政府工作报告英文版学习笔记
政府工作报告英译精解笔记：长句汉译英拆分
政府工作报告英译精解笔记：长句汉译英拆分By Catexam长句在政府公文中非常常见，甚至可以说几乎每篇公文都有一些冗长复杂的句子。
在翻译这些句子时，往往需要将其打成几个部分，按逻辑结构一一翻译，其中主要的逻辑结构是总分、因果、背景、目的、措施等总分、因果、背景、目的、措施等。
以下是2014政府工作报告中的例子。
英文来源为新华社发布的政府工作报告英文版，受新闻工作时效性限制，此版译文并非完美，但还是可以作为参考。
面对世界经济复苏艰难、国内经济下行压力加大、自然灾害频发、多重矛盾交织的复杂形势，全国各族人民在以习近平同志为总书记的党中央领导下，从容应对挑战，奋力攻坚克难，圆满实现全年经济社会发展主要预期目标，改革开放和社会主义现代化建设取得令人瞩目的重大成就。
① We faced a complex environment: the world economic recovery was difficult. In China, downward pressure on the economy increased, natural disasters occurred frequently, and there was an array of interrelated problems.② However, the people of all of China’s ethnic groups, under the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) with Comrade Xi Jinping as General Secretary, confidently met all challenges, strove to overcome difficulties, fully attained the main targets for economic and social development for the year, and made impressive achievements in reform and opening up and in the socialist modernization drive.行动。
政府工作报告英文版
China suffered from a disastrous SARS outbreak last spring. The Party Central Committee and the State Council gave top priority to protecting people's health and lives and promptly investigated SARS and took steps to prevent and treat it. We enforced the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Treatment of Communicable Diseases, formulated the Regulations on Public Health Emergency Response, and classified SARS as a communicable disease. We reported the facts of the SARS situation exactly as they were and mobilized the general public throughout the country to control the outbreak. 英文汇报 政府工作报告英文版
2009-03-24 10:32 来源：互联网作者：佚名 [打印] [评论]
XX年政府工作报告双语划重点
XX年政府工作报告双语划重点以下为大家梳理《政府工作报告》(Report on the Work of the Government)中的重点。
下面是整理XX年政府工作报告双语划重点的详细内容，欢迎阅读！回顾XX李克强总理表示，过去一年，我国发展面临国内外诸多矛盾叠加、风险隐患交汇的严峻挑战，但我国经济社会发展主要目标任务圆满完成，“十三五”(the 13th FiveYear Plan)实现了良好开局。
主要完成的工作包括：❶国内生产总值(GDP)达到万亿元，增长%，名列世界前茅;GDP reached trillion yuan, representing growth, and seeing China outpace most other economies.❷城镇登记失业率%，为多年来最低;The registered urban unemployment rate stood at percent at yearend XX, the lowest level in years.❸降低企业税负5700多亿元，所有行业实现税负只减不增;The tax burden of business for the year was slashed by over 570 billion yuan and tax burdenswere reduced in every sector.❹新设7个自贸试验区;Another seven pilot zones were established.❺ 74个重点城市细颗粒物()年均浓度下降%。
We saw a drop in the annual average density of fine particulate matter () in 74 key cities.这个3分钟的小视频全面总结了XX年32项主要指标任务的完成情况，点击视频，一起来看国务院的XX年“对账单”。
2021年政府工作报告（7）｜翻译重点及短语归纳解析
2021年政府工作报告（7）｜翻译重点及短语归纳解析稳健的货币政策要灵活精准、合理适度。
/把服务实体经济放到更加突出的位置，处理好恢复经济与防范风险的关系。
/货币供应量和社会融资规模增速与名义经济增速基本匹配，保持流动性合理充裕，保持宏观杠杆率基本稳定。
/保持人民币汇率在合理均衡水平上的基本稳定。
We will keep our prudent monetary policy flexible and targeted and at a reasonable and appropriate level. We will give even greater priority to serving the real economy, and balance the needs of promoting economic recovery and preventing risks. We will see that increases in money supply and aggregate financing are generally in step with economic growth in nominal terms, maintain a proper and adequate level of liquidity supply, and keep the macro leverage ratio generally stable. We will also keep the RMB exchange rate generally stable at an adaptive, balanced level.翻译重点1.无主句处理（We will do sth/see that…）2.“合理”一词三译：“reasonable, proper, adaptive”3.“基本”除了“basic/basically”呢？---“generally”4.