托福TPO第27套阅读真题翻译及生词解析
托福TPO27阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Crafts in the Ancient Near East Some of the earliest human civilizations arose insouthern Mesopotamia,in what is now southern Iraq,in the fourth millennium B.C.E.In the second half ofthe millennium,in the south around the city of Uruk,there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements.A largepart of that increase took place in Uruk itself,which became a real urban center surrounded bya set of secondary settlements.While population estimates are notoriously unreliable,scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agriculturalproduction of the field surrounding the city,which could be reached with a daily commute.ButUruk’s dominant size in the entire region,far surpassing that of other settlements,indicatesthat it was a regional center and a true city.Indeed,it was the first city in human history. 一些最早的人类文明是在公元前四千年前的南美索不达米亚出现的，现在这片区域处于南伊拉克。
托福TPO27口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
(man) How come?
(woman) Well, the cost, for one thing, they are just not being realistic.
(man)ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้Even compare to the price of textbooks?
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福 TPO27 口语 Task3 阅读文本+听力文本+题 目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福 TPO27 口语 Task3 阅读文本：
Switch to Electronic Textbooks
The university will begin switching from traditional-bound textbooks to electronic textbooks early next year. University students will be able to download the content of their required textbooks to a reading device and read the material directly from the device’s screen. While the cost of the device is around $200, it is a one-time expense. Considering the rising cost of textbooks, students will save money in the long run since purchasing electronic books for their classes is much less expensive than buying regular textbooks. Furthermore, the university believes the device will be an effective study aid because it is simple to operate and offers features such as highlighting of text and note-taking.
TPO-27 Reading 1解析
正确答案：D解析：高亮句的主干是scholars assume that后边的部分，即“学者们认为Uruk 城的居民能够通过城市周边的农业生产自给自足”，对应D项的表述。
Q2正确答案：B解析：surpassing，超过、越过；近义词是exceeding。
根据词汇所在句意可知Uruk城的大小远远超过其它的定居地，所以曾是地区的中心，是真正的城市。
Q3正确答案：C解析：在第一段中，A项对应第2句后半句an enormous escalation in the area；B项对应倒数第2句中的were able to support themselves from the agricultural production；D项对应倒数第2句中的of the filed surrounding the city; 排除法选C，Uruk 是当时最大的settlement (far surpassing that of other settlements)，而不是“更大的之一”。
Q4正确答案：C解析：intact，完整的，完好无损的，未受损的；近义词是undamaged。
Q5正确答案：D解析：第二段中介绍beveled-rim时说“It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes”，后半句说明这种碗是按照较少的几个型号生产的。
Q6正确答案：B解析：在第二段中，B项对应第2句的内容，but a small segment…started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks，正确；该段并没有提及从事非农业的专业人士有更高的社会地位，A错误；该段第4句说这种碗是“这种碗是alized ，utilitarian ，C错误。
托福阅读TPO27-2 The Formation of Volcanic Islands
The Formation of Volcanic IslandsEarth’s surface is not made up of a single sheet of rock that forms a crust but rather a number of “tectonic plates” that fit closely, like the pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle. Some plates carry islands or continents others form the seafloor. All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser semi-liquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth’s core. The plates have edges that are spreading ri dges (where two plates are moving apart and new seafloor is being created), subduction zones (where two plates collide and one plunges beneath the other), or transform faults (where two plates neither converge nor diverge but merely move past one another). It is at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activity occur.Generally speaking, the interiors of plates are geologically uneventful. However, there are exceptions. A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes----many no longer active, some overgrown with coral----that originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacific seafloor.How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian Islands provide a very instructive answer. Like many other island groups, they form a chain. The Hawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probable older, toward the northwest. Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. They as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.Although this idea was not immediately accepted, the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano, just as Daly had suggested. Wilson’s analysis of these data is now a central part of plate tectonics. Most volcanoes that occur in the interiors of plates are believed to be produced by mantle plumes, columns of molten rock that rise from deep within the mantle. A volcano remains an active “hot spot” as long as it is over the plume. The plumes apparently originate at great depths, perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle, and many have been active for a very long time. The oldest volcanoes in the Hawaii hot-spot trail have ages close to 80 million years. Other islands, including Tahiti and Easter Islands in the pacific, Reunion and Mauritius in the In dia Ocean, and indeed most of the large islands in the world’s oceans, owe their existence to mantle plumes.The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful for geologist because they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source. They therefore permit the reconstruction of the process of seafloor spreading, and consequently of the geography of continents and of ocean basins in the past. For example, given the current position of the Pacific Plate, Hawaii is above the Pacific Ocean hot spot. So the position of The Pacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-oil volcano in the hot-spot trail sits at the location of Hawaii today. However because the ocean basins really are short-lived features on geologic times scale, reconstruction the world’s geography by backtracking along the hot-spot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so of geologic time.Paragraph 1: Earth’s surface is not made up of a single shee t of rock that forms a crust but rather a number of “tectonic plates” that fit closely, like the pieces of a gain jigsaw puzzle. Some plates carry islands or continents, others form the seafloor. All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser sem-iliquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth’s core. The plates have edges that are spreading ridgescollide and one plunges beneath the other), or transform faults (where two plates nor diverge but merely move past one another). It is at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activity occur.1.The author mentions “spreading ridges”, “subduction zones”, and “transform faults” in order toO illustrate that the boundaries of tectonic plates are neat, thin linesO explain why some tectonic plates carry islands or continents while others form the seafloorO explain the complex nature of the edges of tectonic platesO provide examples of areas of tectonic plates where little geologic action occursO expandO formO riseO move closer3.which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information O Volcanic activity is responsible for the formation of the Pacific seafloor in the interior of the Pacific Plate.O Many volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean are no longer active and have become islands that supportcoral.O There are many islands in the Pacific Ocean that originated as volcanoes in the interior of the Pacific Plate.O The map of the Pacific Ocean reveals fewer volcanic islands than there truly are because many are no longer active and some are completely overgrown with coral.volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian islandsChain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively moreand therefore probable older, toward the northwest. Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. They as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.O clearO detailedO informativeO familiarO worm downO scatteredO developedO deserted6.In paragraph 3, what is the relationship between the scientific contribution of James Daly and Tuzo Wilson?O Wilson provided an explanation for the observations made by Daly.O Wilson challenged the theory proposed by Daly.O Wilson found numerous examples of island chains that supported Daly’s theory.O Wilson popularized the explanation of volcanic island formation formulated by Daly.Paragraph 4: Although this idea was not immediately accepted, the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano, just as Daly had suggested. Wilson’s analysis of these data is now a central part of plate tectonics. Most volcanoes thatoccur in the interiors of plates are believed to be produced by mantle plumes, columns of molten rock that rise from deep within the mantle. A volcano remains an active “hot spot” as long as it is over t he plume. The plumes apparently originate at great depths, perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle, and many have been active for a very long time. The oldest volcanoes in the Hawaii hot-spot trail have ages close to 80 million years. Other islands, including Tahiti and Easter Islands in the pacific, Reunion and Mauritius in the India Ocean, and indeed most of the large islands in the world’s oceans, owe their existence to mantle plumes.7.Why does the author provide the informatio n that “the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano”?O To point out differences between the Hawaii island chain and other volcanic island chainsO To question the idea that all the islands in an island chain have been formed by volcanic activity O To explain why Wilson hypothesis was initially difficult to acceptO To provide evidence in support of Daly’s and Wilson’s ideas about how the Hawaii islands were formed8.