反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等(中英文对照)
中英对照-中华人民共和国对外贸易法 Foreign trade law
中华人民共和国对外贸易法（中英文对照）2004年4月6日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第八次会议修订中华人民共和国主席令第十五号《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》已由中华人民共和国第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第八次会议于2004年4月6日修订通过，现将修订后的《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》公布，自2004年7月1日起施行。
中华人民共和国主席胡锦涛2004年4月6日目录第一章总则第二章对外贸易经营者第三章货物进出口与技术进出口第四章国际服务贸易第五章与对外贸易有关的知识产权保护第六章对外贸易秩序第七章对外贸易调查第八章对外贸易救济第九章对外贸易促进第十章法律责任第十一章附则第一章总则第一条为了扩大对外开放，发展对外贸易，维护对外贸易秩序，保护对外贸易经营者的合法权益，促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展，制定本法。
第二条本法适用于对外贸易以及与对外贸易有关的知识产权保护。
本法所称对外贸易，是指货物进出口、技术进出口和国际服务贸易。
第三条国务院对外贸易主管部门依照本法主管全国对外贸易工作。
第四条国家实行统一的对外贸易制度，鼓励发展对外贸易，维护公平、自由的对外贸易秩序。
第五条中华人民共和国根据平等互利的原则，促进和发展同其他国家和地区的贸易关系，缔结或者参加关税同盟协定、自由贸易区协定等区域经济贸易协定，参加区域经济组织。
第六条中华人民共和国在对外贸易方面根据所缔结或者参加的国际条约、协定，给予其他缔约方、参加方最惠国待遇、国民待遇等待遇，或者根据互惠、对等原则给予对方最惠国待遇、国民待遇等待遇。
第七条任何国家或者地区在贸易方面对中华人民共和国采取歧视性的禁止、限制或者其他类似措施的，中华人民共和国可以根据实际情况对该国家或者该地区采取相应的措施。
第二章对外贸易经营者第八条本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依法办理工商登记或者其他执业手续，依照本法和其他有关法律、行政法规的规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人、其他组织或者个人。
泰国进出口管理规定及保护措施
泰国进出口管理规定及保护措施泰国进出口管理规定及保护措施一、进口管制措施根据泰国开放贸易的政策，大部分产品可以自由进口到泰国。
对一些商品实行进口限制主要是为了保护幼稚工业。
近年来，随着经济的发展，泰国进一步减少了对一些商品的数量限制，也逐步取消了一些商品的进口许可，如摩托车、高速柴油机、发动机用汽油和其它燃料、柴油、石油、液化天然气、任何形态的乙烯基单体氯、以及发往或来自南斯拉夫的所有商品。
不过，非自动进口许可继续对丝绸商品、公共汽车、机动车、建筑用石块以及23种农产品及农业食品的行业实行保护。
政府实行的主要进口管制措施如下：1．关税配额泰国目前根据WTO农业协议仅对23种农产品实行关税配额管理，分别是桂园、椰肉、牛奶和奶油、土豆、洋葱、大蒜、椰子、咖啡、茶、干辣椒、玉米、大米、大豆、洋葱籽、豆油、豆饼、甘蔗、椰子油、棕榈油、速溶咖啡、土烟叶、原丝。
另外，对动物饲料用玉米征收最惠国配额外进口附加费。
但是关税配额不适用于从东盟成员国的进口。
2．进口禁止和进口许可进出口法（1979）提供了禁止进口的法律基础。
根据投资促进法，如果投资委员会（BOI）认为其它形式的保护不足以支持某工业，则有权要求商业部禁止该工业所生产商品的进口。
但是根据政府的有关资料，BOI尚未行使过这一职权。
另外，不同的立法也规定一些商品可能因健康和安全原因而禁止从国外进口。
根据进出口法令，商业部在得到内阁的批准后，可能因经济稳定、公共利益、公共健康、国家安全、和平、道德，或其它国家利益而限制进口。
进口可能是“完全”或“有条件的”加以禁止。
在后一种情况下，如果特别要求的条件得以满足，则可以进口。
泰国的进出口法规定进口许可必须在得到商业部外贸厅的同意后货物才能到港。
对进口许可管制的商品品种及申请条件的改变都通过政府公告通知，并在泰国银行季度公报中公布，进口管理的有关规定若有任何变化，则通过政府公告或报纸以及国家广播公布。
二、出口管制和保护措施在过去的几年里，政府取消了对一些出口商品的配额管理，而增加了从融资方面给予企业的支持力度。
关税与贸易总协定概况及全文 中英文对照
关税与贸易总协定概况及全文中英文对照关税与贸易总协定是一个旨在促进全球贸易自由化的国际条约。
该协定于1947年缔结，目前有164个缔约方，协定包括了多个领域，如农业、服务业、智力财产权等，并规定了各个国家之间的贸易原则以及贸易争端的解决机制。
此外，协定还规定了各国应该如何对待外国投资和知识产权等问题。
全文可在世界贸易组织的官网上找到，包括了英文和法文两个版本。
以下是部分关键条款的中英文对照：1. 关税总和(Tariff bindings)中文：缔约方对某个产品的关税设有一个上限，即关税总和。
英文：Each contracting party shall accord to the commerce of the other contracting parties treatment no less favourable than that provided for in the appropriate Part of the appropriate Schedule annexed to this Agreement.2. 最惠国待遇(Most-favoured-nation treatment)中文：每个缔约方都应当将其所有的贸易伙伴视为最惠国待遇。
英文：With respect to customs duties and charges of any kind imposed on or in connection with importation or exportation or imposed on the international transfer of payments for imports or exports, and with respect to the method of levying such duties and charges, and with respect to all rules and formalities in connection with importation and exportation.3. 国内支持措施(Domestic support measures)中文：缔约方不得采取扭曲市场的国内支持措施。
WTO 术语汉英对照和中文解释
From Enbo edu由hediblue整理WTO 术语汉英对照和中文解释（自己整理的，供参考）1、“绿箱”措施、“黄箱”措施和“蓝箱”《农业协议》（Green Box measures/Amber Box measures /Balance-of-payments Provisions）Agreement on Agriculture, URAA“绿箱”措施是指由政府提供的、其费用不转嫁给消费者，且对生产者不具有价格支持作用的政府服务计划。
这些措施对农产品贸易和农业生产不会产生或仅有微小的扭曲影响，成员方无须承担约束和削减义务。
“绿箱”措施主要包括：一般农业服务支出，如农业科研、病虫害控制、培训、推广和咨询服务、检验服务、农产品市场促销服务、农业基础设施建设等；粮食安全储备补贴；粮食援助补贴；与生产不挂钩的收入补贴；收入保险计划；自然灾害救济补贴；农业生产者退休或转业补贴；农业资源储备补贴；农业结构调整投资补贴；农业环境保护补贴；落后地区援助补贴等。
“黄箱”措施是指，政府对农产品的直接干预和补贴，包括对种子、肥料、灌溉等农业投入品的补贴，对农产品营销贷款的补贴等。
这些措施对农产品贸易产生扭曲，成员方须承担约束和削减义务。
通常用综合支持量来衡量“黄箱”补贴的大小。
综合支持量是指，为支持农产品生产者而提供给某种农产品，或为支持广大农业生产者而提供给非特定产品的年支持水平，一般用货币单位表示。
《农业协议》规定，自1995年开始，以1986-1988年为基准期，发达成员在6年内逐步将综合支持量削减20%，发展中成员在10年内逐步削减13%。
对于发展中成员，一些“黄箱”措施被列入免予削减的范围。
主要包括农业投资补贴，对低收入或资源贫乏地区生产者提供的农业投入品补贴，为鼓励生产者不生产违禁麻醉作物而提供的支持等。
“蓝箱”措施是指，按固定面积和产量给予的补贴（如休耕补贴），按基期生产水平的85%或85%以下给予的补贴，按固定牲畜头数给予的补贴。
反倾销和反补贴
反倾销和反补贴中国贸易反倾销（Anti-Dumping）指对外国商品在本国市场上的倾销所采取的抵制措施。
一般是对倾销的外国商品除征收一般进口税外，再增收附加税，使其不能廉价出售，此种附加税称为“反倾销税”。
2010年我国出口商品遭遇反倾销案件43起、反补贴案件6起、保障措施案件16起、特保案件1起，涉案金额达71.4。
除了贸易救济措施外，美欧等主要贸易伙伴加大使用技术性贸易壁垒、进口限制等措施的力度，增加了我国出口企业的成本，提高了商品出口的门槛。
俄罗斯欧盟阿根廷以反倾销之名，2009年，欧盟开始对进口中国的钢铁扣件课以重税。
由于实在忍无可忍，2009年7月31日，中国在WTO起诉欧盟。
首先进行的是必经的磋商程序，但磋商无果。
同年10月12日，中国要求成立专家组进行审理。
巴西、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、印度、日本、挪威、中国台湾、泰国、土耳其和美国以第三方身份参加诉讼。
以反倾销之名，2009年，欧盟开始对进口中国的钢铁扣件课以重税。
由于实在忍无可忍，2009年7月31日，中国在WTO起诉欧盟。
首先进行的是必经的磋商程序，但磋商无果。
同年10月12日，中国要求成立专家组进行审理。
巴西、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、印度、日本、挪威、中国台湾、泰国、土耳其和美国以第三方身份参加诉讼。
一是欧盟原来的《反倾销基本法》的相关款项违反了WTO《反倾销协定》关于证据和征收反倾销税的规定，《关贸总协定》（1994）关于最惠国待遇和关于贸易管理措施透明度的规定，以及《WTO协定》关于严格履行条约义务的规定。
二是欧盟2009年1月26日下发的反倾销征税令是根据欧盟《反倾销基本法》相关条款下发的，不仅违反了上述WTO《反倾销协定》，还违反了其关于国内产业最低支持率的规定，关于倾销的界定、国内产业和产业损害的界定以及倾销和损害之间因果关系的界定等核心条款。
三是要求专家组在裁决的同时，对欧盟如何履行裁决提出具体的执行建议。
•首先，磋商阶段虽然是必经程序，但和申请成立专家组在性质上有质的不同；在磋商阶段没有提及的事项，只要与专家组申请书的事项同质，可以纳入专家组的管辖范围。
第5,6章反倾销和反补贴
第5,6章反倾销和反补贴
各退一步 中欧光伏价格承诺达成
• 2013年7月27日经过中欧双方艰苦、细致
的谈判，中国光伏产业代表与欧委会就中国输
欧光伏产品贸易争端达成价格承诺。