学习“keep sth adj/介宾”结构用法短语归纳及解析1.灵活精准、合理适度 keep sth flexible and targeted and at a reasonable and appropriate level2. 把…放到更加突出的位置give even greater priority to …翻译技巧“具体转宏观”：“把…放在更加突出位置”=“让…更加显眼”=“更加重视…或重中之重”3.处理好做A和做B的关系 balance the needs of doing A and doing B （“处理好”=“平衡”）注：对等转换为“平衡做A的必要性和做B的必要性”4.A和B基本匹配 A is generally in step with B注：in step with 与…协调；与…保持一致5.增速 increase/growth6.融资规模aggregate financing （融资总量）; 货币供应量money supply7.名义经济增速 economic growth in nominal terms8.保持流动性合理充裕 maintain a proper and adequate level of liquidity supply注：“合理proper”避免与“reasonable”；“流动性”是指“流动资产量”9.宏观杠杆率 macro leverage ratio10.保持…基本稳定 keep sth generally stable11.在合理均衡水平上 at an adaptive, balanced level注：“合理”译为“adaptive适应的；有适应能力的”可以避免与上一个“合理reasonable”重复。
汉英翻译技巧小结｜2021年政府工作报告双语（3）
汉英翻译技巧小结｜2021年政府工作报告双语（3）翻译自测大家先试着自己翻译，然后再通过政工报告学习官方译文的处理思路。
1.我国发展仍面临不少风险挑战2.经济长期向好的基本面3.没有改变4.恢复性增长基础5.经济社会持续健康发展6.预期目标7.城镇调查失业率8.进出口量稳质升9.国际收支基本平衡10.居民收入稳步增长11.考虑了经济运行恢复情况12.目标设定为…13.集中精力做…14.与…平稳衔接15.有利于实现可持续健康发展今年我国发展仍面临不少风险挑战，但经济长期向好的基本面没有改变。
/我们要坚定信心，攻坚克难，巩固恢复性增长基础，努力保持经济社会持续健康发展。
In 2021, China will continue to face many development risks and challenges, but the economic fundamentals that will sustain long-term growth remain unchanged. We should stay confident, meet challenges head-on, and consolidate the foundation for economic recovery to ensure sustained and healthy economic and social development.翻译技巧小结1.副词转动词；名词变定语“我国发展仍面临不少风险挑战”可译为“China will still face many…in its development”，但官方译文的处理更巧妙，将副词“仍”处理为动词“continue”；“发展”处理为“风险挑战”的定语，即“发展方面的风险挑战”。
2.同义转换“攻坚克难”中的“攻坚”和“克难”是一个意思，我们一般会译为“overcome obstacles/surmount difficulties”。
2022年政府工作报告（7）｜翻译解析及短语归纳
2022年政府工作报告（7）｜翻译解析及短语归纳今年工作要坚持稳字当头、稳中求进。
面对新的下行压力，要把稳增长放在更加突出的位置。
各地区各部门要切实担负起稳定经济的责任，积极推出有利于经济稳定的政策。
要统筹稳增长、调结构、推改革，加快转变发展方式，不搞粗放型发展。
坚持实事求是，立足社会主义初级阶段基本国情，着力办好自己的事，尊重发展规律、客观实际和群众需求，因地制宜创造性开展工作，把各方面干事创业积极性充分调动起来。
In our work this year, we must make economic stability our top priority and pursue progress while ensuring stability. In the face of new downward pressure, the task of ensuring stable growth needs to occupy an even more prominent position. All localities and government departments should fulfill their responsibilities for maintaining stable macroeconomic performance by proactively introducing pro-stability policies. We should take coordinated moves to keep growth stable, promote structural adjustment, and carry out reform. We should work faster to transform the growth model, and say no to an extensive development model. We should follow a fact-based approach, and bear in mind the fundamental dimension of China’s national context, that is, it is still in the primary stage of socialism. We should manage our own affairs well, and respect the laws of development, the reality on the ground, and the needs of the people. We should work in creative ways in light of actual conditions and motivate all stakeholders to pursue development endeavors.翻译解析及短语归纳本段属于宏观层面的方针原则，官方均用增主句“wemust/should…”结构处理。
英文版2016年政府工作报告学习笔记
—强化创新引领作用，为发展注入强大动力。
创新是引领发展的第一动力，必须摆在国家发展全局的核心位置，深入实施创新驱动发展战略。
启动一批新的国家重大科技项目，建设一批高水平的国家科学中心和技术创新中心，培育壮大一批有国际竞争力的创新型领军企业，建设一批全面创新改革试验区。
持续推动大众创业、万众创新。
促进大数据、云计算、物联网广泛应用。
加快建设质量强国、制造强国、知识产权强国。
到2020年，力争在基础研究、应用研究和战略前沿领域取得重大突破，全社会研发经费投入强度达到2.5%，科技进步对经济增长的贡献率达到60%，迈进创新型国家和人才强国行列。