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of mantle plumesO They exist close to the surface of tectonic plates.O They cause most of the volcanic activity that occurs in the interiors of plates.O They are rarely active for long period of time.O They get increasingly older away from the present hot spots.Paragraph 5: The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful for geologist because they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source. They therefore permit thePacific Ocean hot spot. So the position of The Pacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-oil volcano in the hot-spot trail sits at the location of Hawaii today. However because the ocean basins really are short-lived features on geologic times scale, reconstruction the world’s geography by backtracking along the hot-spot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so of geologic time.9.According to paragraph 5, volcanic islands help geologists toO reconstruct past geographyO detect changes in mantle plumesO measure the rigidity of tectonic platesO explain why the seafloor spreads10.What can be inferred about the Pacific Plate from paragraph 5?O The hot spots on the Pacific Plate are much older than the ones located on the other tectonic plates.O Most of the volcanic sources beneath the Pacific Plate have become extinct.O The Pacific Plate has moved a distance equal to the length of the Hawaiian Island chain in the past 80 million years.O The Pacific Plate is located above fewer mantle plumes than other plates are.O originalO idealO relativeO present12.According to paragraph 5, why are geologists unable to trace back the entire geologic of continents from hot-spot trails?O Hot spots have existed for only about 5 percent of geologic time.O Hawaii did not exist 50 millions years ago.O Oceanic basins that contained old hot-spot trails disappeared a long time ago.O Hot-spot trails can be reconstructed only for island chains.Paragraph 3: How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian islands provide a very instructive answer. ■Like many other island groups, they form a chain. ■The Hawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. ■In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probable older, toward the northwest. ■Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. They as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This pattern remained unexplained for a long time.Where would the sentence best fit?14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Although volcanic activity is concentrated on the edge of tectonic plates, such activity can occur in the interiors of plates as well.Answer Choices●●●O Our understanding of islands comes from Daly’s and Wilson’s observations of the Hawaiian Islands, which was later confirmed by plate-tectonic theory.O The hot-spot trails formed by volcanic island chains indicate the positions of tectonic plates as for back as the present ocean basins have existed.O Whereas volcanic islands formed by mantle plumes are typically small, most of the world’s largest islands are formed at the edges of tectonic plates.O It has only recently been discovered that tectonic plates are closely fitting rather than loosely constructed, as geologist previously believed.O Volcanic island chains such as the Hawaiian Islands form in the interior of a tectonic plate as the plate moves over a fixed volcanic source in the mantle.O The Pacific Plate has existed for as long as the Hawaiian Islands have existed, namely for more than 80 million years.参考答案1.○32.○43.○34.○35.○16.○17.○48.○29.○110.○311.○412.○313.○414. Our understanding of islands comes…Whereas volcanic islands…It has only recently been…。
托福阅读TPO27句子简化题分析——题2
The Formation of Volcanic IslandsParagraph 2Generally speaking, the interiors of plates are geologically uneventful. However, there are exceptions. A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes—many no longer active, some overgrown with coral—that originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacific seafloor.Q3 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential informationA.V olcanic activity is responsible for the formation of the Pacific seafloor in theinterior of the Pacific Plate.B.Many volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean are no longer active and have becomeislands that support coral.C.There are many islands in the Pacific Ocean that originated as volcanoes in theinterior of the Pacific Plate.D.The map of the Pacific Ocean reveals fewer volcanic islands than there truly arebecause many are no longer active and some are completely overgrown with coral.确定句子核心信息A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes—many no longer active, some overgrown with coral—that originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacific seafloor.分析：通过确定核心信息，我们看到该句最基本的结构是主语（A glance）+谓语动词（reveals）+宾语从句（that…）。
托福阅读真题第27套
第27套BirdsongParagraph1Birdsong is the classic example of how genes(hereditary information)and environment both have a crucial role to play in the behavioral development of animals. Since the pioneering work of W.H.Thorpe on chaffinches(a common European bird), many species have been studied,and it has become clear both that learning plays an important role for all species and also that there are constraints on what they are able to learn.1.The word“pioneering”in the passage is closet in meaning torecentfamousoriginalcontroversialParagraph2Thorpe was able to show that learning from others was involved in chaffinch birds through a series of experiments on hand-reared chicks(young birds).As in most other species,only the males sing.Thorpe found that,if he raised young males in total isolation from all others,the song they produced was quite different from that of a normal adult.It was about the right length and in the correct frequency range.It was also split up into a series of notes as it should be.But these notes lacked the detailed structure found in wild birds,nor was the song split up into distinct phrases as it usually is.This suggested that song development requires some social ter experiments in which researchers played recordings of songs to young birds showed just how precise this influence was:many of them would learn the exact pattern of the recording they had heard.A remarkable feature here was that birds were able to copy precisely songs that they only heard in the first few weeks of life,yet they did not sing themselves until about eight months old.They are thus able to store a memory of the sound within their brain and then match their own output to their recollection of it when they mature.2.The word“distinct”in the passage is closet in meaning toshortsimpleseparatesimilar3.According to paragraph2,all of the following are characteristics of the songs ofthe young chaffinches in Thorpe’s experiment EXCEPT:They were not identical to the songs of normal adult chaffinches.They lacked the complex form of the songs of wild chaffinches.They were as long as the songs of normal adult chaffinches.They were clearly different from each other.4.According to paragraph2,researchers discovered which of the following byplaying recordings of songs to chaffinches?Chaffinches could no longer be taught to reproduce sounds after the first few weeks of life.Chaffinches could not reproduce songs with exactly the same patterns of recorded songs.Chaffinches at the age of eight months could recall and reproduce a song that they heard in the first few weeks of life.Chaffinches that learned a song from recordings in the first few weeks of life were later unable to copy the sounds of mature chaffinches.5.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph2as characteristics of wildchaffinches EXCEPT:They are able to copy songs very precisely.Their song development requires interaction with other chaffinches.Their songs are not as well-structured as the songs of other birds.It is the males of the species that do the singing.Paragraph3Young chaffinches normally learn only chaffinch song,though Thorpe found they could be trained to sing the song of a tree pipit(another type of bird),which is very similar to that of their own species.In general,however,the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong.These constraints may be in their brain’s circuitry,the young bird hatching with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy.The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be:the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation.In other cases the constraints are more social,young birds only being prepared to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions.Thus,in a number of species,it has been found that they will not copy from recordings,but will do so from a live tutor.In some cases this may occur when they are young birds,but in others the main learning period is when they set up their territories and interact with neighbors for the first time,enabling them to match their neighbor’s songs and so countering with them. Whatever the nature of the learning rules in a particular species,there is no doubt that they are effective;it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in a small patch of woodland.6.The word“enabling”in the passage is closet in meaning toallowingchallengingforcingpreparing7.It can be inferred from paragraph3that one of the functions of songs in birds is to bring together birds living in groups with birds living in isolationhelp young birds distinguish other young birds from adultsmake possible interactions between birds of different specieshelp birds to establish territories8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Songs produced by chaffinches reared in isolation are cruder than the songs of wild birds.The song of a bird reared in isolation suggests which aspects of chaffinch song may be inborn.Comparing the crude songs of chaffinches reared in isolation to the songs of wild chaffinches suggests differences as well as similarities.Studying the song aspects of chaffinches reared in isolation,researchers have gained a better understanding of the songs produced by wild birds.9.According to paragraph3,in some species,young birds do not copy songs fromrecordings becausethey learn to sing only by live interactions with other birdstheir ability to learn from recordings occurs later in lifethey can only learn the songs of the birds living in their area of woodlandthey can only learn songs from other birds of their own species10.Why does the author mention that it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing asong which is not typical of its own species?To explain why a variety of different bird songs are often heard in a relatively small areaTo argue that social constraints have a greater impact upon learning than do genetic constraintsTo provide an example of how the process of learning rules varies from one species to anotherTo illustrate how effective the different constraints upon learning are in young birdsParagraph4However,not all birds show the same learning pattern as do chaffinches.There are some species which produce normal sounds even if deaf,so that they cannot hear their own efforts,much less copy those of others.The cooing of doves and the crowing ofcocks are examples here.In other cases,such as parrots and hill mynahs,birds can be trained to copy a huge variety of sounds,though those they learn in the wild are usually more restricted.The amazing capability of mynahs has apparently arisen simply because birds in an area learn a small number of their calls from each other, males from males and females from females,and these calls are highly varied in structure.The ability to master them has led the birds,incidentally,to be capable of saying“hello”and mimicking a wide variety of other sounds.11.The word“restricted”in the passage is closet in meaning toimportantpopularlimitedaccurate12.According to paragraph4,why are mynahs able to learn to make a wide variety ofsounds?They have the ability to imitate any sound that they are exposed to.The frequency with which mynahs travel from one small area to another exposes them to a wide variety of sounds.They are exposed in the wild to calls that are very different from each other.An acute sense of hearing allows them to listen to and copy many different sounds.