学术英语医学单词填空及答案(终审稿)

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医学英语试题及答案

医学英语试题及答案1. 请将下列医学术语翻译成英文：A. 心脏B. 肺C. 肝脏D. 肾脏答案：A. HeartB. LungsC. LiverD. Kidneys2. 以下哪个词组表示“高血压”？A. HypertensionB. HypotensionC. HyperglycemiaD. Hypoglycemia答案：A. Hypertension3. 翻译下列句子：“患者出现急性胸痛，伴有呼吸困难。

”答案："The patient presents with acute chest pain accompanied by difficulty breathing."4. 选择正确的医学术语填空：A. DiabetesB. HypertensionC. HypothyroidismD. Anemia他被诊断为一种慢性疾病，需要终身服用药物来控制血压。

答案：B. Hypertension5. 请解释“Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)”的含义。

答案：Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 是一种紧急医疗程序，用于在心脏骤停时恢复某人的呼吸和血液循环。

6. 将下列医学缩写翻译成完整的医学术语：A. MRIB. CTC. ECGD. MRI答案：A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Computed TomographyC. ElectrocardiogramD. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (重复项，应替换为其他缩写)7. 阅读下列段落并回答问题：The patient was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of acute appendicitis. An emergency appendectomy was performed, and the patient is now recovering in the postoperative ward.问：患者接受了哪种紧急手术？答案：患者接受了紧急阑尾切除术。

练习答案——医学专业英语资料文档

UNIT THREE Passage oneE. Translations.1. 肌纤维muscle fiber2. 随意肌voluntary muscle3. 消化道alimentary canal4. 肌腹belly5. 横纹肌striated muscle6. 肌肉肥大hypertrophy of muscles7. 肌肉收缩muscle contraction8. 肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle 9. 肌肉放松muscle relaxation10. 动脉出血arterial bleeding11.止端insertion12.起端origin13.供血blood supply14.屈肌flexor15.蛋白分子protein molecule16.纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue 17.伸肌extensor18.意志力willpower19.横切面transverse section20.起搏器pacemakerReview of Word ElementsB.1. cytology > cyt/o/logy > study of cells > cytologist2. psychology > psych/o/logy > study of the mind > psychologist3. embryology > embry/o/logy > study of embryos > embryologist4. hematology > hemat/o/logy > study of the blood > hematologist5. immunology > immun/o/logy > study of the immune system > immunologist6. microbiology > microbe/o/logy > study of the tiny living things > microbiologist7. endocrinology > endo/crin/o/logy> study of endocrine glands > endocrinologist8. histology > hist/o/logy > study of the tissue > histologist9. pathology > path/o/logy > study of diseases > pathologistC.1. -gram > record2. -plasty > surgical repair3. -graphy > process of recording4. -scope > instrument for visualexamination5. -ectomy > surgical excision orremoval6. -meter > measure7. -tomy > process of cutting8. -graph > instrument of recording1. myelogram2. photographs3. Angioplasty4. anatomy5. Ultrasonography6. spirometer7. Thymectomy8. stethoscopeD.1. extraocular > extra/ocul/arocul/o > the eye2. tendonous > tendon/ousten/o > tendon3. mammography > mamm/o/graphymamm/o > the breast4. electromyogram >electr/o/my/o/grammy/o > muscle5. erythrocyte > erythr/o/cyte-cyte > cells6. hemoglobin > hem/o/globinhem/o > bloodglobin > protein7. protoplasm > prot/o/plasm-plasm> substance of formation 8. urinary > urin/aryurin/o > urine; urinary tract9. neuropathy > neur/o/pathyneur/o >never10. lymphatic > lymph/aticlymph/o > lymph11. myofiber > my/o/fibermy/o > muscle; fibr/o > fiber 12. pelvic > pelv/icpelv/i > pelvic bone13. hepatitis > hepat/it ishepat/o > the liver14. fibrous > fibr/ousfibr/o > fiber15. embryology > embry/o/logyembry/o > embryo16. leukemia > leuk/emia-emia > blood condition17. electrocardiograph> electr/o/cardi/o/graph cardi/o > heart18. dermatomyositis> dermat/o/my/o/sitis dermat/o > skin; my/o > muscle 19. thymectomy > thym/ectomythym/o > thymus gland20. cytoplasm > cyt/o/plasm21. ischemia > isch/emia-emia> blood condition 22. stethoscope > steth/o/scopesteth/o > chest23. pulmonary > pulmon/arypulmon/o > lung24. sarcoplasm > sarc/o/plasmsarc/o > flesh, connective tissue25. chromosome > chrom/o/some-some > bodies26. vascular > vascul/arvascul/o > blood vesselUnit 4Exercise A1. cost/o -- ribcostochondral2. gastr/o -- stomachgastritis3. eti/o -- causeetiology4. -oid -- resembling osteoid5. estr/o -- female estrogen6. oste/o -- bone osteoma7. stern/o -- breastbone sternocostal8. calci/o -- calcium calcemia9. -poiesis -- formation erythropoiesis10. arthr/o -- jointarthritis。

(完整版)学术英语(医学)课后问题答案

Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor2、Mrs. Osorio’s condition:·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts aboutMrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.and completely justified ·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent —：the form signed by her doctor.—request”·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient whilecompleting documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computersand human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:? Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re-emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of theinfectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overWhat followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:? Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union? TB in urban centers like New York City? Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and controlof emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel fromone country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its levelof virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination. ·Du e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. '? The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:? She read articles on websites such as PubMed.? She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.? She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types — dementia，Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.? She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, andneurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, andautoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we cantake many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensivefacilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, andthey are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operativeand chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture ·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:? Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient?Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, andwill result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:?Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control group? Tendency to produce comparable groups? Guaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:? Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a whole? A poor choice for research where temporal factors are anissue?Extremely heavy resources, requiring very large samplegroups? Quasi-experimentsAdvantages:? Control group comparisons possible?Reduced threats to external validity as natural environments do notsuffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to a well-controlledlaboratory setting.?Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experimentsLimitations：? Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designs donot use random sampling in constructing experimental and controlgroups.?Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groups? Cohort studiesAdvantages:?Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome? Particular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposure? Ability to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:? Larger, longer, and more expensive? Prone to certain types of bias? Not practical for rare outcomes? Case-control studiesAdvantages:? The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with longperiods between exposure and outcome? Time and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：? Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trialsas it is observational in nature? Difficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcometrials? “N=1”Advantages? Easy to manage? InexpensiveLimitations：? Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole population? Weakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、? Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:? The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)? The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：? Continuous stress? Pain? Hardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:? Energy and vitality? A certain zip in gait? A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:? Half-truth? Fearful fictions? Blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time. ·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:? Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensions? Building our wellness toolbox slowly? Picturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:? Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to change? Striving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spirit? Taking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people are caredin hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a newset of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatmentchoices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses, andfacility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like ahospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and startcomfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethicaltransgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than havingthe patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes alarge part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:? Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapy? Notable departures from standard practice being called “experimental” withl”and “research” carelessly definedthe terms “experimenta2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms .·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seedingthe benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research 5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them·Application:? A process rather than signing a written form? Adequate information as the premise? A well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence ·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice: ? At the individual level: fairness? At the social level: distinction between classes。