因在于产品价格通常是私人公司确定的，倾销行为 本身并未受到WTO法律规则的规制。
• 然而，倾销如果给进口国的国内产业造成了 损害，则须受到“谴责”。
第5,6章反倾销和反补贴
第一节 倾销与反倾销概述
•二、反倾销规则的构成（历史发展）
GATT1994第6条（反倾销税和反补贴税） 东京回合反倾销守则
•经调查，调查机关最终裁定，在本案调查期内，原产 于印度的进口特丁基对苯二酚存在倾销，中国国内产 业受到实质损害，而且倾销进口产品与实质损害之间 存在因果关系。 •根据《反倾销条例》第三十八条的规定，调查机关向 国务院关税税则委员会提出对原产于印度的进口特丁 基对苯二酚征收反倾销税的建议，国务院关税税则委 员会根据调查机关的建议作出决定，自2014年8月22 日起，对原产于印度的进口特丁基对苯二酚征收反倾 销税。
第5,6章反倾销和反补贴
《反倾销协议》的实体规定
n 确定倾销的存在
n 出口价格 n 正常价值：指“正常贸易过程中出口国用于本
国消费的同类产品的可比价格”。
n 出口国国内市场价格 n 第三国价格 n 推算价格 n 替代国结构价格（仅适用于非市场经济国家？）
n 当出口价格低于正常价值时，就可以认定倾销 的存在
n 初步裁定 n 临时措施 n 最终裁定 n 价格承诺、反倾销税 n 终止调查的情况：不存在倾销；不存在损害；倾
中华人民共和国进出口关税条例中英对照
中华人民共和国进出口关税条例中英对照中华人民共和国进出口关税条例Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Import and Export Duties第一章总则Chapter I General Provisions第一条为了贯彻对外开放政策，促进对外经济贸易和国民经济的发展，根据《中华人民共和国海关法》（以下简称《海关法》）的有关规定，制定本条例。
Article 1. This set of regulations is formulated in line with the related provisions of the Customs Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Customs Law) to implement the policy of opening up and promote the development of the country's foreign economy and trade and national economy.第二条中华人民共和国准许进出口的货物、进境物品，除法律、行政法规另有规定外，海关依照本条例规定征收进出口关税。
Article 2. The Customs shall levy import and export duties in accordance with the provisions of this set of regulations on goods that are allowed to be imported into or exported from the People's Republic of China and on articles entering into China, unless otherwise specified in laws and administrative regulations.第三条国务院制定《中华人民共和国进出口税则》（以下简称《税则》）、《中华人民共和国进境物品进口税税率表》（以下简称《进境物品进口税税率表》），规定关税的税目、税则号列和税率，作为本条例的组成部分。
倾销与反倾销措施外文翻译(可编辑)
倾销与反倾销措施外文翻译（可编辑）倾销与反倾销措施外文翻译外文翻译原文Dumping and Anti-dumping MeasuresMaterial Source: international economics,July1984 Author: RichardSenti ZurichIn recent times, the number of dumping actions has shown a striking correlation with the respective level of economic activity, Thefollowing observations convey an overall picture of the dumping actions currently pending and the anti-dumping measures implemented, and lookinto the current problems faced by the international anti-dumping system.For years, dumping actions have been at the centre of discussions in the trade negotiations between the US, Canada, Japan and the member countries of the EC. At the end of 1977, there were twenty dumpingactions in progress in the USA. Tension eased in 1978 following the introduction of the trigger price system to regulate steel imports On confirmation of the modified cost criterion in the US Trade Act of 1979, the US steel firms once again took action against the EC steel producers. In 1980, the trigger price system briefly became temporarily inoperative but was applied again the same year with added force. Nevertheless, more dumpingactions followed,particularly in the years 1981 and 1982 At the beginning of 1983, the GATT Committee on Anti-Dumping Questions published a summary of theanti-dumping proceedings instituted during recent years in the USA, EC, Finland, Canada, Austria and Sweden,the provisional and definitive counter-measures and the price agreements reached cf. Table 1.The majority of actions are directed at the industrialised nations and only a few against the developing countries. Neither withdrawn actions nor those which resulted in a negative decision are included in these figures.Table 2 shows between which trade partners dumping negotiations took place during the years 1981/82, i.e. which countries instituted proceedings and which were sitting in the dock as far as was reported to GATT.US Anti-Dumping Legislation as a BasisIn 1945, immediately after the end of the war, the US State Department published the first proposals for a newworld trade order. According to these proposals, the members of an international trade organisation still to be created should, among other things,undertake "to 188 subscribe to a general definition of the circumstances under which anti-dumping and countervailing duties may properly be applied to products imported from other members".Only a year later, the Americans submitted the Charter for the Creation of an International Trade Organisation containing concretesuggestions on the anti-dumping settlement s which were later adopted by the Havana Charter s and GATT without undergoing significant alterations. Both the basic concept and many individual provisions are in line with the American antidumping legislation of that time.The first US anti-dumping provisions are to be found in the Revenue Act of 1916. 