翻译4.1：被动语态的翻译
第8章 被动语态的翻译
•It must be dealt with at the appropriate time with appropriate means. •这件事必须在适当的时候用适当的手段予以处理。
•The teacher was satisfied with the answer. •老师对回答感到满意。 •I am told you are careless. •听说你很粗心大意。 •The long river is originated from that high mountain. •这条大河发源于那座高山。 •Steel and iron products are often coated lest they should rust. •钢铁制品常常涂上油漆以免生锈。 •Iron is extracted from the ore by smelting in the blast furnace. •铁是通过高炉冶炼从矿石中提取的。
All bodies on the earth are known to possess weight.
人们（都）知道，地球上的一切物质均具有und at his book in the reading room.
I was possessed by the very novelty of what I did. 我被自己所干的事的新鲜劲迷住了。 The laws of motion will be discussed in the next article. 运动定律将在下文中予以讨论。 The dog mustn’t be killed. 这狗不能杀。 The avenue is flanked by rows of new buildings. 马路两旁是一排排新建大楼。 Other processes will be discussed briefly. 其它方法将简单地加以讨论。
被动语态的翻译
●被动语态的翻译●英语中的被动语态●被动语态在英语中使用很广，光泛程度远远超过汉语，具体使用情况如下：●在没有必要说出动作的发出者时●H i s f r e q u e n t a b s e n c e f r o m c l a s s m u s t b e d e a l t w i t h i m m e d i a t e l y.●不愿说出动作的发出者时●没有办法说出动作的发出者时◆N o w a d a y s,h e r s o n g s a r e s o p o p u l a r a m o n g t h e y o u n g p e o p l e t h a t t h e ya r e p l a y e d o n t h e r a d i o e v e r y S u n d a y.●在正式的书信或商务信函中，也常采用被动来增强客观性和正式程度◆W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t f u r t h e r s t u d i e s b e c a r r i e d o u t i n t o t h e m a r k e t i n gs t r a t e g i e s b e s t s u i t e d t o d i f f e r e n t E u r o p e a n r e g i o n s.●英语被动句的翻译◆我们在处理英语被动句时，必须根据汉语的表达习惯，尽最大可能译出原文的被动含义。
下面是英语被动句的常见处理方式：●译成被动句●译成主动句●英语被动句的翻译●译成被动句●T h e u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e i n t h a t c o u n t r y i s e x p e c t e d t o r e m a i n s t a b l e f o r2000.⏹该国2000年失业率可望保持稳定。
被动语态的翻译
被动语态的翻译
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英语中以it 做形式主语，以被动语态作谓语，其后跟一个由that引导的主语从句的结构很多。这种结 构在译成汉语时，除把it一律省略外，通常有两种处理方法： 1.在被动语态前加“人们”、“有人”、“我们”、“大家”等词 2.用“据……”等短语译出
2). It is estimated that Americans spend up to five years of their lives in that tedious, stressful but unavoidable process known as waiting. 据估计，美国人一生中, 在乏味而令人厌烦, 却又躲避 不掉的等待上所耗费的时间,竟达五年之多。 英语中这种it做形式主语的被动句型在各类文章中比 比皆是，汉译时一般均按主动结构译出。即将原文中 的主语从句译在宾语的位置上，而把it做形式主语的主 句译成一个独立语或分句。常见的固定结构如：
4) The monkeys were given sweet potatoes by scientists who wanted to attract them to the shore of an island.
科学家们给猴子白薯，想把它们引到海岛的岸边。
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被动语态的翻译
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B . 把被动语态译成汉语主动句 1). His pride must be pinched. 他这股傲气应该打下去。
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被动语态的翻译
1.4 “It+ be+ past participle + that引导的从句”句型的翻译 A. 不加主语 It is hoped that... 希望…… It is reported that … 据报道…… It is said that... 据说…… It is supposed that… 据推测…… It may be said without fear of exaggeration that… 可以 毫不夸张地说…… It must be admitted that... 必须承认…… It must be pointed out that... 必须指出…… It will be seen from this that… 由此可见……
被动语态的译法
（一） 1．他气得说不出话来。 2．那人不可信。 3．但是，一个最主要的问题是，像目前这 样的大城市是否还要保存下去。 4．使用电子显微镜，能获得大得多的放大 倍数。
5．而且还研究出了做饭用的太阳灶。 6．过了一会儿，达成了一项协议。 7．应该教育儿童讲真话。 8．决不能把个人利益凌驾于国家利益之上。 9．必须使学生能在德智体三方面得到全面 发展。
例3．My first thirty years were spent in Western America. 我的前三十年是在美国西部度过的。 例4．The manuscript was sent to the printer in London a few weeks before the French Revolution. 手稿是在法国革命前几周寄往伦敦付印的。
例1．Yet, only a part of this energy is ． used by man. 然而，人类只利用了这种能源的一部分。 然而，人类只利用了这种能源的一部分。 例2．He is revered and admired by all ． of us. 我们大家都景仰他，钦佩他。 我们大家都景仰他，钦佩他。
一般说来，可译为无主句的英语被动 句多是描述什么地方发生、存在或消 失了什么事物的句子。另外，一些表 示看法、态度及告诫、要求、号召等 的句子，可译成汉语的使动结构。使 动结构的特点是：通常不提出施动者， 即为无主句；句中有“使”、“让” 等词。如：
例1．Every student must be helped to understand that only by painstaking study can he master English. 必须使每个学生懂得，只有刻苦学习，才能掌 握英语。 例2．The educational reform must be carried through to the end. 必须把教育改革进行到底。 例3．In no circumstances should erroneous statements be allowed to spread unchecked. 决不让错误言论自由泛滥。
被动语态的翻译
为了强调被动者，使其位置鲜明、突出时；
Three machines can be controlled by a single operator.
为更好地联接上下文。
Vulcanized rubber was a perfect insulating material; on the rail way it was used for shock-absorbers and cushions.
1.这种圆柱形容器是我们自行设计和制造的。 2.必须充分利用我国所有的自然资源。 3.激光技术可以看作是近年来科学家取得的最 重要成就之一。 4.我们的研究中心创造了一种强度与那种金属 相同的合成材料。 5.电为人类所知晓已有好几千年了。
三、译成汉语的判断句
凡是着重描述事物的过程、性质和状态的英语被 动句，与系表结构相近，往往可译成“是…的结构。
The volume is not measured in square millimeters. It is measured in cubic millimeters. 体积不是以平方毫米计量的。它是以立方毫米 计量的。 The first explosive in the world was made in China. 世界上最早的炸药是在中国制造的。
3.增译逻辑主语：原句中未包含动作的发出者，译
成主动句时可从逻辑主语出发，适当增添不确定主语， 如“人们”、“大家”、“我们”等。
Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals. 大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。 Magnesium is found to be the best material for making flash light. 人们发现，镁是制造闪光灯的最好材料。
被动语态的翻译方法优秀PPT资料
Mr. Green.