学术英语(医学) 单词填空及参考答案

学术英语（医学）课后词组 Unit 1 1．overload 神经过载2.a typical 典型的诊所就诊3.DEXA DEXA扫描4.medical 行医5. control 血压控制6.health 健康保持7. report 乳房X线检查报告8. examination 体检9. of a medication 药物的副作用10.perpetual 永久的恐慌11. physicians 职业医生12. field 移植领域13.medical 医疗预算14.paracetamol 扑热息痛药片15. cap 防孩子打开的盖子16. clinical trial 随机临床试验17.Random 随机分配18.patient 病人的预后19. group 对照组20.a 10-year study 10年的跟踪研究21.a medical 内科病房22.infectious 传染性肝炎23.Severe 身体严重不适24.bilirubin 胆红素代谢25.permanent damage 永久的肝损伤26.exacerbate 加重病理生理状况27.Medical 医学文献28.clinical 临床调查29. of relapse 复发率30.clinical 临床流行病学 31.strict 严格的卧床休息32.hospital 住院33.recurrent 反复发作的黄疸34.clinical 临床病程35 morphine 静脉注射吗啡36 blood pressure 舒张压37.brain 大脑血灌输38. care初级保健39.aorto-coronary arterial 主动脉冠状动脉旁路40. treatment decision知情治疗决41.an international group 一个国际人道组织42.the Red 红十字会43.The first major effort第一次重大援助工作44 of war 战争中的人员伤亡45. relief efforts 紧急援助、Unit 21 disease(再现疾病)2.new flu 新流感变种3.antibiotics and 抗生素和疫苗4. disease传染病5 disease新现疾病6 strategy预防策略7.bubonic 腺鼠疫8. microbes病原微生物9.public heath 公共卫生机构10.drug 抗药性11.an of antibiotic therapy 抗生素治疗疗程12.scarlet 猩红热13.the level of 毒性水平14.flu 流感大流行15.surface 表面抗原16. shift基因改变17.neurological 神经性并发症18.waning of 免疫力减弱19.public health 公共卫生基础设施20.a malaria 一个疟疾病例21. flu猪流感22. bacillus结核杆菌23.the of morbidity发病率水平24.health 保健专业人士25 tuberculosis潜伏结核病26.tuberculin 结核素皮试27. programmes筛查计划28. gamma tests γ干扰素测试29.drug 药物毒性30.an disease一种可治愈的病31, infectious disease难治的传染病32.an unknown 一种未知的病原体33.chronic gastric 慢性胃溃疡34 to carries of disease接触带病者35,genetic 基因重组 36.agent of 生物恐怖活动病原 37. infections 通过食物传播的传染病 Unit 31.the surge of 肾上腺素激增2.an internal medicine 内科实习期3.an disease 自体免疫4.loss of 丧失持久力5. weakness 短暂的虚弱6.becoming 卧床不起7.a building 基本构件8.an animal 动物模型9.to slow 减缓神经退化 10.to toxins 排除毒素 11.to nutrition 优化营养 12.toxic 毒素载量13.the risk of 复发危险 14.physician 医生自我实验 15.a clinical 临床试验16. electrical stimulation 神经肌肉电刺激17.physical 理疗师18.the impact of 微量营养素的影响 19.brain 脑功能2 the emotional flow 跟踪情绪波动 21 of emotions 情绪协调 22. reactions 心血管反应25.emotional情绪传染互相调节生物心理单元 28.emotional 情感慰藉29.functional resonance 功能性磁共振成像30.to brain zones 激活该脑部区域 31.to make it 使之成为强制性 32.a project 无把握的项目 33.medical background 医学背景 4.proof of 概念验证35.dose 剂量方案36. or concomitant conditions 并发症与合并症37 agents 抗肿瘤的药剂 38.standard 标准疗法39. properties 药理学特性 40.poor 溶解性差41. pharmacology 体内药理学 Unit 41. medicine 补充医学2. medicine 替代医学3.a medical 医疗模式4. and herbs 针灸和草药5.a treatment 辅助治疗6. a and vomiting 恶心，呕吐7. dental pain 术后牙痛 . trials 临床试验9. therapy 物理疗法，理疗 10 modalities 治疗方法 11.a therapeutic 治疗干预 12.Research design 研究设计 13.magnetic e 磁共振14.positron tomography 正电子发射型计算机断层成像15 effect 止痛效果16.biomedical 生物医学界 17. unit 康复中心18. acupuncturist 持照针灸师 19.therapeutic 治疗策略 20.herbal 草药配方21.a wide array of 各式各样的并发症 22. East-West medicine 中西医结合 23. abdominal pain 急性腹痛 24.to medicines 施药，用药 25.surgical 外科手术 26.scientific 科学评估 27. statistics 患病率统计 prevalence28. therapies 传统疗法29. models of care 询证医学模式 30.stress 压力处理31 nervous system 周围神经系统 .peripheral32.physiologic 生理机制33.mechanistic and studies 机制和还原式研究34. research 效益研究 35.clinical 临床结果36. and clinical studies 临床前及临床研究37 mechanisms可能的机制38 therapies 推拿治疗39. medicine 顺势疗法40. medicine 自然疗法41. and yoga冥想与瑜伽Unit 51.a health 健康危机2.physical s 身体症状3.Energy and 能量和活力4.be completely I from sth.对某事完全免疫5. of falseness 虚假的病毒6.stressful 有压力的生活方式7. t emotion 健全的感情8. health 脆弱的健康9.to our mind ,body and spirit平衡心理、身体和精神10. life精神生活11.the to wellness 通向身心健康的“路障”12. emotions 被压抑的感情13. feelings and emotion真情实感14. l influences 心理影响15.fully human beings 十全十美的人16. teeth 蛀牙17 professor 营养教授18.burgeoning 迅速膨胀的腰围19. water 瓶装水20.caloric 热量摄入21.to curb 节制食欲22.grains and 谷物和蛋白质23.childhood 儿童肥胖症24 protein 精益蛋白质25. habits 饮食习惯26. of life 生活质量27. category 乳制品类28.prevention of 糖尿病的预防29.sodium 钠的含量Unit 61. homes养老院2 care临终关怀3.congestive heart 充血性心衰4.available 24小时随叫随到5 care unit冠心病监护室6.to to treatment对治疗有反应7.skilled nursing 专业护理机构8. care生命终末期护理9. care舒适护理10.hospital planner出院计划专员11 care症状护理12 care姑息疗法13. illness绝症14.chronic obstructive disease慢性阻塞性肺病15. treatments实验性治疗16.spiritual 精神顾问17.to all treatment终止所有治疗18.to go through 经历透析19.A PAP 巴氏涂片检查20.patient- relationship医患关系21.to provide 提供常规医护22. examinations预防性检查23.off the path离开熟路，另辟蹊径24.to into a shape塑形25.To a prescription照旧处方再开药26.in vitro 体外受精27. biology基础生物学28.embryonic research胚胎干细胞研究29.to with an outside与圈外人合作30.a baby试管婴儿31. sciences生殖科学32.to administer 施用激素33.to isolate eggs 分离未成熟卵子34. observations经验观察35. work首创研究36.a fibre-optic 光导纤维内窥镜37. guidelines伦理原则38.societal 社会关注39. couples不孕不育夫妇40. disease遗传疾病41.Cystic 囊泡性纤维症42.ethical 伦理困境Unit 71.a nursing 护士站2. machines 生命维持系统fort 舒适护理措施4.to treatments 停止治疗5. decision-making process 家长式决策程序6.patient 给病人授权7.medical 医学伦理学家8.ethical 伦理准则9.clinical 临床理念10. care 以病人为中心的护理11.patient 病人自主权12.treatment 治疗选择13. purview 专属领域14. decisions 紧急状况下做的决定15.physician 对医生的限制16. and confusion 焦虑与困惑17.ethical 违背伦理18.family 家庭医疗19.widespread 广泛转移20. treatment 积极治疗21 lesion 原发病灶22.to recommend 建议随访23.electronic 电子病历24.pulmonary 肺栓塞 puterized 计算机断层扫描CT26.bilateral 双侧浸润27.a X-ray X线胸片28.left pneumonia 左下肺叶肺炎29. breathing 呼吸困难30.the hospice 临终关怀团队31. illness 慢性病32 aspects 社会心理学领域33.evidence-based 循证临床指南34.to a plan of care 实施治疗方案Unit 81.human 人体研究对象2. research 生物医学研究3.accepted 公认的治疗4.a formal 正式方案5.the principle of 有利原则6.the principle of 公正原则7. agents 有自主能力的行为者8. autonomy 自主性减弱9.be risk of harm 使……面临受害危险10.Hippocratic 希波克拉底誓言11.fairness in 分配的公正性rmed 知情同意13.fair and outcomes 公正的程序和结果14.the table 手术台15.an ethical 伦理责任16.a neurosurgeon 儿科神经外科医生 pediatric17.to the surgery 做手术18.blood 血流19. care 重症监护20. father 义父21. father 生父22. needs 心理需要23. judgment 医学判断24. therapy 职业疗法25.to meningitis 感染脑膜炎26.to die of an 死于感染27.blood 血管28.imbalances in 循环的不平衡29.the of human research subjects 人类研究对象的安宁30.to approve or all research activit ies 批准或不批准所有的研究活动31.to review a 审查一个研究计划32.at risk of civil or criminal 有民事或刑事责任的危险参考答案Unit 11. neuron 神经2. office visit(诊所)就诊3. scan 扫描4. medical practice 行医5. blood pressure 血压6. maintenance(健康)保持7. mammogram 乳房Ｘ线8. physical 身体9. side effect 副作用10. panic 恐慌11. practicing 执业12. transplant 移植13. budget 预算14. tablet 药片15. childproof 防孩子16. randomized 随机17. allocation(随机)分配18. prognosis 预后19. control 对照20. follow-up 跟踪21. ward 病房22. hepatitis 肝炎23. malaise 身体不适24. metabolism 代谢25.liver 肝26.pathophysiology 病理生理27. literature 文献28. investigation 调查29. incidence 率30. epidemiology 流行病学31. bed rest 卧床休息32. hospital stay 住院33. jaundice 黄疸34. course 病程35. intravenous 静脉注射36. diastolic 舒张37. perfusion 灌注38. primary 初级39. bypass(冠脉)旁路40. informed 知情41. humanitarian 人道主义42. the Red Cross 红十字会43. relief 援助44. casualty 人员伤亡45. emergency 紧急Unit 21. re-emerging 再现2. strain 变种3. vaccine 疫苗4. infectious 传染性的5. emerging 新出现6. prevention 预防7. plague 鼠疫8. pathogenic 病原的9. authorities 机构10. drug resistanc 抗药性11. course 疗程12. scarlet fever 猩红热13. virulence 毒性14. pandemic 大流行15. antigen 抗原16. genetic 基因的17. neurological 神经性18. immunity 免疫力19. infrastructure 基础设施20. case 病例21. swine 猪22. tuberculosis 结核23. morbidity/incidence 发病率24. professionals 专业人士25. latent 潜伏26. skin test 皮试27. screening 筛查28. interferon 干扰素29. toxicity 毒性30. curable 可治愈的31. intractable 难治的32. pathogen 病原体33. ulcer 溃疡34. exposure 接触(带病者)35. recombination 重组36. bioterrorism 生物恐怖活动37. foodborne 生物传播Unit 31. adrenaline 肾上腺素2. residency 实习3. autoimmune 自身免疫4.stamina 持久力5. transient 短暂的6. bedridden 卧床不起7. building block 基本构件8. model 模型9. neurodegeneration 神经退化10.excrete 排除(毒素)11.optimize 优化12.load 载量13.relapse 复发14.self-experimentation 自我实验15.trial 试验16.neuromuscular 神经肌肉17.therapist 治疗师18.micronutrient微量营养素19.function 功能20.track 跟踪21.coordination 协调22.cardiovascular 心血管23.rapport 亲密24.synchronization 同步25.contagion 传染26.regulate 调节27.psychobiological生物心理28.solace 慰藉29.imaging ＭＲＩ30.activate 激活31.mandatory 强制性32.dubious 无把握的33.background 背景34.concept 概念35.regimen 方案plications 并发症37.anti-tumor 抗肿瘤38.standard 标准的39.pharmacological 药理学的40.solubility 溶解性41.in vivo 体内Unit 41. complementary 补充2. alternative 替代(医学)3. paradigm 模式4. acupuncture 针灸5. adjunct 辅助6. nausea 恶心7. post-operative 术后8. clinical 临床的9. physical therapy 理疗10. therapeutic 治疗(方法)11. intervention 干预12. design 设计13. resonance 共振14. emission 发射ＰＥＴ15. analgesia 止痛16. establishment(生物医学)界17. rehabilitation 康复18. licensed 持照(针灸师)19. strategies 策略20. formulas 配方21. wide array 各式各样的22. integrative(中西医)结合23. acute 急性的24. administer 给药25. procedure 程序26. evaluation 评估27. prevalence 患病率28. conventional 传统(疗法)29. evidence-based 循证的30. management(压力)处理31. peripheral 外周／外围32. mechanisms 机制33. reductionistic 还原式的34.cost-effectiveness 效益35. outcomes 结果36. preclinical 临床前37. plausible 可能的38. manipulative 推拿39. homeopathic 顺势40. naturopathic 自然(疗法) 41. meditation 冥想Unit 51. crisis 危机2. symptoms 症状3. vitality 活力4. immune 免疫5. virus 病毒6. lifestyle 生活方式7. robust 健全的8. fragile 脆弱的9. balance 平衡10. spiritual 精神的11. blockages 路障12. repressed 被压抑的13. genuine 真实的(真情实感)14. physiological 心理15. integrated 整合的(十全十美)16. decaying teeth 蛀牙17. nutrition 营养18. waistline 腰围19. bottled 瓶装(水)20. intake 摄入21. appetite 食欲22. protein 蛋白质23. obesity 肥胖症24. lean 精益的(蛋白质)25. dietary 饮食(习惯)26. quality 质量27. dairy 乳制品28. diabetes 糖尿病29. content 含量Unit 61. nursing home 养老院2. hospice 临终(关怀)3. failure(心)衰4.availablearound-the-clock24小时随叫随到5. coronary 冠心病6. respond(对治疗有)反应7. facility 机构8. end-of-life 终末期9. comfort 舒适的(护理)10. hospital discharge 出院11. care(症状)护理12. palliative 姑息的13. fatal illness 绝症14. pulmonary 肺的ＣＯＰＤ15. experimental 实验性的16. advisors 顾问17. discontinue 终止18. dialysis 透析19. smear 涂片20. provider 医患关系21. care-as-usual 常规医护22. preventive 预防性23. beaten 常用的off thebeaten path 离开熟路,另辟蹊径24. mold into the shape 塑形25. renew 重新开始torenew a prescription 照旧处方再开药26. fertilization 授精27. basic 基础的(生物学)28. stem cell 干细胞29. collaborate 合作30. test-tube 试管(婴儿)31. reproductive 生殖的32.hormones 激素33. immature 未成熟的34. empirical 经验(观察) 35.pioneering 首创的36. endoscope 内镜37. ethical 伦理的38. concern(社会)关注39. infertile 不孕不育的40.inherited 遗传性的41. fibrosis 纤维化42. dilemmas 困境Unit 71. station(护士)站2. life-support 生命维持(系统)3. measures 护理措施4. withdraw 停止(治疗)5. paternalistic 家长式的6. empowerment 授权7. ethicists 伦理学家8. principles 准则9. ideal 理念10.patient-centered 以病人为中心的11. autonomy 自主权12. options 选择13. exclusive purview 专属的(领域)14. emergency 紧急(决定)15. restraint 限制16. anxiety 焦虑17. transgression 违背18. practice(家庭)医疗19. metastases(广泛)转移20. aggressive 积极的21. primary 原发22. follow-up 随访23. record 病历24. embolism 栓塞25. tomography 断层摄像ＣＴ26. infiltrates 浸润27. chest 胸28. lower-lobe 左下叶29. labored(呼吸)困难30. team 团队31. chronic 慢性的32. psychosocial 社会心理33. guidelines 指南34. implement 实施(治疗方案)Unit 1 动脉旁路1.neuron overload 神经过载2.a typical office visit 典型的诊所就诊3.DEXA scan DEXA扫描4.medical practicing 行医5.blood pressure control 血压控制6.health maintenance 健康保持7.Mammogram report 乳房X线检查报告8.physical examination 体检9.side effect of a medication药物的副作用10.perpetual panic 永久的恐慌11.practicing physicians 职业医生12.transplant field 移植领域13.medical budget 医疗预算14.paracetamol tablet 扑热息痛药片15.childproof cap 防孩子打开的盖子16.randomized clinical trial随机临床试验17.Random allocation 随机分配18.patient prognosis 病人的预后19.control group 对照组20.a 10-year follow-up study10年的跟踪研究21.a medical ward 内科病房22.infectious hepatitis 传染性肝炎23.Severe malaise 身体严重不适24.bilirubin metabolism 胆红素代谢25.permanent liver damage永久的肝损伤26.exacerbatepathophysiology 加重病理生理状况27.Medical literature 医学文献28.clinical investigation 临床调查29.incedence of relapse 复发率30.clinical epidemiology 临床流行病学31.strict bed rest 严格的卧床休息32.hospital stay 住院33.recurrent jaundice 反复发作的黄疸34.clinical course 临床病程35.intravenous morphine 静脉注射吗啡36.diastolic blood pressure舒张压37.brain perfusion 大脑血灌输38.primary care初级保健39.aorto-coronary arterialbypass主动脉冠状助工作rmed treatmentdecision 知情治疗决41.an internationalhumanitarian group一个国际人道组织42.the Red Cross 红十字会43.The first major reliefeffort 第一次重大援44.casualty of war 战争中的人员伤亡45.emergency relief efforts紧急援助Unit 31.the surge of adrenaline 肾上腺素激增2.an internal medicineresidency 内科实习期3.an autoimmune disease自体免疫4.loss of stamina 丧失持久力5.transient weakness 短暂的虚弱6.becoming bedridden 卧床不起7.a building block基本构件8.an animal model 动物模型9.to slow neurodegeneration 减缓神经退化10.to excrete toxins排除毒素11.to optimize nutrition 优化营养12.toxic load毒素载量13.the risk of relapse 复发危险14.physicianself-experimentation医生自我实验15.a clinical trial 临床试验16.neuromuscular electrical stimulation 神经肌肉电刺激17.physical therapist 理疗师18.the impact of micronutrients 微量营养素的影响19.brain function 脑功能20.track the emotional flow 跟踪情绪波动21.coordination of emotions 情绪协调22.cardiovascular reactions 心血管反应23.feeling of rapport 亲密感觉24.rapid entrain 迅速同步25.emotional contagion 情绪传染26.to mutually regulation 互相调节27.a psychobiological unit生物心理单元28.emotional solace情感慰藉29.functional magneticresonance imaging功能性磁共振成像30.to activate brain zones激活该脑部区域31.to make it mandatory 使之成为强制性32.a(n) dubious project无把握的项目33.medical background医学背景34.proof of concept概念验证35.dose regimen 剂量方案plications orconcomitant conditions并发症与合并症37.anti-tumor agents 抗肿瘤的药剂38.standard therapy标准疗法39.pharmacology properties药理学特性40.poor solubility 溶解性差41.in vivo pharmacology 体内药理学Unit 51.a health crisis 健康危机2.physical symptoms 身体症状3.Energy and vitality 能量和活力4.be completely immunefrom sth.对某事完全免疫5.virus of falseness 虚假的病毒6.stressful lifestyle 有压力的生活方式7.robust emotion 健全的感情8.fragile health 脆弱的健康9.to balance our mind ,bodyand spirit平衡心理、身体和精神10.spiritual life精神生活11.the blockage to wellness通向身心健康的“路障”12.repressed emotions 被压抑的感情13.genuine feelings andemotion真情实感14.physiological influences心理影响15.fully integrated humanbeings 十全十美的人16.decaying teeth 蛀牙17.nutrition professor 营养教授18.burgeoning waistline 迅速膨胀的腰围19.bottled water 瓶装水20.caloric intake 热量摄入21.to curb appetite 节制食欲22.grains and protein 谷物和蛋白质23.childhood obesity 儿童肥胖症24.lean protein 精益蛋白质25.dietary habits 饮食习惯26.quality of life 生活质量27.diary category 乳制品类28.prevention of diabetes糖尿病的预防29.sodium content 钠的含量Unit 71.a nursing station 护士站2.life-support machines 生命维持系统fort measures 舒适护理措施4.to withdraw treatments停止治疗5.paternalisticdecision-making process 家长式决策程序6.patient empowerment 给病人授权7.medical ethicists 医学伦理学家8.ethical principles 伦理准则9.clinical ideal 临床理念10.patient-centered care 以病人为中心的护理11.patient autonomy 病人自主权12.treatment options 治疗选择13.exclusive purview 专属领域14.emergency decisions 紧急状况下做的决定15.physician restraint 对医生的限制16.anxiety and confusion 焦虑与困惑17.ethical transgression 违背伦理18.family practice 家庭医疗19.widespread metastases广泛转移20.aggressive treatment 积极治疗21.primary lesion 原发病灶22.to recommend follow-up 建议随访23.electronic record 电子病历24.pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞puterized tomography CT，计算机断层扫描26.bilateral infiltrates双侧浸润27.a(n) chest X-ray(X线胸片)28.left lower-lobe pneumonia左下肺叶肺炎borcd breathing呼吸困难30.the hospice team临终关怀团队31.chronic illness慢性病32.psychosocial aspects 社会心理学领域33.evidence-based guidelines 循证临床指南34.to implement a plan of care 实施治疗方案。