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage.Are these constraints genetic,environmental,or both?Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square[■]to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph3Young chaffinches normally learn only chaffinch song,though Thorpe found they could be trained to sing the song of a tree pipit(another type of bird),which is very similar to that of their own species.■In general,however,the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong.■These constraints may be in their brain’s circuitry,the young bird hatching with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy.■The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be: the length,the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation.■In other cases the constraints are more social,young birds only being prepared to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions.Thus,in a number of species,it has been found that they will not copy from recordings,but will do so from a livetutor.In some cases this may occur when they are young birds,but in others the main learning period is when they set up their territories and interact with neighbors for the first time,enabling them to match their neighbor’s songs and so countersing with them.Whatever the nature of the learning rules in a particular species,there is no doubt that they are effective;it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in a small patch of woodland.14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.A.Although only male chaffinches are able to sing in the wild,Thorpe found that he could teach hand-reared females to copy songs from recordings and live tutors.B.Chaffinches reared in isolation produce songs that differ significantly from those of normal birds,suggesting that some social influence is important for learning a song precisely.C.Birds vary a great deal with respect to both the variety of sounds they are able to learn and the conditions that must be present for them to be able to learn their species’song.D.Chaffinches that are exposed only to other bird species for the first few weeks of their life are likely to learn the songs of those species instead of the chaffinch song.E.Researchers believe that both the circuitry or a bird’s brain and its interactions with other birds of the same species may prevent birds from learning the songs of other species.F.The ability of deaf birds to produce their normal species’song suggests that genes play a much greater role than environment in determining the behavior of most bird species.The Role of DiapauseParagraph1If conditions within an organism’s environment occasionally or regularly become harsh,it may be advantageous for an organism to have a resistant stage built into the life cycle.In such a life history strategy,the organism suspends any growth, reproduction,or other activities for a period of time so that they may occur at a later, more hospitable time.This genetically determined resting stage,characterized by the cessation of development and protein synthesis and suppression of the metabolic rate, is called diapause.Many other kinds of resting stages,with different levels of suppression of physiological activities,are known.Some of these resistant stages can be extremely long-lived.In one case,seeds of the arctic lupine,a member of the pea family recovered from ancient lemming burrows in the Arctic,germinated in threedays even though they were carbon-dated at more than10,000years old!1.According to paragraph1,why do some organisms have a resting stage during their life cycle?A.To recover from injuries suffered during harsh conditionsB.To devote all of their energy to a period of growth and reproductionC.To wait for local conditions to become favorable for important life eventsD.To prepare to move to a different environment if conditions become harsh2.Why does the author mention“seeds of the arctic lupine”？A.To argue that members of the pea family are extremely resistant to cold temperaturesB.To provide information about what ancient lemmings ate during their long resting periodsC.To provide an example of an organism with a resting stage that has many different levels of suppression of physiological activities.D.To support the claim that some resting stages last an extremely long time Paragraph2Unfavorable conditions that are relatively predictable probably pose a simpler problem for organisms than do unpredictable conditions.Adaptations to the regular change of seasons in the temperate and polar regions may be relatively simple.For example,many seeds require a period of stratification,exposure to low temperatures for some minimum period,before they will germinate.This is a simple adaptation to ensure that germination occurs following the winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their onset.In contrast,unfavorable conditions that occur unpredictably pose considerable problems for organisms.In fact,unpredictability is probably a greater problem than is the severity of the unfavorable period.How can organisms cope with the unpredictable onset of good or poor conditions?3.According to paragraph2,why do many seeds require a period of stratification?A.To slowly build up a tolerance for lower and lower temperaturesB.To guarantee that the seeds grow after and not beforeC.To make sure that the seeds can deal with unpredictable conditionsD.To give the seeds enough time to germinate before winter begins4.The word“severity”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.lengthB.harshnessC.unexpectednesspletenessParagraph3Many adaptations to this general problem are based on a resting stage that awaitsfavorable conditions.We will consider two examples from the vertebrates.The first is the red kangaroo.This marsupial inhabits the deserts of central Australia where the onset of rains and the resulting sudden growth of vegetation are extremely unpredictable.Obviously,it is advantageous for a kangaroo female to produce young at a time when plant productivity is sufficient to support her offspring.For such a relatively large mammal,however,gestation(the period of development during pregnancy)is so long that if a female waited to mate and carry the young until after the rains came,the favorable period might be past.The kangaroo’s life history adaptation to this problem involves the use of embryonic diapause during gestation (development in the uterus).(第三段未直接出题，但主旨题可能考到里面的选项)Paragraph4After a31-day gestation period,the female gives birth to a tiny helplessyoung typical of marsupials.The newborn crawls into the mother’s pouch and attaches to a teat where it continues to grow and develop.After235days it leaves the pouch but remains with the mother and obtains milk from her.Two days after giving birth,the female mates again.The fertilized egg enters a204-day period of diapause during which it remains in the uterus but does not attach.It then implants,and31days later,birth of the second young occurs.Note that the first young leaves the pouch at just this time.Again,the female mates,fertilization occurs,and another diapause follows.The eventual result is that at any one time,the female has three young at various stages of development one in diapause,one in the pouch,and one outside the pouch.Among other benefits,this allows her to freeze the development of an embryo during times of drought and food shortage until the offspring in the pouch is able to leave.5.According to paragraph4,all of the following statements are true about the young offspring of the red kangaroo EXCEPT:A.After birth,a newborn crawls into the mother’s pouch where it grows and develops.B.After a young kangaroo leaves its mother’s pouch,it still needs its mother’s milk.C.A mother usually gives birth to three baby kangaroos at the same time.D.A baby kangaroo spends235days in the mother’s pouch after its birth.6.Paragraph4supports all of the following statements about the red kangaroo of central Australia EXCEPT:A.A female kangaroo mates again shortly after her newborn enters her pouch.B.During diapause,a young kangaroo stays in the female’s pouch and growth of a second fertilized egg inside the uterus is delayed.C.A female kangaroo can freeze the development of her young at each stage of their development.D.The adaptation of diapause enables female kangaroos to ensure the survival of theiryoung during periods of environmental stress.7.What is the main purpose of paragraph4in the passage?A.To give the details of an adaptation mentioned in paragraph3B.To describe an adaptation different from the one explained in paragraph3C.To introduce an adaptation that is described in detail in paragraph5D.To discuss an adaptation that is not as successful as the one discussed in paragraph 5Paragraph5A similar strategy-accelerated development combined with a resting stage-has also allowed amphibians to inhabit deserts.The spadefoot toads,such as Couch’s spadefoot toad,inhabit some of the most severe deserts in North America.Adults of this species burrow deeply into the substrate where it is cooler and perhaps more moist.Here they enter into a resting state in which they are covered with a protective layer of dead skin.When it rains,the adults emerge and congregate to mate at temporary ponds.Development is greatly accelerated:the eggs hatch within48hours, and the tadpoles change into toads at16-18days.Consequently,they can complete the life cycle during the brief window of favorable conditions,then return to the resistant resting stage to await the next rainfall.Resting stages thus comprise a series of adaptations that allow the species to avoid the most difficult conditions for life.8.The word“congregate“in the passage is closest in meaning toA.beginB.gatherC.hurryD.Expect9.The word“Consequently“in the passage is closest in meaning toA.EventuallyB.In additionC.As a resultD.However10.The word“comprise”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.consist ofB.bring aboutC.are similar toD.take the place of11.According to paragraph5,how do amphibians such as spadefoot toad survive the severe heat conditions in the North American deserts?A.They dig down into the ground and go into a resistant resting state.B.They remain in the ponds that develop after it has rained.C.They lose their outer layer of skin.D.Their eggs lie dormant until the desert air becomes cooler and more moist.12.According to paragraph5,which of the following occurs during the life cycle of the spadefoot toad?A.The female’s’eggs hatch under the surface of the desert.B.The adults mate during the dry period.C.The newborn grows into an adult before unfavorable conditions.D.The newborn enters a resting stage before it becomes an adult.