• 我女儿的一份礼物是格林先生给的。 • I was told the story by my mother
when I was young.
• 这个故事是小时候妈妈讲给我的。
（4）把施动者译成主语
• We are kept It is noted that
When will the new bridge be built?
completely destroyed by t座富丽堂皇的宾馆完全烧毁了。
（5）译成无主句
• 英文原句中没有提到施动者时，有时可将被动句译成无主
句。
• The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an
人们注意到
（3）把原文句中的一部分转译成主语
strong
and
well
by
fresh
air.
可以清楚地看到
• 清新的空气使我们身体健康。 被动语态的翻译方法
I中t i国s a在dm四i千tte年d t前ha发t 明了大指家南承针认。
• Those towering peaks are only to be V第e三ry，of强ten调, 动int作ro的du承cti受on者s are made using both first and last name.
被动语态的翻译方法
一般被动语态有四种情况：
• 第一，无从说出、无需提及主动者 • When will the new bridge be built? • 什么时候建新桥？ • 第二，出于某种考虑，无意说出主动者 • Generally it is considered not polite to
被动语态的翻译
eg: Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.
我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持。
英语中被动语态使用范围很广，凡是不必说出主动者、不愿说出主动者、无从说出主动者或者是为了便于连贯上下文等场合，往往都用被动语态。汉语中虽然也用被动语态，但使用范围要狭窄得多。英语被动语态的句子，译成汉语时，很多情况下都可译成主动句，但也有些可以保持被动语态。
I: 译成汉语主动句
1、原文中的主语在译文中作宾语
eg: By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the
organization.
战争结束时，这个组织拯救了800人。
2、原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语
eg: On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were
dismissed briefly.
在他们国内电台的广播中，中东事件只轻描淡写地报导了一下。
3、译成带表语的主动句
eg: The crew were trained at Eglin Field, Florida.
机组人员是在佛罗里达州埃格林空军基地训练的。
eg: People were chased off the streets by an eight o’clock curfew.
八点钟的宵禁把人们从街道赶走。
eg: The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.
英语被动语态的翻译(2024版)
1）With the development of modern electrical engineering, power can be transmitted to wherever it is needed.
随着现代化电气工程的发展，人们能把电 力输送到所需要的任何地方。
2）But Japan spent roughly $3 billion, and is considered the international leader in most optic fields.
但日本却花费了约30亿美元，人们认为它 在光学的大多数领域居国际领先地位。
有催化剂时，反应速度的加快叫做催化 作用。
当被动句中有地点状语，由介词“by”引导 的方式状语及“from”等表示的其它状语时， 有时可把这种状语译成主语，将介词省略， 而把原主语译成宾语，这样，就更符合汉 语的习惯。如：
1) The result of the invention of the stream engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.
一. 把被动语态译成汉语被动句
原文句子的主语（行为客体）仍然译
作主语，而句子的被动意义通常可采用
以下四种方式：
1. 在谓语前面使用“被”字
当句中不出现行为主体时，有时可以在 谓语前使用“被”字来表示被动意义。 例如：
1) The company was enjoined from using false advertising.
被动语态的翻译
被动语态的翻译•As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rocks structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “a derrick”. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are Lowered into the hole made by the drill.因为石油深埋在地下,靠研究地面,不能确定石油的有无，因此，对地下岩层结构必须进行地质勘探。
如果认为某地区的岩层含有石油，那就在该处安装“钻机”。
钻机中最显眼的部件叫作“井架”。
井架用来吊升分节油管，把油管放入由钻头打出的孔中。
当孔钻成时，放入钢管防止孔壁坍塌。
如发现石油，则在油管顶部紧固地加盖，使石油通一系列阀门流出。
•1汉语被动式的使用受到限制.•按照汉语的习惯, 如果句中无须指出施事,主动意义与被动意义又不致发生混淆, 一般不用结构被动式, 而用意义被动式.•这件事做得不好.•It was poorly done.•汉语中“让” “给” “叫”“挨”“受”“遭”•“蒙”“被”表达不如意或不企望的事．•庄稼让大水冲跑了．•这股敌人全给游记队消灭了．•２使用受事主语导致大量的“当然被动句”•汉人的思维习惯，人的行为，必然是由人来完成的，这种思维模式使人们在表达时常常把实事者隐含起来，把注意力集中在受事者及行为本身，受事者便充当了主语．•１Last night I was covered up with two quilts.•昨晚我盖了两条被子。
课件-被动语态的翻译.docx
®英汉翻译技巧之®被动语态的译法英语屮的被动语态使用极为广泛，凡是在不必说出主动者、不愿说出主动者、无从说出主动者或者是为了便于连贯上下文等等场合，往往都使用被动语态，尤其是在科技英语中被动语态几乎随处可见。
而汉语中的被动结构却不那么常见，因为从习惯上讲，汉语中的“被”、“遭”、“受”、“挨” 等字眼总是给人不那么舒服的感觉，因此在英汉翻译时，往往要尽量将被动语态化为主动结构。
® When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The comm on est form of treatme nt is heating ・ When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is pouredinto the hand, it soon vaporizes・ Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into pa raff in. Last of all the lubricati ng oils of various grades are produced ・ What remai ns is heavy oil that is used as fuel.®教学内容® 1、英语中常用被动语态的情况® 2、汉语中被动意义的表现方式® 3、英语被动语态的翻译® 1、不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
例如：Such books are written for children・We haven't been told about it.The English evening has been put off till Saturday・® 2、出于礼貌措辞等方面考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁。
被动语态的翻译
一.被动语态的翻译汉语和英语在语态使用上有较大的差异:英语中被动语态用的较多,在没有必要或不愿意说出或者时没办法说出动作发出者时,英语就用被动语态来表示.汉语虽然也有被动语态,但是还是比较倾向于使用主动语态,因此我们在进行翻译之时,在大多数情况下要根据汉语和英语的各自使用习惯来翻译.接下来,我将以有关于被动语态翻译技巧的讲述之下,来让大家体会中英语之间的这种差异eg: Nowadays ,her songs are so popular among the young people that they are played on the radio every Sunday .现在,她的歌曲在年轻人中十分走红,每星期天都在电台播放就这句话而言,大家可以注意到的就是,英语使用的是被动语态,而中文使用的是主动语态,因为很明显,在英语中没有必要说出"播放"这个动作的执行者,而在中文之中,把播放译成"被播放"就显得十分的别扭好,现在我将为大家讲解我刚才写在黑板上的一些句子的被动翻译技巧1)使用加词法使翻译在汉语中含有被动含义当使用英译中之时,我们可以使用一些汉语中表示被动的词,而不是简单的就只是用"被"这一个词,这样我们的译文就会变得生动很多如:由,给,受,把,使.得到,是….的,为….所请看以下几句句子:eg: Heads of federal departments are named by the President , and judges are either elected directly by the people or are appointed by elected officials .联邦政府各部部长由总统任命,法官由人民直接选举,或者由选举出来的官员任命Though some people have been laid off because of automation , most have been absorbed by new industries and by the growth of service and leisure industries.