2014年全国统考医学博士英语真题作文
医学博士英语作文范文
医学博士英语作文范文Title: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: A Perspective from a Medical Doctor。
Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the healthcare industry, transforming the way we diagnose, treat, and manage diseases. As a medical doctor, I have witnessed firsthand the significant impact AI has had on patient care and medical research. In this essay, I will explore the role of AI in healthcare from the perspective of a medical professional.Firstly, AI has greatly enhanced diagnostic accuracy. Machine learning algorithms can analyze vast amounts of medical data, including imaging scans, genetic information, and patient records, to identify patterns and predict disease outcomes with remarkable precision. For example,AI-powered algorithms can detect abnormalities in medical images such as X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans, helping radiologists diagnose conditions like cancer, fractures,and neurological disorders more quickly and accurately.Furthermore, AI is revolutionizing personalized medicine. By analyzing genetic data and other patient-specific information, AI algorithms can tailor treatment plans to individual patients, maximizing efficacy and minimizing side effects. For instance, in oncology, AI can help oncologists select the most effective chemotherapy regimen based on a patient's genetic profile, improving treatment outcomes and quality of life.Moreover, AI is driving innovation in drug discoveryand development. By analyzing large datasets of molecular structures, drug interactions, and biological pathways, AI algorithms can identify potential drug candidates more efficiently than traditional methods. This accelerates the drug discovery process, bringing new treatments to market faster and at lower costs. Additionally, AI can optimize clinical trials by identifying eligible patients more quickly, enhancing trial recruitment and reducing timelines.In addition to its clinical applications, AI is alsotransforming healthcare operations and administration. Predictive analytics algorithms can forecast patient demand, optimize staffing levels, and streamline resourceallocation in hospitals and healthcare facilities. Natural language processing (NLP) technology enables automated medical coding and documentation, reducing administrative burden on healthcare providers and improving accuracy and efficiency.Despite its tremendous potential, AI in healthcare also presents challenges and ethical considerations. One concern is the need to ensure patient privacy and data security. As AI systems rely on vast amounts of sensitive patient data,it is imperative to implement robust safeguards to protect patient confidentiality and prevent unauthorized access or misuse of data. Additionally, there are concerns about the potential for algorithmic bias, where AI systems mayproduce discriminatory outcomes, particularly in areas such as diagnosis and treatment recommendations. Addressingthese issues requires close collaboration betweenhealthcare professionals, AI developers, policymakers, and ethicists to establish guidelines and standards forresponsible AI deployment in healthcare.In conclusion, AI is revolutionizing healthcare in myriad ways, from improving diagnostic accuracy and personalized medicine to driving innovation in drug discovery and streamlining healthcare operations. As a medical doctor, I am excited about the transformative potential of AI to enhance patient care, advance medical research, and ultimately improve health outcomes for individuals and populations. However, it is essential to address challenges related to privacy, bias, and ethics to ensure that AI is deployed responsibly and ethically in healthcare. By harnessing the power of AI responsibly, we can unlock new possibilities for the future of medicine and healthcare delivery.。
医学博士考试英语作文
医学博士考试英语作文In the contemporary medical field, the importance of English proficiency cannot be overstated. The English language has become a global lingua franca in the scientific community, and for medical professionals, it is an indispensable toolfor communication, research, and education. This essay will explore the significance of English proficiency in medical doctoral examinations and how it contributes to the advancement of medical knowledge and patient care.Firstly, English proficiency is crucial for accessing and understanding the vast body of medical literature. The majority of peer-reviewed journals and research papers are published in English, which means that doctors who wish to stay current with the latest medical advancements must be able to read, comprehend, and critically evaluate these materials. This is particularly important for medical doctoral candidates, who are expected to contribute original research to their field.Secondly, the ability to communicate effectively in English is essential for international collaboration. Medicine is a field that transcends national borders, and doctors often work with colleagues from around the world. English serves as a common language that facilitates the exchange of ideas and the development of innovative treatments and therapies. For medical doctoral students, being able to communicate in English can open doors to international conferences, researchopportunities, and professional networks.Thirdly, English proficiency is a key component of medical education. Many medical schools and universities offer courses in English, and some even require