7 According to this law, the Americans imposed something akin to a fine 8 if 1 imports were offered in the USA at a lower price than in the country of origin and 2 as a result American industry was exposed to serious danger intent to destroy or injure. The two criteria "underpricing" and "infliction of damage" were later adopted by the actual anti-dumping laws of 1921 and 19309 and still apply todayfollowing the supplements and refinements made in 1974 and 1979.According to American Law of 1921 and 1930, dumping has occurred if the goods are offered more cheaply in the USA than on the home market price criterion. - Or, where there are no sales on the home market, if the goods are offered more cheaply in the USA than in a third country modified price criterion. - In case no sales are offered outside the country of destination, if the goods are exported below the costs of manufacture in the producing country cost criterion.The legal amendments of 1974 and 1979 brought with them an extension of the cost criterion to cover cases in which the domestic sales prices in the country of origin no longer cover the costs of productionOrigin of GATT Provisions and Anti-Dumping ConventionIn discussions surrounding the reshaping of the world trading system, 12 several delegates demanded going beyond the US regulation of price dumping of that time and incorporating service, exchange-rate and social dumping. Service dumping revolves around freight costs, i.e. the cheapening of exports by way of dumped transport services. Exchange-rate dumping is the cheapening of exports in the form of parity guaranteesand foreign exchange allowances. 13 Social dumping is constituted in cases where products from prison camps or prisons find their way ontothe world market at prices with which private entrepreneurs cannot compete. The negotiating delegations finally agreed on the price dumping in line with the US proposal.There were initial differences of opinion regarding the extent ofthe damage necessary for counter-measures to be taken. Must serious, material or indeterminate injury occur before counter-measures can be taken? Does the difference between domestic price and export price have to reach certain dimensions e.g. at least 5 % of the domestic price before counter-measures can be justified? Can serious injury caused be responded to with something like a punitive measure? Must the approvalof the ITO or of the contracting parties to GATT be obtained before counter-measuresare taken? The formulation finally agreed upon states thatcountermeasures may only be taken if the contracting partyestablishes "that the effect of the dumping.., is such as to cause orthreaten material injury to an established domestic industry, or is such as to retard materially the establishment of a domestic industry". TM In 1955, Article VI of GATT was supplemented the first and only amendment to the GATT wording on dumping to the effect that in cases where delay might cause "damage that would be difficult to repair", immediate measures are permitted without the need to seek the prior consent of the contracting parties to GATT. 15The dumping question experienced a revival during the Kennedy Round between 1964 and 1967. TheAmericans had tried to include also non-tariff barriers in the trade talks. Subsequently, they realised much to their annoyance that the negotiating parties werespotlighting the verybarriers to trade which applied in the USA, above all the US anti-dumping law. After brief hesitation, the Americans attempted to turn the antidumping controversy in their favour with the help of a detailed regulation. Thus emerged the Anti-Dumping Code of 1967 which, althoughit ties the Americans' hands in many a procedural question, otherwise hitsparticularly hard at Canada and Great Britain.Canada's anti-dumping legislation up to that time did not conform to GATT in that the taking of anti-dumping measures was not bound to the precondition of economic damage. Also in Great Britain - accordingto the American view- anti-dumping measures at that time were being misused for the protection of the domestic economy. From the US perspective, the advantages associated with the Anti-Dumping Codeoutweighed the resultant disadvantages which it was felt had to be accepted.The "Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Anti-Dumping Code" is dated 30th June, 1967.16 During the Tokyo Round, the 1967 Anti-Dumping Code underwent a two-fold amendment: firstly, there was the question of demarcation vis-a-vis the Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties which was in the process of formation; 17 secondly, changes were made to the existing agreement in terms of ascertainment of damage Art. 3: 1-4, theprivileged position of the developing countries Art. 13 and consultations, arbitration and settlement of disputes Art. 15. 