有些人由于自动化而失了业,但是多数人为新兴产业及服务休闲业的扩大而吸收If a computer can be made complex enough , it can be as creative as we.如果能把电脑造的足够复杂的话,那么电脑就能像人一样富于创造力It is frequently said that computers solve problems only because they are "programmed" to do so .人们常说,电脑之所以能解决问题,只是因为它们给输入了解决问题的"程序"The quality of the product was limited by the cost.产品的质量受到了成本的限制The effort of the government was recognized by the public. 政府的努力得到了公众的承认2)直接译成主动结构*有些句子在汉语中,使用主动结构更为合适We both believe that through vigilance and strength , in your words , a war can be postponed , and in our words , war can be avoided.我们都认为, 有了警惕和实力,用你们的话说, 就可以推迟战争;用我们的话说,就可以避免战争.When the Constitution was written in 1787, there were only 13 states.1787年草拟宪法时,美国只有13个州What we say here will not be long remembered.我们这里所讲的话, 人们不会长久地记住**常用结构的翻译It is said/reported/mentioned/pointed out that , 结构常译成主动结构It is said that the man was murdered by the black man.据说是那个黑人谋杀了那个人.It is reported that the new president is going to pay an official visit to Russia.据报道,新任总统将对俄罗斯进行一次正式访问It is know to all that China's opening to the outside world will have a positive influence on its economic development .大家都知道,中国对外开放将对其经济发展起积极的作用<补充练习>Commercial cargoes are transported by highway, water and rail . One recent innovation is "containerized" cargo. At the factory, crates of goods are placed in large metal containers on wheels , and the containers are sealed and hitched to trucks to be taken to railroad centers or ports , where large cranes lift them on to freight cars, barges or ships.商业货物由公路,水路与铁路来运输,近来发明了"集装箱"货运. 在厂家就把货物装入带轮子的大型金属集装箱内,装箱密封后,挂在卡车后拉到铁路编组站或港口,用大吊车装上货物车厢,驳船或轮船.Crime is partly a result of bad material conditions : certainly it is most prevalent among people whose lives are not satisfactory in obvious ways---people without a settled home , with parents separated or divorced , victims of various kinds of misfortune , including poverty and lack of education . But bad social conditions , in the obvious material sense , can hardly be accepted as the main explanation for a rapid increaseof crime in the 1960s and 1970s . There are after all fewer people suffering from the bad conditions than before , and it is much easier to make a very satisfactory living by honest work now than it was forty years ago , on indeed at any previous time .The problem is shared with the rest of western civilization , and beyond it .犯罪的部分原因是物质条件差;犯罪当然在生活明显不满意的人中最普遍,没有固定住处者, 父母分居或离婚者,各种灾祸的受害者,其中,包括贫困和缺乏教育者.可是社会物质条件差, 不能认为是六,七十年代犯罪剧增的主要原因.毕竟受穷者比以前少了,现在通过正当职业谋得相当满意的生计,比40年前,以至以往任何时候都容易多了. 这个问题在整个西方,以及其他地区都存在.二.人名,地名的英译英语人名,地名,可以查找工具书,比如英汉辞典等等中级口译的人名地名的翻译相对来说是比较简单的,我们翻译人名,地名必须遵循"音译"的原则.必须注意的是:1) 用音译,慎用意译如:人名Wall, Sleep,译成:"沃尔"与"斯利普",不可译成"墙"与"睡".地名China同样不可译成"陶瓷",这也是众所周知的事了2) 人名中姓和名之间,用圆点间隔,如John Thomas Smith "约翰.托马斯.史密斯".3) 要熟记一些常用的译名比如:Franklin Roosevelt 罗斯福 Winston Churchill 邱吉尔Napoleon 拿破仑 Aristotle 亚里士多德Socrates 苏格拉底 New York 纽约New Orleans 新奥尔良 Los Angeles 洛杉矶Detroit 底特律 Chicago 芝加哥平时就多看看有关资料,也不一定要全背出,只是心里要留个底儿,这样就不会闹笑话了词在不同语境的翻译技巧在我们的翻译教程之中第12页,就有关于see在不同语境情况之下的不同翻译,这说明要准确的译出文章中关键词的意思,首先要注意语境的把握和上下文的搭配关系1) company的翻译He is fond of company.他爱交朋友Two is company, but three is none.两人成伴,三人不欢Among the company was an old man.这群人中有位老人Who keeps company with the wolf , will learn to howl.跟狼在一起,就会学会狼叫("近墨者黑".)I fell into company with him .我偶然与他相识Misery loves company.同病相怜The host amused the company with singing .主人用歌唱来招待宾客He is employed in an electronic company.他在一家电器公司工作2) 红与red的译法英语中有redShe was dressed in red.她身穿红衣When he started criticizing my work , I really saw red.他竟批评起我的工作来了,我立即火冒三丈汉语中有"红"There has never been a cross word between the two of them, 他俩从未红过脸He won a prize because his lucky star shone bright.他鸿(红)运当头因而中奖3) good的译法His mother was a good Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒Franklin was renowned for his good deeds富兰克林以他的德行而名扬四海Helen is as good as gold----most of the time.海伦很乖----大部分时间如此Mike is getting on in years , but both his hearing and eyesight are good.迈克已上了年纪,但他仍然耳聪目明The boss needs another good typist.老板还需要另外一名技术熟练的打字员His son had a good beating他儿子被狠狠地揍了一顿She has good looks她长得漂亮<补充练习>THE HUMMING-BIRDOf all animated being this is the most elegant in form and the most brilliant in colors. The stones and metals polished by our arts are not comparable to this jewel of Nature. Her masterpiece is this little humming-bird , and upon it she has heaped all the gifts which the other birds may only share. Lightness, rapidity , nimbleness , grace and rich apparel all belong to this littlefavorite, The emerald , the ruby , and the topaz gleam upon it dress. It never soils them with the dust of earth , and in its aerial life scarcely touches the turf an instant . Always in the air , flying from flower to flower, it has their freshness as well as their brightness. It lives upon their nectar , and dwells only in the climates where they perennially bloom.