is not without its challenges. Rapid urbanization, limited resources, and competing interests can make it difficult to create a cohesive and inclusive plan. Political factors, budget constraints, and public opposition can also hinder the implementation ofcity planning initiatives. Despite these challenges, city planners must strive to create sustainable, resilient, and livable cities for future generations.In conclusion, city planning is essential for creating vibrant, sustainable, and inclusive urban environments. By considering the needs of residents, the environment, and the economy, city planners can design cities that are functional, beautiful, and resilient. Ultimately, city planning is a dynamic and complex process that requirescollaboration, innovation, and a long-term vision for the future.。

城乡规划专业城市规划效用研究毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：绿地，城市持续发展最重要的指标：城市规划效用研究文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：城乡规划专业班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14绿地，城市持续发展最重要的指标：城市规划效用研究Francisco Gómez；José Jabaloyes；Luis Montero；Vicente De Vicente；and Manuel Valcuende摘要：本篇文章总结了在西班牙城市巴伦西亚开展的一次非常广泛的研究，即绿地在城市舒适度中起到的作用。

之前，已经研究出了组成城市环境的环境参数。

根据这些值，一系列的舒适指数被分析并被证实，这些指数证明了之前作出的决定中的最佳的行为。

同样被研究的还有绿地在公共城市空间中的作用：对太阳辐射的保留度和污染滞留容量。

根据绿地的总量，这在公式上达到了舒适指数的极限值，即通过统计相关性，测定出城市达到理论上的舒适所需的绿地的表面积。

本篇文章对城市量度的公式进行了更宽泛的分析，通过对空间和环境以更广泛的视角和更丰富的多样性的研究。

这三个舒适指数已经被巴伦西亚以最佳的运作状态表现出来了，即达到了统计学上的最确定性。

这篇文章最后研究了早前在巴伦西亚进行的绿色规划实验。

最终结果考虑到巴伦西亚的学术权威提出的保护许尔塔的建议，正是这个天然商品花园开始了巴伦西亚的形成，接着形成了欧洲地区的战略哲学和欧洲景观风俗。

现实情况是，城市地区表现出越来越多的矛盾、不健康、难管理，其中最主要的是巨大的压力在环境方面。

城市规划的英语作文

城市规划的英语作文Urban planning is a critical component of modern city management, aimed at creating sustainable, efficient, and livable environments for residents. It involves the strategic development and design of the physical and social aspects of cities, towns, and villages.The Importance of Urban PlanningUrban planning is essential for addressing the challenges of rapid urbanization. It ensures that cities can accommodate growing populations without compromising the quality of life. Planners must consider various factors, including housing, transportation, economic development, and environmental sustainability.Sustainable DevelopmentOne of the primary goals of urban planning is to promote sustainable development. This involves creating cities that are economically viable, socially inclusive, and environmentally responsible. Planners must balance the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Transportation and InfrastructureA well-planned city has efficient transportation systems thatreduce congestion and pollution. Planners often incorporate public transit, cycling lanes, and pedestrian-friendly paths to encourage alternative modes of transportation. Infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and utilities must also be strategically placed to support the city's growth.Housing and Community DevelopmentUrban planners work to provide adequate housing for all income levels. They create zoning laws and building codesthat ensure safety and affordability. Community development initiatives may include the revitalization of neighborhoods, the creation of public spaces, and the provision of amenities such as schools, parks, and healthcare facilities.Economic GrowthEconomic vitality is another key aspect of urban planning. Planners work with businesses and government to attract investment, create jobs, and foster innovation. They may develop commercial zones, industrial parks, and business districts to support economic activity.Environmental ConsiderationsPreserving the environment is a crucial part of urban planning. Planners must consider the impact of development on natural resources, wildlife habitats, and ecosystems. Strategies may include the preservation of green spaces, the implementation of green building practices, and the promotion of renewable energy sources.ConclusionUrban planning is a multifaceted discipline that requires a deep understanding of social, economic, and environmental issues. It is a collaborative effort involving architects, engineers, developers, and community members. By carefully considering the needs of the present and the future, urban planners can create cities that are vibrant, sustainable, and enjoyable places to live.。

城乡规划英语作文

城乡规划英语作文Urban and rural planning is an essential aspect of sustainable development and plays a crucial role inensuring the well-being of both urban and rural populations. Urban and rural planning involves the design andorganization of land use, infrastructure, transportation, and public spaces to create functional, attractive, and sustainable environments for people to live, work, andenjoy leisure activities.In urban areas, effective planning is necessary to address issues such as population growth, traffic congestion, housing shortages, and environmental pollution. Well-planned urban areas can provide residents with accessto essential services, recreational facilities, and employment opportunities while minimizing the negative impacts of urbanization.Similarly, in rural areas, planning is important for preserving natural landscapes, promoting agricultural productivity, and supporting rural communities. It is essential to strike a balance between economic developmentand environmental conservation in rural planning to ensure the sustainability of rural livelihoods and ecosystems.Urban and rural planning also plays a significant rolein promoting social equity and inclusivity. By providing adequate infrastructure and public services in both urban and rural areas, planning can help reduce disparities in living standards and create opportunities for all members of society to thrive.In conclusion, urban and rural planning is a complex and multifaceted process that requires careful consideration of social, economic, and environmental factors. Effective planning is essential for creating livable, sustainable, and inclusive urban and rural environments that meet the needs of present and future generations.城乡规划是可持续发展的重要组成部分，对于确保城乡居民的福祉起着至关重要的作用。

城市规划书英文报告

Title: Urban Planning ReportUrban planning plays a pivotal role in shaping the development and sustainability of cities, ensuring they meet the needs of residents while enhancing environmental quality and economic vitality. This report provides an overview of key considerations, strategies, and challenges in urban planning.1.Introduction to Urban Planning:2.Urban planning is the process of designing and shaping cities, towns, and communities. Itencompasses land use, transportation, infrastructure, housing, and environmental sustainability to create functional and livable urban spaces.3.Key Considerations in Urban Planning:o Land Use: Efficient allocation of land for residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational purposes.o Transportation: Designing accessible and sustainable transportation networks, including roads, public transit, and pedestrian infrastructure.o Infrastructure: Planning for essential services such as water supply, sanitation, energy, and telecommunications.o Environmental Sustainability: Incorporating green spaces, energy-efficient buildings, waste management systems, and strategies to mitigate climate change impacts.o Community Engagement: Involving residents, stakeholders, and businesses in the planning process to ensure inclusivity and address local needs.1.Strategies for Effective Urban Planning:o Compact Development: Promoting mixed-use developments to reduce urban sprawl and promote efficient land use.o Smart Growth: Emphasizing sustainable practices that balance economic growth with environmental stewardship.o Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Designing communities around public transportation hubs to reduce car dependency.o Green Infrastructure: Incorporating parks, green roofs, and urban forests to improve air quality, reduce heat islands, and enhance biodiversity.o Resilience Planning: Preparing cities to withstand and recover from natural disasters and climate change impacts.1.Challenges in Urban Planning:o Infrastructure Deficits: Addressing aging infrastructure and expanding services to meet growing urban populations.o Housing Affordability: Ensuring housing options are accessible to diverse income groups amid rising real estate costs.o Traffic Congestion: Managing traffic flow and reducing reliance on private vehicles through better public transit and active transportation options.o Environmental Degradation: Mitigating pollution, preserving green spaces, and promoting sustainable resource management.o Social Equity: Addressing disparities in access to services, amenities, and economic opportunities across neighborhoods.1.Case Studies and Best Practices:o Highlighting successful urban planning projects that have revitalized neighborhoods, improved public spaces, and fostered economic development.o Learning from cities that have implemented innovative solutions in transportation, housing, and environmental sustainability.1.Future Directions and Recommendations:o Emphasizing the importance of integrated planning approaches that consider social, economic, and environmental factors.o Encouraging collaboration between government agencies, private sectors, and communities to achieve sustainable urban development goals.o Investing in research and technology to advance smart city initiatives, data-driven decision-making, and resilience planning.In conclusion, effective urban planning is essential for creating vibrant, inclusive, and sustainable cities that enhance quality of life for residents while safeguarding the environment for future generations. By addressing current challenges and embracing innovative strategies, cities can become resilient hubs of opportunity and creativity in the face of global urbanization trends.。

高中生英语作文《城市规划与可持续发展》

高中生英语作文《城市规划与可持续发展》（中英文版）Urban Planning and Sustainable DevelopmentUrban planning plays a crucial role in shaping the future of our cities and ensuring their sustainable development.As the world becomes more urbanized, it is essential to focus on creating well-planned cities that balance economic growth with environmental protection and social well-being.One of the key aspects of urban planning is the efficient use of land and infrastructure.This involves careful consideration of how land is used, where housing, industries, and green spaces are located, and how transportation networks are designed.By planning our cities effectively, we can reduce traffic congestion, minimize pollution, and create more livable environments for residents.Another important aspect of urban planning is the promotion of green spaces and environmental conservation.This includes the creation of parks, gardens, and other natural areas that provide habitats for wildlife, improve air quality, and offer residents a chance to connect with nature.Additionally, sustainable practices such as rainwater harvesting, waste recycling, and the use of renewable energy sources should be integrated into city planning to reduce the environmental impact of urban areas.Furthermore, urban planning should also focus on social equity and inclusivity.This means ensuring that all residents have access to basic services such as healthcare, education, and transportation, regardless of their socio-economic status.It also involves creating diverse and vibrant communities where people of different backgrounds can live, work, and interact harmoniously.In conclusion, urban planning is essential for creating sustainable and livable cities.By carefully considering land use, promoting green spaces, and focusing on social equity, we can build cities that are environmentally friendly, economically prosperous, and socially inclusive.With effective urban planning, we can ensure a better future for ourselves and future generations.。

城乡规划英文

城乡规划英文Urban and Rural PlanningUrban and rural planning is an essential process in the development and organization of cities and towns. It involves the careful design and management of both urban and rural areas to ensure sustainable development, efficient land use, and the creation of livable communities.The primary goal of urban planning is to create functional and attractive urban spaces where people can live, work, and play. This involves various aspects such as land use, transportation infrastructure, housing, public spaces, and social amenities. Urban planners work closely with stakeholders, including local governments, developers, and community members, to develop comprehensive plans that guide the growth and development of a city. These plans address issues like zoning regulations, building codes, and environmental concerns to ensure that the city's development is sustainable and meets the needs of its residents.In contrast, rural planning focuses on the development and management of rural areas, including agricultural and natural landscapes. The main objective is to support the sustainable use of land and resources, protect the environment, and maintain the economic viability of rural communities. Rural planners work to strike a balance between agricultural activities, conservation efforts, and rural development. They may consider factors such as land preservation, resource management, infrastructure development, and the promotion of rural industries to ensure the long-term viability of rural areas.Both urban and rural planning are interrelated and interconnected, as the development of one area often impacts the other. For example, the expansion of urban areas may encroach on rural land, leading to the loss of agricultural land and natural habitats. On the other hand, the development of rural areas can provide urban areas with necessary resources and services.There are several key principles that guide urban and rural planning, including sustainability, inclusivity, and adaptability. Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This involves minimizing resource consumption, reducing pollution, and promoting resilience to climate change.Inclusivity is another important principle in urban and rural planning, as it aims to create communities that are accessible and welcoming to all residents, regardless of their socioeconomic background. This includes providing affordable housing, accessible transportation, and public spaces that cater to the diverse needs of the population.Lastly, adaptability is crucial in urban and rural planning, as it acknowledges that cities and towns are constantly evolving and facing new challenges. Planners must be flexible and able to adapt their strategies to changing conditions, such as population growth, economic shifts, and technological advancements.In conclusion, urban and rural planning plays a crucial role inshaping the development and organization of cities and towns. It encompasses various aspects such as land use, transportation infrastructure, housing, and social amenities. The principles of sustainability, inclusivity, and adaptability guide the planning process to ensure the creation of livable and resilient communities. By carefully designing and managing both urban and rural areas, we can create a better future for generations to come.。