学术英语医学课后问题答案图文稿

学术英语医学课后问题答案集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor 2、Mrs. Osorio’s condition:·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、 Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent —and completely justified —request”： the form signed by her doctor.·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient while completing documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time.Multitasking is just an illusion both in computers and human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in amultitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, thatstill leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost over What followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:Diphtheria in the former Soviet UnionTB in urban centers like New York CityRising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and control of emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which cantravel from one country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread ·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain· A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its level of virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination.·D u e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. 'The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field ·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:She read articles on websites such as PubMed.She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types —dementia， Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, and neurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models ·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa ·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer,and autoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we can take many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain.Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensive facilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, and they are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the proven and ensured.efficiency is·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patientCorrect selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, and will result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control groupTendency to produce comparable groupsGuaranteed validity of statistical tests of significance Limitations:Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a wholeA poor choice for research where temporal factorsare an issueExtremely heavy resources, requiring very largesample groupsQuasi-experimentsAdvantages:Control group comparisons possibleReduced threats to external validity as naturalenvironments do not suffer the same problems ofartificiality as compared to a well-controlled laboratorysetting.Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experiments Limitations：Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimentaldesigns do not use random sampling in constructingexperimental and control groups.Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groupsCohort studiesAdvantages:Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcomeParticular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposureAbility to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:Larger, longer, and more expensiveProne to certain types of biasNot practical for rare outcomesCase-control studiesAdvantages:The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with long periods between exposure and outcomeTime and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trials as it is observational in natureDifficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcome“N=1” trialsAdvantagesEasy to manageInexpensiveLimitations：Findings difficult to be generalized to the wholepopulationWeakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine insociety·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：Continuous stressPainHardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:Energy and vitalityA certain zip in gaitA warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:Half-truthFearful fictionsBlatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time.·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become anunconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensionsBuilding our wellness toolbox slowlyPicturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to changeStriving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spiritTaking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and morepeople are cared in hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a new set of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure ·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life ·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatment choices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, includingdoctors, nurses, and facility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start comfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind ofethical transgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapyNotable departures from standard practice being called “experimental” with the terms “experimenta l”and “research”carelessly defined2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms .·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seeding the benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics ·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard ·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them ·Application:A process rather than signing a written formAdequate information as the premiseA well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice:At the individual level: fairnessAt the social level: distinction between classes。

学术英语答案

Neuron overload 神经过载 DEXA scan DEXA 扫描 Blood pressure 血压控制Mammogram report 乳房X 线检查报告 Side effect of a medication 药物的副作用 Practicing physicians 职业医生 Medical budget 医疗预算 Childproof cap 防孩子打开的盖子1.re-emerying disease(再现疾病)2..new flu strain 新流感变种3.antibiotics and vaccines 抗生素和疫苗4..infectious disease 传染病5.emergent disease 新现疾病6..prevention strategy 预防策略7.bubonic plague 腺鼠疫8..pathogenicmicrobes 病原微生物 9 public heathauthorities 公共卫生机构 10.drug resistance 抗药性 11.an course of antibiotic therapy 抗生素治疗疗程 12.scarlet fever 猩红热 13.the level of virulence 毒性水平 14,flu pandemic 流感大流行 15,surface antigen 表面抗原1.The surge of adrenaline 肾上腺素激增 3、An autoimmune disease 自体免疫 5.transient weakness 短暂的虚弱 7.a building block 基本构件9.to slow neurodegeneration 减缓神经退化 11.to optimize nutrition 优化营养a typical office visit 典型的诊所就诊 medicalpractising 行医 health maintenance 健康保持 physical examination 体检 perpetual panic 永久的恐慌 transplant field 移植领域 paracetamol tablet 扑热息痛药片2.an internal medicine residency 内科实习期 4.loss of stamina 丧失持久力 6.becoming bedridden 卧床不起 8..an animal model 动物模型 10.to excrete toxins 排除毒素 12.toxic load 毒素载量13.the risk of relapse 复发危险 15.a clinical trial 临床试验1.A health crisis 健康危机2.Energy and vitality 能量和活力3.Virus of falseness 虚假的病毒4.Robust emotion 健全的感情5.Tobalance our mind ,body and spirit 平衡心理、身体和精神6.Theblockage to wellness 通向身心健康的“路障”7.Genuine feelings and emotion 真情实感8.Fully integrated human beings 十全十美的人1.nursing homes 养老院3.Congestive heart failure 充血性心衰 5.Coronary care unit 冠心病监护室 7.Skilled nursing facility 专业护理机构 fort care 舒适护理 11.Symptom care 症状护理 13.Fatal illness 绝症15.Experimental treatments 实验性治疗14.physician self —experimentation 医生自我实验16.Physical symptoms 身体症状17.Be completely immune from sth.对某事完全免疫18.Stressful lifestyle 有压力的生活方式 19.Fragile health 脆弱的健康 20.Spiritual life 精神生活21.Repressed emotions 被压抑的感情 22.Physiological influences 心理影响2..hospice care 临终关怀4.available around-the-clock24小时随叫随到 6.24.to respond to treatment 对治疗有反应 8..end-of-life care 生命终末期护理 10.hospital discharge planner 出院计划专员 12..palliative care 姑息疗法14chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 慢性阻塞性肺病。

医学学术英语期末考试试题

医学学术英语期末考试试题一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "pathogen" refers to:A. A type of bacteriaB. An organism that causes diseaseC. A medical conditionD. A type of medication2. Which of the following is a method for measuring blood pressure?A. StethoscopeB. SphygmomanometerC. ThermometerD. Ophthalmoscope3. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Medical Records IndexC. Myocardial Resection ImagingD. Medical Research Institute4. Which of the following is a type of cancer?A. MelanomaB. InfluenzaC. DiabetesD. Hypertension5. The process of identifying the cause of a disease is known as:A. DiagnosisB. PrognosisC. TreatmentD. Epidemiology二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）6. The medical term for the surgical removal of a tumor is__________.7. The study of the cause and spread of diseases is known as __________.8. The abbreviation "HIV" stands for __________.9. A(n) __________ is a healthcare professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the heart.10. The term "antibiotic" refers to a substance that inhibits the growth of __________.三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）11. Explain the difference between a virus and a bacterium.12. Describe the role of white blood cells in the immune system.13. What is the purpose of a biopsy in medical diagnosis?14. Discuss the importance of vaccination in public health.四、阅读理解（每题5分，共30分）Read the following passage and answer the questions:Passage: (A brief excerpt from a medical journal article discussing the latest developments in cancer treatment, including targeted therapies and immunotherapies.)15. What are the two main types of cancer treatment mentioned in the passage?16. How do targeted therapies differ from traditional chemotherapy?17. What is the basic principle behind immunotherapy?18. According to the passage, what are some potential advantages of immunotherapy over other treatments?五、写作题（共30分）19. Write a short essay (200-250 words) on the impact of medical technology on patient care. Discuss at least two specific examples of how technology has improved medical practice.六、翻译题（每题5分，共20分）20. Translate the following sentence into English: "近年来，基因编辑技术在医学研究中的应用越来越广泛。

(完整版)学术英语(医学)课后问题答案

Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor2、Mrs. Osorio’s condition:·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent —and completely justified —request”：the form signed by her doctor.·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient whilecompleting documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computers and human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:• Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re-emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overWhat followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:» Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union» TB in urban centers like New York City» Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and control of emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel from one country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its level of virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination. ·Du e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. '• The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:» She read articles on websites such as PubMed.» She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.» She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types — dementia，Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.» She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, and neurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration ·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, andautoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we can take many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensive facilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, and they are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture ·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness ·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:» Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient»Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, and will result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:»Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control group» Tendency to produce comparable groups» Guaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:» Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a whole»A poor choice for research where temporal factors are anissue»Extremely heavy resources, requiring very large samplegroups• Quasi-experimentsAdvantages:» Control group comparisons possible»Reduced threats to external validity as natural environments do notsuffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to a well-controlledlaboratory setting.»Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experimentsLimitations：» Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designs donot use random sampling in constructing experimental and controlgroups.»Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groups• Cohort studiesAdvantages:»Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome» Particular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposure» Ability to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:» Larger, longer, and more expensive» Prone to certain types of bias» Not practical for rare outcomes• Case-control studiesAdvantages:» The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with long periods between exposure and outcome» Time and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：» Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trials as it is observational in nature» Difficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcome• “N=1” trialsAdvantages» Easy to manage» InexpensiveLimitations：» Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole population» Weakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、• Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:» The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)» The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：» Continuous stress» Pain» Hardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:» Energy and vitality» A certain zip in gait» A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:» Half-truth» Fearful fictions» Blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time. ·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:» Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensions» Building our wellness toolbox slowly» Picturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:» Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to change» Striving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spirit» Taking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotions1、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people are caredin hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a new set of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatment choices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses, andfacility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start comfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor 4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethicaltransgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:» Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapy» Notable departures from standard practice being called “experimental” with the terms “experimenta l”and “research” carelessly defined2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms . ·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seeding the benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them ·Application:» A process rather than signing a written form» Adequate information as the premise» A well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice: » At the individual level: fairness» At the social level: distinction between classes。

高三英语医学用语完形填空题20题答案解析版

高三英语医学用语完形填空题20题答案解析版1In recent years, medical research has made significant progress. Scientists are constantly exploring new ways to treat various diseases. One of the areas of focus is on developing more effective ___1___. These medications are designed to target specific cells and molecules in the body. Another important aspect of medical research is the study of genetic factors that can influence a person's susceptibility to certain diseases. By understanding these factors, doctors can provide more personalized ___2___. In addition, advances in technology have led to the development of new diagnostic tools. These tools can detect diseases at an early stage, allowing for more timely ___3___. Moreover, research on stem cells holds great promise for the future of medicine. Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into different types of cells, which could be used to repair damaged tissues and organs. Finally, the field of immunology is also evolving. Scientists are working on developing vaccines and therapies that can boost the body's immune system and help fight off infections.1. A. drugs B. fruits C. books D. toys答案：A。

