2005年中国传媒大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
05年10月考博英语A卷
05年10⽉考博英语A卷中国科学院博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试卷2005年10⽉------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESOctober 2005PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature _______ to protect the dolphins.A. reservationB. rescueC. reserveD. refugee2. Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that thiswill ________ the memory of the passers-by.A. keepB. easeC. jogD. enhance3. Diamonds have little ________ value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.A. intricateB. intactC. intriguingD. intrinsic4. At the moment she is ________ the netball match between the Japanese team andthe Cuban team over at the playing field.A. arbitratingB. interveningC. refereeingD. deciding5. Any time ________, any period of waiting is because you haven't come and received the message.A. errorB. cutC. lackD. lag6. James Joyce was __________ as the greatest writer of the 20th century.A. salutedB. estimatedC. scaledD. measured7. As a moralist, Virginia Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, and calling values into question ______ asserting, advocating or bearing witness.A. rather thanB. other thanC. together withD. as well as8. Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comet’s surface in order to reveal the core and give some _________ to the origin of the solar system.A. sourcesB. interpretationsC. cluesD. observations9. The Japanese Prime Minister’s _________ is a seat on the UN Security Council, for which he will be lobbying at the summit.A. precedenceB. promiseC. priorityD. procedure10. This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growthwas ________ 12 percent.A. in case ofB. in view ofC. in face ofD. in excess of11. How well a person __________ depends just as much on whether they’re self-confident as it does on particular skills and expertise.A. jumps outB. turns outC. covers upD. turns up12. The skin of the forest keeper _________ exposure to the harsh northwest weather.A.is tanned fromB.is colored fromC. is tainted byD. is encoded by13. The Court of Auditors of the EU is an _________ body and acts independently from all other institutions.A. indifferentB. imperativeC. impartialD. incoherent14. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am _________ to carrying out the plan.A. committedB. obligedC. engagedD. resolved15. The possibilities of an autumn election cannot be _________.A. struck outB. left outC. ruled outD. counted out16. Hotels and restaurants are an ____ part of the city; without them the city’s tourist industry cannot exist.A. insignificantB. integralC. interiorD. inevitable17. I reject any religious doctrine that does not _______ to reason and is in conflict with morality.A. applyB. appealC. attractD. attend18. There are three bodies of writing that come to _________ this question and wewill consider each in turn.A. bear onB. sort outC. figure outD. put on19. Success does not ________ in never making mistakes but in never making thesame one a second time.A. compriseB. conveyC. consistD. conform20. Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to ________ the extent of the cruelacts committed by their soldiers.A. live up toB. mark downC. size upD. play downPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions:For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Healthy guilt is a warning signal that either something dangerous is about to happen or something has already happened that needs ___21___. A feeling of distress is good when it keeps us from ___22___ our own values. It serves a useful function. Here is a(n) ___23___: If a fire broke out in someone's home ___24___ faulty wiring, he would not be content with ___25___ putting out the fire. ___26___, he would have the house rewired. When we feel guilty about something, we have to make the necessary changes in our character to prevent a ___27___.Unhealthy guilt is a distressful feeling which occurs without reason or persists even after appropriate steps have been taken to deal with a situation. A person with___28___ self-esteem may react to feelings of guilt in one of two ways: ___29___ that he has done wrong in order to protect his fragile ego; or experience the feeling as a ___30___ that he is just an unworthy person. An example involves the case of Mr. L. He has a ___31___ with Mr. Y and exchanges angry words. Later that day, Mr. Y gets sick. Mr. L may feel that he was the ___32___of Mr. Y's misfortune. Mr. L feels unwarranted guilt for the misfortune and thinks that his angry feelings caused the misfortune. This is irrational thinking and is ___33___ of pathological guilt.When people do research on a particular challenge and make a decision, the decision may ___34___ unfavorable consequences. Feeling distress and pain is normal. However, feeling guilty over the idea that you caused the consequences is unhealthy. As long as a decision is made with proper advice and with good intent, then the person remains morally right ___35___ having made the decision. There is no reason for guilt.21. A. connection B. correction C. recovery D. repetition22. A. underestimating B. displaying C. violating D. deteriorating23. A. hypothesis B. definition C. experiment D. analogy24. A. due to B. but for C. with D. under25. A. devotedly B. primarily C. timely D. merely26. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Anyway D. Consequently27. A. distress B. renewal C. conflict D. recurrence28. A. low B. exalted C. sincere D. much29. A. Imply B. Admit C. Deny D. Argue30. A. prescription B. communication C. confirmation D. perception31. A. contact B. disagreement C. relationship D. concern32. A. cause B. origin C. cure D. witness33. A. record B. proof C. evidence D. description34. A. attach to B. turn to C. lead to D. take to35. A. at B. in C. as D. forPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then selectthe choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneJeans were invented a little over a century ago and are currently the world's most popular, versatile garment, crossing boundaries of class, age and nationality. From their origins as pure workwear, th ey have spread through every level of the fashion spectrum, and are embraced internationally for their unmatched comfort and appeal.In the mid '40s, the Second World War came to an end, and denim blue jeans, previously worn almost exclusively as workwear, gained a new status in the U.S. and Europe. Rugged but relaxed, they stood for freedom and a bright future. Sported byboth men and women, by returning GI’s and sharp teenagers, they seem ed as clean and stron g as the people who chose to wear them. In Europe, surplus Levi's were left behind by American armed forces and were available in limited supplies. It was the European population's first introduction to the denim apparel. Workwear manufacturers tried to copy the U.S. originals, but those in the know insisted on the real thing.In the 50s, Europe was exposed to a daring new style in music and movies and consequently jeans took on an aura of sex and rebellion. Rock'n'roll coming from America blazed a trail of defiance, and jeans became a symbol of the break with convention and rigid social mores. When Elvis Presley sang in "Jailhouse Rock," his denim prison uniform carried a potent, virile image. Girls swooned and guys were quick to copy the King. In movies like "The Wild One" and "Rebel Without a Cause," cult figures Marlon Brando and James Dean portrayed tough anti-heroes in jeans and T-shirts. Adults spurned the look; teenagers, even those who only wanted to look like rebels, embraced it.By the beginning of the '60s, slim jeans had become a leisurewear staple, as teens began to have real fun, forgetting the almost desperate energy of the previous decade, while cocooned(包围在) in wealth and security. But the seeds of change had been sown, and by the mid '60s jeans had acquired yet another social connotation---as the uniform of the budding socialand sexual revolution. Jeans were the great equalizer, the perfect all-purpose garment for the classless society sought by the Hippy generation. In the fight for civil rights, at anti-war demonstrations on the streets of Paris, at sit-ins and love-ins everywhere, the battle cry was heard above a sea of blue.36.Jeans were first designed for _______.A.soldiersB.WorkmenC. TeenagersD. cowboys37.In the mid 40s, jeans gained popularity because ________.A. they made the wearer look clean and toughB. they were comfortable and looked friendlyC. they were the outward symbol of the mainstream societyD. they stood for freedom and a strong character38.What does the ―real thing‖ refer to in the second paragraph?A.authentic Levi’sB.workwearC. casual wearD. jeans of European style39.The popularity of Elvis Presley’s way of dressing illustrates that _________.A.teenagers wanted to look sexyB.people desired to look strong and manlyC.jeans went well with rock’n’rollD.D.Americans were more rebellious than Europeans40. The last sentence suggests that jeans were ________./doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html ed for military purposesB.the symbol of the ideal of social equalityC.worn by all kinds of peopleD. the outfit of social improvementPassage TwoThe ethnic group known as Ashkenazim is blessed with more than its fair share of talented minds, but is also prone to a number of serious genetic diseases.Researchers now suggest that intelligence is closely linked to several illnesses in Ashkenazi Jews, and that the diseases are the result of natural selection.The Ashkenazim are descended from Jewish communities in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Eastern Europe that date back to the 10th century. Today they make up approximately 80 percent of the world's Jewish population.Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, scoring 12 to 15 points above the European average. They are also strongly represented in fields and occupations requiring high cognitive ability. For instance, Jews of European ancestry account for 27 percent of U.S. Nobel science prize winners.But the group is also associated with several neurological disorders, including Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's, and Niemann-Pick. Tay-Sachs is a fatal hereditary disease of the central nervous system. Sufferers lack an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain and nerve cells. Gauchers and Niemann-Pick are similar, often fatal diseases.Because Jews were discriminated against in medieval Europe, they were often driven into professions such as moneylending and banking which were looked down upon or forbidden for Christians.Historians suggest that Jews with lucrative jobs often had four, six, or sometimes even eight or nine children. Poorer families, meanwhile, tended to be smaller, possibly because they lived in overcrowded areas in which children were more prone to disease. As a result, the researchers say, over hundreds of years the Jewish population of Europe became more intelligent than their gentile countrymen.But increased intelligence may have come at a cost, with genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs being side effects of genes that facilitate intelligence. Researchers argue that it's highly unlikely that mutated genes responsible for these illnesses could have reached such high levels in Ashkenazim if they were not connected to cognitive performance.While the link is difficult to prove, there is some evidence that Gaucher disease does increase a person’s IQ. Around one in three people of working age who were patients of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre in Jerusalem had professions requiring an average IQ of more than 120. This group included scientists, academics, physicians, and accountants.Modern-day Ashkenazim are now far more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. A researcher says that he would expecta tendency for both higher IQs and associated genetic disorders to become less marked over time.41. According to the first paragraph, Ashkenazim are _______.A.more intelligent than other JewsB.more likely to be sick than other JewsC.endowed with natural ability because of genetic diseasesD.more likely to be born with genetic diseases42. According to the article, Ashkenazim are related to the Jewish people in ______.A.the whole Europe and Eastern AsiaB. B. Eastern Europe and a few other European countriesC.Eastern Europe and a few Asian countriesD.Eastern Europe and Germany43. Tay-Sachs, Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick are _______.A.diseases caused by absence of an enzymeB.life-threatening genetic diseasesC.diseases that make people more intelligentD.the same disease with different terms44.The ―lucrative job‖ may most probably be a job which is _______.A.ProfitableB.unsteadyC.challengingD.permanent45.The underlined sentence in paragraph 7 roughly means that the researchersbelieve that _______.A. mutated genes have a negative influence on Ashkenazim’s intelligenceB. mutated genes have played a role in Ashkenazim’s intelligenceC. the Ashkenazim’s high intelligence is caused by the mutated genesD. the Ashkenazim’s illnesses have greatly handicapped their performance46.From the passage, it can be anticipated that in the future ________.A.Ashkenazim would be less intelligent but healthierB.there would be more outstanding Ashkenazim intellectualsC.Ashkenazim would be more intelligent and less healthyD.the cause of genetic diseases would be explored more deeplyPassage ThreeSometimes it's just hard to choose. You're in a restaurant and the waiter has his pen at the ready. As you hesitate, he gradually begins to take a close interest in the ceiling, his fingernails, then in your dining partner. Each dish on the menu becomes a blur as you roll your eyes up