城乡规划英语作文

城乡规划英语作文Here is an English essay on the topic of urban and rural planning, with the content exceeding 1000 words as requested.Urban and rural planning is a critical aspect of sustainable development, ensuring that communities are designed and organized in a way that promotes the well-being of both people and the environment. Effective planning involves a multifaceted approach that considers the unique needs and challenges of different geographical regions, while also addressing the broader societal, economic, and environmental implications of development.One of the primary goals of urban and rural planning is to create livable and vibrant communities that cater to the diverse needs of residents. In urban areas, this may involve the strategic placement of residential, commercial, and industrial zones, ensuring that there is a balanced mix of land uses that support local economies and provide easy access to essential services and amenities. Planners also consider the importance of green spaces, public transportation, and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, which can enhance the quality of life for urban dwellers and reduce the environmental impact of urban development.Similarly, in rural areas, planning efforts often focus on preserving the natural landscapes, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, and developing infrastructure that supports the unique needs of rural communities. This may include the construction of rural roads, the provision of reliable utilities, and the establishment of community centers that serve as hubs for social and economic activities.One of the key challenges in urban and rural planning is the need to balance the competing demands of economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity. Planners must carefully navigate these complex issues, ensuring that development decisions consider the long-term consequences and the needs of all stakeholders.For example, in rapidly growing urban areas, there is often a tension between the desire for new housing and the need to preserve green spaces and natural habitats. Planners must find ways to accommodate population growth while also protecting the environment and ensuring that development is sustainable. This may involve the implementation of smart growth strategies, such as high-density housing, mixed-use developments, and the promotion of public transportation.Similarly, in rural areas, there may be conflicts between the interestsof agricultural producers, conservationists, and local communities. Planners must work to find solutions that support the economic viability of rural areas while also preserving the natural resources and cultural heritage that are so essential to these communities.Effective urban and rural planning also requires a strong focus on community engagement and collaboration. Planners must work closely with local stakeholders, including residents, business owners, and community organizations, to understand their needs and concerns, and to develop plans that reflect the unique character and priorities of each community.This collaborative approach is particularly important in the context of climate change, which is presenting new challenges and opportunities for urban and rural planning. Planners must consider the potential impacts of climate change, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and changes in precipitation patterns, and develop strategies to mitigate these risks and build resilient communities.For example, in coastal areas, planners may need to consider the need for flood protection infrastructure, the relocation of vulnerable communities, and the preservation of natural habitats that can serve as natural buffers against storms and sea level rise. In rural areas, planners may need to support the development of sustainableagriculture practices, the diversification of local economies, and the strengthening of community-based disaster response systems.Overall, effective urban and rural planning is essential for creating communities that are livable, sustainable, and resilient. By taking a holistic and collaborative approach, planners can help to address the complex challenges facing communities around the world, and to build a more equitable and environmentally-responsible future.。

History and Civilization of the City 城市规划方面英文论文(专业、雅思、托福等可用)

History and Civilization of the CityAs a saying goes, there are a thousand Hamlets in a thousand audience's eyes, undoubtedly, a city has a great number of images in citizens' minds because every city definitely has its long-standing history and splendid civilization just like every individual has its memory. If all of our cities abandon them in order to become what called the "modern city", which is more advanced than it before, citizens would have much less impression of the city's tradition. Is this good for our cities? I suppose not. It can be imagined that if Hamlet had monotonous character, audience would no longer like it. Consequently, in my opinion, a city should not abandon its traditional civilization when in the process of urbanization.There is a concept called "urbanization", which not only means modernizing the city, but also means making the rural area alter to city. Some people, however, give an additional meaning that abandoning the traditional culture to it. Maybe, as is known to them, when taking the tradition into consideration, it is no more a significant element to the modern city. Yet as far as I know, the traditional culture is crucial and fundamental fortune. When we are facing to various type of lure, the government should not lose itself and should protect the valuable treasure. For instance, Nanjing is a big city which owns over 2470 years of history, and Nanjing was the capital of many dynasties of ancient China. In the construction, the government reserves its quadruple castles and ancient bridges of the Ming Dynasty and lots of other historical sites. In addition, establishing ten protection zones such as Ming Palace and Confucius Temple is another brilliant method to prevent the traditional civilization from damaging during the process of modernization or urbanization. There is no doubt that the government attaches great importance to it in urban construction.Thus, on the one hand, the tradition of a city is definitely a significant element and fortune which we should consider and protect in urbanization. On the other hand, it also can benefit the development of the city even the whole country.History and culture are root and soul of the city, because when citizens know the history, they know the derivation of themselves, similarly, when they understand the culture of the city, they understand the spirit of it. Furthermore, the people from other area will be attracted. There are many instances we can learn from them, such as Pingyao, Lijiang, Wuzhen, etc. They are all famous ancient towns with less tall buildings and cars. Nevertheless, their long history and various cultures attract numerous tourists every year. Taking Pingyao for the example, about ten years ago, it had already attracted 1.5 million tourists as well as earned more than 200 million from them, it can be imagine that the number is much more tremendous today. As the same time, the native people not only remember themselves’ cultures but have more chances to work for hometown, and the government have fund to protect the ancient buildings, augment the planting or prevent the pollution rather than waste money to build excess similar modern buildings. As far as I am concerned, the developing of our city cannot be separated from the history and traditional culture.As a philosopher told us, to know the passed one thousand year is to better develop the next five hundred years of the future, no matter which type of city we want in the future, we should not forget the long history and abandon the splendid traditional civilization. After all, memorizing and inheriting is our responsibility.。

城乡规划英语作文

城乡规划英语作文English:Urban and rural planning is essential for the sustainable development of cities and villages. In urban areas, proper planning ensures efficient land use, transportation infrastructure, public spaces, and residential areas to create a livable environment for the residents. It also plays a crucial role in managing population growth, reducing traffic congestion, and promoting economic development. On the other hand, rural planning focuses on preserving natural resources, promoting agricultural production, and improving the quality of life for rural residents. It includes zoning regulations, environmental protection measures, and infrastructure development to balance economic activities with environmental sustainability. Combining urban and rural planning strategies can help create harmonious and resilient communities that meet the needs of both urban and rural populations.中文翻译：城乡规划对于城市和乡村的可持续发展至关重要。