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?Such adaptations to predictable conditions can also be made by animals,such as by hibernating during the coldest months.Unfavorable conditions that are relatively predictable probably pose a simpler problem for organisms than do unpredictable conditions.Adaptations to the regular change of seasons in the temperate and polar regions may be relatively simple.For example,many seeds require a period of stratification,exposure to low temperatures for some minimum period,before they will germinate.■This is a simple adaptation to ensure that germination occurs following the winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their onset.■In contrast,unfavorable conditions that occur unpredictably pose considerable problems for organisms.■In fact,unpredictability is probably a greater problem than is the severity of the unfavorable period.■How can organisms cope with the unpredictable onset of good or poor conditions?14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Some organisms adapt to periodic harsh conditions by building a resistant stage,or diapause,into their life cycle.A.The diapause stage evolved very early and is most common in species that first appeared more than10,000years ago.B.Unpredictable conditions are more problematic for organisms than are fairly predictable changes such as the seasons.C.The female red kangaroo adapts to unfavorable conditions by delaying the development of her fertilized egg until an embryo would be able to move into the pouch.D.Some seeds may germinate in three days even if they have been exposed to very low temperatures for a long time.E.Some marsupials can care for three newborns in their pouch at the same time,allowing the young to leave the pouch only when conditions are favorable for their growth.F.Some amphibians adapt to desert life by combining accelerated development with resting stages deep underground.第三篇The Plow and the Horse in Medieval Europe同2015年混编第一套中的第二篇1.Birdsong答案：CCDCC,ADBAD,CCB（BCE）2.The Role of Diapause答案：1.C2.D3.B4.B5.C6.C7.A8.B9.C10.A11.A 12.C13.B14.B C F。
托福TPO第27套阅读真题翻译及生词解析
托福TPO第27套阅读真题翻译及生词解析最新托福真题TPO第27套阅读第一篇，文章反映了托福“古代社会文明”类型的阅读的特点，阅读中的学科词汇很典型，对我们准备托福的阅读有很重要的参考意义，备战托福的同学不可错过。
【学科词汇总结words】craft手工艺urban城市的civilization 文明settlement定居点agriculture农业pottery实用陶器textile纺织品mold模具carve雕刻relief浮雕clay粘土utilitarian实用的elaborate精心制作的refined精制的【文章翻译translation】一、人类历史上的第一个城市乌鲁克兴起。
Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set ofsecondary settlements. While population estimates arenotoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history. 一些人类最早的文明崛起于公元前四千年的米索达比亚的南部（如今的伊拉克南部）。
托福阅读真题第27套
第27套BirdsongParagraph1Birdsong is the classic example of how genes(hereditary information)and environment both have a crucial role to play in the behavioral development of animals. Since the pioneering work of W.H.Thorpe on chaffinches(a common European bird), many species have been studied,and it has become clear both that learning plays an important role for all species and also that there are constraints on what they are able to learn.1.The word“pioneering”in the passage is closet in meaning torecentfamousoriginalcontroversialParagraph2Thorpe was able to show that learning from others was involved in chaffinch birds through a series of experiments on hand-reared chicks(young birds).As in most other species,only the males sing.Thorpe found that,if he raised young males in total isolation from all others,the song they produced was quite different from that of a normal adult.It was about the right length and in the correct frequency range.It was also split up into a series of notes as it should be.But these notes lacked the detailed structure found in wild birds,nor was the song split up into distinct phrases as it usually is.This suggested that song development requires some social ter experiments in which researchers played recordings of songs to young birds showed just how precise this influence was:many of them would learn the exact pattern of the recording they had heard.A remarkable feature here was that birds were able to copy precisely songs that they only heard in the first few weeks of life,yet they did not sing themselves until about eight months old.They are thus able to store a memory of the sound within their brain and then match their own output to their recollection of it when they mature.2.The word“distinct”in the passage is closet in meaning toshortsimpleseparatesimilar3.According to paragraph2,all of the following are characteristics of the songs ofthe young chaffinches in Thorpe’s experiment EXCEPT:They were not identical to the songs of normal adult chaffinches.They lacked the complex form of the songs of wild chaffinches.They were as long as the songs of normal adult chaffinches.They were clearly different from each other.4.According to paragraph2,researchers discovered which of the following byplaying recordings of songs to chaffinches?Chaffinches could no longer be taught to reproduce sounds after the first few weeks of life.Chaffinches could not reproduce songs with exactly the same patterns of recorded songs.Chaffinches at the age of eight months could recall and reproduce a song that they heard in the first few weeks of life.Chaffinches that learned a song from recordings in the first few weeks of life were later unable to copy the sounds of mature chaffinches.5.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph2as characteristics of wildchaffinches EXCEPT:They are able to copy songs very precisely.Their song development requires interaction with other chaffinches.Their songs are not as well-structured as the songs of other birds.It is the males of the species that do the singing.Paragraph3Young chaffinches normally learn only chaffinch song,though Thorpe found they could be trained to sing the song of a tree pipit(another type of bird),which is very similar to that of their own species.In general,however,the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong.These constraints may be in their brain’s circuitry,the young bird hatching with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy.The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be:the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation.In other cases the constraints are more social,young birds only being prepared to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions.Thus,in a number of species,it has been found that they will not copy from recordings,but will do so from a live tutor.In some cases this may occur when they are young birds,but in others the main learning period is when they set up their territories and interact with neighbors for the first time,enabling them to match their neighbor’s songs and so countering with them. Whatever the nature of the learning rules in a particular species,there is no doubt that they are effective;it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in a small patch of woodland.6.The word“enabling”in the passage is closet in meaning toallowingchallengingforcingpreparing7.It can be inferred from paragraph3that one of the functions of songs in birds is to bring together birds living in groups with birds living in isolationhelp young birds distinguish other young birds from adultsmake possible interactions between birds of different specieshelp birds to establish territories8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Songs produced by chaffinches reared in isolation are cruder than the songs of wild birds.The song of a bird reared in isolation suggests which aspects of chaffinch song may be inborn.Comparing the crude songs of chaffinches reared in isolation to the songs of wild chaffinches suggests differences as well as similarities.Studying the song aspects of chaffinches reared in isolation,researchers have gained a better understanding of the songs produced by wild birds.9.According to paragraph3,in some species,young birds do not copy songs fromrecordings becausethey learn to sing only by live interactions with other birdstheir ability to learn from recordings occurs later in lifethey can only learn the songs of the birds living in their area of woodlandthey can only learn songs from other birds of their own species10.Why does the author mention that it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing asong which is not typical of its own species?To explain why a variety of different bird songs are often heard in a relatively small areaTo argue that social constraints have a greater impact upon learning than do genetic constraintsTo provide an example of how the process of learning rules varies from one species to anotherTo illustrate how effective the different constraints upon learning are in young birdsParagraph4However,not all birds show the same learning pattern as do chaffinches.There are some species which produce normal sounds even if deaf,so that they cannot hear their own efforts,much less copy those of others.The cooing of doves and the crowing ofcocks are examples here.In other cases,such as parrots and hill mynahs,birds can be trained to copy a huge variety of sounds,though those they learn in the wild are usually more restricted.The amazing capability of mynahs has apparently arisen simply because birds in an area learn a small number of their calls from each other, males from males and females from females,and these calls are highly varied in structure.The ability to master them has led the birds,incidentally,to be capable of saying“hello”and mimicking a wide variety of other sounds.11.The word“restricted”in the passage is closet in meaning toimportantpopularlimitedaccurate12.According to paragraph4,why are mynahs able to learn to make a wide variety ofsounds?They have the ability to imitate any sound that they are exposed to.The frequency with which mynahs travel from one small area to another exposes them to a wide variety of sounds.They are exposed in the wild to calls that are very different from each other.An acute sense of hearing allows them to listen to and copy many different sounds.