18 The currently valid agreement on anti-dumping was reached on 12th April 1979 in Geneva. ~9 Wherever the antidumping agreement is mentioned in the following, reference is being made to the currently valid version of 1979.Definition of DumpingIn imitation of the American legal system of the 20s and 30s, GATT speaks of dumping when products of the same kind "of one country are introduced into the commerce of another country at less than the normal value of the products". Hence,dumping means that the "normal" domestic value of an article exceeds its export value. How does GATT define the "normal" domestic value? When is a product "of the same kind" when compared with another? How should we interpret export value?The "normal" value of an article is undercut according to Art. VI:Iof GATT "if the price of the product exported from one country toanother a is less than the comparable price, in the ordinary course of trade, for the like product when destined for consumption in theexporting country, or b in the absence of such domestic price, is less than either i the highest comparable price for the like product forexport to any third country in the ordinary course of trade, or ii the cost of proddction of the product in the country of origin plus a reasonable addition for selling cost and profit".Differences in terms and conditions of sale, varying taxation andother differentials influencing the price are to be given "due" consideration. On the other hand, however, if export prices are lower because of the reimbursement of domestic duties and taxes e.g. by way of the reimbursement of VAT, this does not, according to GATT, constitute dumping which would justify counter-measures. The "normal" domesticvalue is taken to be exclusive of duties and taxes The GATT definitionof dumping applies to all countries which are signatories to GATT -apart from one important exception. The US anti-dumping law contains divergent and partly narrower provisions than GATT in two specific areas: Should the export product come to be sold in the country of origin, GATT says that dumping is to be determined according to the pricecriterion irrespective of the extent of the costs of manufacture. According to American law, however, the costs of manufacture can also be taken into consideration as well as the domestic price. The costcriterion shall apply in cases where there is good reason to supposethat the domestic price remains lower than the costs of manufacture for substantial quantities of merchandise over a relatively long period of time In this way, the Americans succeed in shielding the market from merchandise which has been falsely priced as a result of any production cost contributions, or in taxing them with anti-dumping duties. They refute the GATT contravention of which they are accused with the argument that GATT talks in terms of "normal" domestic prices. Normal prices, however, cannot be lower than costs of manufacture over longer periods. This is why, in the case of price undercutting over longer periods, the cost criterion should be applied In applying the cost criterion, the export prices are, according to GATT, to be compared with the cost of production "plus a reasonable addition for selling cost and profit". The addition for profit "shall not exceed the profit normally realised on sales of products of the same general category in the domestic market of the country of origin". By way of contrast, the US anti-dumping law defines the costs taken as a basis for comparison as follows: 1 material andproduction costs, 2overheads of not less than 10 % of the material and production costs, 3 profit margin of not less than 8 % of the costs mentioned in points 1 and 2, and 4 packing and loading expenses as defined under the f.o.b, price.When are goods described as being of the same kind? The American proposal of 1 946 for the creation of a world trade organisation spokeof the "like" and "similar" products. 26 During the subsequent negotiations it was decided to limit the definition to "like" products, products which are identical, homogeneous In practice, however, this terminology proved to be impracticable. Slight divergences of quality or differing forms or colourings do not rule out competition nor hence the possibility of dumping. To make allowance for this fact, the Anti-dumping Code holds that such goods are also included which "although not alike in all respects, have characteristics closely resembling those of the product under consideration"译文倾销与反倾销措施资料来源: 国际经济学,1984年7月作者:Richard Senti Zurich在最近的时代,倾销行动的次数已经呈现出与各自的经济活动水平显着相关性,以下意见反映了目前未决诉讼和反倾销措施实施的总体情况,并查看到当前面临的国际反倾销制度问题。
WTO规则中英文教程第三章 WTO的基本原则
一、最惠国待遇原则（Principles of MostFavoured-Nation Treatment, MFN） (一)最惠国待遇原则的内涵 • The definition of MFN is that, in such matters as customs duties and charges, the method of levying such duties and charges, all rules and formalities, internal taxes or other internal charges and all laws, regulations and requirements, any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity granted by any member to any product originating in or destined for any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product originating in or destined for the territories of all other md are: • (a) Export prohibitions or restrictions temporarily applied to prevent or relieve critical shortages of foodstuffs or other essential products; • (b) Import and export prohibitions or restrictions necessary to the application of standards or regulations for the classification, grading or marketing of commodities in international trade; and • (c) Import restrictions on any agricultural or fisheries product，which aim to restrict the quantities or remove a temporary surplus of the like domestic product, etc.
WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协议》中文翻译全文(2024精)
WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协议》中文翻译全文第一部分：总则第一条：立法背景本协议旨在针对补贴措施和反补贴措施进行规范和协商，以促进国际贸易的公平和自由。
本协议适用于世界贸易组织（WTO）成员之间的贸易活动。
第二条：定义1.补贴措施（SubsidyMeasures）：根据本协议的规定，指提供给特定企业或产业的财务援助，包括补偿、减免或在其他形式上减轻其负担的措施。
2.直接补贴（DirectSubsidies）：指向企业或产业直接提供的财务援助，包括直接支付、贷款或担保等形式。
3.隐性补贴（HiddenSubsidies）：指以不直接给予财务援助的形式，通过减轻企业或产业的负担或提供特殊待遇的措施。
4.反补贴措施（CountervlingMeasures）：根据本协议的规定，指针对其他成员国的补贴措施采取的合法行动。
第三条：原则1.公平贸易（FrTrade）：成员国应在贸易活动中遵循公平原则，不得利用补贴措施给其他成员国的企业或产业造成不正当的竞争优势。
2.透明度（Transparency）：成员国应保持透明，及时通报补贴措施和相关信息，确保其他成员国了解措施的性质和影响。
3.互惠原则（Reciprocity）：成员国之间应相互尊重和平衡的参与补贴措施，平等对待其他成员国。
第二部分：补贴措施的规定第四条：补贴措施的禁止1.除非符合例外规定，补贴措施应被视为禁止。
2.隐性补贴应被视为直接补贴。
3.例外规定包括国家发展计划、环保和区域发展等特殊情况。
成员国若认为其他成员国的补贴措施对其企业或产业造成不利影响，应提供充足的证据支持其主张。
第六条：补贴措施的通知成员国应及时向WTO通报其所有的补贴措施，包括直接补贴和隐性补贴的信息。
第七条：补贴措施的审查1.成员国可向WTO请求对其他成员国的补贴措施进行审查，如发现有利于企业或产业的不公平补贴。
2.审查应基于提供的证据，并遵循透明和公正的原则。
第八条：补贴措施的争端解决如发生争端，成员国应使用争端解决机制解决补贴措施的争议。
反补贴、反倾销和保障措施
反补贴措施
实施的条件：因政府补贴而具有价格竞争优势，对进口国造成了实质性损害
适用对象：不公平贸易或不公平竞争
具体实施形式：现金保证金、价格承诺、保函、以及最终加征相应的税赋
实施期限：不超过4个月（不能延长）
保障措施
实施的条件：进口产品的数量激增而挤占进口国的市场份额，并对进口国造成实质性的危害
适用对象：公平条件下数量猛增
具体实施形式：加征关税、实施配额数量限制或者最终加征关税或实行关税配额
实施期限：临时保障措施不超过200天，一般不超过4年，最长可延至10年
保障措施与反倾销、反补贴的异同
保障措施与反倾销、反补贴都是世界贸易组织规则允许的贸易补救措施。他们既有共同点，也有不同之处。
(一)保障措施与反倾销、反补贴的共同点:
1.均是为保护国内产业而采取的行政措施;
2.均是针对进口产品(过量或其倾销、补贴)而采取的行政措施;
3.均是以(大部分)国内相关产业受到损害为起因而采取的一种行政措施;
4.均是国内产业受到损害并与进口产品的存在因果关系时才能采取的行政措施。
反倾销、反补贴和保障措施
反倾销、反补贴和保障措施的区别:
反倾销措施
实施的条件：以低价倾销，对进口国造成了实质性的损害
适用对象：不公平贸易或不公平竞争
具体实施形式：现金保证金、价格承诺、保函、以及最终加征相应的税赋
2．当一成员方限制进口以保护其国内产业而采取保障措施时，原则上必须给予受到影响的其他成员方相应的补偿，不能达成协议时，受影响的成员方还可以采取报复措施；而当一成员方对另一成员方进口产品采取反倾销与反补贴措施时，不必给予相应的补偿。
反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等(中英文对照)
反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等（中英文对照）Anti-dumping, Subsidies, Safeguards,Contingencies, etc 反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等英文来源：/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm8_e.htmBinding tariffs, and applying them equally to all trading partners (most-favoured-nation treatment, or MFN) are key to the smooth flow of trade in goods. 约束关税及将其在全体贸易成员国之间平等地适用(即最惠国待遇，简称MFN )是保证商品交易过程畅通的关键。
The WTO agreementsuphold the principles, but they also allow exceptions —in some circumstances. Three of these issues are: 世贸协议秉持着这些原则，但有时也有例外。
例如以下三种情况：actions taken against dumping (selling at an unfairly low price)1. 反倾销(以不公平的低价出售商品的行为)措施；subsidies and special “ countervailing ” duties to offset the subsidies1. 贸易补贴以及为抵消贸易补贴而征收的“反补贴”关税；emergency measures to limit imports temporarily, d esigned to “ safeguarddomestic industries.1. 为暂时限制进口以“保护”国内产业而采取的紧急应对措施。
外贸英语中常见的税务词汇
外贸英语中常见的税务词汇反倾销(Anti-Dumping)反倾销税(Anti-dumping Duties)从价关税(Ad Valorem Duties)单方面转移收支(Balance of Unilateral Transfers)多种汇率(Multiple Rates of Exchange)反补贴税(Counter Vailing Duties)从价(Ad Valorem)出厂价格(Cost Price)从量税(Specific Duty)初级产品(Primary Commodity)初级产品的价格(The Price of Primang Products)出口补贴(Export Subsidies)出口动物产品检疫(Quarantine of Export Animal products) 出口管制(Export Contral)出口税(Export Duty)保护关税(Protective Tariff)保税制度(Bonded System)布鲁塞尔估价定义(Brussels Definition of Value BDV)差别关税(Differential Duties)差价关税(Variable Import Levies)产品对产品减税方式(Product by Product Reduction of Tariff) 超保护贸易政策(Policy of Super-protection)成本(Cost)出口退税(Export Rebates)出口信贷(Export Finance)出口限制(Export Restriction)出口信贷国家担保制(Export credit Guarantee)出口许可证(Export Licence)储备货币(Reserve Carreacy)处于发展初级阶段(In the Early Etages of Development)处理剩余产品的指导原则(The Guiding Principle of Clealing With the Surplus Agricultural Products)关税(Customs Duty)关税和贸易总协定(The General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade)关税合作理事会(Customs Co-operation Council)关税减让(Tariff Concession)关税配额(Tariff Quota)关税升级(Tariff Escalation)关税水平(Tariff Level)关税税则(Tariff)关税同盟(Customs Union)关税和贸易总协定秘书处(Secretariat of GATT)国际价格(International Price)约束税率(Bound Rate)自主关税(Autonomous Tariff)最惠国税率(The Most-favoured-nation Rate of Duty)优惠差额(Margin of Preference)优惠税率(Preferential Rate)有效保护率(Effective Vate of Protection)https://www./。