城乡规划英文文献综述

Literature review of the issue of rural tourism development and land transfer1.Overseas study on rural tourismAs the global rural economy,society,culture,environment,great changestha t have taken place,people gradually realized that rural tourism policy should foc us on the social,economic andnatural unity of purpose. Research also extends to rural tourism to rural com munities in economic,natural and social both positive and negative impacts, attr actions, travel planning, residents 'attitudes towards travel, community participation in rural tourism, protectio n of the naturaland cultural heritage as well as the relationship between rural tourism and s ustainable develo-pment of rural e the title of rural tourism, retrieve d SCI-EXPAND-ED, SSCI, CPCI-S data-bases, studies on rural tourism and reporte d a total of 195,Total of 128 reviews and journalsarticles, and overall increasing trend,judging from the country, The United St ates, China, andthe United Kingdom far more than in other countries.Meanwhile, when rural tourism and landscape co-retrieving only have 5. Instructions direc-tly that combine rural tourism and land use change studies is rare. But a careful analysis, on theexisting literature to varying degrees, also addressed issues related to land-u se.Stakeholder research on the one hand:literature on the most cited definitio n of stakehold-ers in management on the basis of research objects for their defin ition and classification. In 2002, Ryan [1] Sautter and Leisen (1999) [2] on the basi s of the potential stakeholders are updated, Proposed tour operator class of stak eholders,including local and national attractions transportat-ion suppliers,medi a,national tourismorganizations,local government tourism marketing depart-me nt,Central Government,travel agents,and ultimately consumers,hotels,local tou rism autho-rities,pressure groups and employees. Sheehan and Rstchie (2005) b ased on the "InternationalAssociation of exhibition and travel agency" management (DMO) belongs 3 89 members of thre-atening and cooperation agencies to investigate, the DMO s takeholders into four categories-su-pport, edge type, object type, and mixed-typ e [3].All these different stakeholders in land use eff-ects on rural tourism and cat egory management strategies have an important role.Guo Hua(2007)in his doctoral thesis,summarize the impact of tourism onru ral communities in the country by foreign scholars's study,these effectsare divide d into economic,social and environment generous and positive andnegative affect[4]. Not only the interests of land-use alloca-tion,price of land,land use,enviro nmental protection and awareness,the impact of land-useaspects of public administration. But from the carrier of the rural tourism,lan d linked to theperspective of these systems,find out laws,and try to avoid the negative im pact of the docume-nts is rare.In addition, Abroad scholars also from multi and reveals and research ha s village tourism of drive factors, as the city of people life rhythm is fast, vill age tourism can relea-se city life of pressure, feel easily and quiet of lifestyle; people environmental conscious-ness of enhanced; traffic, and communicatio ns, facilities of improved, improve has villagetourism to of can into sex; short-term holiday increased, work way and l eisure activitiesdiversification; on village heritage, and village traditional interest increase d; people think village ecological environment better; Passengerswant and rura l residents have real conversations, and so on.2.Domestic study on rural tourismResearch on domestic tourism in our country is also gradually increasing,from April2012in The Cnki ,you can search for the title of rural tourism to2,747results fou nd.Search by keywords found that in addition to rural tourism, "measures and" the construc tion of new count-ryside, "sustainable development," issues, "development" are more. But keywords not directlynamed for land, when we use “land and rural t ourism”and“rural tourism and land”search ,only23 articles can be found. It shows domestic rural tourism is not visibl e with attentionproblems.Same as foreign studies,scholars in terms of rural tourism impact,initially only pay atte-ntion to the importance of tourism for rural development and far mers' income effects as wellas balanced regional development and regional,urban and rural areas,the r ole of the differe-nce of worker and farmers.Scholars pay more attention t o rural tourism and integrated rolesin recent years, think of rural tourism development has contributed to socia l progressand development of the rural economy, but also to rural communities hasbrought income distribution ine-qualities, rural culture of excessive commercial ization, environmental pollution and other nega-tive impacts. Meanwhile, althou gh some scholars believe that can significantly increase farmers' income, but m ore narrow ' income benefit.Meanwhile,under the influence of foreign study,in rural tourism key words on the rese-arch,we also found that the"community involvement"and "stakeh older"phrase.Scholars not only to rural tourism community participation levels, how do different levels of analysis on ruraltourism stakeholders have been classified.Such as Wang Sujie and Li Xian g (2011) will be inv-olved in rural tourism stakeholders in the decision is divide d into communities, Government,and tourism management, tourism businesses and pressure groups etc. [5]3.Study on rural tourism siteIn tourism development and land use,in the early 1930 of the 20th centur y published byMcMurry of “Relationship between recreational activities and l and use”,study the relations-hip between land use and the development of tou rism for the first time,explicitly states thatthe urism industry is a unique and important form of land use[6]. In legal d ocuments in force inour country,there is no standardized"tourism"concept,both promulgated i n2001,"National land classification (Trial)" and "Land use classification" Prom ulgated in2007did not addressspecific standards for tourism nd use classification on tour in Chi na in addition to the Ministry of construction issued in1999"Scenic area plan ning norms" (CB50298一1999)Classification of tourist sites are basically focused on the scenic layout of lan d use within theDivision or function of scenic using partitions. The lack of classification stand ards also led to tour-ist sites, especially in the rural tourism land illegal land " hot bed" and land rent excuse. But what is important is tourism does have a lot of specificity because of its diverse nature. From theperspective of land use,tourism development,which contains the characteris tic of urban constru-ction land,but also the characteristics of agricultural land,i s a hybrid type of land use.Shen Gang (2007) from the new perspective of eco-systems to explore the s patial area ofrural tourism think that rural tourism and semi-natural ecosystems in terms o f spatialoverlaps.Tourism eco-zones can include development of the tourist area,moderateare a,control areas,ecological reserves and so on[7].Which provide some reference to the classification managementof rural tourism land.Reference：[1] Chris Ryan. Equity，management，Power sharing and sustainability - -issues of the“new tourism”[J]. Tourism Management, 2002,23(1):17-26[2] Sautter E. T. Leisen B. Managing stakeholders: A Tourism Planning Model [J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1999,26(2):312一328.[3] SheehanL. R.，Ritchie J. R. Destination Stakeholders: Exploring Identit y and Salience[J].Annals of T ourism Research, 2005 ,32(3):711一734[4] GuoHua.View of institutional change of rural tourism stakeholders mana gementresearch [D]. GuangZhou: Jinan University，2007.[5]Wang Sujie, Lixiang. Sustainable rural tourism decision-making based o n thesocial networkresearch[J]. Rural economy of China，2011(3):59-69 , 90.[6] McMurry，K. C. The Use of Land for Recreation[J]. Annals of the Association ofAmerican Ceogra-phers，1930(20):7一20.[7] Shen Gang. Regional exploration of rural tourism space based on the perspective of ecological system[J]. Arid area resources and environment，20 07 , 21(9) : 102一105Others：[8] Wu Bihu. Principles of regional tourism planning [M]. Beijing: China T ourism Press,2001[9] Hu Xiaoqin. Economic analysis of illegal land use in the development of rural tourism[J]. Economy and technology of rural，2010,21 ( 7) : 105一10 8[10]. Huang Kui. Research on rural tourism commercial land use based o n the theory ofrural land development rights[D]. Chengdu: Sichuan University, 2007.。

城乡规划英语

城乡规划英语Urban and Rural PlanningUrban and rural planning is an important aspect of managing the development and growth of cities and towns. It involves the design and implementation of policies, strategies, and regulations to ensure sustainable and orderly development. This article will discuss the key concepts and principles of urban and rural planning.One of the main objectives of urban and rural planning is to promote sustainable development. This means balancing the social, economic, and environmental needs of present and future generations. It involves making decisions that minimize the negative impacts of development on the environment and communities, while maximizing the benefits.The first step in urban and rural planning is land-use planning. This involves determining the most appropriate uses for different areas within a city or town. For example, residential areas should be located away from industrial zones to minimize the effects of pollution on residents. Green spaces and parks should also be designated to provide recreational areas for the community. Another important aspect of urban and rural planning is transportation planning. This involves designing an efficient and accessible transportation system that accounts for different modes of transport, such as cars, buses, and bicycles. It also includes the development of roads, highways, and public transport infrastructure.Infrastructure planning is also crucial in urban and rural planning. This includes the provision of basic services such as water supply, electricity, waste management, and telecommunications. Adequate infrastructure is essential for the well-being and productivity of residents.Community engagement is a critical component of urban and rural planning. It involves involving the local community in decision-making processes to ensure that their needs and concerns are addressed. This can be done through public consultations, workshops, and partnerships with community organizations.Sustainable urban and rural planning also requires considering the impacts of climate change. This includes designing resilient infrastructure that can withstand extreme weather events, and promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy sources.In conclusion, urban and rural planning plays a crucial role in managing the development and growth of cities and towns. It involves a range of activities, from land-use planning to transportation and infrastructure development. By promoting sustainable development and involving the local community, urban and rural planning can create livable, inclusive, and environmentally-friendly cities and towns.。

城市规划英文资料,原版的外国城市规划资料文献town_planning

Town PlanningPurpose of Town Planning: Town Planning aims at providing a quality living environment, facilitating economic development, and promoting the health, safety, convenience and general welfare of the community by guiding and controlling development and the use of land. Following the principle of sustainable development, town planning seeks to bring about an organized, efficient and desirable place for the community to live and work in. As land suitable for development in Hong Kong is scarce, there is a need to strike a balance in utilizing the limited land resource to meet the competing demands for housing, commerce, industry, transport, recreation, nature conservation, heritage preservation and other community needs.Planning Organisations: The Planning and Lands Branch of the Development Bureau is in charge of the policy portfolios of planning, land use, buildings and urban renewal in Hong Kong. Taking directives from the Development Bureau, the Planning Department (PlanD) is responsible for formulating, monitoring and reviewing land use at the territorial level. PlanD also prepares district/local plans, area improvement plans, the Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines as well as undertakes actions against unauthorized land uses.The principal body responsible for statutory planning in Hong Kong is the Town Planning Board (TPB). It is formed under the Town Planning Ordinance (TPO) and served by the PlanD. Comprising predominantly non-official members, the TPB oversees the preparation of draft statutory plans, considers representations to such draft plans and considers applications for planning permission and amendments to plans. There are two standing committees under the TPB, namely, the Metro Planning Committee and the Rural and New Town Planning Committee. Under the TPO, the TPB may also appoint a committee among its members to consider representations to draft statutory plans.Planning System: Hong Kong’s planning system comprises development strategies at the territorial level and various types of Statutory and Departmental Plans at the district/local level. Guiding the preparation of these plans is the Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines, relevant development related policy and principles and community views.Territorial Development Strategy:The strategy aims at providing a broad planning framework to guide future development and the provision of strategic infrastructure in Hong Kong. It also serves as a basis for the preparation of district plans. The findings of Hong Kong 2030: Planning Vision and Strategy (the HK2030 Study), a study to formulate the planning framework for Hong Kong up to 2030, were promulgated in October 2007. The HK2030 Study has adopted sustainable development as its over-arching goal. The recommended strategy, focusing on the three broad directions of providing a quality living environment, enhancing economic competitiveness and strengthening links with the Mainland, aims to help Hong Kong achieve its vision as “Asia’s world city”.With increasing economic integration and social interaction between Hong Kong and the Mainland, cross-boundary surveys are commissioned regularly to collect statistical information on various aspects of cross-boundary activities, e.g. travel pattern and behaviour, Hong Kong residents’ experience of and aspirations for taking up residence in the Mainland. The findings of these surveys provide valuable input for the planning of cross-boundary infrastructure and the formulation of development strategies. The planning study titled Coordinated Development of the Greater Pearl River Delta Townships, jointly commissioned by Hong Kong, Guangdong and Macao to formulate a regional development framework, was completed and its findings were promulgated in October 2009.Statutory Plans:Two types of statutory plans are prepared and published by the TPB under the provisions of the TPO. In 2005, the TPO was amended to streamline the plan-making process and planning approval procedures, enhance the openness and transparency of the planning system and strengthen planning enforcement control in the rural New Territories.The first type is Outline Zoning Plan (OZP) which shows the land use zones, development parameters and major road systems of an individual planning area. Areas covered by OZPs are in general zoned for uses such as residential, commercial, industrial, green belt, open space, government/institution/community uses or other specified purposes. Attached to each OZP is a Schedule of Notes showing the uses which are always permitted (Column 1 uses) in a particular zone and other uses for which prior permission from the TPB must be sought (Column 2 uses).The second type is Development Permission Area (DPA) Plan. DPA Plans are prepared to provide interim planning control, and development guidance for rural areasin the New Territories until more detailed OZPs are prepared. DPA Plans indicate broad land use zones and are also accompanied by Schedules of Notes showing Column 1 and 2 uses. DPA Plans are effective for a periodof 3 years and will be replaced by OZPs.Information on statutory plans, related guidelines and procedures as well as the agenda and decisions of the open meetings of the TPB and its Committees can be accessed online from the TPB website at .hk/tpb/ and the Statutory Planning Portal at .hk/. The public may also observe those open meetings in the Public Viewing Room located in North Point Government Offices, 333 Java Road, North Point, Hong Kong.Departmental Plans: Outline Development Plans and Layout Plans are administrative plans prepared within the framework of the statutory plans. With a much larger scale, these departmental plans show more detailed level planning parameters e.g. site boundaries, location of access points and footbridges, specific types of government or community uses to facilitate the coordination of public works, land sales and land reservation for specific uses.Views from the public are essential considerations for the formulation of development strategies and preparation of plans. Public engagement in the form of public forums, workshops, exhibitions, etc. has become a very important component of the planning process.Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines: It is a reference manual setting out the criteria for determining the scale, location and site requirements of various land uses and facilities. It is used in the preparation of town plans and planning briefs and is a tool that helps to regulate development.Urban Renewal and Regeneration: The Urban Renewal Authority (URA) is a statutory body established in 2001 to speed up the renewal of old urban areas and to execute the Urban Renewal Strategy formulated by the Government. PlanD co-ordinates with the URA under the statutory provisions in the planning of urban renewal and regeneration projects for the improvement of the old urban areas.The Government has launched a review of the Urban Renewal Strategy in 2008 in three stages – envisioning, public engagement and consensus building, and is scheduled for completion in 2010. The Strategy will provide a broad policy guidance for urban renewal in Hong Kong.New Town and New Development Areas: Large-scale new town development in the New Territories began in the early 1970s. PlanD’s District Planning Offices have worked closely with the Civil Engineering and Development Department’s Development Offices to prepare plans and oversee the development of these new towns. At present, nine new towns, namely, Tsuen Wan, Sha Tin, Tuen Mun, Tai Po, Yuen Long, Fanling/Sheung Shui, Tseung Kwan O, Tin Shui Wai and North Lantau are in various stages of development and will accommodate about four million people upon full development. However, large-scale new towns will not be pursued in the foreseeable future. Instead, medium-scale new development areas such as Kai Tak and new development areas in the New Territories will be developed.Planning Enforcement: The Town Planning Ordinance provides the Planning Authority with enforcement power against unauthorized developments (UDs) within the DPAs or the replacement OZPs. Within these areas, all developments are unauthorized unless the development is either in existence before the gazettal of the DPA Plans, permitted under the Plan or covered by valid planning permissions.PlanD’s Central Enforcement and Prosecution Section is responsible for undertaking enforcement and prosecution actions against the UDs. They investigate complaints and referrals from the public or other Government departments, and carry out regular patrols to identify possible UDs. Once a UD is confirmed, statutory enforcement and prosecution actions will be taken as appropriate. Topical Studies: PlanD also carries out a wide range of topical studies. In the light of a slower population growth projected for the next 30 years, greater planning efforts are now focused on improving the quality of the living environment and local area improvements, particularly for the older urban cores and the harbourfront.For local areas, the Pedestrian Plans for Causeway Bay, Tai Po Market and Kwun Tong, Area Improvement Plan for Tsim Sha Tsui and the Area Improvement Plan for Shopping Areas of Mongkok have been completed. Two studies on enhancing the rural township of Lau Fau Shan and Sha Tau Kok and surrounding areas are in progress. Other ongoing studies include a feasibility study on Urban Climatic Map and Standards for Wind Environment, and Air Ventilation Assessment studies for specific areas and sites.The harbour planning framework formulated under the Harbour Plan Study is now being reviewed to take into account the changing public aspirations of the harbourfront. The review is conducted in close association with the Harbour-front Enhancement Committee, an advisory committee representing a wide range of interests in the community. The harbour planning principles and guidelines have been completed and promulgated. For the waterfront areas, the Kai Tak Planning Review has been completed. and The Urban Design Study for the New Central Harbourfront is near completion and the Hong Kong Island East Harbourfront Study is ongoing.In order to formulate a planning framework to guide the future use of the large area to be released from the Frontier Closed Area, PlanD commenced a planning study titled Land Use Planning for the Closed Area to examine the development and conservation potentials of the area. The study is scheduled for completion in 2010. With a view to formulating a planning framework for the Kwu Tung North, Fanling North and Ping Che/T a Kwu Ling NDAs to address the long term housing and employment needs in Hong Kong, the North East New Territories New Development Areas Planning and Engineering Study was launched in June 2008.ThePlanning and Engineering Study on Development of Lok Ma Chau Loop, a joint effort of Hong Kong and Shenzhen, commenced in June 2009. The main objective of the Study is to formulate a comprehensive plan for development and implementation of the developments and infrastructure in the Loop as well as the area in its vicinity for the mutual benefits of both Hong Kong and Shenzhen.The Planning Study on Liantang/Heung Yuen Wai Cross-boundary Control Point and its Associated Connecting Road in Hong Kong which aims to examine the planning, land, traffic, environmental and engineering issues of the new crossing and its associated connecting road has been completed. Implementation of the new crossing has commenced and is expected to complete in 2018.Planning Information: There is a Hong Kong Planning and Infrastructure Exhibition Gallery located at G/F, Murray Road Multi-storey Car Park Building showcasing Hong Kong’s planning proposals and major infrastructure projects. For more information on town planning, please visit PlanD’s website at .hk/or visit the two Planning Enquiry Counters located at:- 17/F, North Point Government Offices,333 Java Road, North Point, Hong Kong- 14/F, Sha Tin Government Offices,1 Sheung Wo Che Road, Sha Tin, New TerritoriesFor enquiries, please call 2231 5000, fax to 2877 0389 or e-mail to enquire@.hk.Published by the Information Services Department, Planning Department Home Page address:Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government .hkGovHK Website: .hkInformation contained in this publication may be freely used.No acknowledgement is necessary.January 2010。