在一切生物中,要算蜂鸟体型最优美,颜色最鲜艳.经过工艺加工得各种宝石和金属是无法跟这个大自然的珍宝媲美的.这种小蜂鸟是大自然的杰作,大自然把其他鸟类只能分享的种种天赋全部慷慨地给了它.这个小宠儿具有轻盈,敏捷,灵活,优雅以及羽毛绚丽等一切妙处.那翠绿的,艳红的,嫩黄色的羽毛闪闪发光.蜂鸟从不让它的羽毛沾染尘土,它生活在天空中,一刻也不碰到草皮.它总是在空中飞翔,从花丛飞向花丛;它像花一样新鲜,又像花一样艳丽.蜂鸟靠花蜜为生,它只生活在鲜花盛开的地带.三.代词的翻译1)人称代词的翻译汉语之中人称代词用得比较少.在英语里,凡是能用人称代词取代名词的地方,都须用代词,而不重复名次.因此,人称代词在英语文章中随处可见,翻译要服从汉语习惯,不能简单的用词对词的方法处理比如下面的例子中将所有的"they"都译成他们,就会显得不那么自然2)物主代词的翻译除了人称代词含义是采取还原其所代替的名词之外,英语里的物主代词代替句中做主语的名次是,我们也要重复其做主语的名词,是译文更具体,更明确如下面的例子中将所有的their都译成他们的就会显得不自然Credit cards enable their holders to obtain goods and services on credit . They are issued by retail stores ,banks, credit-card companies to approved clients. The bank or credit-card company settles the client's bills, invoicing him monthly and charging interest on any outstanding debts. Their profit comes from the high rate of interest charged , the card-holders' subscriptions ,and the fees paid by some organizations that accept cards. 信用卡能使持卡人通过赊账的方式购买商品,得到服务.信用卡由零售商店,银行和信用卡公司发放给经过批准的客户,银行或信用卡公司结清客户的账单,按月给客户开列其消费清单,收取欠款的利息.这些金融机构的利润来自所收取的高额利息,持卡人致富的认购费以及接受信用卡消费的单位交纳的代理费their代表credit card,因此their holders 表示"持卡人"They代表credit card,因此they在此翻成"信用卡"Him代表client,因此him在此翻成"客户"Their代表the bank or credit-card company ,因此their 在此翻成"以上这些金融机构"<补充材料>The Americans is trained from childhood toquestion ,analyze ,search .Even in the primary grades , children are taught to use libraries , and to search for new ideas . By the time they are 14,15,and 16, many young scholars are making original and valuable contributions in all fields of science from astrophysics to oceanography. Industry is so aware of this untapped resource that each year , through national competitions, it offers tremendous awards among teen-agers in order to seek out (and later employ) the brilliant , inquiring minds which they find scattered across the country.美国人从小就训练孩子去提问,分析,探索.连小学生也教会使用图书馆,教会探寻新思想.许多小学者到14,15,16岁,就上至天体物理,下到海洋学,在某个学科中做出了独到的,宝贵的贡献.实业界深深了解这个未开发的资源,每年都搞全国性竞赛,给青少年提供巨额奖金,以发现(以后雇用)散布于全国的孜孜于搞学问的人才.四.定语从句的翻译定语从句在英语中大量出现.有长有短,结构有繁有简,对先行词的限制有强有弱,有时起着补充说明的作用,或者在逻辑上表示原因,目的,条件,让步和结果等等意义.因此对定语从句的翻译显得尤其重要,以下我将介绍给大家一些定语从句翻译的技巧1) 压缩法把英语的定语从句压缩成汉语的一个句子成分,也就是译成汉语中带"的"词组,当定语从句叫简短,则把这个带"的"汉语定语词组置于被修辞的词语之前No doubt there are questions or principles involved which can not be ignored and underestimated.无疑,这里涉及人们不能忽视或低估的原则问题Law offers us our best hope of overcoming the differences that prevail the world.法律使我们对克服世界上普遍存在的分歧有了最大的希望But Miggle's laugh , which was very infectious , broke the silence.但是,密格尔的富有感染力的笑声打破了沉默The deterioration of the international situation , which I noted in the introduction to the annual report last year , has continued.我在去年的年度报告导言中提到的那种国际形势的恶化一直在继续2) 拆译法如果定语从句冗长复杂,不论是限制性的或是非限制性的,往往可以译成并列句,放在主句的前后,偶尔还可以完全脱离主句而独立成句He will show her the place where they could make her look a proper dame----for next to nothing .他可以带她到那个地方,在哪儿他们会把她打扮成一个漂亮的少女,而且花不了几个钱I told the news to Robert, who told it to his friend Larry and soon the news spread all over the campus.我把消息告诉了罗伯特,他又告诉了他的朋友莱里,消息很快在校园里传开了They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which in the past ,many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们在为实现一个理想而奋斗,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,许多中国人曾为之献出自己的生命He had talked to Vice-President Nixon, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.他和副总统尼克松谈过话,副总统向他保证,凡是能够做到的,一定尽力去办.3) 转译法英语中有些定语从句在逻辑上对主句起着状语的作用,说明原因,目的,结果,条件和让步等等关系.汉译时应从原文的字里行间审定这些逻辑关系,然后译成汉语相应的偏正复句.The strike would prevent the docking of ocean steamships , which require assistance of tugboats.罢工使远洋轮不能靠岸,因为靠岸需要拖船的帮助Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries , who will negotiate trade agreement with the respective government.中国派出贸易代表团前往非洲各国,以便与这些国家的政府商谈贸易协定My uncle , who will be seventy tomorrow , is still a keen sportsman .尽管我大伯明天就满70岁了,但他仍然热衷于户外运动<补充材料>So, let us , in these next five days , start a long march together , not in lockstep, but on different roads leading to the same goal , the goal of building a world structure of peace and justice in which all may stand together with equal dignity and in which each nation ,large or small , has a right to determine its own form of government , free from outside interference or domination. 因此,让我们在今后的5天里一起开始一次长征吧,不是在一起迈步,而是在不同的道路上向着同一个目标前进.