-- We should ensure that innovation better drives and energizes development.Innovation is the primary driving force for development and must occupy a central place in China's development strategy, which is why we must implement a strategy of innovation-driven development. We should launch new national science and technology programs, build first-class national science centers and technological innovation hubs, help develop internationally competitive high-innovation enterprises, and establish pilot reform zones for all-round innovation. We should make consistent efforts to encourage the public to start businesses and make innovations. We should promote the extensive application of big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things. We need to move faster to transform Chinainto a manufacturer of advanced and quality products and a country that is strong on intellectual property rights. We should strive to achieve major breakthroughs in basic research, applied research, and research in strategic and frontier fields by 2020. China's investment in researchand development is expected to reach 2.5% of GDP, and the contributionof scientific and technological advances toward economic growth should come to reach 60%. Fulfilling these objectives will turn China into an innovative and talent-rich country.——推进新型城镇化和农业现代化，促进城乡区域协调发展。
2022年政府工作报告（10）翻译解析及短语归纳
2022年政府工作报告（10）翻译解析及短语归纳今年安排中央本级支出增长3.9%，其中中央部门支出继续负增长。
中央对地方转移支付增加约1.5万亿元、规模近9.8万亿元，增长18%、为多年来最大增幅。
中央财政将更多资金纳入直达范围，省级财政也要加大对市县的支持，务必使基层落实惠企利民政策更有能力、更有动力。
This year, central government expenditureswill rise by 3.9 percent, but the budgetary spending of central governmentdepartments will continue to registernegative growth. Central governmenttransfer payments to local governments willcome to close to 9.8 trillion yuan. This figure represents a growth of 18 percent, or around1.5 trillion yuan, and is the largest increase in recent years. The central government willplace more budgetary funds under the mechanism for direct allocation toprefecture- and county-level governments,and provincial-level governments shouldalso provide additional fiscal support tothese levels. It is imperative that local governments are both able and motivated tocarry out policies that will benefit businessesand people.翻译解析及短语归纳1. 今年安排中央本级支出增长3.9%，其中中央部门支出继续负增长。
2022政府工作报告英文版
2022政府工作报告英文版一、去年工作回顾国内生产总值增长8.1%Gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 8.1 percent in 2021.居民人均可支配收入实际增长8.1%Per capita disposable income increased by 8.1 percent.城镇新增就业1269万人A total of 12.69 million urban jobs were added.新增减税降费超过1万亿元Tax and fee reductions introduced last year totaled more than one trillion yuan.疫苗全程接种覆盖率超过85%Over 85 percent of the population received a full course of vaccination.二、今年主要预期目标国内生产总值增长5.5%左右Setting the GDP growth target for 2022 at around 5.5 percent城镇新增就业1100万人以上Planning to create more than 11 million new jobs居民消费价格涨幅3%左右Maintaining the consumer price index (CPI) at around 3 percent粮食产量保持在1.3万亿斤以上Keeping overall grain output above 650 million metric tons三、今年部分重点工作财政：今年赤字率拟按2.8%左右安排，中央对地方转移支付增加约1.5万亿元、规模近9.8万亿元Finance: We have set the deficit-to-GDP ratio for the year at around 2.8 percent. Central government transfer payments to local governments will come to close to 9.8 trillion yuan. This figure represents a growth of around 1.5 trillion yuan.。
政府工作报告英文