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage.Are these constraints genetic,environmental,or both?Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square[■]to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph3Young chaffinches normally learn only chaffinch song,though Thorpe found they could be trained to sing the song of a tree pipit(another type of bird),which is very similar to that of their own species.■In general,however,the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong.■These constraints may be in their brain’s circuitry,the young bird hatching with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy.■The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be: the length,the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation.■In other cases the constraints are more social,young birds only being prepared to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions.Thus,in a number of species,it has been found that they will not copy from recordings,but will do so from a livetutor.In some cases this may occur when they are young birds,but in others the main learning period is when they set up their territories and interact with neighbors for the first time,enabling them to match their neighbor’s songs and so countersing with them.Whatever the nature of the learning rules in a particular species,there is no doubt that they are effective;it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in a small patch of woodland.14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.A.Although only male chaffinches are able to sing in the wild,Thorpe found that he could teach hand-reared females to copy songs from recordings and live tutors.B.Chaffinches reared in isolation produce songs that differ significantly from those of normal birds,suggesting that some social influence is important for learning a song precisely.C.Birds vary a great deal with respect to both the variety of sounds they are able to learn and the conditions that must be present for them to be able to learn their species’song.D.Chaffinches that are exposed only to other bird species for the first few weeks of their life are likely to learn the songs of those species instead of the chaffinch song.E.Researchers believe that both the circuitry or a bird’s brain and its interactions with other birds of the same species may prevent birds from learning the songs of other species.F.The ability of deaf birds to produce their normal species’song suggests that genes play a much greater role than environment in determining the behavior of most bird species.The Role of DiapauseParagraph1If conditions within an organism’s environment occasionally or regularly become harsh,it may be advantageous for an organism to have a resistant stage built into the life cycle.In such a life history strategy,the organism suspends any growth, reproduction,or other activities for a period of time so that they may occur at a later, more hospitable time.This genetically determined resting stage,characterized by the cessation of development and protein synthesis and suppression of the metabolic rate, is called diapause.Many other kinds of resting stages,with different levels of suppression of physiological activities,are known.Some of these resistant stages can be extremely long-lived.In one case,seeds of the arctic lupine,a member of the pea family recovered from ancient lemming burrows in the Arctic,germinated in threedays even though they were carbon-dated at more than10,000years old!1.According to paragraph1,why do some organisms have a resting stage during their life cycle?A.To recover from injuries suffered during harsh conditionsB.To devote all of their energy to a period of growth and reproductionC.To wait for local conditions to become favorable for important life eventsD.To prepare to move to a different environment if conditions become harsh2.Why does the author mention“seeds of the arctic lupine”？A.To argue that members of the pea family are extremely resistant to cold temperaturesB.To provide information about what ancient lemmings ate during their long resting periodsC.To provide an example of an organism with a resting stage that has many different levels of suppression of physiological activities.D.To support the claim that some resting stages last an extremely long time Paragraph2Unfavorable conditions that are relatively predictable probably pose a simpler problem for organisms than do unpredictable conditions.Adaptations to the regular change of seasons in the temperate and polar regions may be relatively simple.For example,many seeds require a period of stratification,exposure to low temperatures for some minimum period,before they will germinate.This is a simple adaptation to ensure that germination occurs following the winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their onset.In contrast,unfavorable conditions that occur unpredictably pose considerable problems for organisms.In fact,unpredictability is probably a greater problem than is the severity of the unfavorable period.How can organisms cope with the unpredictable onset of good or poor conditions?3.According to paragraph2,why do many seeds require a period of stratification?A.To slowly build up a tolerance for lower and lower temperaturesB.To guarantee that the seeds grow after and not beforeC.To make sure that the seeds can deal with unpredictable conditionsD.To give the seeds enough time to germinate before winter begins4.The word“severity”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.lengthB.harshnessC.unexpectednesspletenessParagraph3Many adaptations to this general problem are based on a resting stage that awaitsfavorable conditions.We will consider two examples from the vertebrates.The first is the red kangaroo.This marsupial inhabits the deserts of central Australia where the onset of rains and the resulting sudden growth of vegetation are extremely unpredictable.Obviously,it is advantageous for a kangaroo female to produce young at a time when plant productivity is sufficient to support her offspring.For such a relatively large mammal,however,gestation(the period of development during pregnancy)is so long that if a female waited to mate and carry the young until after the rains came,the favorable period might be past.The kangaroo’s life history adaptation to this problem involves the use of embryonic diapause during gestation (development in the uterus).(第三段未直接出题，但主旨题可能考到里面的选项)Paragraph4After a31-day gestation period,the female gives birth to a tiny helplessyoung typical of marsupials.The newborn crawls into the mother’s pouch and attaches to a teat where it continues to grow and develop.After235days it leaves the pouch but remains with the mother and obtains milk from her.Two days after giving birth,the female mates again.The fertilized egg enters a204-day period of diapause during which it remains in the uterus but does not attach.It then implants,and31days later,birth of the second young occurs.Note that the first young leaves the pouch at just this time.Again,the female mates,fertilization occurs,and another diapause follows.The eventual result is that at any one time,the female has three young at various stages of development one in diapause,one in the pouch,and one outside the pouch.Among other benefits,this allows her to freeze the development of an embryo during times of drought and food shortage until the offspring in the pouch is able to leave.5.According to paragraph4,all of the following statements are true about the young offspring of the red kangaroo EXCEPT:A.After birth,a newborn crawls into the mother’s pouch where it grows and develops.B.After a young kangaroo leaves its mother’s pouch,it still needs its mother’s milk.C.A mother usually gives birth to three baby kangaroos at the same time.D.A baby kangaroo spends235days in the mother’s pouch after its birth.6.Paragraph4supports all of the following statements about the red kangaroo of central Australia EXCEPT:A.A female kangaroo mates again shortly after her newborn enters her pouch.B.During diapause,a young kangaroo stays in the female’s pouch and growth of a second fertilized egg inside the uterus is delayed.C.A female kangaroo can freeze the development of her young at each stage of their development.D.The adaptation of diapause enables female kangaroos to ensure the survival of theiryoung during periods of environmental stress.7.What is the main purpose of paragraph4in the passage?A.To give the details of an adaptation mentioned in paragraph3B.To describe an adaptation different from the one explained in paragraph3C.To introduce an adaptation that is described in detail in paragraph5D.To discuss an adaptation that is not as successful as the one discussed in paragraph 5Paragraph5A similar strategy-accelerated development combined with a resting stage-has also allowed amphibians to inhabit deserts.The spadefoot toads,such as Couch’s spadefoot toad,inhabit some of the most severe deserts in North America.Adults of this species burrow deeply into the substrate where it is cooler and perhaps more moist.Here they enter into a resting state in which they are covered with a protective layer of dead skin.When it rains,the adults emerge and congregate to mate at temporary ponds.Development is greatly accelerated:the eggs hatch within48hours, and the tadpoles change into toads at16-18days.Consequently,they can complete the life cycle during the brief window of favorable conditions,then return to the resistant resting stage to await the next rainfall.Resting stages thus comprise a series of adaptations that allow the species to avoid the most difficult conditions for life.8.The word“congregate“in the passage is closest in meaning toA.beginB.gatherC.hurryD.Expect9.The word“Consequently“in the passage is closest in meaning toA.EventuallyB.In additionC.As a resultD.However10.The word“comprise”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.consist ofB.bring aboutC.are similar toD.take the place of11.According to paragraph5,how do amphibians such as spadefoot toad survive the severe heat conditions in the North American deserts?A.They dig down into the ground and go into a resistant resting state.B.They remain in the ponds that develop after it has rained.C.They lose their outer layer of skin.D.Their eggs lie dormant until the desert air becomes cooler and more moist.12.According to paragraph5,which of the following occurs during the life cycle of the spadefoot toad?A.The female’s’eggs hatch under the surface of the desert.B.The adults mate during the dry period.C.The newborn grows into an adult before unfavorable conditions.D.The newborn enters a resting stage before it becomes an adult.