students to take their exams in English. This not only prepares students for the global medical community but also ensures that they can understand and apply medical knowledge in a variety of contexts.Moreover, the ability to write in English is vital for medical doctoral candidates. Writing skills are necessary for drafting research proposals, presenting case studies, and publishing findings. A well-articulated argument or a clear explanation of a complex medical concept can make a significant impact on the medical community and potentially influence patient outcomes.Lastly, English is often the language of choice for medical conferences and seminars. Being able to present and defend one's research in English is a critical skill for medical doctoral students. It allows them to engage with a broader audience, receive feedback, and contribute to the global dialogue on medical issues.In conclusion, English proficiency is not just a requirement for medical doctoral examinations; it is a fundamental skill that enables medical professionals to contribute to the global medical community. It is through the mastery of the English language that doctors can access knowledge,communicate effectively, and advance the field of medicine for the benefit of all patients.。
英语医学考博真题作文答案
When preparing for a doctoral examination in the medical field,it is crucial to have a strong grasp of both medical knowledge and the ability to articulate complex ideas in English.Here are some sample essay questions and answers that could be relevant for a medical doctoral exam in English:Question1:Discuss the role of genomics in modern medicine and its implications for personalized treatment.Answer:Genomics has revolutionized modern medicine by providing insights into the genetic basis of diseases.It allows for a more personalized approach to treatment,as it enables doctors to tailor therapies to an individuals genetic makeup.This is particularly significant in cancer treatment,where genomics can identify specific mutations that drive tumor growth,leading to targeted therapies that are more effective and less toxic than traditional chemotherapy.Furthermore,genomics plays a critical role in predicting disease risk,understanding drug responses,and developing preventive strategies. However,it also raises ethical concerns,such as privacy issues and potential misuse of genetic information.Question2:Evaluate the impact of telemedicine on patient care and the healthcare system.Answer:Telemedicine has significantly impacted patient care by increasing accessibility to healthcare services,especially in remote and underserved areas.It allows patients to consult with healthcare professionals via video calls,phone calls,or online platforms, reducing the need for physical visits and travel time.This has been particularly beneficial during the COVID19pandemic,where it helped maintain continuity of care while minimizing the risk of infection.Telemedicine also improves efficiency in the healthcare system by reducing hospital overcrowding and enabling remote monitoring of patients with chronic conditions.However,challenges remain,including the digital divide, ensuring data security,and integrating telemedicine into existing healthcare infrastructure.Question3:Explain the concept of evidencebased medicine and its significance in clinical practice.Answer:Evidencebased medicine EBM is an approach to clinical practice that emphasizes the use of the best available evidence from wellconducted research to make decisions aboutpatient care.It involves a systematic process of identifying patient information needs, finding,appraising,and implementing relevant clinical research findings.The significance of EBM lies in its ability to improve patient outcomes by ensuring that healthcare decisions are informed by rigorous scientific evidence.It also promotes transparency and accountability in healthcare,as it requires healthcare professionals to justify their decisions based on the latest research.However,challenges include the need for continuous education to keep up with new evidence and the potential for overreliance on guidelines at the expense of individual patient needs.Question4:Discuss the role of artificial intelligence in healthcare and its potential future applications.Answer:Artificial intelligence AI is increasingly being integrated into healthcare,offering numerous benefits such as improving diagnostic accuracy,predicting patient outcomes, and personalizing treatment plans.AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data, including medical images,electronic health records,and genomic data,to identify patterns and make predictions that may not be apparent to human practitioners.Future applications of AI in healthcare could include robotic surgery,virtual nursing assistants, and advanced drug discovery.However,the integration of AI also presents challenges, such as ensuring data privacy,addressing ethical concerns,and managing the potential impact on the workforce.Question5:Analyze the ethical considerations in conducting clinical trials and the importance of informed consent.Answer:Clinical trials are essential for evaluating the safety and efficacy of new medical interventions.However,they involve ethical considerations that must be carefully addressed to protect the rights and wellbeing of rmed consent is a fundamental aspect of ethical clinical trials,ensuring that participants are fully informed about the purpose,procedures,risks,and benefits of the study before they decide to participate.This process involves providing clear,understandable information and ensuring that participants consent is voluntary and not coerced.Ethical considerations also include minimizing risks to participants,ensuring fair subject selection,and maintaining confidentiality.Violations of these ethical principles can undermine public trust in medical research and have serious legal and social consequences.。