and down it in a growing panic. Finally, you desperately opt for something that turns out to be what you hate.It seems that we need devices to protect us from our hopelessness at deciding between 57 barely differentiated varieties of stuff - be they TV channels, gourmet coffee, downloadable ring tones, or perhaps, ultimately even interchangeable lovers. This thought is opposed to our government's philosophy, which suggests that greater choice over railways, electricity suppliers and education will make us happy. In my experience, they do anything but.Perhaps the happiest people are those who do not have much choice and aren’t confronted by the misery of endless choice. True, that misery may not be obvious to people who don't have a variety of luxuries. If you live in Madagascar, say, where average life expectancy is below 40 and they don't have digital TV or Starbucks, you might not be impressed by the anxiety and perpetual stress our decision-making paralysis causes.Choice wasn't supposed to make people miserable. It was supposed to be the hallmark of self-determination that we so cherish in capitalist western society. But it obviously isn't: ever more choice increases the feeling of missed opportunities, and this leads to self-blame when choices fail to meet expectations. What is to be done? A new book by an American social scientist, Barry Schwartz, called The Paradox of Choice, suggests that reducing choices can limit anxiety.Schwartz offers a self-help guide to good decision making that helps us to limit our choices to a manageable number, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices we make. This is a capitalist response to a capitalist problem.But once you realize that your Schwartzian filters are depriving you ofsomething you might have found enjoyable, you will experience the same anxiety as before, worrying that you made the wrong decision in drawing up your choice-limiting filters. Arguably, we will always be doomed to buyers' remorse and the misery it entails. The problem of choice is perhaps more difficult than Schwartz allows.47.The waiter mentioned in Paragraph 1 would agree that given a variety of choice_______.A. it is common for his customer to hesitate in ordering a mealB. it is impolite for his customer to order with hesitationC. it is difficult for his customer to expect quality foodD. it is possible to get to know his customer’s partner48.It is implied that it is the government’s inten tion to _______.A.improve the quality of TV programsB.try to offer greater choice over public service systemsC.make people realize that some lovers are interchangeableD.encourage the downloading of a variety of ring tones49.We can infer that the author’s attitude toward s choice is that _______.A.the more choice we have, the more freedom we can enjoyB.endless choice has only made us more miserableC.it is easy for people to make a wrong decision with few choicesD. before we make decisions, we want as many choices as possible50.The author mentioned ―Starbucks‖ in Paragraph 3 as an illustration of _______.A.happinessB.low life expectancyC. perpetual stressD. luxury51.From Barry Schwartz’s book, The Paradox of Choice, we can getrecommendation tips on _______.A. how to handle the situation of capitalist exploitationB.how to deal with your expense budgetC. how to avoid the feeling of missed opportunitiesD.how to save money by making a right choice52.We may conclude that it is NOT one of the author’s purposes to _______.AAA. stress the problem of choiceB.discuss decision-making paralysisC. make an analysis of buyers’ remorseD. promote the new book The Paradox of ChoicePassage FourMany things make people think artists are weird –the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists’ only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and m usic, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824, Beethoven completed his ―Ode to Joy‖. In 1962, novelist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda –to pry our wallets from our pockets –they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的). ―Celebrate!‖commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.What we forget – what our economy depends on us forgetting – is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. Thethings that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is ok not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot Noir. We need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter tha n a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.53.What is most strange about artists?A. They wear special clothes.B. They rarely work in the daytime.C. They mainly depict distressing things.D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.54.What does the author mean by ―a stretch‖?A.a terrible thingB.an exaggerationC.a continuous period of timeD.an exception55.The example that ―Ode to Joy‖ was used in Burgess’s novel is meant to illustratethat _______.A.musicians and novelists share similar artistic tasteB.violent people have a strong desire to be happyC.serious art is often contradictory with happinessD.music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike56.The word ―Celebrex‖ in the advertisement ________.A.misleads people into buying dangerous drugsB.reminds people of a cheerful feelingC.boasts of the effectiveness of a drug/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html es from a religious term57.How could the economy depend on our forgetting things?A.The economy would not be boosted if everybody were satisfied.B.There are many new products designed for the forgetful.C.People will spend more money if we believe in easy happiness.D.We pay heavily for forgetting things easily.58.What does the author imply with the movie Sideways?A.Happiness can be found through pains and efforts.B.Happiness comes when everything dies.C.Happiness makes sadness deeper.D.Happiness is not a good thing.Passage FiveAs students return to school this fall, parents will again worry about new illnesses as kids come into contact with flu germs. There are other risks they should worry about—illnesses caused by the common bugs and rodents found in school buildings. Perhaps the even more dangerous pests however are those individuals who prevent school administrators from swiftly addressing these problems.Anti-chemical activists have pushed, and nearly 20 states and local governments have passed, laws to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides in schools. Yet pesticides are used to control roaches, mice, rats, mosquitoes, and other pests. The public health implications of allowing these things to get out of control should be obvious: increased allergies and illnesses related to insect and rodent bites.Some states have passed a seemingly more reasonable policy that demands that school administrators provide notification 48 to 72 hours before using pesticides. But such laws allow problems to escalate during waiting periods when an urgent response is warranted. Notification paperwork burdens also consume limited financial resources. Journalist Steve Milloy reported that the notification law of Maryland costs the state’s schools $32,000 annually.Parents should fear these laws and the pests they harbor more than the pesticides. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) pesticide standards are so exceedingly cautious that the risks are tiny when the product is used according to label directions. An analysis done by the University of Texas found that the EPA’s risk estimates overstate pesticide exposure damage at a level hundreds of thousands of times greater than the risk of actual exposure.Meanwhile, many of the pests in schools pose serious risks. Allergies and asthma are a particular concern. According to one study published in Environmental Health Perspectives: ―Allergens associated with dust mites and cockroaches are probably important in both onset and worsening of asthma symptoms for children who are chronically exposed to these agents.‖Cockroach allergies are particularly problematic. Children who suffered from this type of allergy missed more days of school and lost more sleep than children suffering from other allergies.Prudent use of chemicals—not reduced pesticide use—can be a big part of the solution. A study in the Journal of Allergies and Clinical Immunology showed that use of chemical baits and regular cleaning can reduce indoor cockroach allergens to levels below that which causes allergies.If people are truly concerned about public health in schools, it’s time to start looking at priorities. Rather than liberate the pests, they should liberate the schools from silly government regulations and dangerous vermin.59. The author implies that parents should be most concerned about __________.A.flu germsB.pestsC.school administratorsD.anti-chemical activists60. The author would most probably agree that the laws restricting the use of pesticides in schools _________.A.are necessaryB.are harmfulC.are quite effectiveD.reflect health concerns61. The third paragraph shows that in schools ________.A. sometimes pesticides should be used immediatelyB. the cost of using pesticides is very highC.the laws about using pesticides are not properly observedD. using pesticides is a daily routine62. Regarding pesticides, the author thinks that _________.A. their danger has been exaggeratedB. their effects have been proved by EPAC. they are not effective for killing some pestsD.they may cause some illnesses in children63. Allergens associated with cockroaches may ________.A. kill some insectsB. trigger genetic problemsC. cause asthma symptomsD. create environmental pollution64. As a result of cockroach allergies, children may have difficulty with _______.A.hearingB.digesting/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html municatingD.sleeping65. What is the main idea of the passage?A. New chemicals should be developed to control pests.B. Pesticides should be used frequently to control pests.C.Some policies have ruined the efforts to control pests.D. Schools have ignored the need to control pests.Section B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choosethe most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneTHE LONDON terrorist attacks on July 7 and July 21 changed British Prime Minister Tony Blair. He had long been reluctant to make the fight against Islamo-fascist terror a domestic issue. Last week he outlined security measures to deal with radical clerics who incite violence.Of particular interest is a measure that reads in part: "It is now necessary, in order to acquire British citizenship, that people attend a citizenship ceremony [and] swear allegiance to the country." That's not much different from U.S. law. ___66___ This requirement would violate Section 203 of the U.S. V oting Rights Act, which requires that bilingual election materials and assistance be made available when a foreign language reaches critical mass in the general population. For example, California recall ballots in Los Angeles County were printed in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean and Tagalog. ___67___U.S. law, in effect, tells new citizens that they can be fully engaged in U.S. democracy without understanding the language of its election campaigns. ___68___ Naturalized citizens must demonstrate a fundamental understanding of U.S. history and civics. Isn't it reasonable to expect them also to be able to communicate, at a basic level, in the language of U.S. politics?___69___ Requiring citizens to understand basic English isn't bias. But supporting a system that encourages American citizens to accept a life without meaningful participation in politics and civic life —that's bias.To end the separatism and disengagement that flourishes in part because significant portions of his country cannot speak English, Blair wants to make basic knowledge of English a requirement for British citizenship. There can be no true national。