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?Such adaptations to predictable conditions can also be made by animals,such as by hibernating during the coldest months.Unfavorable conditions that are relatively predictable probably pose a simpler problem for organisms than do unpredictable conditions.Adaptations to the regular change of seasons in the temperate and polar regions may be relatively simple.For example,many seeds require a period of stratification,exposure to low temperatures for some minimum period,before they will germinate.■This is a simple adaptation to ensure that germination occurs following the winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their onset.■In contrast,unfavorable conditions that occur unpredictably pose considerable problems for organisms.■In fact,unpredictability is probably a greater problem than is the severity of the unfavorable period.■How can organisms cope with the unpredictable onset of good or poor conditions?14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Some organisms adapt to periodic harsh conditions by building a resistant stage,or diapause,into their life cycle.A.The diapause stage evolved very early and is most common in species that first appeared more than10,000years ago.B.Unpredictable conditions are more problematic for organisms than are fairly predictable changes such as the seasons.C.The female red kangaroo adapts to unfavorable conditions by delaying the development of her fertilized egg until an embryo would be able to move into the pouch.D.Some seeds may germinate in three days even if they have been exposed to very low temperatures for a long time.E.Some marsupials can care for three newborns in their pouch at the same time,allowing the young to leave the pouch only when conditions are favorable for their growth.F.Some amphibians adapt to desert life by combining accelerated development with resting stages deep underground.第三篇The Plow and the Horse in Medieval Europe同2015年混编第一套中的第二篇1.Birdsong答案：CCDCC,ADBAD,CCB（BCE）2.The Role of Diapause答案：1.C2.D3.B4.B5.C6.C7.A8.B9.C10.A11.A 12.C13.B14.B C F。
TPO-27 Reading 2解析
Q1正确答案：C解析：题干中的词组是段落第4句中tectonic plate（地壳板块）的三种edges （边缘）现象的详细解释，段落第1句也说到板块组成像拼图，也可以看出是要体现其复杂性，C正确。
原文未提到neat, thin lines，排除A；第4句并没有解释why some tectonic plates carry islands… 排除B；第4句中是对3个板块现象的解释，不是举例，排除D。
Q2正确答案：D解析：第4句描述了三种现象，一种是move closer，一种是move apart，对第三种的描写是neither… nor…，因此应该是与前两种都不同，所以应该是既不聚合，也不分开，根据词根可以判断diverge是“分开”，所以converge是“汇集，聚集，集中”，答案是D。
Q3正确答案：C解析：高亮句的主干意思是“太平洋地图暴露出许多实际上是火山的岛屿，它们源于太平洋板块内部的活动”，C正确。
Q4正确答案：C解析：instructive，富有教义的，增长知识的；近义词是informative，提供信息的，增长见闻的。
第三段第1句是个问句，第2句说夏威夷群岛提供了怎样的解答，整段叙述讲的就是这个解答，可以推出符合段意和逻辑的答案是informativeQ5正确答案：A解析：“不同的岛屿看起来经历了相似的演变过程，但有些随着时间愈发推移而更被……，所以可能更古老。
”那么岛屿如果经历的时间更长应该会被海水“侵蚀”得更厉害，所以答案选worn down，磨损。
scattered，分散的，developed，发达的，成熟的；deserted，被遗弃的。
Q6正确答案：A解析：根据两个科学家的名字进行定位。
从In the 1840s 这句话知道Daly的贡献，包括观察到一些岛屿are progressively more eroded and older，下一句Then in 1963这句可以了解到Wilson发现了这种岛屿的age aggression形成的条件（if the islands were formed on…）,也就是Wilson 发现了Daly观察到的现象发生的原因，A正确。
TPO-27 Reading 3解析
Q1正确答案：B解析：定位到第3-4句，“naturalists widely assumed...Careful studies have demonstrated…”, 第3句说人们认为狼对鹿的数量控制起到了重要作用，第4句话说研究否定了人们的判断，B选项与原文的意思和逻辑关系对应。
文中没有wolves follow moose的意思，排除A; C与段落最后一句话矛盾; D在文中没有依据。
Q2正确答案：B解析：rebound，弹回，反弹，回升；近义词是recover, 恢复。
根据上下文的逻辑关系可以推断出词义，词汇所在句的意思是“当捕食者的数量下降，被捕食者的数量会rebound”，recover最符合句子前后的逻辑关系；也可以通过词根词缀分析rebound。
bound本来就是跳跃的意思，加re-前缀就是再次跳跃，也就是反弹。
Q3正确答案：A解析：考察理解段落意思。
题干中的实验环境下捕猎者灭绝的情况出现在第1句，但后面立刻出现了however，出现了转折。
下文叙述的内容是在提供安全环境的条件下，捕食者和被捕食者的数量可以保持一个cyclical pattern，被捕食者就不会灭绝。
所以实验环境下捕猎者灭绝的情况是并不能准确地反映真实的野外情况，A正确。
Q4正确答案：D解析：根据第三段最后一句话，排除A; 根据对第2段大意的理解，确定正常情况下捕食者是不会灭绝消失的，排除B；第三段第2句出现了ten-year cycle，但是仅是对野兔的描写，并不适用于全部哺乳动物，排除C。
根据第二段第2句，被捕食者在现实生活中可以居于安全的远离捕食者的地方，确定D正确。
Q5正确答案：C解析：roughly，大约，大致，差不多；近义词是approximately，大约。
rough 作为形容词有“不确切的，粗略的”意思，可据此推断roughly作为副词的意思。
Q6正确答案：A解析：generate，产生，引起；近义词是produce。
TPO27 R-2 原文翻译
TPO27 R-2The Formation of Volcanic Islands地球的表面并不是由形成外壳的单层岩石组成的，而是许多的地壳版面严密的组合在一起的，就像是一个巨大拼图的拼图块。
一些板块承载着岛屿或是大陆，其余的组成了海底平面。
这些都在缓慢的移动，因为这些板块是漂浮在密度更大的半液态地幔上的，地幔位于地壳和地核之间。
板块的边缘是扩张脊（两个版块分离，新的海底形成的地方），俯冲带（两板块碰撞，一个投入到了另一个下面），或者是转换断层（两板块既不集合于一点也不偏离，但只是互相错过）。
板块边界是地球上的火山爆发和地震的高发地。
总的来说，板块内部从地质学角度上来说是比较平静的。
但是，也有例外。
扫一眼太平洋的地图就能知道那里有许多在大海深处的岛屿，他们其实都是火山，其中有许多已经不活动了，一些长满了珊瑚，这些火山都是起源于当时太平洋板块内部的地质活动，因而形成了太平洋的海底。
为什么火山活动可以发生在离板块边缘这么远的地方呢？夏威夷群岛提供了一个非常有启发性的回答。
就像其他的群岛一样，他们形成了一个链条。
夏威夷群岛链从夏威夷岛向西北扩张。
在十八世纪40年代，地理学家James Daly观察到不同的夏威夷岛屿看起来经历了相似的演变过程，但有一些被慢慢地腐蚀的更多，所以往西北方向可能更老一些。
在1963年，在大陆板块理论的早期发展时期，加拿大的地质学家Tuzo Wilson意识到年轮的增加会引起形成在板块表面的岛屿移动到一个板块内部的固定火山的源头。
Wilson解释说，火山的长链从夏威夷向西北延伸只是一个长时间存于板块下，地幔中的火山源头。
最新的岛屿，夏威夷岛，应该是在链条的最后，现在应该在火山源头上。
虽然这个理论并没有被很快接受，夏威夷和其他群岛岩浆的日期表明了他们的年龄都从活跃的火山开始依次增加，正如Daly所说。
Wilson对数据的分析已经成为了板块构造论的中心部分了。
大多数的发生在板块内部的火山爆发都是由地幔柱，从地幔深处涌出的熔岩柱体。
托福TPO27口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
托福TPO27口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27口语T ask3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO27口语Task3阅读文本：Switch to Electronic TextbooksThe university will begin switching from traditional-bound textbooks to electronic textbooks early next year. University students will be able to download the content of their required textbooks to a reading device and read the material directly from the device’s screen. While the cost of th e device is around $200, it is a one-time expense. Considering the rising cost of textbooks, students will save money in the long run since purchasing electronic books for their classes is much less expensive than buying regular textbooks. Furthermore, the university believes the device will be an effective study aid because it is simple to operate and offers features such as highlighting of text and note-taking.托福TPO27口语Task3听力文本：Now listen to two students discussing the article.(woman) Oh, no, did you see this?(man) Yeah, why? You don't like the idea?(woman) Not at all!(man) How come?(woman) Well, the cost, for one thing, they are just not being realistic.(man) Even compare to the price of textbooks?(woman) Well, sure, textbooks aren't cheap, but do you think people are only gonna use one device the whole time they are at university? What happens if yours breaks? You have to buy a newone. Or they come out with some fancy new features. Wouldn't you want to get a new one then?(man) Yeah, I see what you mean. A lot of people would probably want to replace theirs with the latest version.(woman) Right! Maybe even every year and that can add up.(man) True, but, don't you agree it'll make studying and preparing for classesa lot easier?(woman) I don't think everybody is gonna think it's so great.(man) What do you mean?(woman) Well., it's only helpful if it’s easy to use and, well, this thing is pretty small. It’s only about 18 or 20 centimeters tall.(man) Oh, really? So that means the screen’s prett y small.(woman) Right, and I heard that the key pad or control buttons, they are small, too. So if you have normal-sized fingers, it’s not so easy to select an item or get it to function right, you know, to do stuff like highlighting or underlining.(man) I hadn’t thought of that.(woman) So what good are all those fancy features if it’s hard to use them? Besides, I like the old-fashioned way of studying material: writing notes on the page and underlining or highlighting important sections of the book. I’m more comfortable with that. "托福TPO27口语Task3题目：The woman expresses her opinion about the university’s plan. Briefly summarize the plan, then state her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.托福TPO27口语Task3满分范文：Well, according to the plan the university is to switch fromtraditional-bound textbooks to electronic textbooks early next year for two reasons. However the woman disagrees with the plan for several reasons. Firstly, she believes that it's not realistic for the cost issue since it'll still cost the students a lot when they break their devices or when they wish to get the devices upgraded for some new features they want. Besides, she thinks that the device itself is not practical too, because the screen is too small so it's difficult for even the normal-sized-fingered students to handle the key pad or buttons, letting alone selecting or underlining and stuff like that. Finally she personally favors the traditional way of studying material because she thinks it's more comfortable. All in all, the woman disagrees with the plan for the reasons stated above. (143 words)以上是给大家整理的托福TPO27口语T ask3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
内部教材TPO阅读核心词汇
analysis plume column apparently trail owe to existence paragraph5 reconstruction consequently basin given position feature timescale
edge spread ridge subduction zone collide (with) plunge transform (into) fault converge diverge merely boundary volcanism paragraph2 interior geologically uneventful exception a glance (at) reveal overgrown coral originate (from) paragraph3 instructive chain extend progressively erode progression fixed stretch paragraph4 dating lava presently
seal centimeter diameter carve roll primarily clay tablet lump attach to Neolithic period approximately elaborate refine indicate similarly monumental relief statuary in the round degree mastery