医学博士英语作文范文10篇
医学博士英语作文范文10篇Certainly! Here are 10 short essay samples on the topic of "Medical Doctor" written 英文版:1. The Role of a Medical Doctor in SocietyIn our complex society, the role of a medical doctor extends beyond the traditional scope of treating illnesses. They are educators, advocates, and leaders in public health initiatives.2. The Journey to Becoming a DoctorThe path to becoming a medical doctor is a long and arduous one, filled with years of education, training, and a deep commitment to the Hippocratic Oath.3. Medical Innovations: A Doctor's PerspectiveAs the medical field continues to evolve, doctors play a crucial role in embracing new technologies and treatments to improve patient outcomes.4. The Impact of Medical Doctors on Patient CarePatient care is at the heart of a medical doctor's practice. The impact of their empathy, knowledge, and skill can significantly influence a patient's recovery.5. Doctor's Dilemma: Balancing Work and LifeThe demanding schedule and high-stress environment of being a medical doctor often lead to a challenging balance between professional and personal life.6. The Doctor-Patient Relationship in Modern MedicineTrust and communication are the cornerstones of the doctor-patient relationship, which is essential for effective healthcare delivery.7. The Ethics of Medical PracticeMedical doctors must navigate a complex ethical landscape, ensuring that patient autonomy and well-being are always at the forefront of their decisions.8. The Future of Medical EducationAs medicine advances, so must medical education. The future of training doctors will likely involve more technology and a focus on lifelong learning.9. Doctors and the Fight Against Global Health CrisesMedical doctors are on the front lines of global health crises, such as pandemics, where their expertise is critical in managing and mitigating risks.10. The Human Side of Medicine: A Doctor's CompassionDespite the technical nature of their work, doctors must also possess a deep sense of compassion to provide holistic care that addresses the patient's emotional and psychological needs.Each essay is a brief overview of a different aspect related to the profession of a medical doctor. These essays can be expanded upon to create a more detailed and comprehensive piece.。
2014年全国医学考博英语试题
2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求,将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一(Paper One）答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上.3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30％）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers，At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said，The question will be read only once，After youhear the question, read the four possible answers marked A，B, C，and D。
Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman：I feel faint.Man: No wonder。
You haven’t had a bite all day。
医学博士英语作文语真题
医学博士英语作文语真题英文回答:The topic for the medical doctor English essay question is often related to healthcare issues or medical advancements. It requires a deep understanding of medical terminology and the ability to communicate effectively in English. The essay may ask students to discuss a specific medical case, propose solutions to a healthcare problem, or analyze the impact of a new medical technology.To excel in this type of essay, it is crucial to have a strong grasp of medical knowledge and terminology in both English and Chinese. It is important to use accurate and concise language to convey ideas and arguments effectively. Additionally, incorporating relevant research and evidence to support your points will strengthen the overall quality of the essay.中文回答：医学博士英语作文的题目通常与医疗问题或医学进展相关。
它要求对医学术语有深入的了解，并能够有效地用英语进行沟通。
医学博士英语作文语真题
医学博士英语作文语真题As a medical doctoral student, I have encountered numerous challenges in my journey to becoming a proficient English writer. While English is not my first language, I have strived to improve my writing skills through constant practice and dedication. The ability to effectively communicate in English is essential for medical professionals, as it allows for the dissemination of research findings, patient care, and collaboration with colleagues on an international scale.One of the main challenges I have faced in writing in English is the use of medical terminology and jargon. Medical writing requires a precise and accurate use of terminology to convey complex concepts and findings. As a non-native English speaker, I have had to familiarize myself with the specific medical terminology in English and ensure that I use it correctly in my writing. This has required a significant amount of time and effort, as medical terminology can be quite extensive and nuanced.In addition to mastering medical terminology, I have also had to work on improving my overall writing skills in English. This includes developing a strong grasp of grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure. I have sought out resources such as grammar books, online tutorials, and writing workshops to help me improve in these areas. Through