Government Work ReportIntroductionThe Government Work Report is an annual report presented by the Chinese government to the National People’s Congress (NPC) every year. It is a significant document that outlines the government’s policies, achievements, and plans for the future. This report plays a crucial role in the governance and development of the country as it provides a comprehensive overview of the government’s actions and goals.Key HighlightsEconomic DevelopmentThe Chinese government has made significant progress in promoting economic development. In the past year, the economy has maintained steady growth despite various challenges. The report states that China’s GDP growth rate reached X% in the previous year, which demonstrates the economic stability and resilience of the country.To sustain economic growth, various measures have been implemented, such as tax reductions, increasing domestic consumption, and promoting innovation and technology. The government has also emphasized the importance of ecological conservation and considered it as a critical factor for long-term sustainable development.Poverty AlleviationPoverty alleviation remains a top priority for the government. Tremendous progress has been made in reducing poverty and improving living standards in rural areas. The report highlights the achievements in poverty reduction and reveals the government’s commitment to eradicating absolute poverty in China by the target year.The government has implemented several poverty alleviation measures, including targeted poverty alleviation programs, rural infrastructure development, and vocational training to uplift the disadvantaged communities. These efforts have resulted in a significant decrease in poverty rates and an improvement in the overall quality of life in rural areas.Social Welfare and Public ServicesThe report emphasizes the importance of social welfare and public services for the well-being of the citizens. The government has taken steps to enhance thequality and accessibility of education, healthcare, housing, and social security systems.Investment in education has been increased to improve the quality of education and ensure equal educational opportunities for all citizens. The healthcare system is being upgraded to provide better medical services to the people. Efforts are being made to provide affordable housing options and enhance the social security system to protect vulnerable groups.Environmental ProtectionAddressing environmental challenges has been a significant focus of the Chinese government. The report highlights the importance of environmental protection and the implementation of green development strategies for a sustainable future.Efforts have been made to reduce air pollution, promote clean energy, and increase the use of renewable resources. The government has also taken measures to strengthen environmental monitoring and enforcement to ensure strict compliance with environmental regulations. The report reflects the government’s commitment to building an eco-friendly society for the benefit of future generations.ConclusionThe Government Work Report provides a comprehensive overview of the Chinese government’s actions, achievements, and plans for the future. It highlights the government’s efforts in various areas such as economic development, povert y alleviation, social welfare, and environmental protection.The report reflects the government’s commitment to improving the lives of its citizens and building a prosperous and sustainable future for China. It serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, researchers, and the general public in understanding the government’s policies and actions.Through continuous efforts and effective implementation of policies, the Chinese government aims to achieve the goal of national rejuvenation and create a harmonious and prosperous society for all its citizens.。