这个目标就是建立一个和平和正义的世界结构,使所有的人都在一起享有同等的尊严,使每一个国家,不论大小,都有权决定自己政府的形式,而不受外来的干涉和统治.THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTSThe rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to date as far back as the time of Roger Bacon , the wonderful monk and philosopher of Oxford , who lived between the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first in the middle ages to assert that we must learn science by observing and experimenting on the things around us ,and he himself made many remarkable discoveries. Galileo, however , who lived more than 300 years later(1564 to 1642), was the greatest of several great men , who in Italy, France , Germany , or England , began by degrees to show how many important truths could be discovered by well-directed observation. Before the time of Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fall more rapidly towards the earth than small ones , because Aristotle said so . But Galileo, going to the top of the leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two unequal stones , and proved to some friends , whom he had brought there to see his experiment, that Aristotle was in error. It is Galileo's spirit of going direct to Nature, and verifying our opinions and theories by experiment , that has led to all the great discoveries of modern science.科学实验的重要性现代科学的兴起也许要追溯到罗杰.培根的时代.罗杰,培根是牛津杰出的僧侣和哲学家,他出生于1214年,死于1292年.他可能是中世纪第一个提出我们必须通过对周围事物进行观察和实验来学习科学的人,他自己也有许多卓越的发现.然而,生活在三百多年之后的伽利略(1564-1642),却是好几个伟大人物中最伟大的一个,这些人在意大利,法国,德国和英国开始逐步使人们看到许多重要的真理是可以通过掌握得当的观察去发现的,在伽利略之前,学者们相信大的物体掉到地面比小的物体要快,因为亚里士多德是这样说的.可是,伽利略登上比萨斜塔的顶端,让两块体积不相等的石头同时落地,从而向一些他带去观看实验的朋友们证明亚里士多德错了.正是伽利略的这种直接到大自然中去通过实验来证明我们的判断和理论的精神,导致了现代科学的伟大发现五.词类转化技巧英语和汉语的大多数词类在互译时均可转换,其中常见的有以下几种1) 动词-----名词的相互转译They are waiting for a sight of the Vice President passing by. 他们在等候观看副总统经过那儿We can house you if the hotels are full.如果旅馆都客满了,我们可以给你提供住处Now , nobody wants to seem to claim superiority, and an agreeable effect of this is the greater informality of relationships all round.现在没有人妄自尊大,其令人愉快的效果是,四周围关系更加随便融洽2) 形容词----副词的相互转译Nowadays, children may be happy to read novels in a clean library.现在,孩子们会十分高兴地在干净的图书馆看书On this question , people of different age groups think differently.关于这个问题,不同年龄组的人有不同的想法In the ten years since normalization , we have witnessed the rapid expansion of the relations between our two countries. 自关系正常化以来的10年里,我们看到了两国关系发展迅速3) 介词---动词介词with的动词化译法She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides . 她看到一条小溪,两岸长着红花绿草The dog slunk away with his tail between his legs.狗夹着尾巴偷偷地走开了Any man with eyes in his head can see that he is exactly like a pole.任何头上长眼睛的人都看得出,他完全像根竹竿<补充练习>The shape of the world is changing almost as dramatically as this city's skyline. Today the cold war is over . The risk ofthe global nuclear conflict has been greatly reduced and the free flow of goods and ideas is bringing to life the concept of a global village. But just as all nations can benefitfrom the promise of this new world , no nation is immune to its perils. We all have a stake in building peace and prosperity, and in confronting threat that respects no borders---terrorism and drug trafficking, disease and environmental destruction. To meet these challenges most effectively, China and the United States must act in concert. Some argue that with the Cold War's end , the strategic importance of the US-China relationship has diminished . I believe they have it exactly backwards. As a new century begins , the importance of strengthening the ties between the United States and China will grow even greater.世界的面貌正在发生引人注目的变化,其变化之快几乎就像这座城市的空中轮廓.今天,冷战已经结束.全球核冲突的危险性已大大减小,商品和思想的交流正在激发地球村的概念.难事,正如世界各国会受益于这个新世界的美好前景,没有一个国家能免遭其祸害.缔造和平与繁荣,抵御不分国界的诸多威胁---恐怖主义,贩毒,疾病和环境破坏,这些与我们大家都有着利害关系.为了最有效地迎接这些挑战,中国和美国必须协力行动.有些人说,随着冷战的结束,美中关系的战略意义已经减弱了.我认为这些人刚好说反了.随着新世纪的开始,加强美国和中国的联系,其重要性将变得更大.六.加词的技巧所谓加词就是在汉译中添加必要的词使译文的意思明白无误,有些句子在翻译时需要添词The basic problem is that big cities are no longer functional.A handful of cities ----New York, San Francisco , maybe Boston---are redefining their roles. But the rest are losing their in society . We don't need them anymore.根本问题是,大城市不再起作用.有少数几个城市----纽约,旧金山,可能还有波士顿----正在重新确定各自的作用.但是其他城市正在失去它们在社会上的地位.我们不再需要这些城市了.Reading makes a full man ; conference a ready man ; writing an exact man .读书使人充实,谈话使人敏捷,写作使人准确He is more concerned about others than about himself.他关心别人比关心自己更多Better be wise by the defeat of others than your own ,从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更深刻1) 在英语不及物动词后面添加名词Before he went to Africa , he learned how to ride and shoot. 在去非洲前,他学会了怎样骑马和射箭She had her hands full this morning - washing , cooking , and cleaning .她今天早上忙个不停-----洗衣服,烧饭,收拾房间2) 在英语数词后面增加量词She has many questions for her math teacher.她有一大堆问题要问数学老师3) 某些-ed分词前面加了the之后,代表一类人或一类事物The wounded was a policeman .受伤的人是警察4) 为了更好的理解原文,汉译时需要增词Do you agree with me in doing translation strictly according to the principles studied.你赞不赞成我的看法:在进行翻译的过程中,应该严格遵守所学的规则His mother is old and weak.