WTO允许的三大国际贸易救济措施的简要分析
WTO允许的三大国际贸易救济措施的简要分析(2012-08-01 21:42:04)转载▼标签：杂谈国际贸易救济措施，是指对影响国际贸易的行为所采取的减轻或消除其影响的措施，是维护国际贸易正常秩序的重要手段，是法律允许的救济措施。
国际贸易救济措施重要包括反倾销、反补贴、保障措施三种。
下面分别予以分析：一、反倾销反倾销是三种国际贸易救济措施中被采用最多的救济措施。
倾销，Dumping，是指出口商品以低于正常价值的价格出口到另一国市场的行为。
进口国一般都会对倾销行为采取限制措施，即反倾销措施。
因为：第一、倾销是一种价格歧视，在不同的国家的不同价格是不公平贸易的做法；第二、进口国一般会认为倾销行为有一定的企图，通过低价掠夺市场，会损害进口国相关产业；第三、倾销的低价往往是短期的，从长远看相关产品的价格会提高，会损害本国消费者的利益。
倾销一般具有以下四个特征：第一、倾销的形式上表现为出口商以不正常的低价向另一国市场出口商品。
第二、倾销产品价格的形成往往是人为的，如一国出口商自行压低其产品在进口国市场上的价格，以非正常的价格，甚至是低于生产成本的价格在进口国市场上销售其产品。
第三、倾销往往以扩大出口、争夺国外市场为主要动机和目的。
第四、倾销的实质是不公平贸易行为，这也是各国采取反倾销措施的原因。
反倾销，anti-dumping，是指在进口产品以低于其正常价值的方式进入一国市场，并对该国已经建立的国内产业造成实质损害或者产生实质损害威胁，或者对该国建立国内产业造成实质性阻碍的情况下，该国采取应对措施，包括临时措施、价格承诺和征收反倾销税。
反倾销法是进口国为了本国利益对倾销行为进行限制和调整的法律规范的总称。
世界上最早的反倾销法是加拿大1904年的《海关关税法》。
《反倾销协定》是WTO协定中的多边贸易协定，是WTO一揽子协定的组成部分。
凡成员方或请求加入者都必须遵守，因此具有广泛而强大的约束力，以下内容也将按照《反倾销协定》等WTO法律文件对反倾销进行介绍分析。
(完整版)WTO术语中英对照
W T O 简明术语（中英文对照）Ad valorem tariff 从价税Anti-dumping duty反倾销税Appeal（争端解决）上诉ATC--Agreement on Textiles and Clothing《纺织品与服装协议》Bound level约束水平Compensation补偿Consensus协商一致Consultation磋商Countervailing duty反补贴税Customs valuation 海关估价DSB--Dispute Settlement Body争端解决机构Dumping倾销Export subsidy出口补贴GATS--General Agreement on Trade in Service《服务贸易总协定》GATT--General Agreement on Tariff and Trade《关税与贸易总协定》Government procurement政府采购Import licencing进口许可Import substitution进口替代Import surcharge 进口附加税Market access市场准入Market price support市场价格支持Material injury实质损害MFN--Most-favored-nation treatment最惠国待遇National treatment国民待遇Non-actionable subsidy（补贴协议）不可诉补贴NTMs--Non-tariff measures非关税措施Plurilateral agreement诸边协议Prohibited subsidy（补贴协议）被禁止的补贴Protocols议定书PSI--Preshipment inspection装运前检验Rules of origin原产地规则Safeguard Measures保障措施Schedule of concessions承诺减让表Specific tariff从量税SPS --Sanitary and phytosanitary measures动植物卫生检疫措施Subsidy补贴Tariff binding关税约束承诺Tariffication 关税化TBT--Technical barriers to trade技术性贸易壁垒TPRM--Trade Policy Review Mechanism贸易政策审议机制Transparency透明度TRIMs--Trade-related investment measures与贸易有关的投资设施TRIPS--Trade related intellectual property rights与贸易有关的知识产权TRQ--Tariff rate quotas/tariff quotas关税配额Waiver（WTO义务的）豁免WTO--World Trading Organization世界贸易组织Ad valorem Tariff 从价onTextiles and Clothing (ATC) 《纺织品与服装协议》Anti-dumping Duty 反倾销税Arbitration 仲裁Balance-of-payments（BOP）Provisions 国际收支条款Ceiling Bindings （关税）上限约束Conciliation 调解Compensation 补偿Consensus 协商一致Countervailing Duty 反补贴税Customs Valuation 海关估价de minimis 微量Export Subsidy 出口补贴GATT1994 《1994年关税与贸易总协定》General Agreement on Trade in Services（GATS）《服务贸易总协定》General Exceptions 一般例外Illustrative List 例示清单Import Licensing 进口许可Import Surcharge 进口附加税Infant Industry 幼稚产业Intellectual Property Rights（IPRs）知识产权Market Access 市场准入National Treatment 国民待遇Non-actionable Subsidy 不可诉补贴Non-tariffs Measures（NTMs）非关税措施。
WTO术语中英对照
W T O 简明术语（中英文对照）Ad valorem tariff 从价税Agreement on Agriculture《农业协议》Anti-dumping duty反倾销税Appeal（争端解决）上诉ATC--Agreement on Textiles and Clothing《纺织品与服装协议》Bound level约束水平Compensation补偿Consensus协商一致Consultation磋商Countervailing duty反补贴税Customs valuation 海关估价DSB--Dispute Settlement Body争端解决机构Dumping倾销Export subsidy出口补贴GATS--General Agreement on Trade in Service《服务贸易总协定》GATT--General Agreement on Tariff and Trade《关税与贸易总协定》Government procurement政府采购Import licencing进口许可Import substitution进口替代Import surcharge 进口附加税Market access市场准入Market price support市场价格支持Material injury实质损害MFN--Most-favored-nation treatment最惠国待遇National treatment国民待遇Non-actionable subsidy（补贴协议）不可诉补贴NTMs--Non-tariff measures非关税措施Plurilateral agreement诸边协议Prohibited subsidy（补贴协议）被禁止的补贴Protocols议定书PSI--Preshipment inspection装运前检验Rules of origin原产地规则Safeguard Measures保障措施Schedule