2023高考英语拓展阅读政府工作报告中的要点及相关表达积累
2023高考英语拓展阅读政府工作报告中的要点及相关表达积累一、过去一年和五年工作回顾过去一年：1. Gross domestic product (GDP) of the year grew by 3 percent.全年国内生产总值增长3%。
2.Value-added tax (VAT) credit refunds exceeded 2.4 trillion yuan.全年增值税留抵退税超过2.4万亿元。
3.More than 32 million people were lifted out of poverty with new employment.脱贫人口务工规模超过3200万人。
过去五年：1.China’s GDP increased to 121 trillion yuan, registering an annual growth rate of 5.2 percent over the past five years.国内生产总值增加到121万亿元，五年年均增长5.2%。
2.Annual grain output remained steady at over 650 million metric tons for several consecutive years.粮食产量连年稳定在1.3万亿斤以上。
3.Average yearly urban jobs growth hit more than 12.7 million.城镇新增就业年均1270多万人。
4.Thanks to eight years of continued efforts, close to 100 million poor rural residents were lifted from poverty.经过八年持续努力，近1亿农村贫困人口实现脱贫。
二、今年发展主要预期目标1. GDP growth of around 5 percent;国内生产总值增长5%左右2.around 12 million new urban jobs;城镇新增就业1200万人左右3.CPI increase of around 3 percent;居民消费价格涨幅3%左右4.grain output of over 650 million metric tons.粮食产量保持在1.3万亿斤以上三、对今年政府工作的建议1. We should enhance the intensity and effectiveness of our proactive fiscal policy.A deficit-to-GDP ratio of 3 percent has been projected for this year.财政：积极的财政政策要加力提效。
关于改善产品和服务供给政府工作报告英文版学习笔记
关于改善产品和服务供给政府工作报告英文版学习笔记!努力改善产品和服务供给。
突出抓好三个方面。
We will concentrate our efforts on the following three areas:一是提升消费品品质。
加快质量安全标准与国际标准接轨，建立商品质量惩罚性赔偿制度。
鼓励企业开展个性化定制、柔性化生产，培育精益求精的工匠精神，增品种、提品质、创品牌。
-- We will work to ensure the supply of goods and services is improved.First, we will see that the quality of consumer goods is improved. We will move faster to bring domestic quality and safety standards in line with international standards, and establish a system for making producers pay punitive compensation for failing to meet product quality standards. We will also encourage enterprises to use flexible and custom-tailored production processes and foster a craftsmanship spirit of striving for the best, so that moretypes of products, products of a higher quality, and brand products will be made.二是促进制造业升级。
深入推进“中国制造+互联网”，建设若干国家级制造业创新平台，实施一批智能制造示范项目，启动工业强基、绿色制造、高端装备等重大工程，组织实施重大技术改造升级工程。
2017-政府工作报告英文版学习笔记-20171022
2017-政府工作报告英文版学习笔记-201710222017 政府工作报告英文版学习笔记CATTI考试资料与资讯2017.10.22往年基本没有直接考过政府工作报告。
但许多年份的政治类考题，基本都是政府工作报告风格（考过的有中国梦、大国关系、供给侧改革等）。
政治性太强、专业性太强的内容略去不选。
笔记可能有很多主观看法，词汇请大家自主多做查询。
学习建议（仅供参考）：1、不盲目求快。
学得越细，收获越多。
只求快难深入。
2、勤查资料。
生词多查多记。
3、热点、新词多关注（新动能、放管服）。
4、打印出来做笔记。
电脑干扰多，手机干扰更多。
5、精选个别片段和常用句型背诵。
节省体力，不用太多。
6、不唯权威。
时刻动脑，思考原因，总结规律。
7、勤动笔，形成自己的翻译思路和方式。
8、学英文同时，也学中文凝练表达。
9、建议至少学习两遍。
2017 政府工作报告| 百度网盘百度网盘：/RiF4Vnd在线阅读：/RiF4VngCGTN-同传：/RiKHt7X（01）过去一年，我国发展面临国内外诸多矛盾叠加、风险隐患交汇的严峻挑战。
In the past year, China’s developmenthas faced grave challenges posed by a great many problems and interwoven risks and dangers both at home and abroad.精简、合并重复信息：叠加、交汇> interwoven 突出逻辑关系：（来自）···的挑战——经济运行缓中趋稳、稳中向好。
国内生产总值达到74.4万亿元，增长6.7%，名列世界前茅，对全球经济增长的贡献率超过30%。
居民消费价格上涨2%。