2009年中国传媒大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2009年中国传媒大学考博英语真题及详解Part Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension (20%)（略）Part Ⅱ. Reading Co mprehension (40%)Directions: In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. Then carefully and completely fill in the brackets on Answer Sheet ONE corresponding to the answer you choose so that the brackets can not be seen.Passage one: Questions 21-25 are based on the following passage.During the cold war the world was divided into the First, Second and Third Worlds. Those divisions are no longer relevant. It is far more meaningful now to group countries not in terms of their political or economic systems or in terms of their level of economic development but rather in terms of their culture and civilization.What do we mean when we talk of a civilization? A civilization is a cultural entity. Villages, regions, ethnic groups, nationalities, religious groups, all have distinct cultures at different levels of cultural heterogeneity. The culture of a village insouthern Italy may be different from that of a village in northern Italy, but both will share in a common Italian culture that distinguishes them from German villages. European communities, in turn, will share cultural features that distinguish them from Arab or Chinese communities. Arabs, Chinese and Westerners, however, are not part of any broader cultural entity. They constitute civilizations. A civilization is thus the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes humans from other species. It is defined both by common objective elements, such as language, history, religion, customs, institutions, and by the subjective self-identification of people. People have levels of identity: a resident of Rome may define himself with varying degrees of intensity as a Roman, an Italian, a Catholic, a Christian, a European, or a Westerner. The civilization to which he belongs is the broadest level of identification with which he intensely identifies. People can and do redefine their identities and, as a result, the composition and boundaries of civilizations change.Civilizations may involve a large, number of people, as with China (“a civilization pretending to be a state,” as Lucian Pye put i t., or a very small number of people, such as the Anglophone Caribbean. A civilization may include several nation states, as is the case with Western, Latin American, and Arab civilizations, or only one, as is the case with Japanese civilization. Civilizations obviously blend and overlap, and may include sub-civilizations. Western civilization has two major variants, European and North American, and Islam has its Arab, Turkic and Malay subdivisions. Civilizations are nonetheless meaningful entities, and while the linesbetween them are seldom sharp, they are real. Civilizations are dynamic; they rise and fall; they divide and merge. And, as any student of history knows, civilizations disappear and are buried in the sands of time.Westerners tend to think of nation states as the principle actors in global affairs. They have been that, however, for only a few centuries. The broader reaches of human history have been the history of civilizations. In A Study of History, Arnold Toynbee identified 21 major civilizations; only six of them exist in the contemporary world.Civilization identity will be increasingly important in the future, and the world will be shaped in large measure by the interactions among seven or eight major civilizations. These include Western, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin American and possibly African civilization. The most important conflicts of the future will occur along the cultural fault lines separating these civilizations from one another.21. According to the passage, what is a more meaningful way now to groupcountries as compared with the Cold War period?A. In terms of political systems.B. In terms of the level of economic development.C. In terms of the culture only.D. In terms of culture and civilization.22. The author states that a civilization is ______.A. a cultural entityB. a custom practiced in a certain human communityC. not with any cultural heterogeneityD. not blending or overlapping with other civilizations23. The word “heterogeneity” (P aragraph 2) could best be replaced by ______.A. identityB. hierarchyC. diversityD. resemblance24. According to this passage, how many subdivisions does the Islam Civilization have?A. None.B. One.C. Two.D. Three.25. It can be inferred from the passage that the author of this passage ______ thefollowing statement: “Westerners tend to think of nation states as the principal actors in global affairs.”A. agrees withB. disagrees withC. detestsD. does not mention if he agrees or not with【答案与解析】21. D 答案由文章首段末句but rather in terms of their culture and civilization.可得。
中传历年真题05-10
中国传媒大学2005综合考试试题一、现代汉语(60分)(一)分析题(20分)1.分析下列各词，并找出其中的合成词归入相应的类型中。
(6分)质盆香波念头口红娃娃终止蛐蛐出席新闻尴尬A.陈述式:B.补充式:C偏正式D联合式:E支配式:F重迭式:2.分析下列句子，指出这些句子的句型或句式并说明主语和谓语的语义关系.(8分)（1）明朝末年，陕西出了个李自成.（2）你怎么总叫别人替你担忧呢?（3）这种型号的笔记本电脑你别买。
（4）你告诉大家认真点儿。
（5）叫狗咬了一口。
（6）刮风了。
（7）他坐在那里不说话。
（8）你不赞成也得表个态呀。
3.用层次分析法分析下面结构的层次。
(3分)那家公司派了几个员工到国外去学习先进的管理大型企业的技术。
4.分析下列多重复句的层次和关系。
(3分)在创作上，他既没有经验。
也没有框框，只是挑着自己生活中感受最深的来写，而他的早年生活充满了“酸甜苦辣咸”，五味俱全，如实写来，也的确给人一种宾切、实在之感。
(二)辨析题(20分)1.从语法或词汇学角度指出下列各组词宁与其它词不同的那个词。
(4分)(1)老乡老家老鼠老板()(2)高等低级特殊优秀()(3)汉堡包艾滋病乒乓球迷你裙()(4)热爱热情热烈热乎乎()2.分辨下列动宾结构中动词与宾语的语义关系。
(4分)吃包子吃火锅吃食堂一锅饭吃十个人3.用语义分析法辨析下列句子的语义关系或异同(可用语义指向、语义变换、语义特征等任一方法分析)。
8分)(l)他酽酽地彻了一壶茶/他满意地笑了笑/他刚刚出去(2)他走进了客厅/他砍倒了树/他吃完了饭(3)墙上挂着画/台上唱着歌4.辨析下列词组，说明每个词组的结构类型(如主谓等)。
(4分)觉得别扩情绪激动继续下去鲁迅先生(三)简答题(20分)1.现代汉语有哪几个方言区，举例说明方言在语音、词汇和语法上的差异。
(10分)2.语素可以怎样分类，请举例说明不同类的语索。
(10分)二.古代汉语(4O分)(一)标点井翻译下面约古文.(20分)人能弘道无如命何甚哉妃匹之爱君不能得之于臣父不能得之与子况卑下乎既欢合矣或不能成子姓能成子姓矣或不能要终其非命也哉孔子罕称命盍杂言之也非通幽明之变恶能戮乎性命哉(二)指出下面汉字的造字方法。
2005年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2005年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)(略)Part ⅡVocabulary and Structure (10%)Directions:There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the ‘sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter ‘on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.21. The feeling of ______ that followed her victory’ was cut short by her father’s sudden death.A. initiationB. intricacyC. interrogationD. intoxication【答案】D【解析】句意：她取得胜利的陶醉之情让父亲的突然去世给中断了。
initiation发起，创始。
intricacy错综复杂，难解。
intoxication陶醉，兴奋。
interrogation询问，审问。
22. An independent adviser has been brought in to ______ between the two sides involved in the conflict.A. conciliateB. waverC. vacillateD. linger【答案】A【解析】句意：一个独立的顾问被叫来调停冲突双方。
conciliate安抚，平息怒火。
waver 犹豫，摇摆不定。
中国传媒大学考博英语模拟试题：考博英语阅读训练(4)
中国传媒大学考博英语模拟试题：考博英语阅读训练（4）China reins in economic expansionChina's growth in fixed-asset investment and its money supply slowed considerably in August，providing firm evidence that the government's tightening measures were reining in the country's rapid economic expansion.examdaUrban fixed-asset investment in August rose21.5per cent compared with a year ago，a marked slowdown from the30.5per cent expansion from January through July and the slowest for a single month since December2004.M2，the broad indicator for money supply，rose17.9 per cent last month compared with18.4per cent in July and June.China's economy has been growing at a record pace，expanding by11.3per cent in the second quarter.Beijing officials and many economists are concerned that such growth rates are not sustainable in the longer term.The latest economic data，which were released by Qiu Xiaohua，commissioner of China's National Bureau of Statistics，suggest Beijing has been able to control excessive lending and investment to sectors such as real estate that are especially at risk of overheating.Beijing is using a combination of monetary and administrative controls in its attempts to moderate growth.Since late April，China's central bank has twice raised benchmark lending rates and bank reserve requirements.Yesterday it also mopped up a record Rmb225bn（$28.3bn）in its regular open market operations.examdaSu Ning，the deputy central bank governor，said this week at an international conference in Beijing that the country's money supply was slowing dramatically as a result of these measures.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) At the same time，China's leaders are trying to control unnecessary production-for instance by limiting land rights and enforcing environmental standards in key industries such as steel，cement and automobiles.Beijing is also worried about overlending to urban property projects，including residences，offices and industrial parks，and the threat it could lead to artificially high prices and excess supply.While trying to temper credit and investment growth，Beijing is also attempting to stimulate consumer spending，since it believes a strong middle class will be a key driver of future growth.China's statistics body said August retail sales were up13.8per cent，a rate consistent with that of the previous two months.Demand for oil products，jewellery，automobiles and building has been particularly strong.一、参考译文：8月份中国固定资产投资及货币供应量增长速度明显放缓，这有力地证明，政府的紧缩举措，正在抑制中国经济的迅速扩张。
2005年中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2005年中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature ______ to protect the dolphins.A．reservationB．rescueC．reserveD．refugee正确答案：A解析：考形近词与同义词的辨析。
reservation是“保留地，专用地，禁猎地”，指动物保护区；rescue是“援救，营救”；reserve是“储备物，收藏；自我克制”，如：reserve of food(食物储备)；refugee指“逃亡者，难民”。
根据句子大意，要发展一个海洋自然______来保护海豚，应该选择reservation。
句子大意是：“海洋生物学家正在呼吁要将Cardigan海湾重新发展成一个海洋自然保护区来保护海豚。
”2．Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that this will ______ the memory of the passers-by.A．keepB．easeC．jogD．enhance正确答案：C解析：考动词搭配。
难点在于熟悉动词的不熟悉用法。
keep是“保持”，ease 是“使悠闲；减轻，放松”；jog做不及物动词是“慢跑”，做及物动词是“摇动；唤起，提醒”，这是一个不太熟悉的用法；enhance是“提高，增强”。
2005年03月考博英语试题及答案
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2005年3月考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。
试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用普通答题纸。
二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，画线不得过细或过短。
修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。
若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。
请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。
三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。
时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：Ⅰ听力20分钟20分Ⅱ词汇15分钟10分Ⅲ完形填空15分钟15分Ⅳ阅读60分钟30分小计110分钟75分试卷二：Ⅴ英译汉30分钟10分Ⅵ写作40分钟15分小计70分钟25分CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2005PAPER ONEPART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Directions:In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He needs more fresh air. B. He is willing to go out.C. He is too sick to go out.D. He opened the window.2. A. Their friemts. B. Daily activities.C. Past experiences.D. Historical events.3. A. To buy a ticket. B. To pay a fee.C. To pay back a debt.D. To buy a gift.4. A. Give information. B. State preferences.C. Ask permission.D. Attract attention.5. A. In a gymnasium. B. In an art exhibition.C. In a shop.D. In a hotel.6. A. 19 dollars each. B. 38 dollars each.C. 30 dollars altogether.D. 36 dollars altogether.7. A. Jack is a gentleman. B. Jack does everything right.C. Jack is a desirable husband.D. Jack behaves immaturely sometimes.8. A. It was remarkable to both the man and the woman.B. It was not suitable for the woman.C. The man hated this kind of movie.D. The woman complained about its quality.9. A. See how much the jacket is.B. See if the jacket there is blue.C. See if there is a cell phone in the jacket.D. See if there was anything turned in this morning.10. A. The man has caught a cold. B. The woman was caught in a rainstorm.C. The weather forecast was inaccurate.D. It rained very heavily.Directions:In this section, you will hear three short talks. At the end of each talk, there will be a few questions. Both the talk and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Questions 11-13 are based on Talk 1.11. A. Language comes from physical labor.B. Language learning is a long-term endeavor.C. Language reflects history.D. Language study is very important.12. A. Constructing a wheel. B. Making a choice.C. Coming back.D. Turning around.13. A. The overthrow of a class. B. The overthrow of a tyrant.C. The overthrow of a belief.D. The overthrow of an act.Questions 14-17 are based on Talk 2.14. A. It‟s a wonderful idea.B. It‟s not a smart thing to do.C. It‟s too difficult to put into practice.D. It‟s interesting to the decision maker.15. A. Telling people about your degrees.B. Promising that you will make good achievements.C. Introducing your job responsibilities.D. Talking about the needs of the potential employer.16. A. The results which your potential boss wants to gain with your assistance.B. The results of making more money on an international market.C. The results that the employer has seen in the past.D. The results that your potential boss does not want to see.17. A. Proving that you are capable of doing the job.B. Seeking the position that is not too high or too low for you.C. Insisting that experience is more important than knowledge.D. Claiming that you are better than any other applicant.Questions 18-20 are based on Talk 3.18. A. They exercise dogs twice a day.B. They learn how to be responsible for dogs.C. They encourage dogs to go for long walks.D. They like dogs too much to care about other things.19. A. Working for the police.B. Relaxing with other dogs.C. Protecting businesses.D. Guiding the blind.20. A. Dogs ride in public transport.B. Dogs bite their owners when in a rage.C. Vehicles run over stray dogs.D. People always keep dogs on leads.PART ⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. Giorgio, now fifteen, and Lucia, also in her teens, were reaching the of their adolescence.A. crisisB. criterionC. causalityD. credibility22. At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. did away withD. gave way to23. The International Olympic Committee rejects the accusations that Beijing‟s budget-cutting move might its preparation for the games.A. degradeB. deliberateC. deployD. defend24. You are not allowed to take a second job your employer gives you permission.A. so long asB. otherwiseC. unlessD. whereas25. They continued to about and enjoy themselves until they became tired.A. strokeB. strollC. stammerD. string26. The survey asked 750 school children about the values and beliefs they from television.A. pick upB. take upC. put upD. make up27. I am grateful for your invitation, and I‟d like to accept your offer with pleasure.A. delightedB. innocentC. graciousD. prestigious28. I must you farewell right now, but on some future occasion, I hope to see you again.A. relayB. bidC. sendD. deliver29. Perhaps my dishes will not be as delicious as those which you are accustomed to eating, but I beg you to grant my and have dinner with me.A. resentmentB. requirementC. requestD. reservation30. That singular ach ievement was not just about Korea‟s arrival as a football force but as a self-confident mature nation to be seriously.A. copedB. shownC. establishedD. taken31. Europe as a unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help, or each European government acted on its own.A. incidentalB. apparentC. cohesiveD. descendent32. On 9 December, James Joyce experienced one of those coincidences which affected him at the time and which later became material for his books.A. inadequatelyB. systematicallyC. profoundlyD. simultaneously33. Embarrassed, I nodded, trying to think of some way to my error.A. make do withB. make up forC. go in forD. go along with34. Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would , for he cannot endure to be separated from me for more than one hour.A. prevailB. presideC. perishD. persecute35. With high hopes, the company sent samples of the substance to scientists, but theycouldn‟t any practical uses for it.A. come up withB. do justice toC. get even withD. look up to36. He signed a new contract with the Dublin firm, Maunsel & Company, on more favorable than those Grant Richards had given him.A. itemsB. termsC. articlesD. specifications37. Most scientists agree this outpouring contributes to global warming, which could eventually lead to coastal flooding, weather, and widespread crop loss.A. intensiveB. extremeC. unpleasedD. unique38. There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated his employees with contempt.A. utterB. soleC. intimateD. corresponding39. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, to discuss the implication of that conclusion.A. recededB. impliedC. compliedD. declined40. Childhood can be a time of great insecurity and loneliness, during which the need to be accepted by peers great significance.A. takes onB. works outC. brings aboutD. gives inPART ⅢCLOZE TEST (is minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose the most suitable of the words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Can exercise be a bad thing? Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion on the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 41 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 42 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such 43 is very patchy; only a national survey could determine the true 44 of sudden deaths in sports. But the climate ofmedical opinion is shifting in 45 of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 46 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 47 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work 48 the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people, 49 particular, be screened for signs of heart disease before 50 vigorous exercise?Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 51 undiagnosed coronary heart disease. In North America 52 over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 53 , and ECGs(心电图)are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 54 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 55 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.41. A. Then B. Though C. Since D. Even42. A. why B. how C. if D. what43. A. runners B. exercises C. patients D. cases44. A. initiation B. evidence C. incidence D. indication45. A. favor B. positive C. inclination D. bias46. A. good B. well C. much D. far47. A. weight B. amount C. degree D. quality48. A. however B. because C. but D. so49. A. at B. to C. for D. in50. A. taking up B. trying on C. getting over D. doing with51. A. beyond B. by C. with D. of52. A. anyone B. none C. some D. nobody53. A. of course B. at all C. after all D. by far54. A. readily B. suddenly C. already D. ready55. A. having B. had C. having been D. havePART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passages in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1I myself first saw Samarkand from a rise across a wilderness of crumbling ruins and great graveyards which lie between it and the airport. Suddenly we caught a glimpse of painted towers and the great blue domes of mosques and tombs shouldering the full weight of the sky among bright green trees and gardens. Beyond the gardens and the glittering domes still were those watchful mountains and their evocative snow. I found myself thinking of the thrill I had on catching my first sight of Damascus after crossing the desert from Syria. The light, the orchards and many of the trees were the same but deeper still was the sense of coming into contact with one of the most astonishing cultures in history, the world of the one and only Allah and his prophet Muhammad. It was a world that completely overawed me.Yet the memory of Samarkand which stays with me most clearly is quite a humble one. Coming back to the city from the country on my last evening we passed some unusual elm trees and I stopped to have a look at them. They were, my guide told me, perhaps a thousand years old, older certainly than Genghis Khan. A flock of fat-tailed sheep (the same kind of sheep that my own ancestors saw a Hottentot keeping when they landed at the Cape of Good Hope 321 years ago), tended by some Tadshik children, moved slowly home in the distance. Then from the city came quite clearly the call to prayer from mosque and minaret. I had not expected any calls at all and it made no difference that some of the calls came over loud-speakers. Then beyond the trees an old manappeared on a donkey, dismounted, spread a prayer mat on the ground, and kneeling towards Mecca, he began to pray.From Samarkand I journeyed on to Bokhara which was once the holiest city in Central Asia. At one time it possessed over a hundred religious colleges and close to four hundred mosques. It drew adventurers of all races towards it as it did Marco Polo. Not many of them reached their destination. These days at what used to be one of the richest market places in the world, one buys ice-cream instead of slaves; watches and mass-produced trinkets and fizzy drinks instead of gold, silks and turquoise jewellery. Few of the four hundred mosques remain and most have vanished without even leavinga trace.56. Samarkand lies .A. in a desertB. high in the mountainsC. in front of DamascusD. between the mountains and the airport57. The author said that he was overawed by .A. the beauty of the sceneB. the sight of DamascusC. the age of the placeD. the world of Allah and Muhammad58. The author refers to his clearest memory of Samarkand as “humble” because .A. it was an ordinary scene that he rememberedB. it was his last night in the city and his last memoryC. the elm trees were older than Genghis KhanD. the trees looked impressive in the evening light59. The author says that the sheep he saw were similar to .A. the ones his ancestors had keptB. the ones that lived in his own countryC. those his ancestors had seen at the Cape of Good HopeD. those his ancestors had taken to the Cape of Good Hope60. The author was surprised to hear the calls to prayer because .A. he was far away from the city, yet he could hear them clearlyB. he did not think there would be any callsC. the calls came from the mosquesD. the calls were no different over loud-speakers61. The market has changed in character because now .A. it does sell jewelleryB. the holy men do not sell thereC. it sells goods for tourists and items of little valueD. the traders have disappeared because it is too dangerous to sell therePassage 2The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept “sense of trust” is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child‟s satisfying experiences at this early age.Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy.Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that “Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc.”Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion.Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected.It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that children first perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react so badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered. In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment‟s notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age.We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers‟ encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children‟s needs and by their overall attitude.62. The sense of trust in an infant is under development when .A. the infant experiences some satisfactionB. adults‟ trust is adequateC. the infant learns how to moveD. the infant is surrounded by people he can recognize63. The author raises evidence of mental illness and other disorders in children .A. to introduce a discussion of the effect of institutions on childrenB. to show the effect on children of an unhappy relation with their mothers during infancyC. to warn parents of the dangers of neglecting and abusing their childrenD. to support the point that trust is an early formed and important element of a healthy personality64. Babies might mistrust the world if .A. they did not receive food when they were hungryB. they mastered their body movements too quicklyC. someone came too close to themD. they saw an object disappear65. The climax in the development of a sense of trust occurs .A. before maternal affection is providedB. when a child perceives that he or she is separate from the environmentC. when a child successfully controls his or her muscular coordinationD. as a result of maternal separation66. A possible reason that a child having an unhappy relation with his/her mother will not be affected by maternal separation at 6 to 9 months is that .A. the struggle between trusting and mistrusting has reached a climaxB. the child sees himself/herself as being separate from the environmentC. the child‟s sense of trust is destroyedD. no sense of trust has ever developed67. According to this passage, the most important factor in developing a sense of trust is .A. the type of techniques used by the motherB. the sensitivity of the childC. maternal loveD. the combined effect of natural feeling and cultural attitudes68. How can mothers create a sense of trust in a child?A. By showing confidence and experience in front of the child.B. By applying techniques taught by psychologists.C. By showing the child that the mother is understanding of his/her wants.D. By offering smiles and comforts.Passage 3I saw a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer. A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant. She appeared very determined. Where others aresatisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself.As a casual student of microbiology, I find it hard to escape the absurdity here. This woman is, like any human being, home to hundreds of trillions of bacteria. Bacteria make up a solid third, by weight, of the contents of her intestines. If you were to sneak into her bathroom while she was showering—and based on my general impression of this woman from the advertisement, I don‟t recommend this—and secret away a teaspoon of the water at her feet, you would find some 820 billion bacteria. Bacteria are unavoidably, inevitably—and, usually, utterly benignly—a part of our world.The fantasy of a germ-free home is not only absurd, but it is also largely pointless. Unless you share your home with someone very old, very young (under 6 months) or very ill, the few hundred bacteria on a countertop, doorknob or spoon pose no threat. The bacteria that cause food poisoning, the only significant rational bacterial worry in the average home, need to multiply into the thousands or millions before they can overwhelm your immune system and cause symptoms.The only way common food poisoning bacteria can manage this is to spend four or five hours reproducing at room temperature in something moist that you then eat. If you are worried about food poisoning, the best defense is the refrigerator. If you don‟t make a habit of eating perishable food that has been left out too long, don‟t worry about bacteria.Viruses are slightly different. You need only pick up a few virus particles to infect yourself with a cold or flu, and virus particles can survive on surfaces for days. So disinfecting the surfaces in the home should, in theory, reduce the chances of picking up a bug.In practice, the issue is less clear. A study by Dr. Elaine Larson at the Columbia School of Nursing called into question the usefulness of antibacterial products for the home. In New York, 224 households, each with at least one preschooler, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group used antibacterial cleaning, laundry and hand-washing products. The other used ordinary products. For 48 weeks, the groups were monitored for seven symptoms of colds, flu and food poisoning—and found to be essentially thesame. A ccording to Dr. Gerba‟s research, an active adult touches an average of 300 surfaces every 30 minutes. You cannot win at this. You will become obsessive-compulsive. Just wash your hands with soap and water a few times a day, and leave it at that.69. What is the main idea of this passage？A. We don‟t need to worry too much about bacteria everywhere in our life.B. Antibacterial products for the home are found to be effective.C. The TV advertisement the writer mentioned is a total failure.D. The existent bacteria pose a threat only to the very young and very old.70. We can infer from Paragraph 3 that .A. healthy people should live separately from unhealthy members of the familyB. a germ-free home is not only possible, but significantC. unless you live with the vulnerable, it is pointless to sterilize the airD. our immune systems are too weak to fight against the food poisoning bacteria71. In the first sentence of Paragraph 4, “... manage this” means “to manage the process of .A. killing the bacteria in your bodyB. multiplying to a significantly large numberC. raising the room temperatureD. sterilizing the perishable food72. According to the author, if you want to keep healthy, you had better .A. make the room dryB. keep the food in the refrigeratorC. wash your hands as much as possibleD. clean the surfaces with anti-bacterial products73. From Paragraph 5 the author emphasizes .A. the danger of virusesB. the common existence of virus particlesC. the short life span of virusesD. the difficulty in killing viruses74. The word “bug” used in Paragraph 5 means .A. a bacteriumB. a coldC. a fluD. a virus75. According to the author, one will become obsessive-compulsive .A. if he washes his hands every time he touches a surfaceB. if he only washes his hands with soap and waterC. if he could not win over the bacteria in his homeD. if he does not fight against the bacteria at homePassage 4Until recently the halls of North High in Minneapolis were lined with vending machines where students could buy soda pop and other sugary drinks, as they can in most other high schools in the nation. But with rates of childhood obesity sky-rocketing, the Minneapolis school district worried about pushing pop. The district needed a way to keep its lucrative vending contract with Coca-Cola while steering kids toward more healthful beverages.Bryan Bass, North‟s assistant principal, took the challenge. He stocked 12 of North‟s 16 vending machines only with water, priced at 75 cents a bottle. Three machines dispensed juice and sports drinks for $1. Only one sold soft drinks, at $1.25 per can. “We located the water machines strategically outside our buildings, so when you come out of a classroom what you see is a water machine,” says Bass. “We also decided to allow water in classrooms but not juice or pop.” The result? Profits from the vending machines nearly tripled, from $ 4,500 to $11,000 in two years. They‟re now in their third year, and says Bass:“Water has become …cool.