学术英语(医学)单词填空及答案复习进程

学术英语(医学)单词填空及答案学术英语（医学）课后词组Unit11． overload神经过载2.a typical典型的诊所就诊3.DEXA DEXA扫描4.medical 行医5. control血压控制6.health健康保持7. report乳房X线检查报告8. examination体检9. of a medication药物的副作用10.perpetual永久的恐慌11. physicians职业医生12. field移植领域13.medical医疗预算14.paracetamol 扑热息痛药片15. cap防孩子打开的盖子16. clinical trial随机临床试验17.Random随机分配18.patient病人的预后19. group对照组20.a10-year study10年的跟踪研究21.a medical内科病房22.infectious 传染性肝炎23.Severe身体严重不适24.bilirubin胆红素代谢25.permanent damage永久的肝损伤26.exacerbate 加重病理生理状况27.Medical医学文献28.clinical 临床调查29. of relapse复发率30.clinical 临床流行病学31.strict 严格的卧床休息32.hospital住院33.recurrent 反复发作的黄疸34.clinical临床病程35 morphine静脉注射吗啡36 blood pressure舒张压37.brain 大脑血灌输仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢238. care初级保健39.aorto-coronary arterial 主动脉冠状动脉旁路40. treatment decision知情治疗决41.an international group 一个国际人道组织42.the Red红十字会43.The first major effort第一次重大援助工作44 of war战争中的人员伤亡45. relief efforts紧急援助、Unit21 disease(再现疾病)2.new flu新流感变种3.antibiotics and抗生素和疫苗4. disease传染病5 disease新现疾病6 strategy预防策略7.bubonic腺鼠疫8. microbes病原微生物9.public heath 公共卫生机构10.drug 抗药性11.an of antibiotic therapy抗生素治疗疗程12.scarlet 猩红热13.the level of 毒性水平14.flu流感大流行15.surface表面抗原16. shift基因改变17.neurological 神经性并发症18.waning of 免疫力减弱19.public health公共卫生基础设施20.a malaria一个疟疾病例21. flu猪流感22. bacillus结核杆菌23.the of morbidity发病率水平24.health保健专业人士25 tuberculosis潜伏结核病26.tuberculin 结核素皮试27. programmes筛查计划仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢328. gamma testsγ干扰素测试29.drug药物毒性30.an disease一种可治愈的病31, infectious disease难治的传染病32.an unknown一种未知的病原体33.chronic gastric 慢性胃溃疡34 to carries of disease接触带病者35,genetic基因重组36.agent of 生物恐怖活动病原37. infections通过食物传播的传染病Unit31.the surge of肾上腺素激增2.an internal medicine 内科实习期3.an disease自体免疫4.loss of丧失持久力5. weakness短暂的虚弱6.becoming卧床不起7.a building基本构件8.an animal动物模型9.to slow 减缓神经退化10.to toxins排除毒素11.to nutrition优化营养12.toxic 毒素载量13.the risk of复发危险14.physician医生自我实验15.a clinical 临床试验16. electrical stimulation神经肌肉电刺激17.physical 理疗师18.the impact of微量营养素的影响19.brain脑功能2 the emotional flow跟踪情绪波动21 of emotions情绪协调22. reactions心血管反应23.feeling of t亲密感觉25.emotional 情绪传染26.to mutually 互相调节仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢427.a psychobiological unit生物心理单元28.emotional情感慰藉29.functional resonance 功能性磁共振成像30.to brain zones激活该脑部区域31.to make it使之成为强制性32.a project无把握的项目33.medical background医学背景4.proof of概念验证35.dose剂量方案36. or concomitant conditions 并发症与合并症37 agents抗肿瘤的药剂38.standard 标准疗法39. properties药理学特性40.poor 溶解性差41. pharmacology体内药理学Unit41. medicine补充医学2. medicine替代医学3.a medical医疗模式4. and herbs针灸和草药5.a treatment辅助治疗6. a and vomiting恶心，呕吐7. dental pain术后牙痛. trials临床试验9. therapy物理疗法，理疗10 modalities治疗方法11.a therapeutic治疗干预12.Research design研究设计13.magnetic e磁共振14.positron tomography正电子发射型计算机断层成像15 effect止痛效果16.biomedical生物医学界17. unit康复中心18. acupuncturist持照针灸师19.therapeutic治疗策略20.herbal草药配方21.a wide array of各式各样的并发症22. East-West medicine中西医结合仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢523. abdominal pain急性腹痛24.to medicines施药，用药25.surgical外科手术26.scientific科学评估27. statistics患病率统计prevalence28. therapies传统疗法29. models of care询证医学模式30.stress压力处理31 nervous system周围神经系统.peripheral32.physiologic生理机制33.mechanistic and studies 机制和还原式研究34. research效益研究35.clinical临床结果36. and clinical studies临床前及临床研究37 mechanisms可能的机制38 therapies推拿治疗39. medicine顺势疗法40. medicine自然疗法41. and yoga冥想与瑜伽Unit51.a health健康危机2.physical s身体症状3.Energy and能量和活力4.be completely I from sth.对某事完全免疫5. of falseness虚假的病毒6.stressful有压力的生活方式7. t emotion健全的感情8. health脆弱的健康9.to our mind,body and spirit平衡心理、身体和精神10. life精神生活11.the to wellness通向身心健康的“路障”12. emotions被压抑的感情13. feelings and emotion真情实感14. l influences心理影响15.fully human beings十全十美的人仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢616. teeth蛀牙17 professor营养教授18.burgeoning迅速膨胀的腰围19. water瓶装水20.caloric热量摄入21.to curb节制食欲22.grains and谷物和蛋白质23.childhood 儿童肥胖症24 protein精益蛋白质25. habits饮食习惯26. of life生活质量27. category乳制品类28.prevention of 糖尿病的预防29.sodium钠的含量Unit61. homes养老院2 care临终关怀3.congestive heart充血性心衰4.available 24小时随叫随到5 care unit冠心病监护室6.to to treatment对治疗有反应7.skilled nursing专业护理机构8. care生命终末期护理9. care舒适护理10.hospital planner出院计划专员11 care症状护理12 care姑息疗法13. illness绝症14.chronic obstructive disease 慢性阻塞性肺病15. treatments实验性治疗16.spiritual精神顾问17.to all treatment终止所有治疗18.to go through经历透析19.A PAP 巴氏涂片检查20.patient- relationship医患关系21.to provide 提供常规医护22. examinations预防性检查23.off the path离开熟路，另辟蹊径仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢724.to into a shape塑形25.To a prescription照旧处方再开药26.in vitro体外受精27. biology基础生物学28.embryonic research胚胎干细胞研究29.to with an outside与圈外人合作30.a baby试管婴儿31. sciences生殖科学32.to administer施用激素33.to isolate eggs分离未成熟卵子34. observations经验观察35. work首创研究36.a fibre-optic光导纤维内窥镜37. guidelines伦理原则38.societal社会关注39. couples不孕不育夫妇40. disease遗传疾病41.Cystic 囊泡性纤维症42.ethical伦理困境Unit71.a nursing护士站2. machines生命维持系统fort 舒适护理措施4.to treatments停止治疗5. decision-making process家长式决策程序6.patient给病人授权7.medical医学伦理学家8.ethical 伦理准则9.clinical临床理念10. care以病人为中心的护理11.patient病人自主权12.treatment治疗选择13. purview专属领域14. decisions紧急状况下做的决定15.physician对医生的限制16. and confusion焦虑与困惑仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢817.ethical违背伦理18.family家庭医疗19.widespread广泛转移20. treatment积极治疗21 lesion原发病灶22.to recommend 建议随访23.electronic电子病历24.pulmonary肺栓塞puterized计算机断层扫描CT26.bilateral 双侧浸润27.a X-ray X线胸片28.left pneumonia左下肺叶肺炎29. breathing呼吸困难30.the hospice临终关怀团队31. illness慢性病32 aspects社会心理学领域33.evidence-based循证临床指南34.to a plan of care实施治疗方案Unit81.human人体研究对象2. research生物医学研究3.accepted公认的治疗4.a formal正式方案5.the principle of有利原则6.the principle of公正原则7. agents有自主能力的行为者8. autonomy自主性减弱9.be risk of harm使……面临受害危险10.Hippocratic希波克拉底誓言11.fairness in分配的公正性rmed知情同意13.fair and outcomes公正的程序和结果14.the table手术台15.an ethical伦理责任16.a neurosurgeon儿科神经外科医生pediatric17.to the surgery做手术仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢918.blood 血流19. care重症监护20. father义父21. father生父22. needs心理需要23. judgment医学判断24. therapy职业疗法25.to meningitis感染脑膜炎26.to die of an 死于感染27.blood血管28.imbalances in循环的不平衡29.the of human research subject s人类研究对象的安宁30.to approve or all research acti vities批准或不批准所有的研究活动31.to review a审查一个研究计划32.at risk of civil or criminal有民事或刑事责任的危险仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢10参考答案Unit 11. neuron 神经2. office visit(诊所)就诊3. scan 扫描4. medical practice 行医5. blood pressure 血压6. maintenance(健康)保持7. mammogram 乳房Ｘ线8. physical 身体9. side effect 副作用10. panic 恐慌11. practicing 执业12. transplant 移植13. budget 预算14. tablet 药片15. childproof 防孩子16. randomized 随机17. allocation(随机)分配18. prognosis 预后19. control 对照20. follow-up 跟踪21. ward 病房22. hepatitis 肝炎23. malaise 身体不适24. metabolism 代谢25.liver 肝26.pathophysiology 病理生理27. literature 文献28. investigation 调查29. incidence 率30. epidemiology 流行病学 31. bed rest 卧床休息32. hospital stay 住院33. jaundice 黄疸34. course 病程35. intravenous 静脉注射 36. diastolic 舒张37. perfusion 灌注38. primary 初级39. bypass(冠脉)旁路40. informed 知情41. humanitarian 人道主义 42. the Red Cross红十字会 43. relief 援助44. casualty 人员伤亡45. emergency 紧急Unit 21. re-emerging 再现2. strain 变种3. vaccine 疫苗4. infectious 传染性的5. emerging 新出现6. prevention 预防7. plague 鼠疫8. pathogenic 病原的9. authorities 机构10. drug resistanc 抗药性 11. course 疗程12. scarlet fever 猩红热13. virulence 毒性14. pandemic 大流行15. antigen 抗原16. genetic 基因的17. neurological 神经性18. immunity 免疫力19. infrastructure 基础设施 20. case 病例21. swine 猪22. tuberculosis 结核23. morbidity/incidence 发病率24. professionals 专业人士 25. latent 潜伏26. skin test 皮试27. screening 筛查28. interferon 干扰素29. toxicity 毒性30. curable 可治愈的31. intractable 难治的32. pathogen 病原体33. ulcer 溃疡34. exposure 接触(带病者) 35. recombination 重组36. bioterrorism 生物恐怖活动37. foodborne 生物传播 Unit 31. adrenaline 肾上腺素2. residency 实习3. autoimmune 自身免疫 4. stamina 持久力5. transient 短暂的6. bedridden 卧床不起7. building block 基本构件 8. model 模型9. neurodegeneration神经退化10.excrete 排除(毒素)11.optimize 优化12.load 载量13.relapse 复发14.self-experimentation自我实验15.trial 试验16.neuromuscular 神经肌肉17.therapist 治疗师18.micronutrient微量营养素19.function 功能20.track 跟踪21.coordination 协调22.cardiovascular 心血管 23.rapport 亲密24.synchronization 同步25.contagion 传染26.regulate 调节27.psychobiological生物心理28.solace 慰藉29.imaging ＭＲＩ30.activate 激活31.mandatory 强制性32.dubious 无把握的33.background 背景34.concept 概念35.regimen 方案plications 并发症 37.anti-tumor 抗肿瘤 38.standard 标准的39.pharmacological 药理学的40.solubility 溶解性41.in vivo 体内Unit 41. complementary 补充2. alternative 替代(医学)3. paradigm 模式4. acupuncture 针灸5. adjunct 辅助6. nausea 恶心7. post-operative 术后8. clinical 临床的9. physical therapy 理疗10. therapeutic 治疗(方法) 11. intervention 干预12. design 设计13. resonance 共振14. emission 发射ＰＥＴ 15. analgesia 止痛16. establishment(生物医学)界17. rehabilitation 康复18. licensed 持照(针灸师) 19. strategies 策略20. formulas 配方21. wide array 各式各样的 22. integrative(中西医)结合 23. acute 急性的24. administer 给药25. procedure 程序26. evaluation 评估27. prevalence 患病率28. conventional 传统(疗法) 29. evidence-based 循证的 30.management(压力)处理31. peripheral 外周／外围 32. mechanisms 机制33. reductionistic 还原式的 34.cost-effectiveness 效益 35.outcomes 结果36. preclinical 临床前37. plausible 可能的38. manipulative 推拿39. homeopathic 顺势40. naturopathic 自然(疗法) 41. meditation冥想Unit 51. crisis 危机2. symptoms 症状3. vitality 活力4. immune 免疫5. virus 病毒6. lifestyle 生活方式7. robust 健全的8. fragile 脆弱的9. balance 平衡10. spiritual 精神的11. blockages 路障12. repressed 被压抑的13. genuine 真实的(真情实感)14. physiological 心理15. integrated 整合的(十全十美)16. decaying teeth 蛀牙17. nutrition 营养18. waistline 腰围19. bottled 瓶装(水)20. intake 摄入21. appetite 食欲22. protein 蛋白质23. obesity 肥胖症24. lean 精益的(蛋白质)25. dietary 饮食(习惯)26. quality 质量27. dairy 乳制品28. diabetes 糖尿病29. content 含量Unit 61. nursing home 养老院2. hospice 临终(关怀)3. failure(心)衰4.available around-the-clock24小时随叫随到5. coronary 冠心病6. respond(对治疗有)反应 7. facility 机构8. end-of-life 终末期9. comfort 舒适的(护理)10. hospital discharge出院 11. care(症状)护理12. palliative 姑息的13. fatal illness 绝症14. pulmonary 肺的ＣＯＰＤ15. experimental 实验性的 16. advisors 顾问17. discontinue 终止18. dialysis 透析19. smear 涂片20. provider 医患关系21. care-as-usual 常规医护 22. preventive 预防性23. beaten 常用的 offthe beaten path 离开熟路,另辟蹊径24. mold into the shape塑形25. renew 重新开始 torenew a prescription 照旧处方再开药26. fertilization 授精27. basic 基础的(生物学)28. stem cell 干细胞29. collaborate 合作30. test-tube 试管(婴儿)31. reproductive 生殖的32. hormones 激素33. immature 未成熟的34. empirical 经验(观察)35. pioneering 首创的36. endoscope 内镜37. ethical 伦理的38. concern(社会)关注39. infertile 不孕不育的40. inherited 遗传性的41. fibrosis 纤维化42. dilemmas 困境Unit 71. station(护士)站2. life-support 生命维持(系统)3. measures 护理措施4. withdraw 停止(治疗)5. paternalistic 家长式的6. empowerment 授权7. ethicists 伦理学家8. principles 准则9. ideal 理念10.patient-centered 以病人为中心的11. autonomy 自主权12. options 选择13. exclusive purview 专属的(领域)14. emergency 紧急(决定) 15. restraint 限制16. anxiety 焦虑17. transgression 违背18. practice(家庭)医疗19. metastases(广泛)转移 20. aggressive 积极的21. primary 原发22. follow-up 随访23. record 病历24. embolism 栓塞25. tomography 断层摄像ＣＴ26. infiltrates 浸润27. chest 胸28. lower-lobe 左下叶29. labored(呼吸)困难30. team 团队31. chronic 慢性的32. psychosocial 社会心理 33. guidelines 指南34. implement 实施(治疗方案)Unit 1 动脉旁路1.neuron overload 神经过载2.a typical office visit 典型的诊所就诊3.DEXA scan DEXA扫描4.medical practicing 行医5.blood pressure control 血压控制6.health maintenance 健康保持7.Mammogram report 乳房X线检查报告8.physical examination 体检9.side effect of a medication 药物的副作用10.perpetual panic 永久的恐慌11.practicing physicians 职业医生12.transplant field 移植领域13.medical budget 医疗预算14.paracetamol tablet 扑热息痛药片15.childproof cap 防孩子打开的盖子16.randomized clinicaltrial 随机临床试验17.Random allocation随机分配18.patient prognosis 病人的预后19.control group 对照组20.a 10-year follow-upstudy 10年的跟踪研究21.a medical ward 内科病房22.infectious hepatitis传染性肝炎23.Severe malaise 身体严重不适24.bilirubin metabolism胆红素代谢25.permanent liverdamage 永久的肝损伤26.exacerbatepathophysiology 加重病理生理状况27.Medical literature 医学文献28.clinical investigation临床调查29.incedence of relapse复发率30.clinical epidemiology临床流行病学31.strict bed rest 严格的卧床休息32.hospital stay 住院33.recurrent jaundice 反复发作的黄疸34.clinical course 临床病程35.intravenousmorphine 静脉注射吗啡36.diastolic blood pressure 舒张压37.brain perfusion 大脑血灌输38.primary care初级保健39.aorto-coronary arterial bypass主动脉冠状助工作rmed treatment decision 知情治疗决41.an international humanitarian group一个国际人道组织42.the Red Cross 红十字会43.The first major relief effort 第一次重大援44.casualty of war 战争中的人员伤亡45.emergency relief efforts 紧急援助Unit 31.the surge ofadrenaline 肾上腺素激增2.an internal medicineresidency 内科实习期3.an autoimmunedisease 自体免疫4.loss of stamina 丧失持久力5.transient weakness 短暂的虚弱6.becoming bedridden卧床不起7.a building block基本构件8.an animal model 动物模型9.to slowneurodegeneration减缓神经退化10.to excrete toxins排除毒素11.to optimize nutrition优化营养12.toxic load毒素载量13.the risk of relapse 复发危险14.physician self-experimentation医生自我实验15.a clinical trial 临床试验16.neuromuscularelectrical stimulation 神经肌肉电刺激17.physical therapist 理疗师18.the impact ofmicronutrients 微量营养素的影响19.brain function 脑功能20.track the emotional flow 跟踪情绪波动21.coordination of emotions 情绪协调22.cardiovascular reactions 心血管反应23.feeling of rapport 亲密感觉24.rapid entrain 迅速同步25.emotional contagion 情绪传染26.to mutually regulation 互相调节27.a psychobiological unit生物心理单元28.emotional solace情感慰藉29.functional magnetic resonance imaging功能性磁共振成像30.to activate brainzones激活该脑部区域31.to make itmandatory 使之成为强制性32.a(n) dubious project无把握的项目33.medical background医学背景34.proof of concept概念验证35.dose regimen 剂量方案plications orconcomitant conditions并发症与合并症37.anti-tumor agents抗肿瘤的药剂38.standard therapy标准疗法39.pharmacologyproperties 药理学特性40.poor solubility 溶解性差41.in vivopharmacology 体内药理学 Unit 51.a health crisis 健康危机2.physical symptoms 身体症状3.Energy and vitality 能量和活力4.be completelyimmune from sth.对某事完全免疫5.virus of falseness 虚假的病毒6.stressful lifestyle 有压力的生活方式7.robust emotion 健全的感情8.fragile health 脆弱的健康9.to balance ourmind ,body and spirit平衡心理、身体和精神10.spiritual life精神生活11.the blockage to wellness 通向身心健康的“路障”12.repressed emotions 被压抑的感情13.genuine feelings and emotion真情实感14.physiological influences 心理影响15.fully integrated human beings 十全十美的人16.decaying teeth 蛀牙17.nutrition professor 营养教授18.burgeoning waistline 迅速膨胀的腰围19.bottled water 瓶装水20.caloric intake 热量摄入21.to curb appetite 节制食欲22.grains and protein谷物和蛋白质23.childhood obesity 儿童肥胖症24.lean protein 精益蛋白质25.dietary habits 饮食习惯26.quality of life 生活质量27.diary category 乳制品类28.prevention ofdiabetes糖尿病的预防29.sodium content 钠的含量Unit 71.a nursing station 护士站2.life-support machines生命维持系统fort measures 舒适护理措施4.to withdrawtreatments 停止治疗5.paternalistic decision-making process 家长式决策程序6.patient empowerment给病人授权7.medical ethicists 医学伦理学家8.ethical principles 伦理准则9.clinical ideal 临床理念10.patient-centeredcare 以病人为中心的护理11.patient autonomy 病人自主权12.treatment options 治疗选择13.exclusive purview 专属领域14.emergency decisions 紧急状况下做的决定15.physician restraint 对医生的限制16.anxiety and confusion 焦虑与困惑17.ethical transgression 违背伦理18.family practice 家庭医疗19.widespread metastases 广泛转移20.aggressive treatment 积极治疗21.primary lesion 原发病灶22.to recommendfollow-up 建议随访23.electronic record 电子病历24.pulmonaryembolism 肺栓塞puterizedtomography CT，计算机断层扫描26.bilateral infiltrates双侧浸润27.a(n) chest X-ray(X线胸片)28.left lower-lobepneumonia左下肺叶肺炎borcd breathing呼吸困难30.the hospice team临终关怀团队31.chronic illness慢性病32.psychosocial aspects社会心理学领域33.evidence-basedguidelines 循证临床指南34.to implement a planof care 实施治疗方案。