The economy has registered a slower but stable performance with good momentum for growth. GDP reached 74.4 trillion yuan, representing 6.7-percent growth, and seeing China outpace most other economies. China contributed more than 30 percent of global growth. The CPI rose by 2 percent.名词化，压缩动词使用数量：缓中趋稳、稳中向好> a slower but stable performance with good momentum数据表述常用词：register, reach, contribute, represent, report, stand at工业企业利润由上年下降2.3%转为增长8.5%，单位国内生产总值能耗下降5%，经济发展的质量和效益明显提高。
政府工作报告重点(英汉)
2010年3月5日9时，十一届全国人民代表大会第三次会议在人民大会堂举行开幕会，国务院总理温家宝在会上做了政府工作报告。
Following are the highlights of Wen's Report on the Work of the Government.以下是温家宝总理政府工作报告中的亮点解读。
Key words: Income distribution, 'Hukou' reform, Employment, Low-carbon, Housing prices关键词：收入分配、户口改革、就业、“低碳”、房价2009年政府工作报告-- China's gross domestic product (GDP) reached 33.5 trillion yuan, up 8.7 percent from a yearearlier.--2009年国内生产总值达33.5万亿元，比上年增长8.7%。
-- Fiscal revenue was 6.85 trillion yuan, up 11.7 percent year on year.财政收入达6.85万亿元，同比增长11.7%。
-- Grain production was 531 million tonnes, a new record and increasing for the sixth consecutive year.--粮食产量达5.31亿吨，再创历史新高，实现连续六年增产。
-- A total of 11.02 million job opportunities were created for urban residents.--城镇新增就业1102万人。
-- The per capita disposable income of urban residents was 17,175 yuan, up 9.8 percent in real terms, while the net per capita income of rural residents was 5,153 yuan, rising 8.5 percent in real terms.--城镇居民人均可支配收入17175元，实际增长9.8%；农村居民人均纯收入5153元，实际增长8.5%。
政府工作报告 英文
政府工作报告英文Government Work ReportThe Government Work Report is an annual report presented by the Chinese government to the National People's Congress, which serves as a comprehensive summary of the government's achievements and plans for the coming year. The report covers various aspects of governance, including economic development, social welfare, environmental protection, and national security.The Government Work Report is an essential document that outlines the priorities and goals of the Chinese government. It reflects the government's commitment to improve the lives of its citizens and address the challenges faced by the country.In recent years, the Chinese government has made significant progress in various areas. The economy has continued to grow at a steady pace, lifting millions of people out of poverty and providing them with better opportunities. The government has implemented various measures to ensure sustainable development, such as reducing carbon emissions and promoting clean energy. Furthermore, the government has prioritized social welfare by strengthening the social security system, providing better healthcare services, and improving education. Efforts have also been made to reduce income inequality and improve the living conditions of low-income households.Additionally, the government has placed high importance on environmental protection and ecological conservation. It hasimplemented stricter regulations to curb pollution and promote environmental sustainability. The government has also invested heavily in renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. In terms of national security, the government has taken measuresto maintain social stability and protect national interests. It has strengthened law enforcement and cracked down on criminal activities. The government has also actively engaged in international cooperation and diplomacy to maintain peace and stability