of concessions承诺减让表Specific tariff从量税SPS --Sanitary and phytosanitary measures动植物卫生检疫措施Subsidy补贴Tariff binding关税约束承诺Tariffication 关税化TBT--Technical barriers to trade技术性贸易壁垒TPRM--Trade Policy Review Mechanism贸易政策审议机制Transparency透明度TRIMs--Trade-related investment measures与贸易有关的投资设施TRIPS--Trade related intellectual property rights 与贸易有关的知识产权TRQ--Tariff rate quotas/tariff quotas关税配额Waiver（WTO义务的）豁免WTO--World Trading Organization世界贸易组织Ad valorem Tariff 从价onTextiles and Clothing (ATC) 《纺织品与服装协议》Anti-dumping Duty 反倾销税Arbitration 仲裁Balance-of-payments（BOP）Provisions 国际收支条款Ceiling Bindings （关税）上限约束Conciliation 调解Compensation 补偿Consensus 协商一致Countervailing Duty 反补贴税Customs Valuation 海关估价de minimis 微量Export Subsidy 出口补贴GATT1994 《1994年关税与贸易总协定》General Agreement on Trade in Services（GATS）《服务贸易总协定》General Exceptions 一般例外Illustrative List 例示清单Import Licensing 进口许可Import Surcharge 进口附加税Infant Industry 幼稚产业Intellectual Property Rights（IPRs）知识产权Market Access 市场准入National Treatment 国民待遇Non-actionable Subsidy 不可诉补贴Non-tariffs Measures（NTMs）非关税措施欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习资料等等打造全网一站式需求。
贸易救济(双语)
补贴是指出口国(地区)政府或者其任何公共机构(以 补贴 下统称出口国政府)提供的并为接受者带来利益的财 政资助以及任何形式的收入或者价格支持。除收入 或价格支持外，构成补贴须具备两个要素：政府提 供的财政资助和接受者获得的利益。 sidies is the exporting country (region) government or any public body (hereinafter referred to as the exporting country) to provide the benefits for recipients of financial support and any form of income or price support. In addition to income or price support, constitute subsidies must have two elements: the government provide financial assistance and recipients to obtain benefits.
诺和反倾销税
No.2.反补贴措施
（Anti subsidy）
Developed in 2001, 2004, revised "Anti-Subsidy Regulations" provides that: there are subsidies for imported products, and the already established domestic industry caused substantial damage or threat of material injury resulting, or substantive obstacles to establish the domestic industry, in accordance with the Ordinance to investigate and take countervailing measures 2001年制定、2004年修订的《中华人民共和国反补 贴条例》规定：进口产品存在补贴，并对已经建立 的国内产业造成实质损害或者产生实质损害威胁， 或者对建立国内产业造成实质阻碍的，依照该条例 的规定进行调查，采取反补贴措施。
反补贴反倾销和保障措施
反补贴反倾销和保障措施反补贴是指针对国外企业获得不公平补贴，进口国采取措施来抵消其对本国产业造成的伤害。
反补贴措施可以包括加征反补贴税、限制进口量及质量检验等。
例如，一些国家通过对特定进口产品征收反补贴税来防止本国产业受到不公平竞争的冲击。
然而，反补贴措施容易引发贸易争端，对全球贸易体系产生负面影响。
此外，过度使用反补贴措施也可能损害本国消费者的利益，因为进口商品的价格可能会上涨。
反倾销是为了解决国内产业受到倾销的冲击而采取的一种手段。
倾销是指企业将产品的售价设置低于其生产成本或市场价格，通过不公平竞争手段获取市场份额。
为了保护本国产业不受倾销的伤害，进口国可以采取加征反倾销税、限制进口量等措施。
反倾销措施有利于维护本国产业的竞争地位，但也可能引发贸易争端，并对全球贸易体系造成损害。
此外，过度使用反倾销措施也可能引发贸易保护主义情绪的扩散，导致全球贸易放缓。
保障措施是国家为了保护本国产业免受不公平贸易竞争的冲击而采取的一种手段。
保障措施主要包括限制进口量、设置进口限制性措施、提高关税等。
保障措施可以为本国产业提供一定的保护，并减少竞争压力。
然而，保障措施容易引发贸易争端，并破坏全球贸易的正常秩序。
过度使用保障措施可能导致贸易壁垒的出现，不利于全球贸易的发展和经济增长。
反补贴、反倾销和保障措施在其中一种程度上可以保护本国产业免受不公平竞争和不法行为的影响，但过度使用这些措施可能产生负面影响。
过度使用这些措施容易引发贸易争端，破坏全球贸易秩序。
为了实现贸易自由化和促进经济发展，国际社会应更多地采取协商、合作和公正的态度，通过多边贸易机构的框架，共同制定更有效的规则和机制，避免贸易摩擦的发生，并实现共赢的贸易关系。
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反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等（中英文对照）Anti-dumping, Subsidies, Safeguards,Contingencies, etc反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等英文来源：/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm8_e.htmBinding tariffs, and applying them equally to all trading partners (most-favoured-nation treatment, or MFN) are key to the smooth flow of trade in goods.约束关税及将其在全体贸易成员国之间平等地适用（即最惠国待遇，简称MFN）是保证商品交易过程畅通的关键。
The WTO agreementsuphold the principles, but they also allow exceptions — in some circumstances. Three of these issues are:世贸协议秉持着这些原则，但有时也有例外。
例如以下三种情况：actions taken against dumping (selling at an unfairly low price)1.反倾销（以不公平的低价出售商品的行为）措施；subsidies and special “countervailing” duties to offset the subsidies1.贸易补贴以及为抵消贸易补贴而征收的“反补贴”关税；emergency measures to limit imports temporarily, d esigned to “safeguard”domestic industries.1.为暂时限制进口以“保护”国内产业而采取的紧急应对措施。