学术英语单词填空及答案

学术英语（医学）课后词组Unit 11． overload 神经过载typical 典型的诊所就诊DEXA扫描行医5. control 血压控制健康保持7. report 乳房X线检查报告8. examination 体检9. of a medication 药物的副作用永久的恐慌11. physicians 职业医生12. field 移植领域医疗预算扑热息痛药片15. cap 防孩子打开的盖子16. clinical trial 随机临床试验随机分配病人的预后19. group 对照组10-year study 10年的跟踪研究medical 内科病房传染性肝炎身体严重不适胆红素代谢damage 永久的肝损伤加重病理生理状况医学文献临床调查29. of relapse 复发率临床流行病学严格的卧床休息住院反复发作的黄疸临床病程35 morphine 静脉注射吗啡36 blood pressure 舒张压大脑血灌输38. care初级保健arterial 主动脉冠状动脉旁路40. treatment decision知情治疗决international grou p一个国际人道组织Red 红十字会first major effort第一次重大援助工作44 of war 战争中的人员伤亡45. relief efforts 紧急援助、Unit 21 disease(再现疾病)flu 新流感变种and 抗生素和疫苗4. disease传染病5 disease新现疾病6 strategy预防策略腺鼠疫8. microbes病原微生物heath 公共卫生机构抗药性of antibiotic thera py抗生素治疗疗程猩红热level of 毒性水平流感大流行表面抗原16. shift基因改变神经性并发症of 免疫力减弱health 公共卫生基础设施malaria 一个疟疾病例21. flu猪流感22. bacillus结核杆菌of morbidity发病率水平保健专业人士25 tuberculosis潜伏结核病结核素皮试27. programmes筛查计划28. gamma tests γ干扰素测试药物毒性disease一种可治愈的病31, infectious disease难治的传染病unknown 一种未知的病原体gastric 慢性胃溃疡34 to carries of disease接触带病者35,genetic 基因重组of 生物恐怖活动病原37. infections通过食物传播的传染病Unit 3surge of 肾上腺素激增internal medicine 内科实习期disease 自体免疫of 丧失持久力5. weakness 短暂的虚弱卧床不起building 基本构件animal 动物模型slow 减缓神经退化toxins排除毒素nutrition 优化营养毒素载量risk of 复发危险医生自我实验clinical 临床试验16. electrical stimulation神经肌肉电刺激理疗师impact of 微量营养素的影响脑功能2 the emotional flow 跟踪情绪波动21 of emotions 情绪协调22. reactions 心血管反应of t 亲密感觉情绪传染互相调节unit生物心理单元情感慰藉resonance 功能性磁共振成像brain zones激活该脑部区域make it 使之成为强制性project 无把握的项目background 医学背景of 概念验证剂量方案36. or concomitant cond itions并发症与合并症37 agents 抗肿瘤的药剂标准疗法39. properties 药理学特性溶解性差41. pharmacology 体内药理学Unit 41. medicine 补充医学2. medicine 替代医学medical 医疗模式4. and herbs 针灸和草药treatment 辅助治疗6. a and vomiting 恶心，呕吐7. dental pain 术后牙痛. trials 临床试验9. therapy 物理疗法，理疗10 modalities 治疗方法therapeutic 治疗干预design 研究设计e 磁共振tomography 正电子发射型计算机断层成像15 effect 止痛效果生物医学界17. unit康复中心18. acupuncturist 持照针灸师治疗策略草药配方wide array of 各式各样的并发症22. East-West medicine 中西医结合23. abdominal pain 急性腹痛medicines 施药，用药外科手术科学评估27. statistics患病率统计prevalence28. therapies 传统疗法29. models of care询证医学模式压力处理31 nervous system 周围神经系统.peripheral生理机制and studies 机制和还原式研究34. research 效益研究临床结果36. and clinical studies 临床前及临床研究37 mechanisms可能的机制38 therapies 推拿治疗39. medicine 顺势疗法40. medicine 自然疗法41. and yoga冥想与瑜伽Unit 5health 健康危机s 身体症状and 能量和活力completely I from sth.对某事完全免疫5. of falseness 虚假的病毒有压力的生活方式7. t emotion 健全的感情8. health 脆弱的健康our mind ,body and spir it平衡心理、身体和精神10. life精神生活to wellness 通向身心健康的“路障”12. emotions 被压抑的感情13. feelings and emotion 真情实感14. l influences 心理影响human beings 十全十美的人16. teeth 蛀牙17 professor 营养教授迅速膨胀的腰围19. water 瓶装水热量摄入curb 节制食欲and 谷物和蛋白质儿童肥胖症24 protein 精益蛋白质25. habits 饮食习惯26. of life 生活质量27. category 乳制品类of 糖尿病的预防钠的含量Unit 61. homes养老院2 care临终关怀heart 充血性心衰24小时随叫随到5 care unit冠心病监护室to treatment对治疗有反应nursing 专业护理机构8. care生命终末期护理9. care舒适护理planner出院计划专员11 care症状护理12 care姑息疗法13. illness绝症obstructive disease慢性阻塞性肺病15. treatments实验性治疗精神顾问all treatment终止所有治疗go through 经历透析PAP 巴氏涂片检查relationship医患关系provide 提供常规医护22. examinations预防性检查the path离开熟路，另辟蹊径into a shape塑形a prescription照旧处方再开药vitro 体外受精27. biology基础生物学research胚胎干细胞研究with an outside与圈外人合作baby试管婴儿31. sciences生殖科学administer 施用激素isolate eggs 分离未成熟卵子34. observations经验观察35. work首创研究fibre-optic 光导纤维内窥镜37. guidelines伦理原则社会关注39. couples不孕不育夫妇40. disease遗传疾病囊泡性纤维症伦理困境Unit 7nursing 护士站2. machines 生命维持系统舒适护理措施treatments 停止治疗5. decision-making proces s 家长式决策程序给病人授权医学伦理学家伦理准则临床理念10. care 以病人为中心的护理病人自主权治疗选择13. purview 专属领域14. decisions 紧急状况下做的决定对医生的限制16. and confusion 焦虑与困惑违背伦理家庭医疗广泛转移20. treatment 积极治疗21 lesion 原发病灶recommend 建议随访电子病历肺栓塞计算机断层扫描CT双侧浸润X-ray X线胸片pneumonia 左下肺叶肺炎29. breathing 呼吸困难hospice 临终关怀团队31. illness 慢性病32 aspects 社会心理学领域循证临床指南a plan of care 实施治疗方案Unit 8人体研究对象2. research 生物医学研究公认的治疗formal 正式方案principle of 有利原则principle of 公正原则7. agents 有自主能力的行为者8. autonomy 自主性减弱risk of harm 使……面临受害危险希波克拉底誓言in 分配的公正性知情同意and outcomes 公正的程序和结果table 手术台ethical 伦理责任neurosurgeon 儿科神经外科医生pediatricthe surgery 做手术血流19. care 重症监护20. father 义父21. father 生父22. needs 心理需要23. judgment 医学判断24. therapy 职业疗法meningitis 感染脑膜炎die of an 死于感染血管in 循环的不平衡of human research subjec ts 人类研究对象的安宁approve or all researc h activities 批准或不批准所有的研究活动review a 审查一个研究计划risk of civil or criminal 有民事或刑事责任的危险参考答案Unit 11. neuron 神经2. office visit(诊所)就诊3. scan 扫描4. medical practice 行医5. blood pressure 血压6. maintenance(健康)保持7. mammogram 乳房Ｘ线 8. physical 身体9. side effect 副作用10. panic 恐慌11. practicing 执业12. transplant 移植13. budget 预算14. tablet 药片15. childproof 防孩子16. randomized 随机17. allocation(随机)分配18. prognosis 预后19. control 对照20. follow-up 跟踪21. ward 病房22. hepatitis 肝炎23. malaise 身体不适24. metabolism 代谢肝病理生理27. literature 文献28. investigation 调查29. incidence 率30. epidemiology 流行病学 31. bed rest 卧床休息32. hospital stay 住院33. jaundice 黄疸34. course 病程35. intravenous 静脉注射36. diastolic 舒张37. perfusion 灌注38. primary 初级39. bypass(冠脉)旁路40. informed 知情41. humanitarian 人道主义 42. the Red Cross 红十字会 43. relief 援助44. casualty 人员伤亡45. emergency 紧急Unit 21. re-emerging 再现2. strain 变种3. vaccine 疫苗4. infectious 传染性的5. emerging 新出现6. prevention 预防7. plague 鼠疫8. pathogenic 病原的9. authorities 机构10. drug resistanc 抗药性 11. course 疗程12. scarlet fever 猩红热13. virulence 毒性14. pandemic 大流行15. antigen 抗原16. genetic 基因的17. neurological 神经性18. immunity 免疫力19. infrastructure 基础设施 20. case 病例21. swine 猪22. tuberculosis 结核23. morbidity/incidence发病率24. professionals 专业人士 25. latent 潜伏26. skin test 皮试27. screening 筛查28. interferon 干扰素29. toxicity 毒性30. curable 可治愈的31. intractable 难治的32. pathogen 病原体33. ulcer 溃疡34. exposure 接触(带病者)35. recombination 重组36. bioterrorism 生物恐怖活动37. foodborne 生物传播Unit 31. adrenaline 肾上腺素2. residency 实习3. autoimmune 自身免疫4.stamina 持久力5. transient 短暂的6. bedridden 卧床不起7. building block 基本构件 8. model 模型9. neurodegeneration 神经退化排除(毒素) 优化载量复发自我实验试验神经肌肉治疗师微量营养素功能跟踪协调心血管亲密同步传染调节生物心理慰藉ＭＲＩ激活强制性无把握的背景概念方案并发症抗肿瘤标准的药理学的溶解性vivo 体内Unit 41. complementary 补充2. alternative 替代(医学)3. paradigm 模式4. acupuncture 针灸5. adjunct 辅助6. nausea 恶心7. post-operative 术后8. clinical 临床的9. physical therapy 理疗10. therapeutic 治疗(方法) 11. intervention 干预12. design 设计13. resonance 共振14. emission 发射ＰＥＴ15. analgesia 止痛16. establishment(生物医学)界17. rehabilitation 康复18. licensed 持照(针灸师)19. strategies 策略20. formulas 配方21. wide array 各式各样的 22. integrative(中西医)结合 23. acute 急性的24. administer 给药25. procedure 程序26. evaluation 评估27. prevalence 患病率28. conventional 传统(疗法) 29. evidence-based 循证的 30. management(压力)处理 31. peripheral外周／外围 32. mechanisms 机制33. reductionistic 还原式的效益 35. outcomes 结果36. preclinical 临床前37. plausible 可能的38. manipulative 推拿39. homeopathic 顺势40. naturopathic 自然(疗法) 41. meditation 冥想Unit 51. crisis 危机2. symptoms 症状3. vitality 活力4. immune 免疫5. virus 病毒6. lifestyle 生活方式7. robust 健全的8. fragile 脆弱的9. balance 平衡10. spiritual 精神的11. blockages 路障12. repressed 被压抑的13. genuine 真实的(真情实感)14. physiological 心理15. integrated 整合的(十全十美)16. decaying teeth 蛀牙17. nutrition 营养18. waistline 腰围19. bottled 瓶装(水)20. intake 摄入21. appetite 食欲22. protein 蛋白质23. obesity 肥胖症24. lean 精益的(蛋白质)25. dietary 饮食(习惯)26. quality 质量27. dairy 乳制品28. diabetes 糖尿病29. content 含量Unit 61. nursing home 养老院2. hospice 临终(关怀)3. failure(心)衰around-the-clock24小时随叫随到5. coronary 冠心病6. respond(对治疗有)反应7. facility 机构8. end-of-life 终末期9. comfort 舒适的(护理)10. hospital discharge出院 11. care(症状)护理12. palliative 姑息的13. fatal illness 绝症14. pulmonary 肺的ＣＯＰＤ15. experimental 实验性的 16. advisors 顾问17. discontinue 终止18. dialysis 透析19. smear 涂片20. provider 医患关系21. care-as-usual 常规医护 22. preventive 预防性23. beaten 常用的 offthe beaten path 离开熟路,另辟蹊径24. mold into the shape塑形25. renew 重新开始 torenew a prescription 照旧处方再开药26. fertilization 授精27. basic 基础的(生物学)28. stem cell 干细胞29. collaborate 合作30. test-tube 试管(婴儿)31. reproductive 生殖的32. hormones 激素33. immature 未成熟的34. empirical 经验(观察)35. pioneering 首创的36. endoscope 内镜37. ethical 伦理的38. concern(社会)关注39. infertile 不孕不育的40. inherited 遗传性的41. fibrosis 纤维化42. dilemmas 困境Unit 71. station(护士)站2. life-support 生命维持(系统)3. measures 护理措施4. withdraw 停止(治疗)5. paternalistic 家长式的6. empowerment 授权7. ethicists 伦理学家8. principles 准则9. ideal 理念以病人为中心的11. autonomy 自主权12. options 选择13. exclusive purview 专属的(领域)14. emergency 紧急(决定)15. restraint 限制16. anxiety 焦虑17. transgression 违背18. practice(家庭)医疗19. metastases(广泛)转移20. aggressive 积极的21. primary 原发22. follow-up 随访23. record 病历24. embolism 栓塞25. tomography 断层摄像ＣＴ26. infiltrates 浸润27. chest 胸28. lower-lobe 左下叶29. labored(呼吸)困难30. team 团队31. chronic 慢性的32. psychosocial 社会心理 33. guidelines 指南34. implement 实施(治疗方案)Unit 1 动脉旁路overload 神经过载typical office visit 典型的诊所就诊scan DEXA扫描practicing 行医pressure control 血压控制maintenance 健康保持report 乳房X线检查报告 examination 体检effect of a medication 药物的副作用panic 永久的恐慌physicians 职业医生field 移植领域budget 医疗预算tablet 扑热息痛药片cap 防孩子打开的盖子 clinical trial 随机临床试验allocation 随机分配prognosis 病人的预后group 对照组10-year follow-up study10年的跟踪研究medical ward 内科病房hepatitis 传染性肝炎malaise 身体严重不适metabolism 胆红素代谢liver damage 永久的肝损伤pathophysiology 加重病理生理状况literature 医学文献investigation 临床调查of relapse 复发率epidemiology 临床流行病学bed rest 严格的卧床休息stay 住院jaundice 反复发作的黄疸course 临床病程morphine 静脉注射吗啡blood pressure 舒张压perfusion 大脑血灌输care初级保健arterial bypass主动脉冠状助工作treatment decision 知情治疗决internationalhumanitarian group一个国际人道组织Red Cross 红十字会first major reliefeffort 第一次重大援 ofwar 战争中的人员伤亡relief efforts 紧急援助Unit 3surge of adrenaline 肾上腺素激增internal medicineresidency 内科实习期autoimmune disease 自体免疫of stamina 丧失持久力weakness 短暂的虚弱bedridden 卧床不起building block基本构件animal model 动物模型slow neurodegeneration减缓神经退化excrete toxins排除毒素optimize nutrition 优化营养load毒素载量risk of relapse 复发危险self-experimentation医生自我实验clinical trial 临床试验electrical stimulation神经肌肉电刺激therapist 理疗师impact ofmicronutrients 微量营养素的影响function 脑功能the emotional flow 跟踪情绪波动of emotions 情绪协调reactions 心血管反应of rapport 亲密感觉entrain 迅速同步contagion 情绪传染mutually regulation 互相调节psychobiological unit生物心理单元solace情感慰藉magnetic resonanceimaging功能性磁共振成像activate brain zones激活该脑部区域make it mandatory 使之成为强制性(n) dubious project无把握的项目background医学背景of concept概念验证regimen 剂量方案or concomitant conditions并发症与合并症agents 抗肿瘤的药剂therapy标准疗法properties 药理学特性solubility 溶解性差vivo pharmacology 体内药理学 Unit 5health crisis 健康危机 symptoms 身体症状and vitality 能量和活力 completely immune from sth.对某事完全免疫of falseness 虚假的病毒 lifestyle 有压力的生活方式emotion 健全的感情health 脆弱的健康balance our mind ,body and spirit平衡心理、身体和精神life精神生活blockage to wellness 通向身心健康的“路障”emotions 被压抑的感情feelings and emotion真情实感influences 心理影响integrated human beings 十全十美的人teeth 蛀牙professor 营养教授waistline 迅速膨胀的腰围water 瓶装水intake 热量摄入 curb appetite 节制食欲and protein 谷物和蛋白质obesity 儿童肥胖症protein 精益蛋白质habits 饮食习惯of life 生活质量category 乳制品类of diabetes糖尿病的预防content 钠的含量Unit 7nursing station 护士站machines 生命维持系统measures 舒适护理措施withdraw treatments 停止治疗decision-making process家长式决策程序empowerment 给病人授权ethicists 医学伦理学家principles 伦理准则ideal 临床理念care 以病人为中心的护理autonomy 病人自主权options 治疗选择purview 专属领域decisions 紧急状况下做的决定restraint 对医生的限制and confusion 焦虑与困惑transgression 违背伦理practice 家庭医疗metastases 广泛转移treatment 积极治疗lesion 原发病灶recommend follow-up 建议随访record 电子病历embolism 肺栓塞tomography CT，计算机断层扫描infiltrates双侧浸润(n) chest X-ray(X线胸片)lower-lobe pneumonia左下肺叶肺炎breathing呼吸困难hospice team临终关怀团队illness慢性病aspects 社会心理学领域guidelines 循证临床指南implement a plan of care实施治疗方案。