in the region.Looking ahead, the Chinese government has set ambitious goalsfor the future. It aims to further strengthen economic development and innovation, with an emphasis on technological advancements and digital transformation. Efforts will also be made to improve social welfare, such as providing affordable housing and improving social security benefits.Environmental protection will remain a top priority, with the government aiming to reduce pollution and promote the sustainable use of resources. National security will also be strengthened, with a particular focus on cybersecurity and counterterrorism.In conclusion, the Government Work Report is a crucial document that reflects the Chinese government's commitment to improving the lives of its citizens and addressing the challenges faced by the country. It outlines the government's achievements in various areas and sets ambitious goals for the future. With the government's strong determination and comprehensive strategies, it is expectedthat China will continue to make significant progress and contribute to global development.。
政府工作报告笔记1
一是在区间调控基础上实施定向调控，保持经济稳定增长。
First, on the basis of range-based macro regulation, we exercised targeted regulation to keep the economy growing steadily.在······的基础上：on the basis of这个短语，包括下面的“面对”，都是非常常见的词，但可能很多人还是译不好，或者考试时想太多，不敢确定。
平时这方面还是要多积累。
区间调控： range-based macro regulation定向调控： targeted regulation宏观调控：macro regulation（以前都是 macro-control，现在改成了 regulation）实施：exerciseWe是增译成分。
“保持经济稳定增长”，用 to 作了连接。
这里是把原文的两句，理解成动作+目的的结构，让松散的中文译出来更有英文味道。
面对经济下行压力加大态势，我们保持战略定力，稳定宏观经济政策，| 没有采取短期强刺激措施，而是继续创新宏观调控思路和方式|，实行定向调控，激活力、补短板、强实体。
In the face of mounting downward economic pressure, we maintained strategic focus and kept our macroeconomic policy unchanged. Instead of using short-term stimulus measures, we continued to develop new ideas and methods for macro regulation. We exercised targeted regulation, stimulated market activity, shored up our weak spots, and boosted the real economy.首先这段话对中文流水句的重组很有意思，译文基本上是两三句话合一句。
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（03）经济结构有新的优化，粮食产量达到1. 21 万亿斤，消费对经济增长的贡献率上升3 个百分点，达到51. 2%，服务业增加值比重由46.9%提高到48.2% ，新产业、新业态、新商业模式不断涌现。
The economic structure was upgraded. Grain output reached 605 million metric tons; the contribution of consumption toward economic growth rose by three percentage points to 51.2%; the value added of the service sector increased from 46.9% to 48.2% of the GDP; and there was a constant stream of new industries, new types of business, and new business models.结构优化，一般动词都是upgrade，比较固定。
“斤”这类单位，有时候是要做折算，一斤就是半公斤。
公吨的问题需要注意，下面是百度百科的解释，比较复杂，不要绕晕：简单地说，公吨是tonne 或者metric ton，其缩写为mts（经常在邮件往来中使用），吨是ton。
1公吨（tonne, metric ton）= 1000公斤1吨（ton）= 1016公斤（英制单位）或907.2公斤（美制单位）。
公吨是公制的单位，在英文中原本的表达法为tonne 或者metric ton。
由于用公吨的人太多，人都喜欢偷懒，故常把metric ton缩略为ton。
国外客户说ton的时候，有可能是指metric ton。
我们中国人说吨，其实指的都是公吨，因为中国采用公制。
（我们说1吨等于1000公斤，也证明了我们所说的吨，其实是公吨。
）吨（原本意义上的吨）是英制单位，英文中是ton。
英国和美国对ton的定义不同。
在英国1 ton等于1016公斤，因此英国的吨又成为long ton（长吨）；在美国1 ton等于907公斤，因此美国的吨又成为short ton（短吨）。
词典里的解释大概也是这样：比如柯林斯词典：A ton is the same as a or , which is 1,000 kilograms. 吨[英国英语]陆谷孙词典第一条也说：ton，吨，公吨= metric ton，不过，也出了“长吨”这个解释= long ton。
所以结论是，ton 有两种解释，容易混淆。
metric ton则只有一个意思。
但有一点可以明确：公文里讲的吨，就是公吨，译为metric ton 一点问题没有。
亩比较特殊，mu, a unit of area (=0.0667 hectares)，换算也麻烦。
有时候是直接音译，例如《新英汉大辞典》：他们平整土地5000亩They levelled 5000 mu of land。
不过，政府工作报告是换算后翻译的。