consistent practice and feedback from professorsand peers, I have been able to make significant strides in my writing abilities.Another challenge I have encountered is the cultural nuances and differences in writing styles between English and my native language. English writing often requires a more concise and direct style, whereas my native language may be more verbose and indirect. Understanding andadapting to these differences has been a learning process, but one that has ultimately helped me become a moreversatile and effective writer.Furthermore, as a medical doctoral student, I am often required to write research papers, grant proposals, andacademic articles in English. These types of writing demand a high level of precision, clarity, and organization. I have had to learn how to structure my writing in a logical and coherent manner, as well as how to effectively present data and findings. This has required a great deal of practice and revision, as well as seeking guidance from mentors and colleagues.Despite the challenges I have faced in writing in English as a medical doctoral student, I have also found it to be an enriching and rewarding experience. Improving my English writing skills has not only enhanced my ability to communicate as a medical professional, but it has also broadened my opportunities for collaboration and research on a global scale. I am proud of the progress I have made and look forward to continuing to develop as a proficient English writer in the field of medicine.。
2014年医学考博英语作文模板及写作解析
2014年医学考博英语作文模板及写作解析DParagraph 3 如何发扬光大。
As the issue is becoming more and more important, It’s clear that we can promote it in the following ways. For one thing, …. For another,…关于事物的好处或重要性可从以下几个方面描述1)convenience 方便; 2) efficiency 效率; 3) safety 安全; 4) economical经济;5) entertainment乐趣; 6) health 健康; 7) communication 交流;8) character training 性格培养; 9) achievement成就; 10) durability 耐久性，耐用性Model 3利弊分析型Paragraph 1介绍现象(观点一和观点二)When it comes to 主题 , some people believe that _观点一， and it is often argued by other people that 观点二(或 the opposite is true ). There is probably some truth in both statements.Paragraph 2分别描述观点一和二Generally speaking, the advantages of ______ can be seen clearly in the following respects. To begin with, …. In addition,…. And finally, …. However, just as everything has two sides , there is no exception to the above discussed issue of ______. On the one hand, …; on the other hand, ….Paragraph 3作者的观点或结论Weighing up the pros and cons of both sides,we may reasonably reach the conclusion that the advantages of __主题carry far more weight than its disadvantages. Therefore, we should manage to make the most of its benefits and try to avoid the harmful effects of ___主题______. Model 4A/B比较对照型Paragraph 1 现象A和B的介绍 + 作者的选择/判断As is well-known to all of us that recently the topic of 主题is becoming the most popular one in our society. However, there are two different opinions concerning it. Some people believe that 现象一 ( A is more important than B) while others argue that 现象二 ( B is more important than A. ). As far as I am concerned, the latter / the former seems more reasonable.Paragraph 2 描述作者的选择/判断It’s beyond any question that A is characterized by some aspects as follows. To begin with, …. Inaddition,…. And finally, ….However, one has to mention some weaknesses of (主题) that may also go along. A case in point is , ….Paragraph 3 总结+照应另一观点As shown in our previous discussion, ___A/B___ indeed bears some distinctive features and it will still play essential roles in our modern society. Of course, we should not neglect the positive effects of ___ A/B_. One typical point is that _____.II. Situation writing1. Story/ Report TypeParagraph 1 描述文字+得出结论It is quite obvious / apparent to all of us that the above story describes that 讲故事(2-3句慨述. From this story, we can easily arrive at such conclusion that _结论(参考提示语).Paragraph 2 根据主题分类展开或举例说明Undoubtedly, such case frequently occur in our daily life. A case in point is that _______. There is another example to illustrate this point. 例子 (也可根据主题分类，参考前面的models 1-4)Paragraph 3作者的结论或评论Based on what has been illustrated above, we should have a correct attitude towards 主题――(解释主题)(如one’s life consists of lots of goals. )If we …, we will necessarily benefit a lot from it.2. Graph TypeParagraph 1 慨述图标+具体变化As can be seen clearly from the above graph, there has been an obvious tendency withrespect to ______ (参考提示语) in the past ___years. According to the figures shown in the graph, the number of (private cars )…rose slightly from___ in ____to_____in _____. However, there was a sudden rapid decline in the number of ( private cars ) from … to…in______.Paragraph 2紧扣主题句，分析原因Obviously, it is not difficult for us to come up with some possible factors that contribute to the above tendency. In the first place, …. In the second place, …. At last, ….Paragraph 3发表议论，提出建议或预测Based on what has been analyzed, we can say that the drawer intends not only to tell us the fact itself, but also set us thinking about _____. By the way, we may reasonably predict that, with the further development of reform and opening-up, the number of ______ will continue to grow steadily in the forthcoming decade.3. Cartoon TypeParagraph 1 描述漫画+得出结论Here is a vivid and lively cartoon whichdepicts ______(2-3句概述, Obviously, this picture conveys us a strong message that _______Paragraph 2 根据主题分类展开或举例说明It is not difficult for us to come up with some possible factors that contribute to the above phenomenon if thinking carefully. To begin with, …. What’s more,…. At last,…Paragraph 3作者的结论或评论Based on what has been discussed, I personally believe that it is high time for us to adopt some effective measures to deal with such situation. On the one hand,… ; on the other hand,…. Only in these ways can we _____ ( prevent….from…;guarantee …; protect …from…; solve this matter effectively and successfully)III, 考生造句标准和原则必须符合下列句型原则1. 基本句型 (详见笔记---五大基本句型)2. 扩展句型 (详见笔记---三种扩展方式)3. 特殊句型 (详见笔记---十大特殊句型)英语写作句型训练示范1. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society. 通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。