学术英语医学课后词组图文稿

学术英语医学课后词组集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-Unit 1 动脉旁路1.neuron overload 神经过载2.a typical office visit 典型的诊所就诊3.DEXA scan DEXA扫描4.medical practicing 行医5.blood pressure control 血压控制6.health maintenance 健康保持7.Mammogram report 乳房X线检查报告8.physical examination 体检9.side effect of a medication 药物的副作用10.perpetual panic 永久的恐慌11.practicing physicians 职业医生12.transplant field 移植领域13.medical budget 医疗预算14.paracetamol tablet 扑热息痛药片15.childproof cap 防孩子打开的盖子16.randomized clinical trial 随机临床试验17.Random allocation 随机分配18.patient prognosis 病人的预后19.control group 对照组20.a 10-year follow-up study 10年的跟踪研究21.a medical ward 内科病房22.infectious hepatitis 传染性肝炎23.Severe malaise 身体严重不适24.bilirubin metabolism 胆红素代谢25.permanent liver damage 永久的肝损伤26.exacerbate pathophysiology 加重病理生理状况27.Medical literature 医学文献28.clinical investigation 临床调查29.incedence of relapse 复发率30.clinical epidemiology 临床流行病学31.strict bed rest 严格的卧床休息32.hospital stay 住院33.recurrent jaundice 反复发作的黄疸34.clinical course 临床病程35.intravenous morphine 静脉注射吗啡36.diastolic blood pressure 舒张压37.brain perfusion 大脑血灌输38.primary care初级保健39.aorto-coronary arterial bypass主动脉冠状助工作rmed treatment decision 知情治疗决41.an international humanitarian group一个国际人道组织42.the Red Cross 红十字会43.The first major relief effort 第一次重大援44.casualty of war 战争中的人员伤亡45.emergency relief efforts 紧急援助Unit 31.the surge of adrenaline 肾上腺素激增2.an internal medicine residency 内科实习期3.an autoimmune disease 自体免疫4.loss of stamina 丧失持久力5.transient weakness 短暂的虚弱6.becoming bedridden 卧床不起7.a building block基本构件8.an animal model 动物模型9.to slow neurodegeneration减缓神经退化10.to excrete toxins排除毒素11.to optimize nutrition 优化营养12.toxic load毒素载量13.the risk of relapse 复发危险14.physician self-experimentation医生自我实验15.a clinical trial 临床试验16.neuromuscular electrical stimulation 神经肌肉电刺激17.physical therapist 理疗师18.the impact of micronutrients 微量营养素的影响19.brain function 脑功能20.track the emotional flow 跟踪情绪波动21.coordination of emotions 情绪协调22.cardiovascular reactions 心血管反应23.feeling of rapport 亲密感觉24.rapid entrain 迅速同步25.emotional contagion 情绪传染26.to mutually regulation 互相调节27.a psychobiological unit生物心理单元28.emotional solace情感慰藉29.functional magnetic resonance imaging功能性磁共振成像30.to activate brain zones激活该脑部区域31.to make it mandatory 使之成为强制性32.a(n) dubious project无把握的项目33.medical background医学背景34.proof of concept概念验证35.dose regimen 剂量方案plications or concomitant conditions并发症与合并症37.anti-tumor agents 抗肿瘤的药剂38.standard therapy标准疗法39.pharmacology properties 药理学特性40.poor solubility 溶解性差41.in vivo pharmacology 体内药理学Unit 51.a health crisis 健康危机2.physical symptoms 身体症状3.Energy and vitality 能量和活力4.be completely immune from sth.对某事完全免疫5.virus of falseness 虚假的病毒6.stressful lifestyle 有压力的生活方式7.robust emotion 健全的感情8.fragile health 脆弱的健康9.to balance our mind ,body and spirit平衡心理、身体和精神10.spiritual life精神生活11.the blockage to wellness 通向身心健康的“路障”12.repressed emotions 被压抑的感情13.genuine feelings and emotion真情实感14.physiological influences 心理影响15.fully integrated human beings 十全十美的人16.decaying teeth 蛀牙17.nutrition professor 营养教授18.burgeoning waistline 迅速膨胀的腰围19.bottled water 瓶装水20.caloric intake 热量摄入21.to curb appetite 节制食欲22.grains and protein 谷物和蛋白质23.childhood obesity 儿童肥胖症24.lean protein 精益蛋白质25.dietary habits 饮食习惯26.quality of life 生活质量27.diary category 乳制品类28.prevention of diabetes糖尿病的预防29.sodium content 钠的含量Unit 71.a nursing station 护士站2.life-support machines 生命维持系统fort measures 舒适护理措施4.to withdraw treatments 停止治疗5.paternalistic decision-making process 家长式决策程序6.patient empowerment 给病人授权7.medical ethicists 医学伦理学家8.ethical principles 伦理准则9.clinical ideal 临床理念10.patient-centered care 以病人为中心的护理11.patient autonomy 病人自主权12.treatment options 治疗选择13.exclusive purview 专属领域14.emergency decisions 紧急状况下做的决定15.physician restraint 对医生的限制16.anxiety and confusion 焦虑与困惑17.ethical transgression 违背伦理18.family practice 家庭医疗19.widespread metastases 广泛转移20.aggressive treatment 积极治疗21.primary lesion 原发病灶22.to recommend follow-up 建议随访23.electronic record 电子病历24.pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞puterized tomography CT，计算机断层扫描26.bilateral infiltrates双侧浸润27.a(n) chest X-ray(X线胸片)28.left lower-lobe pneumonia左下肺叶肺炎borcd breathing呼吸困难30.the hospice team临终关怀团队31.chronic illness慢性病32.psychosocial aspects 社会心理学领域33.evidence-based guidelines 循证临床指南34.to implement a plan of care 实施治疗方案。

医学词汇填空突破

4. If you want to apologize, a common phrase is to say "I ___".
5. When inviting someone to dinner, you might ask, "Would you like to ___?"
6. In a restaurant, to request the bill, you would usually ___ to the waiter.
25. hear that
26. introduce myself
27. whisper
28. make a sound
29. point out
30. jump (verb)
31. ask
32. complain
33. ask nicely
34. shake hands
35. tap your foot
43. To show disapproval, you might ___ and say "I don't agree."
44. If you want to draw attention to something, you can ___ and say "Look at this!"
45. To express your thanks, you might ___ with a heartfelt "Thank you so much!"
37. To express doubt, you might ___ and say "I'm not sure about this."