例如“增加深松土地2 亿亩”improve the subsoil of 13.3 million hectares of cropland。
所以，这个0.0667还是得记住。
从音译到意译，也是一种策略转变，因为这是一种更便于读者理解的办法。
“消费对经济增长的贡献率”译成了“the contribution of consumption toward economic growth”，注意这里“率”字没有直接翻译出来。
比率问题的处理值得注意，rate之类的自然不用说，其他的还有：赤字率从去年的2.1%提高到2.3%the deficit to GDP ratio will rise from last year’s 2.1% to 2.3%后面一句的比重，其实还是比率问题：比重由46.9%提高到48.2%increase from 46.9% to 48.2% of the GDP这里还是不直接硬体现比重，而是化到句子里，更显得简洁。
下一段还有，方法是一样的支出与国内生产总值之比超过2%Spending accounted for more than 2% of the GDP新业态new types of business，Of 用法之一：用前面的名词形容后面的名词，例如a mountain of a wave 山一般的巨浪（巨浪是核心）New type of urbanization 新型城镇化建设（城镇化建设是核心）中西部地区经济增速快于东部地区。
发展质量有新的提升，一般公共预算收入增长8.6%，研究与试验发展经费支出与国内生产总值之比超过2%，能耗强度下降4.8%，是近年来最大降幅。
The central and western regions grew faster in economic terms than the eastern region. The quality of development was raised. Revenue in the general public budgets grew by 8.6%. Research and development spending accounted for more than 2% of the GDP. Energy intensity was cut by 4.8%, the biggest reduction made in recent years.经济增速，译法和之前“中国的发展”类似，舍弃所有格，改用in economic terms，说明偏正短语（••••的••••）翻译一定要灵活。
后面的“一般公共预算收入”亦同此理：Revenue in the general public budgets支出，可以记住常用的译法spending，并不总是都要用expenses; expenditure; outlay; disbursement，appropriation，因为同样是花钱，国家花钱和个人花钱不一样，不同用途的钱也可以有不同的说法。
其他表达还有国防支出expenditure on national defense;行政管理支出administrative expenditure;追加支出supplementary expenditure支出赤字deficit spending支出账户account of payment支出预算appropriation budget（04）人民生活有新的改善，全国居民人均可支配收入实际增长8%，快于经济增长；农村居民人均可支配收入实际增长9.2%，快于城镇居民收入增长；People’s lives were improved. Per capita disposable personal income increased by 8% in real terms nationwide, growing faster than the economy, and the per capita disposable income of rural residents grew by 9.2%, outpacing that of those living in urban areas.①“新的改善”，和笔记（03）中的“经济结构有新的优化The economic structure was upgraded”大同小异，新，并没有直接体现在字面上。
②per capita 源自拉丁文by heads的意思，表示人均，例如per capita income 人均收入。
有意思的是capita 可以表示(牲畜的) 总(头)数，所以•••••Capita 看上去好像缺了点儿什么，我们更熟悉的是capital，首都，其实这个词和头也是难解难分，比如死刑“capital punishment”capital 还可表示first and foremost; principal:“第一位的和首要的；最主要的”，这就像人的头一样。
例如a decision of capital importance. 一个头等重要的决定可支配收入是disposable income，这个词组也表示税后收入。
经济学上，可支配收入就是拿到手的收入，即工资收入中扣除掉基本养老保险、基本医疗保险、失业保险、公积金、个人所得税等剩下的那部分。
大概意思就是，月底打到卡上的钱。
disposable 表示可自由处理的，也可以表示“一次性使用的”（如纸制尿布和皮下注射器），派生来源是dispose ，古法语表示“分开放置”。
③in real terms 表示实际，terms 是个很活的词，各种搭配也很多，一次也很难都记住，例如holiday terms 冠冕堂皇的言语; 好听的话; 奉承话in any term 无论如何, 在任何情况下in black and white terms 白纸黑字; 毫不含糊in flattering terms 用奉承的言词, 用过奖的话语in (good) set terms 用明确严密的话语; 用毫不含糊的言语in general terms 概括地, 笼统地in high terms 极力称赞in plain terms 简单说来, 坦白地说in practical terms 实际上④“快于经济增长”，用了growing faster than the economy，减少了主句动词量。
汉语爱用动词，一句话好几个不嫌多，而且用得越多，还显得越有气势，英语相反，很多“该用动词的地方”，往往用比较级、介词等化解掉，再就是这类非谓语、插入语。
⑤第二个快于，用的是outpace，表示跑得比…快, 追过; 发展快过; 胜过, 超过，例如The company has completely outpaced its rivals in the market，表示中国发展速度比其他国家快，也可以用这个词。
多元化的表达，需要对outpace 这类词非常熟悉，熟悉到看到汉语就能想起来用。
所以还是那句话，背单词很重要，背到活用的水平，对翻译会很有帮助。
类似的还有，让••••••相形见绌，也许用句子很复杂，其实pale 或dwarf 两个词都可以。
看上去的简洁，其实背后都是功底。
农村贫困人口减少1232万人；6600 多万农村人口饮水安全问题得到解决;出境旅游超过1 亿人次。
In rural areas, the number of people living in poverty was reduced by 12.32 million, and over 66 million more people gained access to safe drinking water. The number of outbound trips made by Chinese tourists exceeded 100 million.①这句的reduce by 可以注意下，by 表示幅度，不能省略。