‟”North‟s suc cess demonstrates what many obesity experts and parents believe: Kids will learn to make healthful food and drink choices if they have access to them and are motivated to do so. “Price is a powerful motivator,” says Simone French of the University of Minnesota, an expert on school-based obesity prevention. She‟s impressed with North‟s efforts, but she says the problem is implementing these strategiesthroughout society. “Obesity is the biggest health issue facing kids,and we‟ve got to do more.”How to do mo re was outlined last week in the Institute of Medicine‟s 460-page action plan, mandated by Congress, on “Preventing Childhood Obesity.” Chaired by Emory University‟s Jeffrey Koplan, the plan is the first comprehensive look at childhood obesity and what government, industry, schools, communities, families, and medical professionals can do to reduce its impact. “I think this is similar in importance to the first Surgeon General‟s Report on Smoking and Health in 1964,” Koplan says. That landmark document led to the health warning on cigarette packages and a ban on cigarette advertising on TV.76. In most American high schools, selling soft drinks is .A. encouragedB. allowedC. unlawfulD. unprofitable77. Water has become “cool” in the Minneapol is school district partly because .A. water is provided freeB. most kids can afford nothing but waterC. water machines are put in noticeable positionsD. children have realized the harm of sugary drinks78. We can infer that in terms of healthful drinks for kids, Simone French and some other experts are .A. confident about children‟s choicesB. pessimistic about the futureC. puzzled about which approach to takeD. worried about how to motivate children79. By mentioning the 1964 report on smoking, Jeffrey Koplan implied that .A. more children tend to smoke today than yesterdayB. both obesity and smoking require the attention of schools and society.C. the present plan on obesity would function similarly as a landmark.D. obesity and smoking are both health problems.80. The primary purpose of this passage is to .。
中国传媒大学考博英语阅读真题集锦
中国传媒大学考博英语阅读真题集锦SectionⅢReading Comprehension Part A(满分40分)Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each textby choosing[A][B][C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Passage1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile,youmust know how to identify shared experiences and problems.Your humormust be relevant to the audience and should help to show them thatyou are one of them or that you understand their situation and arein sympathy with their point of view.Depending on whom you areaddressing,the problems will be different.If you are talking to agroup of managers,you may refer to the disorganized methods of theirsecretaries;alternatively if you are addressing secretaries,you maywant to comment on their disorganized bosses.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) Here is an example,which I heard at a nurses'convention,of astory which works well because the audience all shared the same viewof doctors.A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St.Peter.He sees wonderful accommodations,beautiful gardens,sunnyweather,and so on.Everyone is very peaceful,polite and friendlyuntil,waiting in a line for lunch,the new arrival is suddenly pushedaside by a man in a white coat,who rushes to the head of the line,grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself."Who is that?"the new arrival asked St.Peter."Oh,that's God,"came the reply,"but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties.With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous,you must practice so that it becomes more natural.Include a few casual and apparentlyoff-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor.It often comes from the unexpected.A twist on a familiar quote"If at first you don't succeed,give up"or a play on words or on a situation.Search for exaggeration and understatements.Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.41.To make your humor work,you should________.[A]take advantage of different kinds of audience[B]make fun of the disorganized people[C]address different problems to different people[D]show sympathy for your listeners42.The joke about doctors implies that,in the eyes of nurses, they are________.[A]impolite to new arrivals[B]very conscious of their godlike role[C]entitled to some privileges[D]very busy even during lunch hours43.It can be inferred from the text that public services________.[A]have benefited many people[B]are the focus of public attention[C]are an inappropriate subject for humor[D]have often been the laughing stock44.To achieve the desired result,humorous stories should be delivered________.[A]in well-worded language[B]as awkwardly as possible[C]in exaggerated statements[D]as casually as possible45.The best title for the text may be________.[A]Use Humor Effectively[B]Various Kinds of Humor[C]Add Humor to Speech[D]Different Humor Strategiespassage2Since the dawn of human ingenuity,people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous,boring,burdensome, or just plain nasty.That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines.And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction,they have begun to come close.As a result,the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction.Our subway trains are controlled by tirelessrobo-drivers.And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics,there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge."While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,"says Dave Lavery,manager of a robotics program at NASA,"we can't yet give a robot enough'common sense'to reliably interact witha dynamic world."Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.Despite a spell of initial optimism in the1960s and1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year2010,researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found,in attempting to model thought,is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented —and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the98percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability,and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.46.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in________.[A]the use of machines to produce science fiction[B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work[D]the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work47.The word"gizmos"(line1,paragraph2)most probably means________.[A]programs[B]experts[C]devices[D]creatures48.According to the text,what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can________.[A]fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery[B]interact with human beings verbally[C]have a little common sense[D]respond independently to a changing world49.Besides reducing human labor,robots can also________.[A]make a few decisions for themselves[B]deal with some errors with human intervention[C]improve factory environments[D]cultivate human creativity50.The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are________.[A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure[B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately[C]far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information[D]best used in a controlled environmentpassage3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March,the price of crude oil has jumped to almost$26a barrel,up from less than$10last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the1973 oil shock,when prices quadrupled,and1979-1980,when they also almost tripled.Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports.Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere,could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the1970s.In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the1970s.In Europe,taxes account for up tofour-fifths of the retail price,so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were,and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production.For each dollar of GDP(in constant prices)rich economiesnow use nearly50%less oil than in1973.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that,if oil prices averaged$22a barrel for a full year,compared with$13in1998,this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only0.25-0.5%of GDP.That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in1974or1980.On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive,and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that,unlike the rises in the1970s,it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline.The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago.In1973commodity prices jumped by70%, and in1979by almost30%.51.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is________.[A]global inflation[B]reduction in supply[C]fast growth in economy[D]Iraq's suspension of exports52.It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if________.[A]price of crude rises[B]commodity prices rise[C]consumption rises[D]oil taxes rise53.The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ________.[A]heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive[B]income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices[C]manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed[D]oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP54.We can draw a conclusion from the text that________.[A]oil-price shocks are less shocking now[B]inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks[C]energy conservation can keep down the oil prices[D]the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry55.From the text we can see that the writer seems________.[A]optimistic[B]sensitive[C]gloomy[D]scaredpassage4The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right tophysician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect,"a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients'pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery," he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death. If you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying"as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse."He says medical licensing boards"must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."56.From the first three paragraphs,we learn that________.[A]doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients'pain[B]it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end theirlives[C]the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D]patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide57.Which of the following statements is true according to the text?[A]Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.[B]Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C]The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.[D]A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.58.According to the NAS's report,one of the problems inend-of-life care is________.[A]prolonged medical procedures[B]inadequate treatment of pain[C]systematic drug abuse[D]insufficient hospital care59.Which of the following best defines the word"aggressive" (line1,paragraph7)?[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate.60.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they________.[A]manage their patients incompetently[B]give patients more medicine than needed[C]reduce drug dosages for their patients[D]prolong the needless suffering of the patients本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
中国传媒大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析