城乡规划专业城市规划效用研究毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

城乡规划专业城市规划效用研究毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文一、引言城市规划是指为了实现城市可持续发展和提高城市居民生活质量而进行的一系列策划和设计活动。

城市规划的效用研究是对城市规划决策的影响和效果进行评估和分析的过程。

本文旨在通过翻译和分析相关外文文献，探讨城市规划效用研究的重要性以及其在城乡规划专业中的应用。

二、城市规划效用研究的重要性城市规划效用研究是城市规划决策的重要依据之一。

通过对城市规划决策的效果进行评估和分析，可以帮助规划者更好地了解规划方案的可行性和效果，从而指导决策的制定和实施。

此外，城市规划效用研究还可以为城市规划的经济、社会和环境效益提供科学依据，促进城市可持续发展。

三、城市规划效用研究的方法和指标1. 方法城市规划效用研究可以采用定性和定量的方法进行。

定性方法主要通过专家访谈、问卷调查和案例分析等方式，对规划方案的效果进行主观评价和分析。

定量方法则基于统计学和经济学原理，通过建立数学模型和指标体系，对规划方案的效果进行客观评价和分析。

2. 指标城市规划效用研究的指标可以从经济、社会和环境三个方面进行评估。

经济指标包括城市规划对经济增长、产业结构调整和就业机会的影响等；社会指标包括城市规划对居民生活质量、社会公平和社会稳定的影响等；环境指标包括城市规划对环境质量、生态保护和资源利用的影响等。

通过综合评估这些指标，可以全面了解城市规划方案的效果。

四、城市规划效用研究在城乡规划专业中的应用城市规划效用研究在城乡规划专业中具有重要的应用价值。

首先，它可以帮助城乡规划专业的学生和从业人员更好地理解城市规划的目标和意义，提高他们的规划能力和水平。

其次，城市规划效用研究可以为城乡规划专业的决策者提供科学依据，指导他们制定和实施城市规划方案。

最后，城市规划效用研究还可以为城乡规划专业的研究者提供研究思路和方法，推动城市规划理论和实践的进步。

五、结论城市规划效用研究是城市规划决策的重要组成部分，对于实现城市可持续发展和提高城市居民生活质量具有重要意义。

英语作文万能模板城市规划

英语作文万能模板城市规划City Planning。

City planning is the process of designing and organizing the physical and social infrastructure of a city. It involves making decisions about how to use land, where to locate buildings and roads, and how to provide services such as water, electricity, and transportation. City planning is important because it helps to create cities that are efficient, sustainable, and pleasant places to live.One of the key aspects of city planning is land use. City planners must decide how to allocate land for different purposes, such as residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational use. They must also consider how to use land in a way that minimizes environmental impact and maximizes the quality of life for residents. This may involve preserving green spaces, protecting natural habitats, and creating walkable neighborhoods.Another important aspect of city planning is transportation. City planners must design transportation systems that are efficient, safe, and accessible to all residents. This may involve building roads, bridges, and public transit systems, as well as creating pedestrian and bike-friendly infrastructure. City planners must also consider how to reduce traffic congestion and air pollution, and how to accommodate the needs of people with disabilities.City planning also involves providing essential services such as water, electricity, and sanitation. City planners must ensure that these services are reliable, affordable, and environmentally sustainable. They must also plan for future growth and development, and anticipate how changes in technology and climate may affect the city's infrastructure.In addition to these practical considerations, city planning also involves creating spaces that are aesthetically pleasing and culturally significant. This may involve preserving historic buildings, creating public art installations, and designing public spaces that foster a sense of community and belonging. City planners must also consider how tocreate inclusive and diverse neighborhoods that reflect the needs and values of all residents.City planning is a complex and multifaceted process that requires collaboration and input from many different stakeholders, including government officials, urban designers, architects, engineers, and community members. It also requires a long-term perspective and the ability to anticipate and adapt to changing circumstances. Ultimately, city planning is about creating cities that are vibrant, sustainable, and inclusive places for people to live, work, and play.In conclusion, city planning is a crucial aspect of creating cities that are efficient, sustainable, and pleasant places to live. It involves making decisions about land use, transportation, essential services, and the creation of aesthetically pleasing and culturally significant spaces. City planning requires collaboration, long-term perspective, and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances. Ultimately, city planning is about creating cities that are vibrant, sustainable, and inclusive places for people to live, work, and play.。