他母亲年老而体弱Standing together, we can further peace and security. Great nations, if adversaries, cannot draw from each other's strengths.站在一起,我们就能推进和平与安全.如果伟大的国家互相为敌,那么,它们便无法相互汲取长处"if adversaries(n)"是个省略句,相当于"if they become adversaries"Nobody could count on his restraint or rationality.谁也不能指望他会采取克制和讲道理的态度<补充材料>Dolphins , like whales , must surface to breath air through a blowhole on top of their heads. Dolphins are social animals and love company. Many of them , in fact , even enjoy being around humans . It is not uncommon to hear of dolphins giving rides through the water to humans. In additions to being playful, dolphins are helpful to men . For example, as early as 400 B.C . the Greek poet Arion was saved from drowning by a dolphin . From then until now , dolphins have been helping swimmers who are in trouble. Swimmers, however are not the only humans they help. In some parts of the world , they can be counted on to help men catch fish. Moreover , dolphins are very intelligent. A dolphin's brain resembles a human brain , but it is large. Consequently, some people claim that dolphins are really smarter than men . Of course, there is no way of proving this point. Brain size is not an absolute measure of intelligent. Furthermore measuring dolphins' intelligence on other ways is not possible since men cannot fully communicate with them . Apparently, however, dolphins communicate with each other . At any rate , they make whistling, clicking and buzzing sounds which seem to be at least a form of language . So far , however , men have not been able to figure out the communication code the dolphin use.海豚与鲸一样,需要不时浮出水面以其头顶上的鼻孔来呼吸.海豚是群居动物,爱结伴.事实上,不少海豚还以与人相处为乐,它们在水中供人乘骑之事也是常有所闻的除了可爱逗趣之外,海豚对于人类是极有帮助的.例如,早在公元前400年希腊诗人艾里昂就因溺水而被一头海豚救起.至今为止,海豚一直在帮助遇到麻烦的游泳者.不仅如此,它们还能帮助人们捕鱼更有甚者,海豚智力发达.它的大脑与人类的相似,但容量更大.因而有人宣称,海豚真的比人聪明.当然,现在没法证明这一点.脑容量并不是一个决定聪敏程度的检测标准.还有,由于人们无法完全同海豚进行交流.不管怎样说,它们发出的哨音,卡嗒声和嗡嗡声等至少是一种语言的形式.但是,至今为止人们上不能解释海豚语言交流的密码七.省略的翻译技巧英译汉过程中,译文要符合汉语的表达习惯在汉语中代词和连接词用的不多,因此有时候我们就将这些词在翻译过程中省去,以下我将给大家分类举例说明具体的翻译省略技巧1) 连接词的省略有时,and 和 or 没有必要翻译出来Most Americans have great vigor and enthusiasm.大多数美国人精力充沛,热情高涨They have courage and do not give in easily.他们有勇气,不轻易屈服Foreigners sometimes complain, however , that they have little interest in or knowledge of the outside world.然而,外国人却有时抱怨说,美国人对外部世界漠不关心,一无所知Promote physical culture and build up the people's health . 发展体育运动,增强人民体质.下句中before也没有必要翻译出来Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill 车未停稳,切勿上下2) 冠词的省略英译汉过程中,不定冠词a, an除了表示"一"这个数量概念时需要译出之外,其他情况下往往省略不译They are prepared to take the initiative , even when there is a risk in doing so .他们做事会采取主动,即使这样做要冒风险,也在所不辞He is an Englishman , and not an American .他是英国人,不是美国人They have a wide knowledge of everyday things , and a keen interest in their particular city and state.他们对日常事情所知甚广,对所在的城市和州深为关切定冠词the的省略见下例Is the sole aim of most Americans to make money and possess luxuries which could be called excessive?赚钱和拥有可以称得上过多的奢侈品,是不是大多数美国人的唯一的目标The use of bacteriological weapons is a clear violation of international law.使用细菌武器显然是违反国际法的The individual American is generous, but the American nation is hard.美国人作为个人是慷慨的,但美国人作为一个民族则是吝啬的3) 代词的省略当代词做宾语时,说话人和听话人,或者读者都知道指什么,汉译时需要省略If you like the books , you can take them with you .如果你喜欢这些书,就拿去吧They pride themselves on their independence , their right to make up their own minds.他们为能独立行事,为有权做出自己的决定而感到骄傲4) 介词的省略*有些表示时间的介词可以省略When the Constitution was written in 1787, there were only 13 states.1787年起草宪法时,只有十三个州*有些表示地点的介词的省略What scenic spots are there in Shanghai ?上海有什么风景区?*有些与名词到搭配的介词可以省略Their skyscrapers , bridges and dams often have a splendor which matches in beauty and scales the country's natural wonders. 他们的摩天大楼,桥梁和水坝往往气势壮观,与美国的自然奇观之壮美和恢弘相得益彰<补充练习>ANIMAL AND MACHINEThe body of an animal may well be compared with some machine like a locomotive engine. Indeed ,the animal body is a machine . It is a machine composed of many parts , each part doing some particular kind of work for which a particular kind of structure fits it; and all the parts are dependent on each other and work together for the accomplishment of the total business of the machine. The locomotive must be provided with fuel , such as coal or wood or other combustible substance , the consumption of which。
4被动语态的译法
This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. 给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影 响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决 这一问题 （主动句式）
如果原子失去了一个或多个电子，我们就说 这个原子带正电荷。
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④用英语句中的动作者作汉语中的主语
The planets are held together by attractive forces. 行星被引力聚在一起。 引力把行星聚积在一起。
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⑤将一个适当成分译作汉语句中的主语
The students have been answered all the questions.