中国传媒大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析To date,over1billion Barbie dolls have been sold.The averageAmerican girl aged between three and11owns a staggering ten Barbiedolls,according to Mattel,the American toy giant.An Italian orBritish girl owns seven;a French or German girl,five.The Barbiebrand is worth some$2billion--a little ahead of Armani,just behindthe Wall Street Journal--making it the most valuable toy brand in theworld,according to Interbrand,a consultancy.How is it that thisimpossibly proportioned,charmless toy has endured in an industrynotorious for whimsical fad and fickle fashion?Part of Barbie's appeal is that she has become,according toChristopher Varaste,a historian of Barbie,"the face of the Americandream".Barbie is not a mere toy,nor product category:she is an icon.Quite how she became one is hotly debated among the Barbie sorority.Some think she answers an innate girlish desire for fantasy,Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi role-playingand dressing-up.Others believe that Mattel has simply manipulatedgirls'aspirations to that end.Either way,wrapped up in her pouting lips and improbablefigure--buxom breasts,wafer-thin waist and permanently arched feetwaiting to slip into a pair of high heels--is an apparently enduringstatement of aspiration and western aesthetic.She is,according toM.G.Lord,who has written a biography of Barbie,"the most potent icon of American popular culture in the late twentieth century."Officialdom has recognised Barbie's iconic status.The Americans included a Barbie doll in the1976bicentennial time capsule.Earlier this year,the American government buried her in a"women's health" time capsule,alongside a pair of forceps and a girdle.As an emblem of Americana she is subject to pastiche,derision and political statement.Andy Warhol made a portrait of Barbie,the Campbell's soup of toy brands.An exhibition in London earlier this year displayed "Suicide Bomber Barbie"by Simon Tyszko,a British artist.Her hair was blonde,her hair ribbon red,and around her slender waist was wrapped a belt of explosives,attached to a detonator held daintily in her hand.Barbie has not colonised girls'imaginations by accident.Mattel has dedicated itself to promoting Barbie as"a lifestyle,not just a toy".In addition to selling the dolls,Mattel licenses Barbie in 30different product categories,from furniture to make-up.A girl can sleep in Barbie pyjamas,under a Barbie duvet-cover,her head on a Barbie pillow-case,surrounded by Barbie wall-paper,and on,and on.There are Barbie conventions,fan clubs,web sites,magazines and collectors'events."She's so much more than a character brand,"enthuses a Mattel publicity person,"she's a fashion statement,a way of life."(449 words)56.Which of the following statements is true according to the text?[A]The average American girl aged between three and11owns10 staggering Barbie dolls.[B]Wall Street Journal is the most valuable toy brand in the world.[C]The Barbie brand is the most valuable toy brand in the world.[D]The Barbie brand is worth more than$2billion.57.How did Barbie become an icon according to the text?[A]Barbie has"the face of the American dream".[B]She answers an innate girlish desire for fantasy,role-playing and dressing-up[C]It is Mattel that manipulated girls'aspirations to that end.[D]Different people have different explanations.58.Barbie's iconic status is shown in all the following EXCEPT______.[A]Barbie doll in the1976bicentennial time capsule[B]She was buried in a"women's health"time capsule[C]She is subject to pastiche,derision and political statement[D]Barbie has colonised girls'imaginations59.It can be inferred from the text that Mattel is_______.[A]a man who created Barbie doll[B]the name of a toy manufacturer[C]an individual organization[D]a sorority60.The best title for the text may be______.[A]Barbie dolls in USA[B]Barbie's appeal[C]Barbie's appeal and iconic status[D]Barbie,the most valuable toy brandText1256. C.芭比商标是全世界最贵的玩具品牌。
2005~2007年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2005年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解Part ⅠReading Comprehension (40%)Directions:There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage:The calendar used in Australia and in most other countries was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. It provides for 366 days in those years for which the year number when divided by 4 gives a whole number (i.e.) without a remainder; those years are called leap years. All other years have 365 days. The Gregorian calendar further specifies that years whose year number is divisible evenly by 100 are not leap years, unless the year number is also divisible by 400.In a leap year February has 29 days, whereas in a non-leap year it has 28 days.A decade is a 10-year period, such as 1 January 1885-31 December 1894.1. Which one of the following years was a leap year? _____.A. 1880B. 1894C. 1906D. 19262. Which One of the following years will not be a leap year? _____.A. 2000B. 2024C. 2052D. 30003. How many leap years will there be in the decade commencing 1 January 2019? _____.A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 44. Since 1582, the maximum number of leap years possible in any decade is _____.A.2B.3C.4D.5【答案与解析】1.A a leap year指的是闰年。
2005年春电子科技大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2005年春电子科技大学考博英语真题及详解I.Vocabulary(0.5X30)Directions:In each item,identify one of the four choices A,B,C and D that best complete the sentence.Mark your choice on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.1.Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft,rust too easily,or have some other ______.A.bruisesB.blundersC.handicapsD.drawbacks【答案】D【解析】句意：很多纯金属没有多大用途，因为它们太软、太容易生锈，或者有其它缺点。
drawback缺点，弊端。
bruise伤痕，擦伤。
blunder疏忽，错误。
handicap缺陷，不利条件。
2.Some studies confirmed that this kind of eye disease was______in tropic countries.A.prospectiveB.prevalentC.provocativeD.perpetual【答案】B【解析】句意：一些研究证实这种眼疾在热带国家很普遍。
prevalent普遍的，流行的。
prospective可能的，预期的。
provocative煽动的。
perpetual永久的。
3.After several nuclear disasters,a______has raged over the safety of nuclear energy.A.quarrelB.suspicionC.verdictD.controversy【答案】D【解析】句意：几场核灾难引起了对核能源安全问题的争议。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(社会问题类 交通法则与交通事故)【圣才出品】
Passage2交通法则与交通事故From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age.We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous disease.A large number of once fatal illness can now be found for the most stubborn remaining disease.The expectation of life has increased enormously.But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before,every day we witness the incredible slaughter of them,women and children on the roads.Man versus the motor-car!It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel,his car becomes the extension of his personality.There is no doubt that the motorcar often brings out a man’s very worst qualities.People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind steering wheel.They swear they are ill mannered and aggressive willful as two-year-olds and uttering selfish.All their hidden frustrations,disappointments and jealousies seem to the surface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that the society smiles so gently on the motorist and seems to forgive his convenience.Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic;towns are made ugly by huge car parks;the countryside is desecrated by road networks;and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic,to be conveniently forgotten.It is high timea world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life.With regard to driving,the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough.A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate.Here are a few examples of some of the things that might be done.The driving test should be standardized and made for more difficult than it is;all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so;the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least21;all vehicles should be put through strict annual tests for safety.Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability.Present drinking and driving laws(where they exist)should be made much stricter.Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers,as has been done in the USA.All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned.These measures may sound inordinately harsh.But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all,the world is for human beings not for motorcars.1.The main idea of this passage is______.A.traffic accidents are mainly caused by motoristsB.thousands of people the world over are killed each yearC.the laws of some countries about driving are too laxD.only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents.2.What does the author think of society toward motorists?A.Society criticizes the motorists severely.B.Huge car parks are built in the cities and towns.C.Society overlooks their rude driving.D.Victims of accidents are nothing.3.Why does the author say:“his car becomes the extension of his personality”?A.Driving can show his real self.B.Driving can show the other part of his personality.C.Driving can bring out his character.D.His car embodies his temper.4.Which of the followings is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents?A.Build more highwaysB.Stricter driving testsC.Test drivers every three yearsD.Raise age limit and lay down safety specifications5.The attitude of the author is______.A.ironicalB.criticalC.appealingitant【答案与解析】1.D作者要表达的中心意思是：只有严格的交通法则才能防止交通事故的发生。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(其他类 人类学)【圣才出品】
Passage6人类学What are we?To the biologist we are members of a sub-species called Homo sapiens,which represents a division of the species known as Homo sapiens.Every species is unique and distinct;that is part of the definition of a species.But what is particularly interesting about our species?For a start,we walk upright on our legs at all times,which is an extremely unusual way of getting around for a mammal. There are also several unusual features about our head,not least of which is the very large brain it contains.A second unusual feature is our strangely flattened face with its prominent,down-turned nose.Apes and monkeys have faces that protrude forwards as a muzzle and have“squashed”noses on top of this muzzle.There are many mysteries about evolution,and the reason for our unusually shaped nose is one of them.Another mystery is our nakedness or rather apparent nakedness. Unlike the apes,we are not covered by a coat of thick hair.Human body hair is very plentiful,but it is extremely fine and short so that,for all practical purposes,we are naked.Very partly this has something to do with the second interesting feature of our body:the skin is richly covered with millions of microscopic sweat glands.The human ability to sweat is unmatched in the primate world.So much for our appearance:what about our behavior?Our forelimbs,being freed from helping us to get about,possess a very high degree of manipulative skill. Part of this skill lies in the anatomical structure of the hands,but the crucial element is,of course,the power of the brain.No matter how suitable the limbs are fordetailed manipulation,they are useless in the absence of finely tuned instructions delivered through nerve fibers.The most obvious product of our hands and brains is technology.No other animal manipulates the world in the extensive and arbitrary way that humans do.The termites are capable of constructing intricately structured mounds which create their own“air-conditioned”environment inside.But the termites cannot choose to build a cathedral instead.Humans are unique because they have the capacity to choose what they do.1.According to the author,biologists see us as______.A.exactly the same as Homo sapiensB.not quite the same as Homo sapiensC.a divided speciesD.an interesting sub-division of Homo sapiens2.What is indicated as being particularly interesting about our species?A.The fact that we walk.B.The size of our heads.C.The shape of our faces.D.The way our noses evolved.3.The author explains that other primates______.A.do not sweatB.sweat more than human beingsC.have larger sweat glands than humansD.do not sweat as much as humans4.What is most important about our hands?A.The way they are made.B.They are very free.C.Our control over them.D.Their muscular power.5.From the passage it could be concluded that human uniqueness derives from ______.A.the kind of choices people makeB.people’s need to make a choiceC.people’s ability to make a choiceD.the many choices people make【答案与解析】1.B文章第一段指出“To the biologist we are members…as Homo sapiens”，也就是说我们只是Homo sapiens的a sub-species，和Homo sapiens并不完全一样。
中国传媒大学考博英语-2
中国传媒大学考博英语-2(总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension{{/B}}(总题数：4，分数：40.00)(略){{B}}Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension{{/B}}There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us-- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive. "says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons (神经元)deep in the brain known as the amygdala(扁桃棱).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraises a situation I think this charging dog wants to bite me--and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast--moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is all LeDoux says," if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwireddanger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry. That's not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell. "When used properly, worry is an incredible device. "he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action--like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.Hallowell insists, though, that there's a right way to worry. "Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan." he says. Most of us have survived a recession, so we're familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump.Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat ofterrorism, so it's been difficult to get facts about how we should respond. That's why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro(抗炭疽茵的药物)and buying gas masks.（分数：10.00）(1).The "so-called fight-or-flight response" (Line 2,Para. 1) refers to ______（分数：2.00）A.the biological process in which human beings' sense of self-defense evolvesB.the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential dangerC.the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decision √D.the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information解析：[解析] 本题考查“文中第一段第二行中的‘so-called fight-or-flight response’的意思”。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(历史地理类 泰坦尼克号与珍珠港)【圣才出品】