城乡规划专业城市规划效用研究毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

之前，已经研究出了组成城市环境的环境参数。

根据这些值，一系列的舒适指数被分析并被证实，这些指数证明了之前作出的决定中的最佳的行为。

同样被研究的还有绿地在公共城市空间中的作用：对太阳辐射的保留度和污染滞留容量。

根据绿地的总量，这在公式上达到了舒适指数的极限值，即通过统计相关性，测定出城市达到理论上的舒适所需的绿地的表面积。

本篇文章对城市量度的公式进行了更宽泛的分析，通过对空间和环境以更广泛的视角和更丰富的多样性的研究。

这三个舒适指数已经被巴伦西亚以最佳的运作状态表现出来了，即达到了统计学上的最确定性。

这篇文章最后研究了早前在巴伦西亚进行的绿色规划实验。

现实情况是，城市地区表现出越来越多的矛盾、不健康、难管理，其中最主要的是巨大的压力在环境方面。

城市规划与发展毕业论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

城市规划与发展毕业论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Urban planning and development inTehranWith a population of around 7 million in a metropolitan region of 12 million inhabitants, Tehran is one of the larger cities of the world. This paper charts its planning and development through the ages, particularly since the mid-20th century, a period in which the city has gained most of its phenomenal growth. Three phases are identified in this historical process, with different types of urban planning exercised through infrastructure design and development, land use regulation, and policy development._ 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Planning, Urban growth, Iranian citiesPlanning through infrastructure design and development: foundations for growth The first phase of Tehra n’s planning refers to the period before the Second World War, whereby at least three major efforts set the framework for the city’s growth and development: walling the city (1550s) , expanding the walled city (1870s) and building a new urban infrastructure (1930s). They were all led by the government’s ability and desire to instigate change and shape the city through undertaking large-scale infrastructure projects.Tehran was a village outside the ancient city of Ray, which lay at the foot of mount Damavand, the highest peak in the country, and at the intersection of two major trade highways: the east–west Silk Road along the southern edge of Alburz mountains and the north–south route that connected the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf. Ray had been inhabited for thousands of years and was the capital of the Seljuk dynasty in the 11th century; however, it declined at the end of the medieval period, when Tehran started to grow (Lockhart, 1960).The first large-scale town planning exercise in Tehran was undertaken in 1553, with the construction of a bazaar and city walls, which were square and had gates on four sides, in accordance with the pattern of ancient Persian cities (Barthold, 1984). This set the framework for other developments that followed, and the city grew in significance, eventually to be selected in 1785 as the capital of the Qajar dynasty (1779–1925).On becoming the capital, the city swelled by courtiers and soldiers, who were followed by trades and services. From a population of 15,000 at the end of the 18th century, Tehran grew tenfold by the德黑兰的城市规划与发展1860s, with a 10th of its inhabitants now living outside the old walls (Ettehadieh, 1983). The country’s military defeats in its encounters with Britain and Russia had engendered a process of reform, which was now being extended to the capital city. The second large-scale town planning exercise in Tehran, therefore, was conducted for accommodating growth and introducing modernization and reform. Starting in 1868 and lasting for 12 years, new city walls, in the form of a perfect octagon with 12 gates, were constructed, which were more useful for growth management and tax collection than for their defensive value. Selection as the capital city and these transformations, which included a new central square, new streets, a bank, an institute of technology, a hospital, a telegraph house, hotels and European-style shops, were, according to a British observer, a ‘‘twofold renaissance’’ for Tehran (Curzon, 1892, p. 300).The city continued to grow and pressure for modernization intensified, which was manifested in the Constitutional Revolution of 1906. A modern municipality was established in 1910, transforming the old system of urban governance. After the First World War, the Pahlavi dynasty came to power and this l asted from 1925 to 1979. The new regime’s emphasis was on secularism and nationalism, which were reflected in administrative centralization, modernization of the army, expansion of bureaucracy, development of a transport network, integration of regions into a national market, and restructuring towns and cities (Abrahamian, 1982). The 1930s witnessed widespread road-widening schemes that tore apart the historic urban fabric, making them accessible to motor vehicles. The city of Tehran thus went through its third major town planning exercise. The city walls of the 1870s were far too restrictive for a growing city. By 1932, population density had doubled to 105 persons per hectare and a third of the population lived outside the walls. In addition to demographic pressure, the arrival of motor vehicles, the regime’s desire to control urban populations and to modernize the urban infrastructure led to a substantial transformation of the capital, in which it was ‘‘radically re-planned and re-built’’ (Lockhart, 1939, p. 11). New boulevards were built on the ruins of the city walls and moats, as part of a transport network of 218 km of new roads. The walled royal compound was fragmented and replaced by a new government quarter; retailers were encouraged to move to new streets and to abandon the old streets of the bazaar; and new buildings and institutions sprang up all over the city. The new street network was imposed on the winding streets of old neighborhoods, with the aims of unifying the space of the city, overcoming the traditional factional social structure, easing the movement of goods, services and military forces, strengthening the market economy and supporting the centralization of power. The city was turned into an open matrix, which was a major step in laying the foundations for further modernization and future expansion. The immediate result was the growth of the city from 310,000 inhabitants in 1932 to 700,000 in 1941.These large-scale urban planning and development phases of Tehran were all efforts at modernization, instigating and managing radical change. However, while the first phase had used distinctively ancient Persian imagery and local expertise, the second and third phases employed European images and experts, primarily from France and Germany. What these early town planning efforts shared was that they were all envisaging a particular new form and implementing it through the (re)development of the urban environment; they were all plans for a major series of physical changes executed in a relatively short period of time.The reforms in the second half of the 19th century opened up the city’s society and space to new economic and cultural patterns, and unleashed centrifugal and dialectic forces that exploded in two major revolutions. Economically, the city started to be integrated into the world market as a peripheral node. Embracing the market economy divided the city along the lines of income and wealth, while new本科毕业设计（外文翻译）cultural fault lines emerged along lifestyle and attitude towards tradition and modernity. Rich and poor, who used to live side by side in the old city, were now separated from one another in a polarizing city. Moreover, modernizers welcomed living in new neighborhoods and frequented new streets and squares, while traditionalists continued to live and work in the older parts of the city. Ever since, these economic and cultural polarizations—and their associated tensions—have characterized Iran’s urban conditions.Planning through land-use regulation: harnessing speculative developmentThe second type of planning to emerge in Tehran was in the 1960s, which saw the preparation of plans to regulate and manage future change. The city had grown in size and complexity to such an extent that its spatial management needed additional tools, which resulted in the growing complexity of municipal organization, and in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for the city.After the Second World War, during which the Allied forces occupied the country, there was a period of democratization, followed by political tensions of the start of the cold war, and strugglesover the control of oil. This period was ended in 1953 by a coup detat that returned the Shah to power, who then acted as an executive monarch for the next 25 years. With high birth rates and an intensification of rural–urban migration, Tehran— and other large cities—grew even faster than before. By 1956, Tehran’s population rose to 1.5 million, by 1966 to 3 million, and by 1976 to 4.5 million; its size grew from 46 km²in 1934 to 250 km²in 1976 (Kari man, 1976; Vezarat-e Barnameh va Budgeh, 1987).Revenues from the oil industry rose, creating surplus resources that needed to be circulated and absorbed in the economy. An industrialization drive from the mid-1950s created many new jobs in big cities, particularly in Tehran. The land reforms of the 1960s released large numbers of rural population from agriculture, which was not able to absorb the exponential demographic growth. This new labour force was attracted to cities: to the new industries, to the construction sector which seemed to be always booming, to services and the constantly growing public sector bureaucracy. Tehran’s role as the administrative, economic, and cultural centre of the country, and its gateway to the outside world,wa s firmly consolidated.Urban expansion in postwar Tehran was based on under-regulated, private-sector driven, speculative development. Demand for housing always exceeded supply, and a surplus of labor and capital was always available; hence the flourishing construction industry and the rising prices of land and property in Tehran. The city grew in a disjointed manner in all directions along the outgoing roads, integrating the surrounding towns and villages, and growing new suburban settlements. This intensified social segregation, destroyed suburban gardens and green spaces, and left the city managers feeling powerless. A deputy mayor of the city in 1962 commented that in Tehran, ‘‘the buildings and settlements have been developed by whomever has wanted in whatever way and wherever they have wanted’’, creating a city that was ‘‘in fact a number of towns connected to each other in an inappropriate way’’ (Nafisi, 1964, p. 426). There was a feeling that something urgently needed to be done, but the municipality was not legally or financially capable of dealing with this process.The 1966 Municipality Act provided, for the first time, a legal framework for the formation of the Urban Planning High Council and for the establishment of land-use planning in the form of comprehensive plans. A series of other laws followed, underpinning new legal and institutional arrangements for the Tehran municipality, allowing the Ministry of Housing and others to work together in managing the growth of the city. The most important step taken in planning was the approval of the Tehran Comprehensive Plan in 1968. It was produced by a consortium of Aziz德黑兰的城市规划与发展Farmanfarmaian Associates of Iran and Victor Gruen Associates of the United States, under the direction of Fereydun Ghaffari, an Iranian city planner (Ardalan, 1986). The plan identified the city’s problems as high density, especially in the city centre; expansion of commercial activities along the main roads; pollution; inefficient infrastructure; widespread unemployment in the poorer areas, and the continuous migration of low-income groups to Tehran. The solution was to be found in the transformation of the city’s physical, social and economic fabric (Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968). The proposals were, nevertheless, mostly advocating physical change, attempting, in a modernist spirit, to impose a new order onto this complex metropolis. The future of the city was envisaged tobe growing westward in a linear polycentric form, reducing the density and congestion of the city centre. The city would be formed of 10 large urban districts, separated from each other by green belts, each with about 500,000 inhabitants, a commercial and an industrial centre with high-rise buildings. Each district (mantagheh) would be subdivided into a number of areas (nahyeh) and neighborhoods (mahalleh). An area, with a population of about 15–30,000, would have a high school and a commercial centre and other necessary facilities. A neighborhood, with its 5000 inhabitants, would have a primary school and a local commercial centre. These districts and areas would be linked by a transportation network, which included motorways, a rapid transit route and a bus route. The stops on the rapid transit route would be developed as the nodes for concentration of activities with a high residential density. A number of redevelopment and improvement schemes in the existing urban areas would relocate 600,000 people out of the central areas (Far manfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).Almost all these measures can be traced to the fashionable planning ideas of the time, which were largely influenced by the British New Towns. In his book, The Heart of Our Cities, Victor Gruen (1965) had envisaged the metropolis of tomorrow as a central city surrounded by 10 additional cities, each with its own centre. This resembled Ebenezer Howard’s (1960, p. 142) ‘‘social cities’’, in which a central city was surrounded by a cluster of garden cities. In Tehran’s plan, a linear version of this concept was used. Another linear concept, which was used in the British New Towns of the time such as Redditch and Runcorn, was the importance of public transport routes as the town’s spine, with its stopping points serving as its foci. The use of neighborhood units of limited population, focused on a neighborhood centre and a primary school, was widely used in these New Towns, an idea that had been developed in the 1920s in the United States (Mumford, 1954). These ideas remained, however, largely on paper. Some of the plan’s ideas that were implemented, which were rooted in American city planning, included a network of freeways to connect the disjointed parts of the sprawling metropolis; zoning as the basis for managing the social and physical character of different areas; and the introduction of Floor Area Ratios for controlling development densities.Other major planning exercises, undertaken in the 1970s, included the partial development of a New Town, Shahrak Gharb, and the planning of a new administrative centre for the city—Shahestan—by the British consultants Llewelyn–Davies, although there was never time to implement the latter, as the tides of revolution were rising.Planning through policy development: reconstruction after the revolution and war The revolutionary and post-revolutionary period can be divided into three phases: revolution (1979–1988), reconstruction (1989–1996), and reform (1997–2004), each demonstrating different approaches to urban planning in Tehran.After two years of mass demonstrations in Tehran and other cities, the year 1979 was marked by the advent of a revolution that toppled the monarchy in Iran, to be replaced by a state which uneasily本科毕业设计（外文翻译）combined the rule of the clergy with parliamentary republicanism. Its causes can be traced in the shortcomings of the Shah’s model of development, which led to clashes between modernization and traditions, between economic development and political underdevelopment, between global market forces and local bourgeoisie, between foreign influence and nationalism, between a corrupt and complacent elite and discontented masses. Like the revolution of 1906, a coalition of many shades of opinion made the revolution of 1979 possible. In the first revolution, the modernizers had the upper hand, while in the second the traditionalists won the leadership. However, the attitudes of both revolutions—and the regimes that followed them—to a number of major issues, including urban development, show a preference for modernization. In this sense, both revolutions can be seen as explosive episodes in the country’s troub led efforts at progressive transformation (Madanipour, 1998, 2003).The revolution was followed by a long war (1980–1988) with Iraq, which halted economic development. Investment in urban development dwindled, while rural areas and provincial towns were favoured by the revolutionary government, both to curb rural–urban migration and to strike a balance with large cities. The key planning intervention in this period was to impose daytime restrictions on the movement of private cars in the city centre. Meanwhile, the war and the promise of free or low-cost facilities by the new government attracted more migrants to the capital city, its population reaching 6 million by 1986. The rate of population growth in the city had started to slow down from the 1950s, while the metropolitan region was growing faster until the mid-1980s, when its growth rate also started to decline (Khatam, 1993).After the revolution and war, a period of normalization and reconstruction started, which lasted for most of the 1990s. This period witnessed a number of efforts at urban planning in Tehran. Once again, urban development had intensified without an effective framework to manage it. The comprehensive plan came under attack after the revolution, as it was considered unable to cope with change. In 1998, the Mayor criticized it for being mainly a physical development plan, for being rooted in the political framework of the previous regime, and for not paying enough attention to the problems of implementation (Dehaghani, 1995).The comprehensive plan’s 25-year lifespan came to an end in 1991. A firm of Iranian consultants (A-Tech) was commissioned in 1985 to prepare a plan for the period of 1986–1996. After much delay, it was only in 1993 that the plan was finally approved by the Urban Planning High Council. This plan also focused on growth management and a linear spatial strategy, using the scales of urban region, subregion, district, area and neighbourhood. It promoted conservation, decentralization, polycentric development, development of five satellite new towns, and increasing residential densities in the city. It proposed that the city be divided into 22 districts within five sub-regions, each with its own service centre (Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004).The 1993 plan was not welcomed by the municipality, which disagreed with its assessments and priorities, finding it unrealistic, expensive, and impossible to implement. The municipality produced its own strategic plan for the period 1996–2001, known as Tehran Municipal ty’s First Plan, or Tehran 80. Rather than introducing a land-use plan as its goal, this was the first plan for the city that emphasized a set of strategies and propose d policies to achieve them. It identified the city’s main problems as shortage of resources to deliver its services; the pace and pattern of urban growth; environmental pollution; the absence of effective public transport, and inefficient bureaucracy. The municipality’s vision for the future of the city was then outlined to have six major c haracteristics: a clean city, ease of movement in the city, the creation of parks and green spaces, the development of德黑兰的城市规划与发展new cultural and sports facilities, reform of the municipal organization, and planning for the improvement of urban space, including preparation of comprehensive and detailed plans for land use and conservation (Shahrdari-e Tehran, 1996).The municipality implemented part of the proposals, such as increasing the amount of green open spaces in the south, or constructing new parts of the motorway network, which was proposed by the 1968 plan; opening large parts of the city to new development, and easing movement across the city. Following the advice of the 1993 plan, the municipality relaxed FAR limits and allowed higher densities through bonus zoning. This, however, was not based on planning considerations, but was mainly to bring financial autonomy to the municipality. This proved to be popular with the development industry, but controversial with citizens. Developers could build taller buildings by paying fines to the municipality, in a policy popularly known as ‘‘selling density’’, without having to show their impacts on the surrounding environment. The face of the city, particularly in its northern parts, was transformed in a short period, consisting of medium to high-rise buildings connected through wide streets and motorways. In the poorer south, a major redevelopment project, Navab, cut a motorway through the dense and decayed fabric, building gigantic superstructures on each side. The city’s administrative boundaries were expanded twice, once outward and then westward, to encompass 22 district municipalities in 700 km².This controversial period of reconstruction was followed by a period of democratic reform, which re-launched an elected city council for the city, which at first caused institutional confusion about its relationship with the mayor and the municipality. The council published its own vision of the city as Tehran Charter in 2001, which was the summary of the principles agreed between council members, non-governmental organizations, and urban experts at a congress about the subject. The Charter adopted sustainability and democracy as its key principles, which were used to develop strategies for natural and built environments, transport, social, cultural and economic issues, urban management, and the city’s regional, national and international roles (Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004).Currently, detailed plans are being prepared for the city’s 22 districts, and work is unde r way on a strategic plan to link these detailed plans and to guide the future development of the city as a whole. Even though the city is more integrated and democratic than before and has a more coherent approach to planning (Hourcade, 2000), some authorities still see plans as isolated documents, rather than seeing planning as a continuous process. Land use plans are produced by private sector consultants for a specified period. The role of the municipality is merely implementation of these plans, rather than generating and revising them. New schemes for urban motorways and large-scale radical redevelopment of the central and decayed areas continue to be prepared and implemented. The last mayor, who was elected the president of the republic in 2005, was a civil engineer, putting road building schemes high on his agenda, even aiming to widen parts of the most beautiful boulevard in the city (Vali Asr) to ease traffic flows. Meanwhile, the city continues to suffer from acute social polarization, high land and property prices, heavy traffic congestion and some of the worst atmospheric pollution in the world, and remains unprepared for any serious earthquake.Managing change in a metropolisLeaving aside the earlier phases, the key urban planning stages in the 20th century (1930s, 1960s, 1990s) show some broad similarities: they mark the periods of relative economic and political strength, in which at once urban development flourishes and the government feels able enough to manage growth. Iran’s oil econo my is so much integrated with the global economy that these periods parallel the international economic cycles and periods of urban development booms. These planning stages also本科毕业设计（外文翻译）show cyclical development pressure, cyclical attention to planning matters, within an overall move towards democratic urban governance, to sophistication of municipal organization and city planning approaches, which are nevertheless far behind the momentous process of urban growth and development. The main focus has remained management of physical development. Each phase, however, has added a new dimension to city planning: from design to regulation and policy development; each new approach adding to the complexity of the process, rather than replacing the previous approach.The other feature they all share is their preference for redevelopment, which is the hallmark of a country with a young population caught in the fever of modernization, despite its upheavals and setbacks. Post-revolutionary governments claimed to revive many traditional forms and practices, as a reaction to radical modernization of the past. In relation to the built environment, however, they have shown strong modernist tendencies, with redevelopment remaining their favourite device, similar to previous generations. This is mainly due to the pressure for change that characterizes the modern history of Iran, as reflected in the advent of two revolutions, i.e., radical breaks from the past. It is also partly due to institutional continuity, whereby legal and institutional arrangements for urban planning remained almost intact, despite change of individuals, and despite structural changes at the higher levels of government after 1979. Also, the expert communities and their technocratic culture passed through the revolution without major internal changes, despite the flight of many professionals from the country.Tehran’ governance has been dominated by the central government. Although the municipality has grown in size and complexity, it is still under the shadow of government ministries, even after the launch of an elected city council and a degree of financial autonomy. It is only charged with implementing the plans, rather than preparing them; and yet it is expected to have financial autonomy, resulting in controversial ways of implementing or changing planning regulations. It is only charge d to manage its 22 districts, and yet the urban region covers 5 million inhabitants outside the city’s boundaries. Without empowering the municipality to take full control of planning for its jurisdiction within a democratic and accountable framework, and to collaborate with other authorities in charge of the urban region, planning and management of the metropolis remain less than effective.ConclusionTeh ran’s planning history shows early stages in which new infrastructure was designed and developed by the government as part of its strategy for modernization and growth management. The intensity of speculative development after the Second World War met the demands of the exponential growth of the city’s population. This, however, needed to be controlled and regulated through a planning process, which produced Tehran’s comprehensive plan of 1968. Within a decade, the revolution interrupted its implementation, and growth could only be managed through piecemeal efforts. The period of reconstruction in the 1990s relaxed some of the limits of the 1968 plan, which showed the urgent need for an updated planning framework. Several planning documents were launched in this period, which show a stronger role for the municipality and attention to policy development. Work on a strategic plan for the city continues today. These plans all have much that has remained unimplemented, although they have managed to some extent to steer the course of events and develop a more sophisticated approach to planning. And yet social and economic upheavals of the past three decades, the intensity of speculative development—especially since the Second World War—and the speed of events seem to have left the city authorities and citizens alike feeling trapped in a turmoil, lagging behind the events, and unable to manage change. The city continues to suffer from a range of problems, including traffic德黑兰的城市规划与发展congestion, environmental pollution, and unaffordable property prices.德黑兰的城市规划与发展摘要：德黑兰是世界上较大的城市之一，拥有居民人口1200万，都市人口约700万，本文主要介绍其规划和历代的发展，特别是自20世纪中期，在这个时期城市获得了其最显着的增长。