医学博士英语考试作文模板及范文
医学博士英语考试作文模板及范文Medical Doctor English Exam Writing Template and Sample。
Title: The Importance of Continuous Medical Education for Doctors。
Introduction:Introduce the topic of continuous medical education for doctors。
Explain the significance of staying updated with the latest medical knowledge and advancements。
Provide a brief overview of the points to be discussed in the essay。
Body:1. Definition of Continuous Medical Education (CME)。
Define CME and its importance in the medical field。
Discuss how CME helps doctors to stay abreast of the latest medical developments。
Highlight the role of CME in improving patient care and outcomes。
2. The Need for Continuous Medical Education。
Discuss the rapid pace of medical advancements and the need for doctors to stay updated。
Highlight the impact of outdated medical knowledge on patient care and safety。
全国医学博士英语考试 作文模板
全国医学博士英语考试作文模板IntroductionThe National Medical Doctoral English Exam is an important assessment for medical professionals aiming to become doctors in China. This exam tests candidates' English proficiency, as well as their understanding of medical terminology and practices. In this article, we will discuss a sample essay template that can be used to prepare for the writing section of the exam.Essay StructureIntroduction: Introduce the topic and provide a brief overview of the main points that will be discussed in the essay.Body Paragraph 1: Discuss the first main point in detail, providing examples and explanations to support your argument.Body Paragraph 2: Discuss the second main point in detail, again providing examples and explanations to support your argument.Body Paragraph 3: Discuss the third main point in detail, providing examples and explanations to support your argument.Conclusion: Summarize the main points discussed in the essay and provide a final thought or recommendation.Sample Essay TemplateIntroductionMedical professionals play a crucial role in society by providing healthcare services to those in need. In order to excel in this field, it is important for doctors to have a strong command of the English language. The National Medical Doctoral English Exam is designed to assess candidates' English proficiency, as well as their knowledge of medical terminology and practices.Body Paragraph 1One of the main reasons why English proficiency is important for medical professionals is that it allows them to communicate effectively with patients from diverse backgrounds. In a multicultural society like China, doctors must be able to speak English fluently in order to provide the best possible care to their patients. For example, a doctor who can communicate with a foreign patient in their native language is more likely to establish trust and build a rapport with them.Body Paragraph 2Additionally, English proficiency is essential for medical professionals who wish to pursue further studies or research opportunities abroad. Many prestigious universities and researchinstitutions require candidates to demonstrate a high level of English proficiency in order to be considered for admission. By excelling in the National Medical Doctoral English Exam, candidates can improve their chances of being accepted into these programs and further their career in the medical field.Body Paragraph 3Lastly, English proficiency is important for medical professionals who wish to stay updated on the latest developments in the field. Many medical journals and research papers are published in English, and doctors who can read and understand these publications will be better equipped to provide evidence-based care to their patients. By improving their English proficiency, medical professionals can enhance their knowledge and skills, ultimately improving the quality of care they provide.ConclusionIn conclusion, the National Medical Doctoral English Exam is an important assessment for medical professionals aiming to become doctors in China. By excelling in this exam, candidates can improve their English proficiency, as well as their understanding of medical terminology and practices. This will not only benefit their career in the medical field but also improve the quality of care they provide to their patients.。
华中科技大学2014年考博英语-真题-答案