Anti-dumping actions反倾销措施If a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges on its own home market, it is said to be “dumping” the product.如果某一公司以低于其在国内市场正常出售的价格出口某一产品，我们就称其“倾销”该产品。
Is this unfair competition? Opinions differ, but many governments take action against dumping in order to defend their domestic industries.这是否为不公平竞争？各人意见不同。
然而很多成员国政府采取措施抵制倾销以保护他们的国内产业。
The WTO agreement does not pass judgment.世贸组织的协议并未给出明确的判断。
Its focus is on how governments can or cannot react to dumping — it disciplinesanti-dumping actions, and it is often called the “Anti-Dumping Agreement”. (This focus only on the reaction to dumping contrasts with the approach of the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement.)协议把重点放在了政府能否对倾销行为予以反击——它规范了反倾销的手段，并被通称为《反倾销协定》（此协定的重点在于对倾销行为的回击，与《补贴与反补贴措施协定》不同）。
The legal definitions are more precise, but broadly speaking the WTO agreement allows governments to act against dumpi ng where there is genuine (“material”) injury to thecompeting domestic industry.正规的定义要更为精确一些，但大体来说世贸组织协定允许各成员国政府在本国国内竞争产业受到真正（实质性物质层面）损害时采取措施反对倾销。
In order to do that the government has to be able to show that dumping is taking place, calculate the extent of dumping (how much lower the export price is compared to the exporter’s home market price), and show that the dumping is causing injury or threatening to do so.为了能够做到这一点，成员国政府必须先证明倾销行为正在进行，并推算倾销的程度（即出口价格相比出口商在其本国国内的市场价低多少），还要证明该倾销行为已造成或有可能造成损害。
GATT (Article 6) allows countries to take action against dumping.《关税与贸易总协定》（第六条）规定，成员国政府可以采取措施应对倾销。
The Anti-Dumping Agreement clarifies and expands Article 6, and the two operate together.《反倾销协定》阐明并延伸了关贸协定第六条规定，且两者可同时适用。
They allow countries to act in a way that would normally break the GATT principles of binding a tariff and not discriminating between trading partners成员国政府可以采取某种在通常情况下可能违反《关贸总协定》关于绑定关税和禁止歧视等原则的反对倾销方式。
— typically anti-dumping action means charging extra import duty on the particular product from the particular exporting country in order to bring its price closer to the “normal value” or to remove the injury to domestic industry in the importing country.——反倾销措施无非就是对某一特定国家的某种出口产品征收额外的进口关税以达到使其出口价格更接近其“正常价值”或者消除其对进口国国内产业损害的目的。
There are many different ways of calculating whether a particular product is being dumped heavily or only lightly.推算某种产品倾销程度的大小有很多不同的方式。
The agreement narrows down the range of possible options. It provides three methods to calculate a product’s “normal value”.协定缩小了可供选择途径的范围，并提供了三种方式来估算产品的“正常价值”。
The main one is based on the price in the exporter’s domestic market.主要的一种是依据出口国国内的市场价格。
When this cannot be used, two alternatives are available — the price charged by the exporter in another country, or a calculation based on the combination of the exporter’s production costs, other expenses and normal profit margins.如果这种方法不适用，还可以有另外两种可供替代的方式——依据该产品在第三国的出口价或者依据出口商的生产成本、其他费用和正常利润额相结合所构成的估算价格。
And the agreement also specifies how a fair comparison can be made between the export price and what would be a normal price.协定还详细说明了如何对进口价和可能的正常价格做公平的比较。
Calculating the extent of dumping on a product is not enough.推算某种产品的倾销程度还远不止如此。
Anti-dumping measures can only be applied if the dumping is hurting the industry in the importing country.反倾销措施只能在倾销行为对进口国国内产业造成了损害的前提下才可以适用。
Therefore, a detailed investigation has to be conducted according to specified rules first.因此，首先必须依照规则进行详细的调查。
The investigation must evaluate all relevant economic factors that have a bearing on the state of the industry in question.该调查必须对与被调查产业有关联的所有相关经济因素进行评估。
If the investigation shows dumping is taking place and domestic industry is being hurt, the exporting company can undertake to raise its price to an agreed level in order to avoidanti-dumping import duty.如果调查显示倾销行为正在进行且被倾销国国内产业受到损害，则出口国可以通过提高价格到一定程度来避免反倾销进口关税。