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翻译成汉语的无主句
It is hoped that … 希望…… It is reported that … 据报道…… It is said that … 据说…… It is supposed that … 据推测……
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It must be admitted that … 必须承认…… It must be pointed out that … 必须指出…… It will be seen from this that … 由此可见…… It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸张地说……
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科技论文关心：行为、活动、作用、事实
被动句正是将“行为、活动、作用、事实” 等作为主语（主语一般位于句首），从而 能立引起读者对所陈述的事实的注意 ------显示出作者客观性、真实性
《被动语态的翻译》课件
详细描述
被动语态的定义是指主语是动作的接受者，而不是动 作的执行者。在英语中，被动语态通常以“be”动词 加上过去分词的形式出现，例如“The book was written by the author”。被动语态强调动作和结果 的客观性，使得句子更加简洁明了，同时避免了主观 色彩，使得描述更加客观公正。此外，被动语态还可 以强调动作本身，突出动作的执行者和动作的结果。
被动语态的定义与分类
详细介绍了被动语态的定义、分类以 及在英语和汉语中的表现形式。
语境与文化因素
强调了翻译时需考虑的语境和文化因 素，以及如何处理文化差异。
翻译技巧
总结了被动语态翻译的常用技巧，如 直译、意译、归化与异化等。
常见问题与解决方法
语义偏差
列举了因不理解被动语态 含义而导致的语义偏差， 并给出了相应的解决方法 。
过去分词”等等。
被动语态的分类
要点一
总结词
被动语态可以分为三类，即现在简单时态被动语态、过去 简单时态被动语态和完成时态被动语态。
要点二
详细描述
被动语态可以分为三类，即现在简单时态被动语态、过去 简单时态被动语态和完成时态被动语态。现在简单时态被 动语态表示现在正在进行的动作或存在的状态，例如 “The book is being written by the author”。过去简 单时态被动语态表示过去正在进行的动作或存在的状态， 例如“The book was written by the author”。完成时 态被动语态表示已经完成的动作或存在的状态，例如 “The book has been read by many people”。
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被动语态翻译的练习与解析
Chapter
被动语态的翻译
(四）翻译以it作形式主语的英语句子，翻译时常 要转为主动形式，有时可加上“有人”、“大 家”、“我们”等不确定主语。 · It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains of killer viruses. 据报道，敌人正在培育新的杀人病毒。 · It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday. 有人建议会议推迟到下星期一举行。 · It is well known that natural light is actually made up of many colors. 众所周知，自然光其实是许多种颜色构成的。
His young daughter looks as red as a rose. 他的小女儿面庞红得象朵玫瑰花。 I passed and repassed the house, and stopped and listened at the door; all was dark and silent as the grave. ( B．Shaw) 我在那房子前面走了几趟，并在门口停下来听了听；一片 漆黑，沉寂得像座坟墓。 Love goes towards love, as schoolboys from their books; but love from love, towards school with heavy looks． ( William Shakespeare) 赴情人的约会，像学童抛开书一样； 和情人分别，像学童板着脸上学堂。
A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。
被动语态的翻译
被动语态翻译英语中被动语态使用范围很广，凡是在不必或不愿说出或无从说出施动者以及为了便于连贯上下文或者为了强调动作的承受者等场合，往往都用被动语态。
英语被动句的翻译主要有以下几种情况：一、译成汉语主动句。
1．原句中的主语、谓语不变，译文中没有表示被动的标志，如“被、把”字等，形式上是主动句，表达被动意义。
例如：Eg. On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 《实践论》已译成许多国家的文字。
Eg. The whole country was armed in a few days. 几天以内，全国就武装起来了。
2．原句中的主语移到谓语之后，译作宾语。
Eg. Another middle school has been set up in our district．我们区又办了一所中学。
Eg. 1，200 people had been saved soldiers in the earthquake. 在地震中，战士们已救出1200人。
3．译成带表语的主动句。
Eg. The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
Eg. In the old society，women were looked down upon. 在旧社会，妇女们是受歧视的。
4．含主语从句的被动句型译为主动句。
以it作形式主语的英语句子，翻译时常要转为主动形式，有时可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我们” 等不确定主语。
例如：Eg. It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains of killer viruses．据报道敌人正在培育新的杀人病毒。
Eg. It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday．有人建议会议推迟到下星期一举行。
被动语态的翻译
5. 谓语不变，主宾语调换。
Yet, only a part of this energy is used by man. 然而，人类只利用了这种能的一部分。
He is revered and admired by all of us.
我们大家都敬仰他，钦佩他。 Mr. Li is considered to be a good teacher. 大家认为李先生是位好老师。
当分子受热时，分子的速度就加速。
The World Trade Organization (WTO) was founded in 1993.
世界贸易组织创建于1993年。
This five-star hotel was built in 1997 for Hong Kong’s return to t
The matter was never mentioned again. 后来再也没提这件事。 Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.
给了他们两天的时间来做必要的 准备工作。 Every student must be helped to understand that only by painstaking study can he master English.
英语被动语态的翻译
英语中被动语态使用广泛：不 必指出主动者，无从确定主动者， 为便于上下文的连接，一般都会采 用被动语态。 汉语中即便是被动概 念，往往用主动动词来表示，这称 为“当然被动句”。如“这锅饭能 吃十个人。”，“困难克服了。”， “工作完成了。”，“问题也解决 了。 因此，相对而言，英语被动句
She was caught in the downpour.
英语被动语态的语用翻译
英译汉时被动语态的基本的翻译方法如下：01直接译为主动语态(1) 译为无主句或添加模糊主语It is said that…据说…Such a conclusion can be drawn…(我们)可以得出这个结论…The boy can be assumed（我们可以）假设这个男孩…有时为了译为明确行文，可以适当添加“我/我们”“人们”等模糊的主语The students were seen reciting the new words and phrases.有人看见学生们在背新单词和短语。
(2) 在主语明确的情况下，保留原句主语。
The food was exhausted only in a few days.食物在几天内就吃光了。
02译为被动语态不能译为主动语态的，可采用中文中的被动语态的句式来译，常见的被动句式有“为…所”“让…给”Unifies our country's condition as our country's historic tradition, causes these to be adopted by us.结合我国的国情以及我国的历史传统, 使这些为我所用。
Her dress was caught by a nail.她的衣服让钉子给钩住了。
03科技文献中译为“能够”“可以”Because it is very slippery,it is used for lubrication.04用“是…的”字句表示被动“是…的”是一种形式主动，实际上是不用“被”字的被动句，例如：War is invented by the human mind.战争是人的智慧发明的。
再如冰心的《梦》，“五色的丝线，是能做成好看的活计的；香的，美丽的花，是要插在头上的；镜子是妆束完时要照一照的；在众人中间坐着，是要说些很细腻很温柔的话的；眼泪是时常要落下来的。
女孩子是总有点脾气，带点娇贵的样子的。
被动语态的翻译被动语态的翻译
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被动→主动（续）
有时，原句无行为主体，可以增译适当的 主语 Ex.10 New computer viruses and logic bombs are discovered every week.
每个星期，我们都会发现新的计算机病毒和逻辑炸弹。
Ex.11 The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored .
体积不是用平方毫米计量的。它是用立方毫米计量的。
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It引导的惯用句型中的被动态
It is well known that… 众所周知，… It is suggested that… 有人建议，… 据说，… It is said that… It is generally recognized that… 一般认为，… It must be realized that… 必须意识到，… It should be noted that… 应该注意到，… It has been proved that…已经证明，…
人们对这个问题迄今尚无彻底的研究。
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被动→“是……的”
描述事物过程、性质和状态的被动句，可 以考虑译成“是……的”
Ex.12 The voltage is not controlled in that way.
电压不是用那样的方法来进行控制的。
Ex.13 The volume is note measured in square millimeters. It is measured in cubic millimeters.
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Ex.2 He was beaten.
被动→被动（续）
Ex.3 This characteristic is implied in the term SCR. 被暗示 被…决定 有所体现 取决于… Ex.4 The current is determined by… 由…决定
翻译4.1：被动语态的翻译
大家知道（众所周知）…… 有人会说……
It was told that...
有人曾经说……
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第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
1.5 某些表示被动含义的句型的翻译 1) This point deserves mentioning.
这一点值得一提。 2) The paper can stand criticizing.