characteristic of beveled rim bowl shallow crudely mold hence limited standard discard intact telling (adj.) diagnostic find (n.) identify site rapidly paragraph3 a variety of documentation artisan depict involve in weave textile vital administer excavate a sequence of be interpreted as molten scoop up channel paragraph4 object (n.) professional (n.) cylinder
托福阅读tpo27R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
托福阅读tpo27R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文 (1)译文 (4)题目 (6)答案 (16)背景知识 (17)原文The Formation of Volcanic Islands①Earth’s surface is not made up of a single sheet of rock that forms a crust but rather a number of “tectonic plates” that fit closely, like the pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle. Some plates carry islands or continents, others form the seafloor. All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser semi-liquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth’s core. The plates have edges that are spreading ridges (where two plates are moving apart and new seafloor is being created), subduction zones (where two plates collide and one plunges beneath the other), or transform faults (where two plates neither converge nor diverge but merely move past one another). It is at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activity occur.②Generally speaking, the interiors of plates are geologically uneventful. However, there are exceptions. A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes----many no longer active, some overgrown with coral----that originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacific seafloor.③How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian islands provide a very instructive answer. Like many other island groups, they form a chain. The Hawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probable older, toward the northwest. Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. They as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recentisland, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.④Although this idea was not immediately accepted, the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano, just as Daly had suggested. Wilson’s analysis of these data is now a central part of plate tectonics. Most volcanoes that occur in the interiors of plates are believed to be produced by mantle plumes, columns of molten rock that rise from deep within the mantle. A volcano remains an active “hot spot” as long as it is over the plume. The plumes apparently originate at great depths, perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle, and many have been active for a very long time. The oldest volcanoes in the Hawaii hot-spot trail have ages close to 80 million years. Other islands, including Tahiti and Easter Islands in the pacific, Reunion and Mauritius in the India Ocean, and indeed most of the large islands in the world’s oceans, owe their existence to mantle plumes.⑤The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful for geologist because they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source. They therefore permit the reconstruction of the process of seafloor spreading, and consequently of the geography of continents and of ocean basins in the past. For example, given thecurrent position of the Pacific Plate, Hawaii is above the Pacific Ocean hot spot. So the position of The Pacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-old volcano in the hot-spot trail sits at the location of Hawaii today. However because the ocean basins really are short-lived features on geologic times scale, reconstruction the world’s geography by backtracking along the hot-spot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so of geologic time.译文火山岛的形成①地球的外壳并不是由单块岩石形成的，而是许多的"构造板块"严密的组合在一起的，就像是一个巨大的拼图。
托福TPO27阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Predator-Prey Cycles How do predators affect populations of the prey animals?The answer is not as simple as might be thought.Moose reached Isle Royale in Lake Superior by crossing over winter ice and multiplied freely there in isolation without predators.When wolves later reached the island,naturalists widely assumed that the wolves would play a key role in controlling the moose population.Careful studies have demonstrated,however,that this is not the case.The wolves eat mostly old or diseased animals that would not survive long anyway.In general,the moose population is controlled by food availability,disease and other factors rather than by wolves. 捕食者是怎样影响被捕食者的数量呢?答案并不是想象中那么简单。
麋鹿通过穿越冬天的冰层到达了在苏必略湖的罗亚尔岛，并由于没有捕食者而自由繁殖。
当狼在晚一点的时候到达那座岛时，自然学家都认为，狼对控制麋鹿的数量将起到关键作用。
托福TPO27口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO27口语Task4阅读文本： Swarm Intelligence Some insect species live in large groups, or “swarms.” Such swarms typically include several thousand individual insects. Living in swarms allows these insects to accomplish complex tasks together through complex behaviors. The behavior of the insects as a group demonstrates a greater level of complexity than the behavior of individual group members. This complex group behavior is called swarm intelligence. With swam intelligence, each insect performs a simple instinctual behavior that is repeated by other individuals that results in a complex behavior. Insect swarms are able to accomplish tasks that individual insects would not be able to achieve. 托福TPO27口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to a lecture on this topic in a biology class. (male professor) OK, we can see a great example of this with ants. Ants live in large groups called colonies. They normally move together to get to food sources. And sometimes when the ants are moving toward food source, they'll encounter, find an obstacle in their path. So, for instance, let's say a large number of ants are walking on a tree toward some food on a branch. But when they reach the end of the branch they are walking on, there's a wide space between that branch and the next one, the branch with the food on it. Now, none of these ants alone can cross this wide space to get to the other branch with the food. So, how did they solve this problem?Here's how: one ant walks forward until it reaches the end of the branch and then automatically holds onto the branch with its back legs. Then it stretches its body forward into the open space. Now, this comes naturally to ants and it's a simple action. So then the next ant walks to the end of the branch and right across the first ant’s body. Then it holds onto the first ant and then it stretches its body out into the open space, just a little bit closer to the branch with the food on it. Then, one after another, other ants do the same thing until enough ants connect together to form a bridge between the two branches. Pretty amazing, huh? The connected ants hold this position allowing the rest of the ants in the group to cross over this bridge of ants to reach the food. " 托福TPO27口语Task4题目： Explain how the example from the lecture illustrates the concept of swarm intelligence. 托福TPO27口语Task4满分范文： The complex group behavior that insects living in a large group display to achieve a complex task together is called swarm intelligence. For example, a group of ants are walking on a branch of a tree when they discover food on another branch. But it seems impossible for any ant to reach the food since there's a huge space between the branch with the food and where they are. So they use their swarm intelligence to solve the problem. One ant walks till the end of the branch, attaching itself to it and stretches its body to allow another ant holds on to it, so one after another, the following ants repeat the same action by connecting each other to form a bridge so that the rest of the ants can cross the bridge and reach the food. (139 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO27口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
TPO27第二篇 (文章+问题)The Formation of Volcanic Islands
The Formation of Volcanic IslandsEarth’s surface is not made up of a single sheet of rock that forms a crust but rather a number of “tectonic plates” that fit closely, like the pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle. Some plates carry islands or continents, others form the seafloor. All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser semiliquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth’s core. The plates have edges that are spreading ridges (where two plates are moving apart and new seafloor is being created), subduction zones(where two plates collide and one plunges beneath the other),or transform faults(where two plates neither converge nor diverge but merely move past one another).It is at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activity oc cur.Generally speaking, the interiors of plates are geologically uneventful. However, there are exceptions. A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes—many no longer active, some overgrown with coral—that originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacific seafloor.How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian Islands provide a very instructive answer.■Like many other island groups, they from a chain. ■The Hawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. ■In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii Islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probably older, toward the northwest. ■Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics, Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. Then, as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.Although this idea was not immediately accepted, the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano, just as Daly had suggested. Wilson’s analysis of these data is now a central part of plate tectonics. Most volcanoes that occur in the interiors of plates are believed to be produced by mantle plumes, columns of molten rock that rise from deep within the mantle. A volc ano remains an active “hot spot” as long as it is over the plume. The plumes apparently originate at great depths, perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle, and many have been active for a very long time. The oldest volcanoes in the Hawaii hot-spot trail have ages close to 80 million years. Other islands, including Tahiti and Easter Islands in the Pacific, Reunion and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, an indeed most of the large islands in the world’s oceans, owe their existence to mantl e plumes.The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful for geologistsbecause they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source. They therefore permit the reconstruction of the process of seafloor spreading, and consequently of the geography of continents and of ocean basins in the past. For example, given the current position of the Pacific Plate, Hawaii is above the Pacific Ocean hot spot. So the position of the Pacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-old volcano in the hot-spot trail sits at the location of Hawaii today. However, because the ocean basins really are short-lived features on geologic times scales, reconstructing the world’s geography by backtracking along the hot-spot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so of geologic time.。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO 27—1 Crafts in the Ancient Near East