Passage1泰坦尼克号与珍珠港Moviegoers may think history is repeating itself this weekend.The summer’s most anticipated film,Pearl Harbor,which has opened recently,painstakingly recreates the Japanese attack that drew the United States into World War II.But that isn’t the film’s only reminder of the past.Harbor invites comparison to Titanic,the biggest hit of all time.Like Titanic,Harbor heaps romance and action around a major historical event.Like Titanic,Harbor attempts to create popular global entertainment from a deadly real-life.Like Titanic,Harbor costs a pretty penny and hopes to get in even more at the box office.Both Titanic and Pearl Harbor unseal their tales of love and tragedy over more than three hours.Both stories center on young passion,triangles of tension with one woman and two men.In Titanic,Leonardo DiCaprio and Billy Zane compete for the love of the same woman,a high-society type played by a British actress named Kate（Winslet）.In Harbor,two pilots（Ben Affelek,Josh Hartnett）fall for the same woman,a nurse played by a British actress named Kate（Beckinsale）.The scenes of peril also have similarities.Harbor has a shot in which soldiers cling for dear life as the battleship USS Oklahoma capsizes.The moment is recalled of the Titanic’s climactic sinking scene in which DiCaprio and Winslet hang from the ocean liner as half of the ship vertically plunges into the water.In Harbor,one of its stars floats a piece of debris in the middle of the night,much like Winslet’s character does in Titanic.And the jaw-dropping action of Titanic is matched by Harbor’s40-minute recreation of Dec.7,1941attack on the United States’Pacific Fleet.Both films spent heavily on special effects.Harbor director,Michael Bay,for example,said he kept salaries down,so more could be spent on the visuals.Both movies’shot events and their ship-sinking scenes were completed at the same location,Fox Studios Baja in Mexico.Harbor’s makers have even taken a Titanic-like approach to the soundtrack. The film includes one song,There You’ll be,performed by country music superstar Faith Hill.Titanic,which is one of the best-selling soundtracks of all time, also had only one pop song:Celine Dion’s My Heart Will Go On.“If Harbor becomes a major moneymaker,filmmakers may comb history books searching for even more historical romance-action material,”said a critic.1.What are the two things that the author of this article tries to compare?A.The attack on Pearl Harbor and the sinking of the Titanic.B.Historical fiction movies and successful box office hits.C.The movie Titanic and the on-show movie Pearl Harbor.D.Sinking boats and famous actors.2.What does the phrase“cost a pretty penny”in the first paragraph mean?A.To be very attractiveB.To cost a lotC.To have big box office returnsD.To require a lot of effort to accomplish3.It is said in the passage that______.A.major historical events can never repeat themselvesB.both Titanic and Pearl Harbor are the historical reappearanceC.Pearl Harbor may have a better box office return than TitanicD.Titanic is the most successful film in history4.Pearl Harbor and Titanic are similar in all the following aspects EXCEPT______.A.both spent large amount of money on special effectsB.both have soundtracks starring a major pop starC.both added made-up stories to historical eventsD.both are documentary movies of historical events5.If Pearl Harbor is as successful as Titanic,which of the following movies might we see next?A.The Battle of Waterloo.B.The Adventures of Mr.Bean.C.Space Invaders.D.The Haunted House.【答案与解析】1.C文章中多处表达证明本题的正确答案是C。
2005年10月B中科院考博英语真题单词
2005年10月B卷词汇1. soar effortlessly 自由翱翔| 自在翱翔| 自在飞翔2. reckless ['reklɪs]adj. 鲁莽的，不顾后果的；粗心大意的3. reckless driving 鲁莽驾驶；驾驶疏忽4. lenient ['liːnɪənt]adj. 宽大的；仁慈的5. not lenient 严格的6. lenient sentence 轻判7. tender ['tendə]adj. 温柔的；柔软的；脆弱的；幼稚的；难对付的n. 偿付，清偿；看管人；小船vt. 提供，偿还；使…变嫩；是…变柔软vi. 投标；变柔软8. tender for 投标9. open tender [经] 公开招标10. tender offer 投标报价；招标11. tender feeling 柔情12. invitation to tender [经] 招标13. adjourn [ə'dʒɜːn]vi. 休会；延期；换地方vt. 推迟；使…中止；使…延期14. adjourn examination 延期审理15. adjourn with让步16. hearing ['hɪərɪŋ]n. 听力；审讯，听讯v. 听见（hear的ing形式）17. price hearing 价格听证18. hearing loss 听觉损耗；听觉损失19. hearing aid 助听器20. court hearing [法] 庭审21. hold a hearing 举行听证会22. sue [s(j)uː]vt. 控告；请求vi. 控告；提出请求23. sue for 控告24. sue out 向法院请求得到25. Sue out a pardon 求得宽赦26. suspicious [sə'spɪʃəs]adj. 可疑的；怀疑的；多疑的27. suspicious of 对起疑28. mischievous ['mɪstʃɪvəs]adj. 淘气的；（人、行为等）恶作剧的；有害的29. Mischievous Instinct 淘气天性30. spoil [spɒɪl]vt. 溺爱；糟蹋；掠夺vi. 掠夺；变坏；腐败n. 次品；奖品31. the spoils of war 战利品32. spoil child 放纵的孩子33. spoil dump [矿业] 废石堆34. seam [siːm]n. 缝；接缝vt. 缝合；接合；使留下伤痕vi. 裂开；产生裂缝35. coal seam [地质] 煤层36. welding seam [机] 焊缝；对接焊缝37. seam line 接缝线；模缝线38. weld [weld]n. 焊接；焊接点vt. 焊接；使结合；使成整体vi. 焊牢39. weld metal 焊缝金属40. weld line 熔接线；焊接纹41. weld strength 焊接强度42. rim [rɪm]n. 边，边缘；轮辋；圆圈vi. 作…的边，装边于vt. 作…的边，装边于43. Pacific Rim 太平洋沿岸地区；泛太平洋44. wheel rim 轮辋；钢圈；轮箍；[车辆] 轮缘45. allusion [ə'luːʒ(ə)n; -'ljuː-]n. 暗示；提及46. in allusion to 针对；引喻47. classical allusion 古典48. Literary allusion 文学典故49. make an allusion to 暗指，间接提到50. allude [ə'l(j)uːd]vi. 暗指，转弯抹角地说到；略为提及，顺便提到51. allude to 暗指，提到52. inflammation [ɪnflə'meɪʃ(ə)n]n. [病理] 炎症；[医] 发炎；燃烧；发火53. chronic inflammation 慢性炎症54. diminish inflammation 消炎55. inflammation point 着火点56. inflame [ɪn'fleɪm]vt. 激怒；使燃烧；使发炎vi. 燃烧；发炎；激动57. assuage inflame 缓和| 激怒58. assuage [ə'sweɪdʒ]vt. 平息；缓和；减轻59. assuage hunger 减缓饥饿60. assuage pain 镇痛61. assuage sorrow 减轻悲痛62. flagrant ['fleɪgr(ə)nt]adj. 公然的；不能容忍的；非常的；恶名昭著的（名词flagrancy，副词flagrantly）63. flagrant foul 恶意犯规，恶性犯规64. flagrant violation 公然侵犯重大违反65. Flagrant Disregard 公然不顾66. disregard [dɪsrɪ'gɑːd]vt. 忽视；不理；漠视；不顾n. 忽视；不尊重67. at length 最后，终于；详细地68. solemn ['sɒləm]adj. 庄严的，严肃的；隆重的，郑重的69. solemn promise 庄严承诺；誓言70. solemn ceremony 隆重的典礼71. presumptive [prɪ'zʌm(p)tɪv]adj. 假定的；根据推定的72. presumptive instruction 推测指令| 基本指令| 假定指令73. presumptuous [prɪ'zʌm(p)tʃʊəs]adj. 专横的；放肆的；冒昧的74. presumptuous demands 非分的要求75. set aside 留出；驳回，撤销；不顾76. leave off 停止77. leave out 遗漏，省去；不考虑78. on leave 休假；在休假中79. leave room for 留下的余地；为留余地；留出空间80. leave it at that 暂时停止争论81. sign away 签字放弃82. hold up 举起；阻挡；拦截83. vocal ['vəʊk(ə)l]adj. 歌唱的；声音的，有声的n. 声乐作品；元音84. vocal tract 声道85. vocal music 声乐；通过口头传唱的音乐86. vocal concert 演唱会87. litter ['lɪtə]n. 垃圾；轿，担架；一窝（动物的幼崽）；凌乱vt. 乱丢；给…垫褥草；把…弄得乱七八糟vi. 产仔；乱扔废弃物88. leaf litter 落叶层89. litter size 同胎生仔数；每窝仔畜数90. no litter 不许到垃圾；禁止扔垃圾91. come to one’s rescue: 来援救某人93. come to the rescue of 营救94. at large 详尽的；未被捕的，整个的95. at heart 本质上，内心里96. at best 最多97. at most 至多98. successive [sək'sesɪv]adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的99. successive steps 逐步100. successive elimination 逐次消元101. attached [ə'tætʃt]adj. 附加的；依恋的，充满爱心的v. 附上（attach的过去分词）102. attached file 附加文件103. no strings attached 没有附加条件；无附带限制104. attached list 附表105. attached sheet 附件，附页106. attached document 附属资料107. precedent ['presɪd(ə)nt]n. 先例；前例adj. 在前的；在先的108. condition precedent 先决条件109. lay in 贮存110. lay down 放下；制定；铺设；主张111. lay a foundation 奠定基础；奠基；打下基础112. lay eggs 产蛋113. lay out 展示；安排；花钱；为划样；提议114. lay stress on 注意，重视；把重点放在115. lay off 解雇；休息；停止工作116. lay claim to 要求；自以为117. lay at 攻击；将放置在前面118. lay up v. 贮存；搁置；卧床不起119. lay asleep 使入睡；埋葬，使永眠地下120. on the lay [黑话、行话]做(违法)买卖；干活(如偷、扒、抢等) 121. lay upon 随而定；把重点放在122. lay over 覆盖；胜过，压倒123. lay hands on 得到；找到；攻击124. menace ['menəs]n. 威胁；恐吓vi. 恐吓；进行威胁vt. 威胁；恐吓125. serious menace 重大威胁126. invisible menace 看不见的威胁127. dismissal [dɪs'mɪsl]n. 解雇；免职128. unfair dismissal 不公平解雇129. dismissal wage 遣散费；解雇工资130. wrongful dismissal 非法解雇131. dismissal reason 解雇理由132. forced dismissal 勒令退学133. promising ['prɔmisiŋ]adj. 有希望的，有前途的v. 许诺，答应（promise的现在分词形式）134. promising future 发展前景；光明的前途135. promising market 发展潜力大的市场；有销路的市场136. feverish ['fiːv(ə)rɪʃ]adj. 发热的；极度兴奋的137. feverish market 变动不定的证券市场138. feverish activity 兴奋的活动139. pretentious [prɪ'tenʃəs]adj. 自命不凡的；炫耀的；做作的140. pretentious flourish 比喻虚假的141. pretentious language 似以欺惑性的语言142. fiendish ['fiːndɪʃ]adj. 恶魔似的，残忍的；极坏的143. fiendish terrible 极坏的144. venerate ['venəreɪt]vt. 崇敬，尊敬145. To venerate very reverently 恭恭敬敬146. numerate ['njuːm(ə)rət]vt. 数，列举；读（数）adj. 识数的，会计算的147. Literate and numerate 阅读写作计算能力148. transcend [træn'send; trɑːn-]vt. 胜过，超越149. Transcend Self 超越自我150. philosophy transcend 理念超越151. apprehend [æprɪ'hend]vt. 理解；逮捕；忧虑vi. 理解；担心152. apprehend criminal 逮捕罪犯153. feeble ['fiːb(ə)l]adj. 微弱的，无力的；虚弱的；薄弱的154. feeble breathing 奄奄一息155. feeble signal 微弱信号156. strenuous ['strenjʊəs]adj. 紧张的；费力的；奋发的；艰苦的；热烈的157. strenuous exercise 剧烈运动158. constable ['kʌnstəb(ə)l; 'kɒn-]n. 治安官，巡警；警察159. police constable 警员，警察160. constable patrolman 巡警161. patrol [pə'trəʊl]n. 巡逻；巡逻队；侦察队vt. 巡逻；巡查vi. 巡逻；巡查162. on patrol 在巡逻；巡逻中163. police patrol 公安巡逻艇；警察巡逻164. patrol car 巡逻警车165. patrol inspection 巡回检查166. rogue [rəʊg]n. 流氓；小淘气；凶猛的离群兽；（尤指植物的）劣种vi. 游手好闲；去劣；流浪vt. 欺诈；去劣adj. （野兽）凶猛的167. rogue software 流氓软件恶意软件168. rogue germs 顽劣的病菌169. Rogue Racing 野蛮赛车170. brigade [brɪ'geɪd]n. 旅；大部队；队列vt. 把…编成旅；把…编成队171. fire brigade n. 消防队172. construction brigade 工程队173. pilfer ['pɪlfə]vi. 偷窃；小偷小摸vt. 窃；偷窃；小偷小摸174. sloop [sluːp]n. [船] 单桅帆船175. patrol sloop 护卫舰| 巡逻炮舰176. magistrate ['mædʒɪstrət; -streɪt]n. 地方法官；文职官员；治安推事177. magistrate court 治安法院| 裁判法庭| 原本由英国的推事庭178. burglary ['bɜːglərɪ]n. 盗窃，夜盗；盗窃行为v. 入室行窃179. auto burglary 偷汽车里的东西180. unwanted ['ʌn'wɑntɪd]adj. 不需要的；有害的；讨厌的；空闲的181. Unwanted Intrusion 不速之客182. precision [prɪ'sɪʒ(ə)n]n. 精度，[数] 精密度；精确adj. 精密的，精确的183. high precision 高精度184. precision machinery 精密机械；精密机械学185. measurement precision [机] 测量精度186. sculpture ['skʌlptʃə]n. 雕塑；雕刻；刻蚀vt. 雕塑；雕刻；刻蚀vi. 从事雕刻187. ice sculpture 冰雕188. stone sculpture 石雕189. sculpture crafts 雕塑工艺品| 工艺品雕塑| 木制工艺品190. fluidity [flʊ'ɪdəti]n. [流] 流动性；流质；易变性191. membrane fluidity [生物物理] 膜流动性192. thin fluidity 易流动性193. evaporate [ɪ'væpəreɪt]vt. 使……蒸发；使……脱水；使……消失vi. 蒸发，挥发；消失，失踪194. boiling evaporate 沸腾蒸发195. evaporation [ɪ,væpə'reʃən]n. 蒸发；消失196. evaporation loss 蒸气损失197. evaporation rate [气象][物] 蒸发率；[气象] 蒸发速度198. evaporation temperature 蒸发温度199. evaporation capacity 蒸发（容）量，[气象][化工] 蒸发能力；蒸发率200. mirror ['mɪrə]n. 镜子；真实的写照；榜样vt. 反射；反映201. mirror image [数][光] 镜像202. mirror surface 镜面；镜像曲面203. rearview mirror （车辆）后视镜204. mirror effect 镜象效应205. effortless ['efətlɪs]adj. 容易的；不费力气的206. effortlessly ['efətlisli]adv. 轻松地；毫不费劲地207. Almost Effortlessly 几乎毫不费力208. massive ['mæsɪv]adj. 大量的；巨大的，厚重的；魁伟的209. massive data 海量数据210. prescription [prɪ'skrɪpʃ(ə)n]n. 药方；指示；惯例adj. 凭处方方可购买的211. folk prescription 偏方；民间药方212. prescription drug 须医师处方才可买的药品213. prescription medicine 处方药214. on prescription 凭处方(的)，根据药方(的)215. medication [medɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]n. 药物；药物治疗；药物处理216. oral medication 内服；口服法217. diabete n. 糖尿病218. tout [taʊt]vt. 兜售；招徕；刺探赛马情报vi. 兜售；招徕顾客；拉选票n. 侦查者；兜售者219. ticket tout 票贩子220. scary ['skeərɪ]adj. 提心吊胆的；引起惊慌的；胆小的221. scary costs 吓人的支出222. scary animals 可怕的动物223. insure [ɪn'ʃɔː; ɪn'ʃʊə]vt. 确保，保证；给…保险vi. 确保；投保224. insure against 给保险以防225. insurance [ɪn'ʃʊər(ə)ns]n. 保险；保险费；保险契约；赔偿金226. insurance company 保险公司227. medical insurance 医疗保险228. unemployment insurance 失业保险229. swing [swɪŋ]n. 摇摆；摆动；秋千；音律；涨落vi. 摇摆；转向；悬挂；大摇大摆地行走vt. 使旋转；挥舞；悬挂adj. 旋转的；悬挂的；强节奏爵士音乐的230. in full swing 活跃；正在全力进行中231. go with a swing 顺利进行；节奏轻快232. swing by 用吊挂；路经；短暂拜访233. swing one's weight 发挥个人的影响(或权势)；施展个人权势(或影响) 234. pharmacy ['fɑːməsɪ]n. 药房；配药学，药剂学；制药业；一批备用药品235. College of Pharmacy 药学院；药剂学院236. pharmacy equipment 药房设备237. downside ['daʊnsaɪd]n. 下降趋势；底侧adj. 底侧的238. downside risk 跌价风险；下跌风险239. on the downside 下降中，衰落中，衰减中240. pharmacist ['fɑːməsɪst]n. 药剂师241. chief pharmacist 主任药师| 总药剂师242. associate chief pharmacist 副主任药师243. overhead [əʊvə'hed]adv. 在头顶上；在空中；在高处adj. 高架的；在头上的；在头顶上的n. 天花板；[会计] 经常费用244. overhead crane 桥式吊车，高架起重机245. overhead line 架空线路；架空管道246. overhead light 顶灯，高架照明灯247. overhead expense 营业费用；企业管理费用248. general overhead 一般间接费用249. No Overhead 不准超车250. trial ['traɪəl]n. 试验；审讯；努力；磨炼adj. 试验的；审讯的251. on trial 在试验中；在受审252. trial and error 反复试验；尝试错误法253. trial period 试用期254. first trial 初审；初次试验255. criminal trial 刑事审判256. civil trial 民事审判257. by trial and error 反复试验，不断摸索258. court trial 法庭审判259. stand trial 在受审260. protest ['prəʊtest]vi. 抗议；断言vt. 抗议；断言n. 抗议adj. 表示抗议的；抗议性的261. protest against 反对，对提出抗议262. without protest 心甘情愿地；不反对地；在不保留异议的情况下263. under protest 抗议着；极不乐意地264. protest about 对...提出抗议265. bullpen ['bʊlpen]n. 牛栏；大房间；（棒球）候补队员区266. brokerage ['brəʊk(ə)rɪdʒ]n. 佣金；回扣；中间人业务267. brokerage firm 经济商行；经纪行；经纪商（号）268. brokerage industry 中介业269. stock brokerage 证券经纪业，股票经纪业；股票经纪业务270. brokerage house 经纪行271. spill [spɪl]vt. 使溢出，使流出；使摔下vi. 溢出，流出；摔下；涌流n. 溢出，溅出；溢出量；摔下；小塞子272. oil spill 漏油；浮油273. spill over 溢出274. spill the beans 泄密；说漏嘴275. spill out （使）溢出，（使）溅出；突然涌出；说出（真相、内情）276. chemical spill 化学溢出物；化学品溢漏277. metallic [mɪ'tælɪk]adj. 金属的，含金属的278. metallic element [化学] 金属元素279. metallic material [材] 金属材料280. metallic glass 金属玻璃，玻璃合金281. shackle ['ʃæk(ə)l]n. 束缚；桎梏；脚镣vt. 束缚；加枷锁282. heart shackle 心形卸扣283. hook shackle 吊钩卸扣284. captor ['kæptə]n. 捕获者；俘虏者285. pile [paɪl]n. 堆；大量；建筑群vt. 累积；打桩于vi. 挤；堆积；积累286. a pile of 一堆；很多287. pile in 塞进；挤入288. pile up 积累，堆放起来289. pile on 堆在之上；使堆积在290. mattress ['mætrɪs]n. 床垫；褥子；空气垫291. spring mattress [家具] 弹簧床垫；弹簧褥子292. air mattress 空气垫；橡胶气垫293. dictate [dɪk'teɪt]vt. 命令；口述；使听写vi. 口述；听写n. 命令；指示294. figure dictate 图形表达295. sensibility [,sensɪ'bɪlɪtɪ]n. 情感；敏感性；感觉；识别力296. musical sensibility 乐感297. tracking sensibility 跟踪灵敏度298. superficial [,suːpə'fɪʃ(ə)l; ,sjuː-]adj. 表面的；肤浅的n. 表面文章；外表；浅薄的人299. superficial layer [解剖] 浅层；[流] 表面层300. superficial area 表面积301. superficial fascia [解剖] 浅筋膜302. cement [sɪ'ment]vt. 巩固，加强；用水泥涂；接合vi. 粘牢n. 水泥；接合剂303. in cement [美国口语]坚定不移的，不妥协的304. cement concrete 水泥混凝土305. cement industry 水泥工业306. heathen ['hiːð(ə)n]n. 异教徒；粗野的人adj. 异教的；野蛮的307. blameless ['bleɪmlɪs]adj. 清白的；无可责备的；无过失的308. blameless cycle 良性循环309. Legally Blameless 按照法律无罪310. gospel ['gɒsp(ə)l]n. 真理；信条adj. 传播福音的；福音赞美诗的311. gospel musicn. 福音音乐（美国黑人的一种宗教音乐）312. damnation [dæm'neɪʃ(ə)n]n. 诅咒；非难；被罚下地狱int. 糟了；该死313. forgivable [fɚ'ɡɪvəbl]adj. 可宽恕的；可原谅的314. resent [rɪ'zent]vt. 怨恨；愤恨；厌恶315. resent society 憎恨社会316. bring into line 使排齐；使一致317. to bring into line with 使一致318. heartless ['hɑːtlɪs]adj. 无情的；无勇气的319. Heartless Betrayal 无情背叛320. victim ['vɪktɪm]n. 