城乡规划英语作文

Urban and Rural Planning: Shaping theFuture of Our CommunitiesUrban and rural planning is a crucial aspect of sustainable development, aiming to create habitable, functional, and aesthetically pleasing environments. It involves the strategic design and management of thephysical layout of cities, towns, and villages, taking into account social, economic, and environmental factors. The importance of urban and rural planning cannot be overstated, as it has profound impacts on the quality of life, social well-being, and economic prosperity of communities.One of the key objectives of urban and rural planningis to ensure the efficient use of land resources. This involves identifying suitable areas for different types of development, such as residential, commercial, andindustrial, while protecting environmentally sensitiveareas and agricultural land. By carefully planning thelayout of urban and rural areas, planners can minimize the need for future redevelopment and avoid wasteful sprawl.Another important aspect of urban and rural planning is the provision of infrastructure and facilities. Thisincludes roads, bridges, water supply systems, sewage treatment plants, parks, and other amenities that are essential for a functional and habitable community. By planning the location and capacity of these facilities, planners can ensure that they are accessible and sustainable, meeting the needs of the present and future generations.Moreover, urban and rural planning plays a crucial role in promoting social inclusivity and equity. By considering the needs and aspirations of different groups within the community, planners can create environments that are inclusive and welcoming. For instance, they can plan for mixed-income housing developments that provide affordable housing options for low-income families, or create public spaces that cater to the needs of the elderly and people with disabilities.In addition, urban and rural planning contributes to environmental sustainability by promoting the efficient use of resources and reducing the environmental impacts of development. Planners can encourage the use of renewable energy sources, promote green building practices, andincorporate natural features into the urban landscape to create more resilient and sustainable communities.In conclusion, urban and rural planning is an essential component of sustainable development, shaping the future of our communities. It involves the strategic design and management of the physical layout of cities, towns, and villages, considering social, economic, and environmental factors. By ensuring the efficient use of land resources, providing infrastructure and facilities, promoting social inclusivity and equity, and contributing to environmental sustainability, urban and rural planning can create habitable, functional, and aesthetically pleasing environments that enhance the quality of life and social well-being of communities.**城乡规划：塑造我们社区的未来**城乡规划是可持续发展的重要组成部分，旨在创造宜居、实用且美观的环境。

城乡规划作品集英语作文

城乡规划作品集英语作文1. The urban and rural planning works are essential for the development of cities and villages. They help to organize the layout of buildings, roads, and green spaces, creating a harmonious environment for people to live and work in.2. When designing urban and rural areas, planners need to consider the needs of the local community, such as transportation, housing, and public facilities. They also have to take into account the natural environment and cultural heritage to preserve the unique character of each place.3. Good urban and rural planning works can improve the quality of life for residents, by providing better infrastructure, public spaces, and amenities. It can also contribute to economic development, by attracting businesses and investment to the area.4. In some cases, urban and rural planning works may face challenges, such as limited resources, conflicting interests, or resistance from the local population. Planners need to find creative solutions to address these issues and ensure the success of their projects.5. The role of urban and rural planners is crucial in shaping the future of our communities. By carefully considering the needs of the people and the environment, they can create sustainable and vibrant places for everyone to enjoy.6. In conclusion, urban and rural planning works are vital for creating well-designed and functional spaces for people to live, work, and socialize in. It requires careful consideration of various factors, and the ability to overcome challenges to achieve successful outcomes.。