第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
1 被 动 语 态 的 翻 译
语态是表明句子中谓语与主语之间关系的 一种语法手段。相比汉语，英语中被动语态使 用范围大、频率高。因此，在翻译时，我们可 以根据两种语言的习惯，从句式和辅助词语两 个方面进行语态转换。
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第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
一、 英译汉中被动语态的翻译
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第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
1.3 译成判断句 有些英语被动句并不突出强调被动动作，而着重对事物的状 态、过程和性质等加以描写，其作用与系表结构类似, 因此，此 类句式可翻译成中文的判断句。例如: l) Everything in the world is build up from atoms. 世间万物都是由原子构成的。 2) The first explosive in the world was made and used in China. 世界上最早的炸药是在中国制造和使用的。
这篇论文经得起推敲。 3) As I passed by, my coat got caught on a nail. 我走过去时，外衣被钉子勾住了。 4) The murder is now under investigation. 这起谋杀案正在调查中。
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第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
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有人主张……
It is believed that...
有人相信（认为）……
It is generally considered that... 大家认为 ……
It is well known that...
大家知道（众所周知）……
It will be said that…·
有人会说……
It was told that...
有人曾经说……
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第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
1.5 某些表示被动含义的句型的翻译 1) This point deserves mentioning. 这一点值得一提。 2) The paper can stand criticizing. 这篇论文经得起推敲。 3) As I passed by, my coat got caught on a nail. 我走过去时，外衣被钉子勾住了。 4) The murder is now under investigation. 这起谋杀案正在调查中。
第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
语态是表明句子中谓语与主语之间关系的
1 被
一种语法手段。相比汉语，英语中被动语态使 用范围大、频率高。因此，在翻译时，我们可 以根据两种语言的习惯，从句式和辅助词语两
动
个方面进行语态转换。
语
态
的
翻
译
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第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
一、 英译汉中被动语态的翻译
1.1 译成被动句 英语被动句是由“助动词be+过去分词”构成，
5) 大家认为，他对做这项工作很满足。
He was considered quite satisfied with the job.
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第二章：词法翻译——翻译练习
翻译练习
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English. They might be useful when you write th的翻译
2.2 含有被动意义的汉语句子应当译成英语的被动句 这类句子在形式上没有被动标记：有主语有动词，但主语
不是谓语动词动作的执行者，有时主语缺席，但都有被动含义， 英译时应该译成被动语态。例如：
1) 而且，这也是违反中国习俗的，因为凡事都不能匆忙。 Besides, that’s going against Chinese custom, because haste is to be avoided.
在译成汉语时，除了用 “被”表示外，还可以运用 其他词语，如 “受”、“遭”、“让”、“给”、 “由”、“把”、 “让”、“为……所”、“加以”、 “予以”等。例如：
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第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
1) The optimists believe defeat is not their fault: circumstances, bad luck, or other people brought it about. Such people are not bothered by defeat. 乐观主义者相信失败并不是他们的错，环境、运气不佳 或其他人都可能造成自己的失败。这些人从不为失败所 困扰。
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第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
3) He was brought up by his grandmother. 他是由他祖母抚养大的。
4) We are not to be bullied. 我们是不能被欺负的。
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第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
1.4 “It+ be+ past participle + that引导的从句”句型的翻译
2) 他们认为他们受到了关爱与信任，这种感觉激励了他们的信心。 They felt loved and trusted, and this feeling encouraged them to be self-confident.
3) 我发现昨天英语考试中我作弊的事当天晚上就让我父母知道了。 I found that my cheating in yesterday’s English test was reported to my parents that very evening.
3)公共交通增加投入，可以抑制不断增长的私车需求。
The ever-increasing demand for private cars could be halted by more investment in public transport.
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第二章：词法翻译——翻译练习
4) In 1849 gold was discovered in California in the mountains near San
2) Here, hold the baby while I fix her blanket. It’s all pulled out.
来，抱着孩子，我把毯子弄弄好，全都拉散了。
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第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
3) When the meal is finished, the guests put their napkins on the table and rise. 吃完饭后，客人们把餐巾放在桌上并起身。
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第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
1.2 译成主动句 英译汉时，不少英语被动句被译成汉语主动句，使句
子更符合汉语习惯。
1) Don’t be alarmed if your newborn fails to be startled by loud noises or fails to turn toward sound. 如果你的新生儿听到响声并不吃惊，或者没有把头转 向发出声音的方向，不必慌张。
4) Late in November, street lights and store windows are decorated with the traditional Christmas colors of red and green. 11月下旬，街灯和商店的橱窗都用红和绿这两种传统的 圣诞节颜色加以装饰。
It must be admitted that... 必须承认……
It must be pointed out that... 必须指出…… It will be seen from this that… 由此可见……
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第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
B. 增加主语
It is asserted that...
2) 当他了解到需要什么以后就决定申请入会。 When he learned what was required, he decided to apply for membership.
3) 基本建设速度加快，投资环境不断完善。 The capital construction has been accelerated and the environment for investment has been continuously improved.
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第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
5) Does your coat require pressing? 你的外衣需要熨烫吗？
6) The noodles are still cooking. 面条还在煮着。
7) This ball-pen writes smoothly. 这支圆珠笔写起来很顺畅。
2) 到目前为止还未得出结论。
So far, no conclusion has been reached.
3) 该问题没得到注意。
No attention was paid to the problem.
4) 表格要在有证人的情况下签名。
The form has to be signed in the presence of a witness.
It is believed that he is living in New York.
3) 人们推测他们总有一天会结婚的。
It is assumed that they will get married one day.
4) 有人看见老教授深夜还在做试验。
The old professor was seen making an experiment late at night.
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第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
2.3 无主句 汉语中有些句子没有主语，翻译时可以用被动语态，可
以让原句里的动词宾语充当英语句子里的主语，而动词变为 被动形式的谓语，构成英语被动句。例如:
1) 对这些评论应予以充分的讨论。
These remarks should be discussed fully.
2) When optimists run for office, they are more apt to be elected than pessimists are. 当乐观主义者参加竞选时，他们比悲观主义者更容易 当选。
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第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
3) Americans eat a lot of beef because there is plenty of land for raising cattle and their meat can be shipped cheaply for long distance by railroad. 美国人牛肉吃得很多，因为美国有大量的土地可用来 养牛，而且牛肉可以由铁路以低廉的价格进行长途运 输。
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第二章：词法翻译——被动语态的翻译
二、 汉译英中被动语态的翻译
2.1 带有如 “被”、“受”、“遭”、“给”、“挨”等被动标 记词的汉语句子应该译成英语被动句。