英语医学考试题目及答案

英语医学考试题目及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is a common symptom of the common cold?A. FeverB. CoughC. Sore throatD. All of the above答案：D2. The primary function of the heart is to:A. Oxygenate the bloodB. Filter the bloodC. Circulate the blood throughout the bodyD. Store the blood答案：C3. What is the medical term for inflammation of the stomach lining?A. GastritisB. GastroenteritisC. ColitisD. Hepatitis答案：A4. The hormone responsible for the regulation of blood sugar levels is:A. InsulinB. ThyroxineC. CortisolD. Adrenaline答案：A5. Which of the following is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. LymphomaD. Carcinoma答案：A6. The process of cell division is known as:A. MitosisB. MeiosisC. ApoptosisD. Cytokinesis答案：A7. What is the correct term for the study of the structure of the body?A. AnatomyB. PhysiologyC. PathologyD. Pharmacology答案：A8. The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of:A. Oxygen and carbon dioxideB. Nutrients and wasteC. Water and electrolytesD. Hormones and neurotransmitters答案：A9. Which organ is responsible for detoxification of the body?A. LiverB. KidneyC. LungsD. Spleen答案：A10. The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system and the:A. Peripheral nervous systemB. Autonomic nervous systemC. Somatic nervous systemD. Sympathetic nervous system答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. The largest organ of the human body is the _______.答案：Skin12. The medical condition characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood is known as _______.答案：Diabetes13. The process by which the body breaks down food into nutrients is called _______.答案：Digestion14. The study of the causes and effects of diseases is known as _______.答案：Etiology15. A person with a medical condition that causes difficulty in breathing is said to have _______.答案：Asthma16. The main function of the kidneys is to _______.答案：Filter waste products from the blood17. The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders is called _______.答案：Psychiatry18. The medical term for the surgical removal of a tumor is _______.答案：Excision19. The study of the causes and development of diseases is known as _______.答案：Pathology20. The process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment is called _______.答案：Homeostasis三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. Explain the difference between a virus and a bacteria.答案：Viruses are smaller and require a host cell to replicate, while bacteria are larger, single-celled organisms that can reproduce independently. Viruses cause infections by invading host cells and using the host's machinery to replicate, whereas bacteria can cause infections by multiplying on their own.22. What is the role of white blood cells in the immune system?答案：White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, play a crucial role in the immune system by identifying and eliminating pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. They help in the body's defense mechanism through various processes like phagocytosis, producing antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity.23. Describe the process of blood clotting.答案：Blood clotting, or coagulation, is a complex process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. It involves a series of reactions where clottingfactors in the blood are activated in a cascade, leading to the formation of a fibrin mesh that traps blood cells and forms a clot. This process also includes the activation of platelets which aggregate at the site of injury to form a plug.24. What are the functions of the liver?答案：The liver performs a multitude of。

医学英语考试题及答案

医学英语考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "cardiology" refers to the study of which organ?A. HeartB. LungsC. LiverD. Kidneys2. Which of the following is a common symptom of influenza?A. RashB. FeverC. HeadacheD. All of the above3. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Medical Records IndexC. Medical Research InstituteD. Multiple Risk Indicators4. What does "diabetes" mean in medical terms?A. High blood sugarB. Low blood sugarC. High blood pressureD. Low blood pressure5. The prefix "hyper-" typically means:A. Above normalB. Below normalC. ExcessiveD. Deficient6. Which of the following is a type of cancer?A. MelanomaB. BronchitisC. PneumoniaD. Asthma7. The term "anemia" is used to describe a condition where there is:A. Too much red blood cellsB. Too few red blood cellsC. Too much white blood cellsD. Too few white blood cells8. "Hemoglobin" is a protein in red blood cells that carries:A. OxygenB. Carbon dioxideC. GlucoseD. Water9. Which of the following is a method for measuring blood pressure?A. StethoscopeB. SphygmomanometerC. OtoscopeD. Ophthalmoscope10. The suffix "-itis" usually indicates:A. InflammationB. TumorC. CongestionD. Degeneration答案：1. A2. D3. A4. A5. A6. A7. B8. A9. B 10. A二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. The medical term for a break in the skin is a(n) _______.2. The study of the heart and its diseases is known as_______.3. A(n) _______ is a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the eye.4. The process of identifying the cause of a disease iscalled _______.5. A person who has a fear of needles is said to have a(n)_______.6. The medical term for a surgical incision is a(n) _______.7. The term "hypertension" refers to _______ blood pressure.8. The abbreviation "HIV" stands for Human _______ Virus.9. The medical term for the removal of fluid from a bodycavity is _______.10. The study of the structure of the body is called _______.答案：1. Laceration2. Cardiology3. Ophthalmologist4. Diagnosis5. Trypanophobia6. Incision7. High8. Immunodeficiency9. Aspiration10. Anatomy三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between a virus and a bacterium.2. What is the function of the thyroid gland?3. Describe the process of blood clotting.4. What is the role of insulin in the body?5. What are the symptoms of a common cold?6. How does the respiratory system work?答案：1. A virus is a small infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cells of an organism, while a bacterium is a single-celled microorganism that can exist independently and can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful to humans.2. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck that produces hormones regulating the body's metabolism.3. Blood clotting is a complex process that involves platelets and clotting factors to prevent excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.4. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood, allowing cells to take in glucose from the bloodstream for energy.5. Symptoms of a common cold include a runny nose, sorethroat, coughing, sneezing, and sometimes fever.6. The respiratory system works by taking in oxygen from the air, which is then transported to the blood via the lungs,and expelling carbon dioxide from the body through exhalation.四、翻译题（每题5分，共20分）1. 将“急性阑尾炎”翻译成英文。

医学英语试题及答案

医学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. Which of the following is a common symptom of the common cold?A. FeverB. DiarrheaC. HeadacheD. All of the above2. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Medical Research InstituteC. Multiple Risk IndicatorsD. Major Risk Index3. What does the term "anemia" refer to?A. A condition characterized by low blood pressureB. A condition characterized by low red blood cell count or low hemoglobinC. A condition characterized by high blood sugar levelsD. A condition characterized by high cholesterol levels4. The prefix "cardio-" is commonly associated with:A. The heartB. The lungsC. The kidneysD. The brain5. Which of the following is a type of cancer?A. HypertensionB. DiabetesC. MelanomaD. Asthma6. The term "pneumonia" refers to an inflammation of:A. The heartB. The lungsC. The liverD. The kidneys7. In medical terms, "hyperglycemia" is a condition where:A. Blood sugar levels are below normalB. Blood sugar levels are normalC. Blood sugar levels are above normalD. Blood sugar levels are unstable8. The suffix "-itis" generally indicates:A. A condition of deficiencyB. A condition of excessC. An inflammationD. A tumor9. The abbreviation "HIV" stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. High Intensity VirusC. Hepatitis Infection VirusD. Hormone Infection Virus10. Which of the following is a sign of dehydration?A. Frequent urinationB. Dry mouthC. Increased appetiteD. Rapid heartbeat二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. The medical term for a break in the skin is a/an _______.12. A person with a fear of heights is said to have _______.13. The process of identifying a disease is called _______.14. The study of the structure of the body is known as_______.15. A medical condition characterized by excessive thirst and urination is _______.16. The abbreviation "CT" stands for _______.17. The term "dermatitis" refers to an inflammation of the_______.18. A person who specializes in treating diseases of the heart is called a _______.19. The medical term for the removal of a kidney stone is_______.20. The abbreviation "BP" stands for _______.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. Explain the difference between "chronic" and "acute" in medical terms.22. What is the function of the thyroid gland in the human body?23. Describe the purpose of a biopsy in medical diagnosis.24. What are the main symptoms of influenza?四、翻译题（每题5分，共10分）25. 将“高血压”翻译成英文。

英语医学考试题目及答案

英语医学考试题目及答案****1. **词汇题****题目**：Match the following medical terms with their correct definitions.A. CardiologyB. DermatologyC. GastroenterologyD. NeurologyE. Ophthalmology1. The study of the skin2. The study of the heart and its diseases3. The study of the nervous system4. The study of the eyes5. The study of the stomach and intestines**答案**：1. B2. A3. D4. E5. C2. **阅读理解题****题目**：Read the following passage and answer the questions."In recent years, telemedicine has become increasingly popular due to its ability to provide medical care to patients in remote areas. This technology allows doctors to consult with patients via video calls, email, or smart phone applications, which can save both time and resources."Question: What is the main advantage of telemedicine mentioned in the passage?A. It can provide medical care to patients in remote areas.B. It is cost-effective.C. It saves time and resources.D. It allows doctors to consult with patients in person.**答案**：C. It saves time and resources.3. **语法填空题****题目**：Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words given.The human body is composed of several systems, including the circulatory system, which is responsible for the transportation of blood and nutrients throughout the body. The heart, a vital organ in this system, (1) _______ (pump) blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. The circulatory system also includes the blood vessels, which (2)_______ (carry) blood to different parts of the body. The lymphatic system, which is closely related to the circulatory system, (3) _______ (help) in the immune response by filtering out harmful substances from the body.**答案**：1. pumps2. carry3. helps4. **完形填空题****题目**：Read the following text and choose the best word to fill in each blank.Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by high blood sugar levels, which can lead to serious health complications if not managed properly. There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is often related to obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. Both types require careful monitoring and management to prevent complications such as heart disease, kidney failure, and nerve damage.1. Diabetes can lead to serious health complications if not_______ properly.2. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system _______ the insulin-producing cells.3. Type 2 diabetes is often _______ to obesity and a sedentary lifestyle.**答案**：1. managed2. attacks3. related5. **翻译题****题目**：Translate the following medical terms from English to Chinese.1. Hypertension2. Bronchitis3. Arthritis4. Anemia5. Asthma**答案**：1. 高血压2. 支气管炎3. 关节炎4. 贫血5. 哮喘6. **简答题****题目**：Explain the difference between an X-ray and a CT scan.**答案**：An X-ray is a type of medical imaging that uses a small amount of ionizing radiation to capture images of the body's internal structures. It is often used to diagnose fractures, infections, and other conditions. A CT (computed tomography) scan, on the other hand, is a more advanced imaging technique that uses a series of X-ray images taken from different angles and combines them to create cross-sectional images of the body. CT scans provide more detailed information than standard X-rays and are particularly useful for diagnosing conditions that involve soft tissues, such as tumors or internal injuries.7. **案例分析题****题目**：A patient presents with a persistent cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Based on these symptoms, what could be the potential diagnoses, and what further tests might be required to confirm the diagnosis?**答案**：Potential diagnoses could include pneumonia, asthma, or a pulmonary embolism. Further tests might include a chest X-ray to check for signs of infection or fluid buildup, a spirometry test to assess lung function for asthma, and a D-dimer blood test or a CT pulmonary angiogram to rule out a pulmonary embolism.8. **写作题****题目**：Write a short essay on the importance of vaccination in preventing infectious diseases.**答案**：Vaccination is a crucial tool in the prevention of infectious diseases. It works by introducing a weakened or inactivated form of a pathogen into the body, which stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies without causing the disease. This process results in immunity, protecting the individual from future infections. Vaccination not only safeguards the health of the vaccinated individual but also contributes to herd immunity, which protects those who cannot be vaccinated, such as infants or immunocompromised individuals. By reducing the spread of infectious diseases, vaccination helps to prevent outbreaks and减轻 healthcare systems' burden. It is a cost-effective public health intervention that has saved millions of lives worldwide.以上是一套英语医学考试的题目及答案，涵盖了词汇、阅读、语法、完形填空、翻译、简答和写作等多种题型，旨在考察学生在医学英语方面的综合运用能力。