城市规划中英文对照外文翻译文献

城市规划中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Rigid-flexible and economic - on the Beijing-controlled regulation block level awareness and considerAbstract: The article, through the traditional regulatory detailed planning analysis, pointing out that the planning results difficult to translate into public policy planning and management, in the face of a lack of adaptability to changes in the market can not be directly related to macroeconomic issues such as convergence planning. Then put forward in recent years through the Beijing neighborhood-level case-control regulatory interpretation, introduction and analysis, study the preparation of district level (2-3 square unit) of the control regulation in response to the traditional regulatory control problem often encountered when has the advantage and flexibility, in particular, to highlight it for the planning and management department can provide a new tool for management and coordination and more flexible to deal with complex changes in the market diversity, the protection of the Government of the characteristics of public service functions. Finally, the future also need to block-level control regulation of the legal status of the application of planning and management tools, the traditional elements of space control and guide and so on to conduct in-depth study and discussion.Key words: block-control regulations controlling the detailed planning of rigid and flexible planning1.Traditional control regulations in the preparation of the practical problems facingTraditional regulatory plan, since the emergence of the last century 90's has been in the interests of all of the game and balance problems are. The crux of the matter focused on how to coordinate the planning required to manage the rigid control and flexible response to market adaptability on:1.1Traditional regulatory control can not fully reflect the transformation of government functionsTraditional regulatory control can only be a direct reflection of the general land development and construction of the nature and intensity, as well as the embodiment of city space environment harmonization and unification of the core concerns are space and vision on the aesthetic effect, planners through a series of indicators to determine spatial form of land control. This form at all-fit-oriented government under the guidance of implementation, "a chess city" in the development and construction.With the deepening of reform, the government functions under the planned economic system by the all-around type to a service-oriented transformation of the functions of the Government focuses on government control and the provision of public services two aspects: First, we must deal with social activities in the various questions, function of maintaining social stability and order; two social development is to provide the necessary public goods, in particular, the market can not afford or are unwilling to provide public goods. At city-building, more and more real estate enterprises and industrial enterprises have become the mainstay of city development and construction, more and more with the right to speak, when the government must release the necessary permissions in order to play the role of market mechanisms, while at the same time be able to achievemaintaining the social function of stability, and ensure the supply of public goods, needed to reflect the Government represented by the maximization of public interest, this is not the original space-based content-control regulations can be reflected.1.2Traditional regulatory control results to the transformation of public policy have a considerable gap City planning as a public policy, determined at the overall planning of urban and rural spatial distribution, the city's public resources to conduct an effective configuration of the living environment to make the corresponding request, the need for further construction of the city to conduct a comprehensive coordination, guidance and restraint, and made available to the management of the T own Planning Department of a management tool. Traditional control regulations although the preparation of a comprehensive set of control indicators and measures, but because of its factual findings to the block-type control chart is provided in the form of a lack of overall balance is always the aspect as well as the flexibility to respond to changes in the market.Common situation is: immediately after the recent construction sites will have to put in complicated and ever-changing market situation, often want to change the nature of the land, improve the rate of volume and height, adjust the layout of such request, then the planning and management department, the general Choose only the traditional outcome of outside regulatory control, through the block, the conditions for the demonstration, the addition of a planning conditions change and audited proof aspect, from the audited results, because of the lack of adequate planning at the restrictive conditions, improve lot of floor area ratio, a high degree of planning control to adjustthe conditions of application can only "successfully" through. A lot of planning and management department have met with a similar dilemma: developer proposed to control the regulation of a plot to determine floor area ratio from 1.5 to 1.8 adjust, whether it is technically from the planning or management of policy, can not find the reasons for denying the application, and if these separate plots look all passed, up from the overall regulatory control is equivalent to waste a still, "there is no space under the management of poor-control regulation has been hard to manage."1.3 Changing market demand in the face of too rigidAccording to regulations covering the preparation of full-control regulation, in the face of long-term with no fixed pattern of development and development of the main city of the new area, can only rely on the experience and the limited regulatory requirements to set a blueprint for the ultimate, often required the assumption that the area will attract Whatis the nature of the industry, and what mode of transportation and living elements and so on. Often wait until the need to implement when the city-building mechanisms have taken place in very many changes in the main body of investment, development patterns, construction and operation of regional mechanisms and so on with the original planning assumptions are inconsistent, industry, transport, mode of living have been Ultra-out the original, this time charged with the regulation already completed will become very out of date.1.4 Upper face of the macro-planning difficult docking requirementsOverall planning in order to meet the needs of urban and rural economic and social comprehensive, coordinated andsustainable development requirements, tend to make some macro measures such as content development model. These property with public policy measures, in order to land for the purpose of the traditional regulatory control it is difficult to fully reflect and docking. Beijing Daxing Metro as an example: In accordance with the "Beijing Urban Master Plan (2004 -2020 years)", Daxing Beijing Metro are the future-oriented regional development important node, in Beijing, the development of an extremely important strategic position, will guide the development of biological medicine, modern manufacturing, as well as commercial logistics, culture, education and other functions, are carrying the future city of Beijing to ease the population centers and functions of one of 11 Metro. 2020 Metro style scale land use planning 65 square kilometers, population 600,000 people scale.Prior to this, as are Beijing's Daxing county, to carry out the construction of satellite towns, the status quo conditions and Metro Planning has a larger gap between the objectives, the lack of sufficiently attractive to the urban areas can not effectively alleviate the stress. For instance: the lack of public facilities, facilities standards have been too low, with the center city poor transport links and so on. How to achieve the status quo to the Metro from the blueprint for change? At "Daxing Metro Planning (2005 -2020 years)" from the Metro's construction to start the implementation process, identified through the construction of rail transit, urban road construction, public service facilities, the transfer of administrative functions, cultural and educational function of the introduction of the introduction of leading industries six elements of the main construction of the Metro guide: the role of these elements together, and based on theirspatial characteristics influence thescope and timing on reasonable arrangements to promote the development of Metro's construction, so that Metro be able to at the planning blueprint for the status quo gradually on the foundation can be achieved.Epistasis plans face similar macro-planning requirements, is clearly not a specific plot plan can be fully reflected in, let alone to cope with up to 15 years in the planning of the implementation process of various elements of the Change.2. Block-level regulatory control of the preparation of the contents of the formIn recent years, Beijing made the preparation of block-level control rules to deal with from a certain extent on the traditional block-control regulations that prevail in question. Metro style neighborhoods to control regulation as an example:First of all, divided into blocks. At "Daxing Metro Planning (2005 -2020 years)" the division of seven patches, three groups on the basis of the General consider regional characteristics, the layout of public service facilities, municipal service capacity transport facilities and space environmental capacity and other influencing factors to the Neighborhood (between block and block units, with a river, natural obstacles, primary and secondary roads, street boundaries offices, special function areas such as border Kaifong boundary) for the division of units, divided into 38 blocks , each block 2 ~ 3 square kilometers.Then, in the Metro to determine the scope of the whole block of lead, construction and classification of the total construction scale, construction baseline height, strength of construction elements of the scope. Metro based planning, decomposition of the implementation of the dominant features of each block, thatis blocks the function of positioning and the main direction of development to determine the largest block of land and has assumed a leading role in the nature of the land; from the overall economic strength and functions of the positioning of a comprehensive traffic capacity, public facilities Service capacity, municipal facilities, service capabilities, the capacity of the space environment in five aspects, such as integrated carrying capacity analysis, will be Metro's 600,000 population overall refinement scale decomposition to the block level, and to determine the total amount of block construction and classification of scale construction; in accordance with the Metro morphological characteristics of the overall space to determine the building height control framework and four baseline height, divided into low(18 m), Medium (18-45 meter), high (45-60 m) and 60 meters above 4, the implementation of each blocks range of benchmarks; to improve the living environment in accordance with the overall goals and other conditions, strength of construction will be divided into blocks of low-density, medium density, high-density third gear.And, through a comprehensive analysis of the status quo, implement the above decomposition of the conditions, separately for each block to determine the nature and scale, the configuration of the facilities and arrangements, a high degree of control elements, such as urban design, implementation timing, but also questions the need for further research, etc. specific content, which will eventually block the plans submitted in the form of results.3.1Effective extension of epistatic planning, for planning and management to facilitateTo block as a unit, decomposition and quantify the epistatic planning functions and development goals, and clearly the general character of each neighborhood and the development of intensity differences, in fact this job is to regulate, such as the total epistatic to quantify the macro-planning process. To block as a unit for total control and balance, ease of basic facilities at all levels, public service facilities, urban safety facilities, transportation facilities, to conduct an overall balanced layout, more conducive to neighborhoods as a unit for analysis and monitoring. Beijing have been identified as a further refinement put blocks of land plots to control the minimum regulatory scope of the study and city planning and management of the basic unit.Dominant in determining the neighborhood function, construction and classification of the total construction scale, construction baseline height, strength of construction scope of the facilities after the configuration of such factors, whether developers are still at all levels of government to entrust the preparation of land-control regulations, planning and management departments have a strong public policy based on quantifiable and can be used to guide and monitor the preparation of regulatory control block content, can ensure the configuration of the various facilities such as the contents of rigidity to the implementation, but also be able to through the overall control and strength to the block classification must control regulations left behind the flexibility of space.3.2 Responding flexibly to market changesBlock-level control regulations after wide coverage, its construction and classification of the total construction scale of indicators as the preparation of the detailed planning of the next level of control conditions, the guidance of land developmentand construction of concrete blocks at the scope of activities carried out within the overall balance. Block unit through the benchmark land prices, ownership, facilities, supply capacity factors such as a comprehensive assessment can be reflected to some extent on location, infrastructure conditions, such as market-sensitive elements on the differences in regulatory control in the preparation of land, they can further study the market demand effectively adjust to allow the market to be able to in the government's macro-control of the allocation of resources to play its basic role.At the same time, district-level planning at the preparation of regulatory control after the completion of the management of the implementation process can also be quantified using a variety of control means to effectively deal with changes in the market. To floor area ratio as an example, at district level because of regulatory control, the set up of the neighborhood's population and the total construction volume of construction and classification of the concept of a land plot development and construction are necessary to adjust the strength of blocks related to the total changes and changes in the demand for associated facilities, so that at least from the district coordination framework to achieve the purpose of breaking the individual review of the original plot to control the lack of indicators adjust based on the embarrassment, from the process reflects on the changes in construction activity the surrounding urban environment brought about by the impact. On this basis, the study implemented a similar "transfer of development rights" of the administrative system before operational.3.3Highlight the protection of the Government's public service functionsBlock-level control regulations, all land classified as Class A land (for the city to provide basic support and services) and Class B land (Government under the guidance of the market development of land), as well as X-type sites (sites to be studied) three categories. One of, A-type sites are the main green space, infrastructure, public service facilities, etc. must have a public property, mainly by the Government as an investment and management entities of the public space, its emphasis on the priority the implementation of space, thereby protecting the public interest priority . Comparativelyspeaking, the original concern of the traditional regulatory control elements at street level space of the controlled regulation of "take a back seat," the.4.Also necessary to further explore the question:In general, block-level regulatory control to add a meso-level studies, preparation of regulatory control block provides a fresh discussion of the work platform, as well as planning and management provided some actionable public policy basis for improved traditional regulatory control of some problems. However, block-level control regulation as a new thing also have a number of issues need to be further explored and research:First of all, the necessary clarity of its legal status and recognition. Because ofblock-level control is a regulation relating to a variety of factors (population, the facilities and so on) the overall balance of technological achievements, in particular, are some of the priority the protection of the facilities involved in city construction and operation of other government departments, administrative actions, a reasonable decide the legal status of its coordination and control of the key. Moreover, as the capital ofBeijing and municipalities, and other city planning and construction management system must have differences in this municipality in Beijing can well-established system should not be able to copy to the city in general go. How to promote neighborhood-level control regulatory experience gained enhance the legitimacy of its reasonable, but also required further study.Secondly, the required supporting management measures on the corresponding.Block-level control regulation is not only a many-level planning so easy that it give planning and management in the overall planning and control regulation of traditional land between the development of a new management platform, therefore, should give full play to its role, from the can not be supporting the planning and management measures on innovation. Such as in the control plots on the regulation of convergence can be the implementation process for some of the demand, derived from "transfer of development rights" and other related management measures and control means.Finally, the traditional elements of how the matching Spaces guide. Block-level control regulations to strengthen the government's public service functions, improve the public benefits of priority, relatively speaking, the traditional elements of the shape is relatively weakened. Visual imagery, body mass, Feel places the elements of these traditional control regulations usually take into account urban design elements, not at street level regulatorycontrol to be reflected, then the block-level control regulations should be space elements which control what should be done about the city on the block level design elements toguide them accordingly? Looking forward to the future as soon as possible answers to those questions.References1, Beijing City Master Plan (2004 -2020 years)2, Tai Hing Metro Planning (2005 -2020 years)3, Tai Hing New regulatory plan (block level) .2007 years4, WEN Zong-yong. Control the underlying causes of regulatory changes and countermeasures. Beijing plans to build 2007 (5) :11-135, Yang Chun. Beijing City Center, the preparation and implementation of regulatory control of the background. Beijing plans to build 2007 (5) :14-156, Yang Jun, Yang Ziming. Beijing-controlled regulation of 1999-2006. Beijing plans to build 2007 (5) :37-407,Guohui Cheng,Li Shi, HUANG Jie. Rigid-flexible and relief: for controlling the operation of the detailed planning. Town Planning .2007 (7) :77-808, Lin audience. Public Management from the Perspective of the adaptive control consider the detailed planning. Planners .2007 (4) :71-749, Wang Yin, Jun Chen. "Sharpen come true" - Interpretation of the Beijing Municipal Area "Control Regulation", prepared yesterday and today .. Beijing plans to build .2007 (5) :23-26 10, Lan Zhou, Ye Bin, Xu Yao. Explore the detailed planning of the management control system architecture. .2007 City planning (3) :14-1911, Li Tian. Our country controlled detailed planning and a way out of confusion. .2007 City planning (1) :16-2012, city planning approach to make People's Republic of China Ministry of Construction No. 146 2005-12-31刚柔并济——对北京街区层面控规的认识与思考摘要文章通过对传统的控制性详细规划进行分析，指出规划成果难以转化为规划管理的公共政策、面对市场变化缺乏应变能力、无法直接与宏观规划衔接等问题。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

