现在完成进行时的用法
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现在完成进行时的用法
1.表示过去发生并持续到现在的动作
现在完成进行时表示现在以前这一段时间里一直在进行的一个动作,这个动作可能仍在进行,也可能停止了一会儿:
How long have you been learning English? 你学习英语多久了? How long has it been snowing? 雪下多久了? (还在下雪)
How long have you been studying here? —I've been studying here for five years.你在这里学习多久了? ——我在这里学习了5年了。(未间断过)
2.表示现在经常重复的动作
Jack has been phoning Jane every night for the last week.上星期杰克天天晚上给简打电话。
We've been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我们常常见面。
3.用于得出结论
现在完成进行时可以表示根据直接或间接的证据而得出结论:
His eyes are red. He has been working too hard recently.他眼睛红了,准是最近工作太紧张了。
1.7 现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成进行时强调动作在某一时刻内一直在进行,而且动作现在有结果。到目前为止,该动作可能已不再继续进行,也可能还在继续进
行,这要根据上下文来确定。句子中常含有“all + 表示时间的词语”,如all day(一整天),all morning(一上午),for(有……多久)和since(自……以来)。现在完成进行时通常表示尚未完成的动作;现在完成时则表示已完成的动作。有些动词如learn(学习),lie(躺),live(居住),rain(下雨),sleep(睡),study(学习),wait(等候),work(工作)等本身就有持续性,其现在完成进行时形式和现在完成时形式可以互换,惟一的区别是前者更强调动作的持续性:Where have you been? What have you been doing? 你到哪里去了? 干什么去了?
I've been doing my homework.我一直在做作业。(还在做)
I've finished my homework.我已做完作业了。(已完成)
We've been talking to him all morning.我们今天一上午都在同他谈话。(可能还没谈完)
We've talked to him this morning.我们今天上午同他谈过话。(已谈完)
现代英语,特别是口语,对于像lie(躺),sit(坐),stay(暂住),wait(等候)等动词,用现在完成进行时比用现在完成时更合习惯:He has been sitting there studying all evening.他整个晚上都坐在那儿学习。
I've been waiting for you since morning.我从上午一直在等你。We've been staying in a hotel since we came here.自从到这里以后,我们一直住在旅馆。
过去完成时的用法
1.表示较早的过去
表示较早的过去,即某一时刻之前已完成的动作或状态:
In 1980,I'd never been to Paris.(=I never went there before1980.)1980年之前我从未去过巴黎。
After we had landed,the plane was searched thoroughly.我们降落后,飞机被彻底搜查了一遍。
When she heard that her father had died in the accident,she burst out crying.当她听说她父亲在那次事故中丧生时便大哭起来。
2.用于间接引语
过去完成时的作用有时完全相当于现在完成时的过去形式,在间接引语中多有这种情况:
Helen said(that)she had moved to another flat.海伦说她已搬到另一套房间去了。
He said he had been there before.他说他曾经去过那里。
3.用于宾语从句
过去完成时表示一个过去的动作先于另一个过去动作的用法,多见于宾语从句。一般说来,主句中用了know(知道),realize(意识到),think(认为),suppose(猜想),guess(推测),find(找到),discover (发现),decide(决定),remember(想起),forget(忘记)等动词的一般过去时,如果宾语从句中的动作先于主句的动作,通常用过去完成时:
We realized we had lost our way.我们意识到我们迷路了。
I didn't think to ask her if she had passed her examination.我没有想问她是否考试及格了。
4.强调过去动作的完成
I began collecting stamps in February and by November I had col-lected more than 2000.我从2月份开始集邮,到11月已收集到2000多枚。
By six o'clock they had worked for8hours.到6点钟他们已经工作了8小时了。(可能还没结束)
5.用于虚拟语气
过去完成时的这一用法,常见于以if only等引导的感叹句:
If only we had listened to their advice! 我们要是听了他们的意见就好了!
If only you had worked with greater care! 你要是更仔细一些该多好!
Would that we had seen her before she died.要是在她去世之前我们能见她一面该有多好。
过去完成时的这一用法还见于构成虚拟语气的条件从句和I wish...(我希望……),I’d rather...(我宁愿……)后的that-从句:I'd rather you hadn't been present.我宁愿你当时不在场。
If I had asked for directions,I wouldn't have gotten lost.如果我问一下路,就不会迷失方向了。