托福考试 复习TPO 27—1 Crafts in the Ancient Near East原文：【1】Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of the millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute.But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.【2】The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productive sector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standardsizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.【3】A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-millennium texts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered. Also, a specialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk. It contained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, all showing burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in the holes. Some type of mass production by specialists were involved here.【4】Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period (3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or claylumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.题目：1.Which of the sentences below best express the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 1? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population, they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture.B.scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agriculture areas just outside of Uruk were large enough to feed the city’s population.C.Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars think the surrounding farms provided food to the people in Uruk.D.Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves from product grown in field surrounding the city.2.The word “surpassing” i n the passage is closest in meaning toA.proceeding.B.exceeding.C.challenging.D.outlasting.3.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of the ancient settlement at Uruk EXCEPTA.It was a permanent settlement.B.It was self-sufficient.C.It was one of a group of other larger settlements.D.It had easy access to the land where its crops were grown.4.The word “intact” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.unsold.B.unused.C.undamaged.D.unpainted.5.According to paragraph 2, which of the following best describes the beveled-rim bowls from the Eanna Archaeological site at Uruk.A.They were discarded because they became unpopular.B.They varied greatly in shape and decoration.C.They were each individually styled.D.They were made in only a few sizes.6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about craft productionin the Uruk period?A.Specialists in nonagricultural tasks obtained a higher status than those engaged in agricultural production.B.People not needed for framing could perform other more specialized activities.C.Ancient crafts were beginning to be produced for both utilitarian and decorative purposes.D.Pottery making was the only known during the fourth millennium.7.According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of textile production after the fourth millennium?A.It had an important commercial value.B.It existed but was not well organized.C.It is not documented in the archaeological record.D.It was carried on by individuals in their own homes.8.The word “interpreted”in the passage（paragraph 3）is closest in meaning toA.documented.B.debated.C.displayed.D.understood.9.What is the purpose of paragraph 3?A.T o contrast the productivity of crafts workers in the third and fourth millennia.B.To provide additional evidence of mass production by crafts workers.C.To suggest that an early form of urban settlement may have exist before Uruk.D.T o contrast the development of weaving and pottery in Uruk.10.The word “legible”in the passage（paragraph 4）is closest in meaning toA.printableB.enjoyableC.recognizableD.available11.Paragraph 4 suggests which of the following about the significances of Mesopotamian cylinder seals?A.They were designed more for home than for legal use.B.They demonstrate that their creators were professionals.C.They were the first example of seals made from materials other than stone.D.They were the first example of carved seals.12.According to paragraph 4, one of the artistic achievements of the late Uruk culture wasA.Its sophisticated sculpture and relief carving.B.Its architecturally complex monuments.C.Its invention of stamp seals carved from stone.D.Its use of highly refined glassy stoneware.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? When viewed on the curved surface of the cylinder, the image looked distorted, but the carved image served only as a mold.Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period(3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. ■【A】This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. ■【B】When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or clay lumps attached to boxes,jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. ■【C】The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). ■【D】From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Uruk, located in ancientMesopotamia, flourished in the fourth millennium B.C.E. and was the first cityin human history.A.A variety of evidence indicates that Uruk, while it supported itself primarily by agriculture, also had specialized craft workers.B.The monumental sculptures of Uruk were made by the specialist stone cutters who also produced small-scale relief scenes on shell, bone and faience.C.The large number, standardized sizes, and simple molded construction of a type of pottery produced in Uruk demonstrate specialized, centrally organized mass production.D.Cylinder seals from the late Uruk period are far superior to the stamp earlier Neolithic period.E.Archaeological evidence from across the Near East indicates that Uruk was a center for the production and export of highly decorated pottery made by craft specialists in private homes.F.The carved designs on cylinder seals produced in Uruk are of such technical and artistic excellence that they could only have been produced by professional artisans.答案：1.找到句子主谓宾，主语是scholars，谓语assume，宾语是从句说“当地住民可以自给自足……”根据这些信息去对照选项，很容易得到D。
TPO-27阅读第三篇Predator=prey-cycles-答案详解
注意转折句子A new habitat , 本段主要讲的是predator 怎样影响prey 的数量，不是讲habitat.C.原文中没有比较D．未提，编造的A，逃脱 C。
幸存 D。
抵制 B。
恢复，重新多起来本段重点注意however 之后的叙述，之前说的就是实验室研究表明在实验室环境下，首先predator 吃完所有prey, 然后自己饿死，但是，注意后面however的叙述，说的真实情况下，是prey 减少，predator减少，随后Prey 又rebound的故事。
所以还是要往However 后面的内容上边来靠。
B。
原文未比较， C。
未提及实验的适应范围 D。
未提及一些predator 也是其他动物的prey.A.会影响的B.没有完全消失，只是减少C.是hare 的大概人口循环周期，不是所有小不如动物的，偷换了概念根据排除法只能选D，另外结合第二段的内容，说到在现实条件中安全环境的情况下发生的事情，故还是选D。
高频词汇，同时经常与More or less 连用。
Generate =produceGeneration after generationChange =vary=modify=alternate=fluctuate=transformSpeed up=accelerateSmooth out=vi.弄平(消除)A.对应第一句话c. 对应2-3句d.对应最后一句B．未说过最高级的问题，而且high fiber 是不得已的选择最后一句话as…so …说明问题，当Hare数量下降的时候，Lynx的数量就下降，因为它的食物减少了。
B.说反，因果倒置C.说反D.说反，是相关的本段的逻辑关系可以由下图表示Hare food increase +no predator=hare increase and no cycle 排除A CCycle1=food 不变+no predatorCycle 2= food 增加+ 引入predator从而得出B是对的D没有说过hide 这个动词本段结构图可以如下画1.no predator ---one species dominate and exclude other species2.predator ===competitor controlled , some other species survived 证明A正确example,1.sea star---Bm---other organism can survive B 选项与此部分相反2. no sea star diversity decrease –one species will beeliminatedC 选项与此部分相反 D。
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最新托福真题TPO第27套阅读第一篇，文章反映了托福“古代社会文明”类型的阅读的特点，阅读中的学科词汇很典型，对我们准备托福的阅读有很重要的参考意义，备战托福的同学不可错过。
【学科词汇总结words】craft手工艺urban城市的civilization 文明settlement定居点agriculture农业pottery实用陶器textile纺织品mold模具carve雕刻relief浮雕clay粘土utilitarian实用的elaborate精心制作的refined精制的【文章翻译translation】一、人类历史上的第一个城市乌鲁克兴起。
Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set ofsecondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history. 一些人类最早的文明崛起于公元前四千年的米索达比亚的南部（如今的伊拉克南部）。
在公元前四千年的后半期，在乌鲁克城的南部附近被永久定居点占据的区域急剧的增加, 大部分的增长都发生在乌鲁克城内，使其成为了一个真正的城市中心并被一些次要的定居点包围着。
虽然众所周知人口估计数是不可靠的，学者们认为乌鲁克居民每天往返城市和城市周边的田地,可以通过周边田地的农业生产来养活自己。
但是乌鲁克在整个区域拥有压倒性的面积优势，远远超过了其他的定居点，这说明它是这个地区的中心，是一个真正的城市。
事实上，它是人类历史上的第一个城市。
二、乌鲁克中专门从事非农业的工作的人及其考古证据The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productive sector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location. 乌鲁克的绝大部分的人口甚至包括住在城市里面的人仍然从事农业活动。
但是由于这个城市是地区的中心，城市社会中的小部分人开始专门从事非农业的工作。
在生产部门内部，专业工匠的类型有了增加。
在乌鲁克时期早期，未装饰的实用陶器的使用可能就是大量专业化生产的结果。
在公元前四千年早期的乌鲁克的考古遗址Eanna中，有一种陶器风格出现了，它是这个时期的最大特点，这种陶器被叫做“斜面边碗”。
这种在模具中粗糙的制作而成的碗相当的浅，因此只有有限的几种尺寸。
由于一些未知的原因，很多碗都被丢弃，通常这些碗都是完整的，在近东已近发现了数千只。
斜面边碗是鉴别是否属于乌鲁克时期遗址的最具标志性的发现之一。
一个重要的事实是斜面边碗是被大规模生产出来的，极有可能是专业工匠在集中在一个区域进行生产。
三、在乌鲁克时期存在着工匠进行专业化大规模生产A variety of documentation indicates that other goods, once made by a family member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-millennium texts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered. Also, a specialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk. It contained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, all showing burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in the holes. Some type of mass production by specialists was involved here. 各种文件材料说明，曾经作为家庭义务而制作的其他商品后来被有技术的工匠的生产替代。
一些图片描绘了数群人，很有可能是女人，在从事于纺织的活动，从公元前三世纪的资料中我们得知这一活在经济中起着重要的作用并且在管理中处于中心的地位。
同样，一个专门生产金属的作坊在乌鲁克被挖掘出来，它包含许多水渠，一系列洞穴成线状排列在水渠边。
这些洞大约有50厘米深，都有燃烧的痕迹，里面填满了灰烬。
这些遗迹被解释为作坊的遗迹，融化的金属从水渠中舀出来倒入洞中的模具，专业工匠的大规模生产被用到了这里四、乌鲁克的滚筒印章及其艺术品Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period (3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience ( a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. When rolled over a soft material---primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or clay lumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts---the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. The technological knowledge needed to carve it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced. 这些物品说明这些是熟练的专业人员的作品。