Literature review of the issue of rural tourism development and land transfer 1.Overseas study on rural tourismAs the global rural economy,society,culture,environment,great changesthat have taken pla ce,people gradually realized that rural tourism policy should focus on the social,economic and natural unity of purpose. Research also extends to rural tourism to rural communities in economi c,natural and social both positive and negative impacts, attractions, travel planning, residents ' attitudes towards travel, community participation in rural tourism, protection of the natural and cultural heritage as well as the relationship between rural tourism and sustainable develo-pment of rural e the title of rural tourism, retrieved SCI-EXPAND-ED, SSCI, CPCI-S data-bases, studies on rural tourism and reported a total of 195,Total of 128 reviews and journals articles, and overall increasing trend,judging from the country, The United States, China, and the United Kingdom far more than in other countries.Meanwhile, when rural tourism and landscape co-retrieving only have 5. Instructions direc-tly that combine rural tourism and land use change studies is rare. But a careful analysis, on the existing literature to varying degrees, also addressed issues related to land-use.Stakeholder research on the one hand:literature on the most cited definition of stakehold-ers in management on the basis of research objects for their definition and classification. In200 2, Ryan [1] Sautter and Leisen (1999) [2] on the basis of the potential stakeholders are updated, Proposed tour operator class of stakeholders,including local and national attractions transportat-ion suppliers,media,national tourismorganizations,local government tourism marketing depart-ment,Central Government,travel agents,and ultimately consumers,hotels,local tourism autho-rities,pressure groups and employees. Sheehan and Rstchie (2005) based on the "International Association of exhibition and travel agency" management (DMO) belongs 389 members of thre-atening and cooperation agencies to investigate, the DMO stakeholders into four categories-su-pport, edge type, object type, and mixed-type [3].All these different stakeholders in land use eff -ects on rural tourism and category management strategies have an important role.Guo Hua(2007)in his doctoral thesis,summarize the impact of tourism onrural communitie s in the country by foreign scholars's study,these effectsare divided into economic,social and en vironment generous and positive andnegative affect[4]. Not only the interests of land-use alloca-tion,price of land,land use,environmental protection and awareness,the impact of land-use aspects of public administration. But from the carrier of the rural tourism,land linked to the perspective of these systems,find out laws,and try to avoid the negative impact of the docume-nts is rare.In addition, Abroad scholars also from multi and reveals and research has village to urism of drive factors, as the city of people life rhythm is fast, village tourism can relea-se city life of pressure, feel easily and quiet of lifestyle; people environmental conscious-ness of enhanced; traffic, and communications, facilities of improved, improve has village tourism to of can into sex; short-term holiday increased, work way and leisure activities diversification; on village heritage, and village traditional interest increased; people think village ecological environment better; Passengerswant and rural residents have real conversations, and so on.2.Domestic study on rural tourismResearch on domestic tourism in our country is also gradually increasing,from April2012 in The Cnki ,you can search for the title of rural tourism to2,747results found.Search by key words found that in addition to rural tourism, "measures and" the construction of new count-ryside, "sustainable development," issues, "development" are more. But keywords not directly named for land, when we use “land and rural tourism”and“rural tourism and land”search , only23 articles can be found. It shows domestic rural tourism is not visible with attention problems.Same as foreign studies,scholars in terms of rural tourism impact,initially only pay atte-ntion to the importance of tourism for rural development and farmers' income effects as well as balanced regional development and regional,urban and rural areas,the role of the differe-nce of worker and farmers.Scholars pay more attention to rural tourism and integrated roles in recent years, think of rural tourism development has contributed to social progressand devel opment of the rural economy, but also to rural communities hasbrought income distribution ine-qualities, rural culture of excessive commercialization, environmental pollution and other nega-tive impacts. Meanwhile, although some scholars believe that can significantly increase farmers ' income, but more narrow ' income benefit.Meanwhile,under the influence of foreign study,in rural tourism key words on the rese-arch,we also found that the"community involvement"and "stakeholder"phrase.Scholars not only to rural tourism community participation levels,how do different levels of analysis on rural tourism stakeholders have been classified.Such as Wang Sujie and Li Xiang (2011) will be inv-olved in rural tourism stakeholders in the decision is divided into communities, Government, and tourism management, tourism businesses and pressure groups etc. [5]3.Study on rural tourism siteIn tourism development and land use,in the early 1930 of the 20th century published by McMurry of “Relationship between recreational activities and land use”,study the relations-hip between land use and the development of tourism for the first time,explicitly states that the urism industry is a unique and important form of land use[6]. In legal documents in force in our country,there is no standardized"tourism"concept,both promulgated in2001,"National lan d classification (Trial)" and "Land use classification" Promulgated in2007did not address specific standards for tourism nd use classification on tour in China in addition to th e Ministry of construction issued in1999"Scenic area planning norms" (CB50298一1999) Classification of tourist sites are basically focused on the scenic layout of land use within the Division or function of scenic using partitions. The lack of classification standards also led to tour-ist sites, especially in the rural tourism land illegal land " hotbed" and land rent excuse.But whatis important is tourism does have a lot of specificity because of its diverse nature. From the perspective of land use,tourism development,which contains the characteristic of urban constru-ction land,but also the characteristics of agricultural land,is a hybrid type of land use.Shen Gang (2007) from the new perspective of eco-systems to explore the spatial area of rural tourism think that rural tourism and semi-natural ecosystems in terms of spatialoverlaps. Tourism eco-zones can include development of the tourist area,moderatearea,control areas,ecol ogical reserves and so on[7].Which provide some reference to the classification management of rural tourism land.Reference：[1] Chris Ryan. Equity，management，Power sharing and sustainability - -issues of the “new tourism”[J]. Tourism Management, 2002,23(1):17-26[2] Sautter E. T. Leisen B. Managing stakeholders: A Tourism Planning Model [J]. Annal s of Tourism Research, 1999,26(2):312一328.[3] SheehanL. R.，Ritchie J. R. Destination Stakeholders: Exploring Identity and Salience [J].Annals of Tourism Research, 2005 ,32(3):711一734[4] GuoHua.View of institutional change of rural tourism stakeholders managementresearch[D]. GuangZhou: Jinan University，2007.[5]Wang Sujie, Lixiang. Sustainable rural tourism decision-making based on thesocial network research[J]. Rural economy of China，2011(3):59-69 , 90.[6] McMurry，K. C. The Use of Land for Recreation[J]. Annals of the Association of American Ceogra-phers，1930(20):7一20.[7] Shen Gang. Regional exploration of rural tourism space based on the perspective of ecological system[J]. Arid area resources and environment，2007 , 21(9) : 102一105Others：[8] Wu Bihu. Principles of regional tourism planning [M]. Beijing: China Tourism Press, 2001[9] Hu Xiaoqin. Economic analysis of illegal land use in the development of rural tourism [J]. Economy and technology of rural，2010,21 ( 7) : 105一108[10]. Huang Kui. Research on rural tourism commercial land use based on the theory of rural land development rights[D]. Chengdu: Sichuan University, 2007.。