受害人；牺牲品；牺牲者321. fall victim to 成为的牺牲品；成为的受害者；屈服于；被降服322. prestige [pre'stiː(d)ʒ]n. 威望，声望；声誉323. occupational prestige 职业声望324. high prestige 崇高威望325. stake [steɪk]n. 桩，棍子；赌注；火刑；奖金vt. 资助，支持；系…于桩上；把…押下打赌vi. 打赌326. at stake 危如累卵；处于危险中；在紧要关头327. stake someone to something为某人取得某物而提供金钱(或援助)，资助某人取得某物328. equity stake 股权329. go to the stake (被绑在火刑柱上)受火刑；为自己的行为或信仰而受苦难赴汤蹈火330. have a stake in 与利害攸关331. stake out 监视；立桩标出；派警察监视332. stake on 在...上打赌；把赌注押在...上面333. wholesale ['həʊlseɪl]adj. 批发的；大规模的n. 批发adv. 大规模地；以批发方式vt. 批发vi. 批发；经营批发业334. wholesale market [贸易] 批发市场335. wholesale price 批发价格336. wholesale business 批发业务，批发生意337. wholesale trade 批发贸易338. wholesaler ['həul,seilə] n. 批发商339. preacher ['priːtʃə]n. 牧师；传教士；鼓吹者340. sermon ['sɜːmən]n. 布道；训诫；启示；冗长的讲话vt. 对…布道；对…说教vi. 布道341. Sermon Outline 讲道大纲| 讲题和大纲342. plead [pliːd]vt. 借口；为...辩护；托称vi. 恳求；辩护343. plead guilty 服罪；被告服罪344. plead for 请求；为辩护345. plead with 向恳求；恳求346. plead against sb 反驳某人347. pleader ['plidɚ]n. 答辩人；辩论者348. codify ['kəʊdɪfaɪ]vt. 编纂；将...编成法典；编成法典349. Codify laws 编纂法律350. normative ['nɔːmətɪv]adj. 规范的，标准的351. normative economics [经] 规范经济学352. normative mineral [矿物] 标准矿物353. regard [rɪ'gɑːd]vi. 注意，注重；注视vt. 注重，考虑；看待；尊敬；把看作；与有关n. 注意；尊重；问候；凝视354. with regard to 关于；至于356. in regard to 关于355. in this regard 就这一点而言357. regard as 把……认作358. without regard to 不考虑；不顾及359. pay regard to 重视；注意到360. in regard of 关于361. prescriptive [prɪ'skrɪptɪv]adj. 规定的，规范的；指定的362. prescriptive right [法] 因时效而取得的权利；法定期限权363. Prescriptive Period 时效期364. bulk [bʌlk]n. 体积，容量；大多数，大部分；大块vt. 使扩大，使形成大量；使显得重要365. the bulk of 大多数，大部366. in bulk 整批，散装；大批，大量367. bulk density 容积密度，[物] 体积密度；单位体积重量368. bulk cement 散装水泥369. bulk production 批量生产370. sweep [swiːp]vt. 扫除；猛拉；掸去vi. 扫，打扫；席卷；扫视；袭击n. 打扫，扫除；范围；全胜371. sweep the floor 扫地；清洁地面；清扫地板，拖地板372. sweep away 清除；一扫而空373. clean sweep 全胜；快速整理374. frequency sweep 频率扫描375. sweep up 大扫除；收拾干净376. sweep out 清除；扫除377. sweep down 突袭378. sweep rate [电子] 扫描频率；扫描速度379. downtime ['daʊntaɪm]n. （工厂等由于检修，待料等的）停工期；[电子] 故障停机时间380. maintenance downtime 停机检修时间381. spectator [spek'teɪtə]n. 观众；旁观者382. spectator sport 吸引大量观众的体育运动383. Media Spectator 新闻观察384. sibling ['sɪblɪŋ]n. 兄弟姊妹；民族成员385. sibling rivalry 同胞争宠；手足之争386. sibling species [遗] 同胞种；两似种387. culprit ['kʌlprɪt]n. 犯人，罪犯；被控犯罪的人388. prime culprit 主犯，首犯389. accessory culprit 从犯390. demoralize [dɪ'mɔrəlaɪz]vt. 使道德败坏；使堕落；使士气低落391. demoralize cheer 士气受挫392. divide and demoralize 分化瓦解393. rivalry['raɪv(ə)lrɪ]n. 竞争；对抗；竞赛394. business rivalry 商业竞争395. rivalry behavior争偶行为。
中国传媒大学考博英语完形题及其解析
中国传媒大学考博英语完形题及其解析A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior.As a(an)__3__in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem.She was so__5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested.The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“There‘s nothing wrong with her hearing.She’s just__6__you out.”Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.A leading cause of the__7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)is the failure of husbands and wives to __8__effectively.They don‘t listen to each other.Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.In__10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and__11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly__13__. Why?Because they don‘t believe that they listen to them.In fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves.The following is a true story：At a national__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago，then Senator Joseph Montoya was__15__a copy of a press release by a pressaide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__a speech. When he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，Montoya began reading the press release，not his speech.He began，“For immediate release.Senator Joseph M. Montoya，Democrat of New Mexico，last night told the National……”Montoya read the entire six-page release，__19__with the statement that he“was repeatedly__20__by applause.”1.[A]scarce[B]little[C]rare[D]poor2.[A]malignant[B]deficient[C]ineffective[D]feeble3.[A]case[B]example[C]lesson[D]suggestion4.[A]audio[B]aural[C]hearing[D]listening5.[A]believing[B]convinced[C]assured[D]doubtless6.[A]turning[B]tuning[C]tucking[D]tugging7.[A]rising[B]arising[C]raising[D]arousing8.[A]exchange[B]interchange[C]encounter[D]interact9.[A]relates[B]refers[C]responds[D]resorts10.[A]like[B]alike[C]likely[D]likewise11.[A]nominated[B]selected[C]appointed[D]supported12.[A]connection[B]reach[C]association[D]touch13.[A]leading[B]representing[C]delegating[D]supporting14.[A]legislative[B]legitimate[C]legalized[D]liberal15.[A]distributed[B]awarded[C]handed[D]submitted16.[A]present[B]publish[C]deliver[D]pursue17.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on18.[A]joy[B]enjoyment[C]amusement[D]delight19.[A]conclude[B]to conclude[C]concluding[D]concluded20.[A]disrupted[B]interfered[C]interrupted[D]stopped答案1.D2.B3.A4.C5.B6.B7.A8.D9.C10.A11.C12.D13.B14.A15.C16.C17.A18.C19.C20.C总体分析本文主要讨论了听行为对人际交流的影响。
中国传媒大学考博英语阅读题及其解析
中国传媒大学考博英语阅读题及其解析When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion,it isadvisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at,for,howeverfarfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today,it ispossible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.Withregard to Futurist poetry,however,the case is rather difficult,forwhatever Futurist poetry may be―even admitting that the theory onwhich it is based may be right―it can hardly be classed asLiterature.This,in brief,is what the Futurist says:for a century,pastconditions of life have been conditionally speeding up,till now welive in a world of noise and violence and speed.Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change.This speeding up of life,says the Futurist,requires a new form ofexpression.We must speed up our literature too,if we want to Gengduo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zixun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xunqq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi interpret modern stress.We must pourout a large stream of essential words,unhampered by stops,orqualifying adjectives,or finite verbs.Instead of describing soundswe must make up words that imitate them;we must use many sizes oftype and different colored inks on the same page,and shorten orlengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused.But it isa little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river—and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:“Pluff!Pluff!A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”This,though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry,can hardly be classed as Literature.All the same,no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition:that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression.The whole question is really this:have we essentially changed?19.This passage is mainly____.[A]a survey of new approaches to art[B]a review of Futurist poetry[C]about merits of the Futurist movement[D]about laws and requirements of literature20.When a novel literary idea appears,people should try to_____.[A]determine its purposes[B]ignore its flaws[C]follow the new fashions[D]accept the principles21.Futurists claim that we must____.[A]increase the production of literature[B]use poetry to relieve modern stress[C]develop new modes of expression[D]avoid using adjectives and verbs22.The author believes that Futurist poetry is____.[A]based on reasonable principles[B]new and acceptable to ordinary people[C]indicative of basic change in human nature[D]more of a transient phenomenon than literature名师解析19.This passage is mainly____.本文中心思想是____。
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Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)（略）Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best one and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passageA folk culture is a small isolated, cohensive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion and family, and interpersonal relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade, and a subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures, as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo-America is thelabor-saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse-drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device, and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. The Amish’s central religious concept of Demur, “humility” clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures, and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order.By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing. Relationships tend to be impersonal, a pronounced division of labor exists, leading to the establishment of many specialized professions. Secular institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails. Because of these contrasts, “popular” may be viewed as clearly different from “folk”. The popular is replacing .the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations. Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly and cheaply produced, is easier or time-saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.21. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Two decades in modern society.B. The influence of industrial technology.C. The characteristics of “folk” and “popular” societies.D. The specialization of labor in Canada and the United States.22. Which of the following is typical of folk cultures?A. There is a money-based economy.B. Social changes occur slowly.C. Contact with other cultures is encouraged.D. Each person develops one specialized skill.23. What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?A. They value folk cultures.B. They have no social classes.C. They have popular cultures.D. They do not value individualism.24. Which of the following would probably NOT be found in a folk culture?A. A carpenter.B. A farmer.C. A weaver.D. A banker.25. Which of the following is NOT given as a reason why folk-made objects are replaced by popular items?A. Cost.B. Prestige.C. Quality.D. Convenience.【答案与解析】21.C 文章第一段介绍了folk cultures的特征，第二段对比性地介绍了popular culture的特征，故选项C正确。
22.B 文章第一段指出“change comes infrequently and slowly”，故选项B正确。
根据第一段中“a subsistence economy prevails”，可排除A。
第一段中“Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect”，可排除C。
第一段中“each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks”及“little division of labor into specialized duties”，可排除D。
23.C 由文章第一段Unaltered folk cultures…and Canada可知，folk culture在这两个国家都不再存在，故选项C正确。
24.D 第一段中提到folk culture是自给自足的经济形式，都从事传统的手工劳动，而银行家是popular culture时才有，故选项D正确。
25.C 文章最后一句提到“popular item…to the owner”，即制造更快，更便宜，使用更方便，能给拥有者带来威望，并没有提及质量问题，故选项C正确。
Passage TwoQuestions26 to 30 are based on the following passageSeventeenth-century houses in colonial North America were simple structures that were primarily functional, carrying over traditional designs that went back to the Middle Ages. During the first half of the eighteenth century, however, houses began to show a new elegance.As wealth increased, more and more colonists built fine houses.Since architecture was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies, the design of buildings was left either to amateur designers or to carpenters who undertook to interpret architectural manuals imported from England. Inventories of colonial libraries show an astonishing number of these handbooks for builders, and the houses erected during the eighteenth century show their influence. Nevertheless, most domestic architecture of the first three quarters of the eighteenth century displays a wide divergence of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.Increasing wealth and growing sophistication throughout the colonies resulted in houses of improved design, whether the material was wood, stone, or brick. New England still favored wood, though brick houses became common in Boston and other towns, where the danger of fire gave an impetus to the use of more durable material. A few houses in New England were built of stone, but only in Pennsylvania and adjacent areas was stone widely used in dwellings. An increased use of brick in houses and outbuildings is noticeable in Virginia and Maryland, but wood remained the most popular material even in houses built by wealthy landowners. In the Carolinas, even in closely packed Charleston, wooden houses were much more common than brick houses.Eighteenth-century houses showed great interior improvements over their predecessors. Windows were made larger and shutters removed. Large, clear panes replaced the small leaded glass of the seventeenth century. Doorways were larger and more decorative. Fire places became decorative features of rooms.Wails were made of plaster or wood, sometimes elaborately paneled. White paint began to take the place of blues, yellows, greens, and lead colors, which had been popular for walls in the earlier years. After about 1730, advertisements for wallpaper styles in scenic patterns began to appear in colonial newspapers.26. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The imported design of eighteenth-century colonial houses.B. A comparison of eighteenth-century houses and modern houses.C. The decorations used in eighteenth-century houses.D. The role of carpenters in building eighteenth-century houses.27. What was one of the main reasons for the change in architectural style ineighteenth-century North America?A. More architects arrived in the colonies.B. The colonists developed an interest in classical architecture.C. Bricks were more readily available.D. The colonists had more money to spend on housing.28. According to the passage, who has responsible for designing houses ineighteenth-century North America?A. Professional architects.B. Customers.C. Interior decorators.D. Carpenters.29. The word “divergence” in Line 14 is closest in meaning to ______.。