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学术英语医学单词填空及答案公司内部档案编码：[OPPTR-OPPT28-OPPTL98-OPPNN08]学术英语（医学）课后词组Unit11． overload神经过载typical 典型的诊所就诊DEXA扫描行医5. control血压控制健康保持7. report乳房X线检查报告8. examination 体检9. ofamedication药物的副作用永久的恐慌11. physicians 职业医生12. field移植领域医疗预算扑热息痛药片15. cap防孩子打开的盖子16. clinicaltrial 随机临床试验随机分配病人的预后19. group对照组10-year study10年的跟踪研究medical 内科病房传染性肝炎身体严重不适胆红素代谢damage永久的肝损伤加重病理生理状况医学文献临床调查29. ofrelapse复发率临床流行病学严格的卧床休息住院反复发作的黄疸临床病程35 morphine静脉注射吗啡36 bloodpressure舒张压大脑血灌输38. care初级保健arterial 主动脉冠状动脉旁路40. treatmentdecision 知情治疗决international group一个国际人道组织Red 红十字会firstmajor effort第一次重大援助工作44 ofwar战争中的人员伤亡45. reliefefforts紧急援助、Unit21 disease(再现疾病) flu 新流感变种and 抗生素和疫苗4. disease传染病5 disease新现疾病6 strategy预防策略腺鼠疫8. microbes病原微生物heath 公共卫生机构抗药性ofantibiotictherapy抗生素治疗疗程猩红热levelof 毒性水平流感大流行表面抗原16. shift基因改变神经性并发症of 免疫力减弱health 公共卫生基础设施malaria 一个疟疾病例21. flu猪流感22. bacillus结核杆菌ofmorbidity发病率水平保健专业人士25 tuberculosis潜伏结核病结核素皮试27. programmes筛查计划28. gammatestsγ干扰素测试药物毒性disease一种可治愈的病31, infectiousdisease难治的传染病unknown 一种未知的病原体gastric 慢性胃溃疡34 tocarriesofdisease接触带病者35,genetic 基因重组of 生物恐怖活动病原37. infections通过食物传播的传染病Unit3surgeof 肾上腺素激增internalmedicine 内科实习期disease自体免疫of 丧失持久力5. weakness短暂的虚弱卧床不起building 基本构件animal 动物模型slow 减缓神经退化toxins排除毒素nutrition优化营养毒素载量riskof 复发危险医生自我实验clinical 临床试验16.electricalstimulation神经肌肉电刺激理疗师impactof 微量营养素的影响脑功能2 theemotionalflow跟踪情绪波动21 ofemotions情绪协调22. reactions心血管反应of t亲密感觉情绪传染mutually 互相调节psychobiologicalunit生物心理单元情感慰藉resonance 功能性磁共振成像brainzones激活该脑部区域makeit 使之成为强制性 project无把握的项目background医学背景of 概念验证剂量方案36. orconcomitantconditions并发症与合并症37 agents抗肿瘤的药剂标准疗法39. properties药理学特性溶解性差41. pharmacology体内药理学Unit41. medicine补充医学2. medicine替代医学medical 医疗模式4. andherbs针灸和草药treatment辅助治疗6. aandvomiting恶心，呕吐7. dentalpain术后牙痛. trials临床试验9. therapy物理疗法，理疗10 modalities治疗方法therapeutic 治疗干预design研究设计e磁共振tomography正电子发射型计算机断层成像15 effect止痛效果生物医学界17. unit康复中心18. acupuncturist持照针灸师治疗策略草药配方widearrayof 各式各样的并发症22. East-Westmedicine 中西医结合23. abdominalpain急性腹痛medicines施药，用药外科手术科学评估27. statistics患病率统计prevalence28. therapies传统疗法29. modelsofcare询证医学模式压力处理31 nervoussystem周围神经系统.peripheral生理机制and studies机制和还原式研究34. research效益研究临床结果36. andclinicalstudies临床前及临床研究37 mechanisms可能的机制38 therapies推拿治疗39. medicine顺势疗法40. medicine自然疗法41. andyoga冥想与瑜伽Unit5health 健康危机 s身体症状and 能量和活力completelyI fromsth.对某事完全免疫5. offalseness虚假的病毒有压力的生活方式7. temotion健全的感情8. health脆弱的健康ourmind,bodyandspirit平衡心理、身体和精神10. life精神生活towellness通向身心健康的“路障”12. emotions被压抑的感情13. feelingsandemotion 真情实感14. linfluences心理影响 humanbeings十全十美的人16. teeth蛀牙17 professor营养教授迅速膨胀的腰围19. water瓶装水热量摄入curb 节制食欲and 谷物和蛋白质儿童肥胖症24 protein精益蛋白质25. habits饮食习惯26. oflife生活质量27. category乳制品类of 糖尿病的预防钠的含量Unit61. homes养老院2 care临终关怀heart 充血性心衰24小时随叫随到5 careunit冠心病监护室 totreatment对治疗有反应nursing 专业护理机构8. care生命终末期护理9. care舒适护理planner出院计划专员11 care症状护理12 care姑息疗法13. illness绝症obstructive disease慢性阻塞性肺病15. treatments实验性治疗精神顾问alltreatment终止所有治疗gothrough 经历透析PAP 巴氏涂片检查relationship医患关系provide 提供常规医护22. examinations预防性检查the path离开熟路，另辟蹊径intoashape塑形aprescription照旧处方再开药vitro 体外受精27. biology基础生物学research胚胎干细胞研究withanoutside与圈外人合作baby试管婴儿31. sciences生殖科学administer 施用激素isolate eggs分离未成熟卵子34. observations经验观察35. work首创研究fibre-optic 光导纤维内窥镜37. guidelines伦理原则社会关注39. couples不孕不育夫妇40. disease遗传疾病囊泡性纤维症伦理困境Unit7nursing 护士站2. machines生命维持系统舒适护理措施treatments停止治疗5. decision-makingprocess家长式决策程序给病人授权医学伦理学家伦理准则临床理念10. care以病人为中心的护理病人自主权治疗选择13. purview专属领域14. decisions紧急状况下做的决定对医生的限制16. andconfusion焦虑与困惑违背伦理家庭医疗广泛转移20. treatment积极治疗21 lesion原发病灶recommend 建议随访电子病历肺栓塞计算机断层扫描CT双侧浸润X-rayX线胸片pneumonia左下肺叶肺炎29. breathing呼吸困难hospice 临终关怀团队31. illness慢性病32 aspects社会心理学领域循证临床指南aplanofcare实施治疗方案Unit8人体研究对象2. research生物医学研究公认的治疗formal 正式方案principleof 有利原则principleof公正原则7. agents有自主能力的行为者8. autonomy自主性减弱riskofharm使面临受害危险希波克拉底誓言in 分配的公正性知情同意andoutcomes公正的程序和结果 table手术台ethical 伦理责任neurosurgeon儿科神经外科医生pediatricthesurgery做手术.血流19. care重症监护20. father义父21. father生父22. needs心理需要23. judgment医学判断24. therapy职业疗法meningitis感染脑膜炎dieofan 死于感染血管in 循环的不平衡ofhumanresearchsubjects人类研究对象的安宁approveor allresearchactivities批准或不批准所有的研究活动reviewa 审查一个研究计划riskofcivilorcriminal有民事或刑事责任的危险.参考答案Unit 11. neuron 神经2. office visit(诊所)就诊3. scan 扫描4. medical practice 行医5. blood pressure 血压6. maintenance(健康)保持7. mammogram 乳房Ｘ线8. physical 身体9. side effect 副作用10. panic 恐慌11. practicing 执业12. transplant 移植13. budget 预算14. tablet 药片15. childproof 防孩子16. randomized 随机17. allocation(随机)分配18. prognosis 预后19. control 对照20. follow-up 跟踪21. ward 病房22. hepatitis 肝炎23. malaise 身体不适24. metabolism 代谢肝病理生理27. literature 文献28. investigation调查29. incidence 率30. epidemiology 流行病学 31. bed rest卧床休息32. hospital stay住院33. jaundice 黄疸34. course 病程35. intravenous 静脉注射 36.diastolic 舒张37. perfusion 灌注38. primary 初级39. bypass(冠脉)旁路40. informed 知情41. humanitarian 人道主义 42. the RedCross 红十字会 43.relief 援助44. casualty 人员伤亡45. emergency 紧急Unit 21. re-emerging 再现2. strain 变种.3. vaccine 疫苗4. infectious 传染性的5. emerging 新出现6. prevention 预防7. plague 鼠疫8. pathogenic 病原的9. authorities 机构10. drug resistanc 抗药性 11. course 疗程12. scarlet fever 猩红热13. virulence 毒性14. pandemic 大流行15. antigen 抗原16. genetic 基因的17. neurological 神经性18. immunity 免疫力19. infrastructure基础设施 20. case病例21. swine 猪22. tuberculosis 结核23.morbidity/incidence发病率24. professionals专业人士 25. latent潜伏26. skin test 皮试27. screening 筛查28. interferon 干扰素29. toxicity 毒性30. curable 可治愈的31. intractable 难治的32. pathogen 病原体33. ulcer 溃疡34. exposure 接触(带病者) 35.recombination 重组36. bioterrorism 生物恐怖活动37. foodborne 生物传播Unit 31. adrenaline 肾上腺素2. residency 实习3. autoimmune 自身免疫 4. stamina 持久力5. transient 短暂的6. bedridden 卧床不起7. building block基本构件 8. model模型.9. neurodegeneration 神经退化排除(毒素) 优化载量复发自我实验试验神经肌肉治疗师微量营养素功能跟踪协调心血管亲密同步传染调节生物心理慰藉ＭＲＩ激活强制性无把握的背景概念方案并发症抗肿瘤标准的药理学的溶解性vivo 体内Unit 4 1. complementary 补充2. alternative 替代(医学)3. paradigm 模式4. acupuncture 针灸5. adjunct 辅助6. nausea 恶心7. post-operative术后8. clinical 临床的9. physical therapy理疗10. therapeutic 治疗(方法) 11.intervention 干预12. design 设计13. resonance 共振14. emission 发射ＰＥＴ 15. analgesia止痛16.establishment(生物医学)界17. rehabilitation康复18. licensed 持照(针灸师) 19.strategies 策略20. formulas 配方21. wide array 各式各样的 22.integrative(中西医)结合 23. acute 急性的24. administer 给药25. procedure 程序26. evaluation 评估27. prevalence 患病率28. conventional 传统(疗法) 29.evidence-based 循证.的 30. management(压力)处理 31. peripheral 外周／外围 32. mechanisms 机制33. reductionistic 还原式的效益 35. outcomes 结果36. preclinical 临床前37. plausible 可能的38. manipulative 推拿39. homeopathic 顺势40. naturopathic 自然(疗法) 41. meditation 冥想Unit 51. crisis 危机2. symptoms 症状3. vitality 活力4. immune 免疫5. virus 病毒6. lifestyle 生活方式7. robust 健全的8. fragile 脆弱的9. balance 平衡10. spiritual 精神的11. blockages 路障12. repressed 被压抑的13. genuine 真实的(真情实感)14. physiological心理15. integrated 整合的(十全十美)16. decaying teeth蛀牙17. nutrition 营养18. waistline 腰围19. bottled 瓶装(水)20. intake 摄入21. appetite 食欲22. protein 蛋白质23. obesity 肥胖症24. lean 精益的(蛋白质)25. dietary 饮食(习惯)26. quality 质量27. dairy 乳制品28. diabetes 糖尿病29. content 含量Unit 61. nursing home 养老院2. hospice 临终(关怀)3. failure(心)衰.around-the-clock24小时随叫随到5. coronary 冠心病6. respond(对治疗有)反应7. facility 机构8. end-of-life 终末期9. comfort 舒适的(护理)10. hospital discharge 出院 11. care(症状)护理12. palliative 姑息的13. fatal illness 绝症14. pulmonary 肺的ＣＯＰＤ15. experimental 实验性的 16. advisors顾问17. discontinue 终止18. dialysis 透析19. smear 涂片20. provider 医患关系21. care-as-usual常规医护 22.preventive 预防性23. beaten 常用的off the beaten path离开熟路,另辟蹊径24. mold into theshape 塑形25. renew 重新开始to renew aprescription 照旧处方再开药26. fertilization授精27. basic 基础的(生物学) 28. stem cell干细胞29. collaborate 合作30. test-tube 试管(婴儿)31. reproductive 生殖的 32. hormones激素33. immature 未成熟的34. empirical 经验(观察) 35.pioneering 首创的36. endoscope 内镜37. ethical 伦理的38. concern(社会)关注.39. infertile 不孕不育的 40. inherited 遗传性的41. fibrosis 纤维化42. dilemmas 困境Unit 7 1. station(护士)站2. life-support 生命维持(系统)3. measures 护理措施4. withdraw 停止(治疗)5. paternalistic 家长式的6. empowerment 授权7. ethicists 伦理学家8. principles 准则9. ideal 理念以病人为中心的11. autonomy 自主权12. options 选择13. exclusivepurview 专属的(领域) 14. emergency 紧急(决定) 15.restraint 限制16. anxiety 焦虑17. transgression违背18. practice(家庭)医疗19. metastases(广泛)转移 20. aggressive积极的21. primary 原发22. follow-up 随访23. record 病历24. embolism 栓塞25. tomography 断层摄像ＣＴ26. infiltrates 浸润27. chest 胸28. lower-lobe 左下叶29. labored(呼吸)困难30. team 团队31. chronic 慢性的32. psychosocial 社会心理 33.guidelines 指南34. implement 实施(治疗方案)Unit 1 动脉旁路overload 神经过载typical officevisit 典型的诊所就诊.scan DEXA扫描practicing 行医pressure control 血压控制maintenance 健康保持report 乳房X线检查报告examination 体检 effect of a medication 药物的副作用panic 永久的恐慌 physicians 职业医生field 移植领域budget 医疗预算tablet 扑热息痛药片cap 防孩子打开的盖子 clinical trial 随机临床试验allocation 随机分配prognosis 病人的预后group 对照组10-year follow-upstudy 10年的跟踪研究medical ward 内科病房hepatitis 传染性肝炎malaise 身体严重不适metabolism 胆红素代谢liver damage 永久的肝损伤pathophysiology 加重病理生理状况literature 医学文献investigation 临床调查of relapse 复发率epidemiology 临床流行病学bed rest 严格的卧床休息stay 住院jaundice 反复发作的黄疸course 临床病程morphine 静脉注射吗啡blood pressure 舒张压perfusion 大脑血灌输care初级保健arterial bypass主动脉冠状助工作treatment decision 知情治疗决international humanitarian group 一个国际人道组织Red Cross 红十字会 first major relief effort 第一次重大援of war 战争中的人员伤亡relief efforts 紧急援助Unit 3surge of adrenaline 肾上腺素激增internal medicine residency 内科实习期autoimmune disease 自体免疫 of stamina 丧失持久力weakness 短暂的虚弱bedridden 卧床不起building block基本构件animal model 动物模型slowneurodegeneration减缓神经退化excrete toxins排除毒素optimize nutrition优化营养load毒素载量risk of relapse 复发危险self-experimentation医生自我实验clinical trial 临床试验electricalstimulation 神经肌肉电刺激therapist 理疗师impact ofmicronutrients 微量营养素的影响function 脑功能the emotional flow跟踪情绪波动of emotions 情绪协调reactions 心血管反应of rapport 亲密感觉entrain 迅速同步contagion 情绪传染mutuallyregulation 互相调节 psychobiological unit生物心理单元solace情感慰藉magnetic resonance imaging功能性磁共振成像activate brain zones激活该脑部区域make it mandatory 使之成为强制性(n) dubious project 无把握的项目background医学背景of concept概念验证regimen 剂量方案 or concomitantconditions并发症与合并症agents 抗肿瘤的药剂therapy标准疗法properties 药理学特性solubility 溶解性差vivo pharmacology体内药理学 Unit 5health crisis 健康危机symptoms 身体症状and vitality 能量和活力completely immunefrom sth.对某事完全免疫of falseness 虚假的病毒lifestyle 有压力的生活方式emotion 健全的感情health 脆弱的健康balance ourmind ,body andspirit平衡心理、身体和精神life精神生活blockage towellness 通向身心健康的“路障”emotions 被压抑的感情feelings andemotion真情实感influences 心理影响integrated humanbeings 十全十美的人teeth 蛀牙professor 营养教授waistline 迅速膨胀的腰围water 瓶装水intake 热量摄入curb appetite 节制食欲and protein 谷物和蛋白质obesity 儿童肥胖症 protein 精益蛋白质 habits 饮食习惯of life 生活质量 category 乳制品类 of diabetes糖尿病的预防content 钠的含量Unit 7nursing station 护士站machines 生命维持系统 measures 舒适护理措施withdrawtreatments 停止治疗decision-makingprocess 家长式决策程序empowerment 给病人授权ethicists 医学伦理学家principles 伦理准则ideal 临床理念care 以病人为中心的护理autonomy 病人自主权options 治疗选择purview 专属领域decisions 紧急状况下做的决定restraint 对医生的限制and confusion 焦虑与困惑transgression 违背伦理practice 家庭医疗metastases 广泛转移treatment 积极治疗lesion 原发病灶recommend follow-up 建议随访record 电子病历embolism 肺栓塞tomography CT，计算机断层扫描infiltrates双侧浸润(n) chest X-ray(X线胸片)lower-lobe pneumonia左下肺叶肺炎breathing呼吸困难 hospice team临终关怀团队illness慢性病aspects 社会心理学领域guidelines 循证临床指南implement a plan of care 实施治疗方案。

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