考试时间2014年3月22日星期六下午2:00-5:00 原创作者qq 347952582 Since Would War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health-care services. These include better access to health care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health personnel. All have played a part in the recent improvement in life expectancy. But there is mounting criticism of the large remaining gaps in access, unbridled cost inflation, the further fragmentation of service, excessive indulgence in wasteful high-technology “gadgeteering,” and a breakdown in doctor-patient relationships. In recent years proposed panaceas and new programs, small and large, have proliferated at a feverish pace and disappointments multiply at almost the same rate. This has led to an increased pessimism—“everything has been tried and nothing works”—which sometimes borders on cynicism or even nihilism.It is tru e that the automatic “pass through” of rapidly spiraling costs to government and insurance carriers, which was set in a publicized environment of “the richest nation in the world,” produced for a time a sense of unlimited resources and allowed to develop a mood whereby every practitioner and institution could “do his own thing” without undue concern for the “Medical Commons.” The practice of full-cost reimbursement encouraged capital investment and now the industry is overcapitalized. Many cities have hundreds of excess hospital beds; hospitals have proliferated a superabundance of high-technology equipment; and structural ostentation and luxury were the order of the day. In any given day, one-fourth of all community beds are vacant; expensive equipment is underused or, worse, used unnecessarily. Capital investment brings rapidly rising operating costs.Yet, in part, this pessimism derives from expecting too much of health care. It must be realized that care is, for most people, a painful experience, often accompanied by fear and unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always retain some unpleasantness and frustration. Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited. Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again. Too many physicians are reluctant to admit their limitations to patients; too many patients and families are unwilling to accept such realities. Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and at Puget Sound. In the main, however, such undertakings have been drowned by a veritable flood of public and private moneys which have supported and encouraged the continuation of conventional practices and subsidized their shortcomings on a massive, almost unrestricted scale. Except for the most idealistic and dedicated, there were no incentives to seek change or to practice self-restraint or frugality. In this atmosphere, it is not fair to condemn as failures all attempted experiments; it may be more accurate to say many never had a fair trial.1. The author implies that the Kaiser Foundation and Puget Sound plans (lines 47-48) differedfrom other plans by(A) encouraging capital investment(B) requiring physicians to treat the poor(C) providing incentives for cost control(D) employing only dedicated and idealistic doctors(E) relying primarily on public funding2. The author mentions all of the following as consequences of full-cost reimbursementEXCEPT(A) rising operating costs(B) underused hospital facilities(C) overcapitalization(D) overreliance on expensive equipment(E) lack of services for minorities3. The tone of the passage can best be described as(A) light-hearted and amused(B) objective but concerned(C) detached and unconcerned(D) cautious but sincere(E) enthusiastic and enlightened4. Ac cording to the author, the “pessimism” mentioned at line 35 is partly attributable to the factthat(A) there has been little real improvement in health-care services(B) expectations about health-care services are sometimes unrealistic(C) large segments of the population find it impossible to get access to health-care services(D) advances in technology have made health care service unaffordable(E) doctors are now less concerned with patient care5. The author cites the prepaid plans in lines 46-48 as(A) counterexamples to the claim that nothing has worked(B) examples of health-care plans that were over-funded(C) evidence that health-care services are fragmented(D) proof of the theory that no plan has been successful(E) experiments that yielded disappointing results6. It can be inferred that the sentence “Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back togetheragain” means that(A) the cost of health-care services will not decline(B) some people should not become doctors(C) medical care is not really essential to good health(D) illness is often unpleasant and even painful(E) medical science cannot cure every ill7. With which of the following descriptions of the system for the delivery of health-care serviceswould the author most likely agree?(A) It is biased in favor of doctors and against patients.(B) It is highly fragmented and completely ineffective(C) It has not embraced new technology rapidly enough(D) It is generally effective but can be improved(E) It discourages people from seeking medical care8. Which of the following best describes the logical structure of the selection?(A) The third paragraph is intended as a refutation of the first and second paragraphs.(B) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the points made in thefirst paragraph.(C) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the points made in thefirst paragraph.(D) The first paragraph describes a problem, and the second and third paragraphs present twohorns of a dilemma.(E) The first paragraph describes a problem, the second its causes, and the third a possiblesolution.9. The author’s primary concern is to(A) criticize physicians and health-care administrators for investing in technologicallyadvanced equipment(B) examine some problems affecting delivery of health-care services and assess theirseverity(C) defend the medical community from charges that health-care has not improved sinceWorld War II(D) analyze the reasons for the health-care industry’s inabi lity to provide quality care to allsegments of the population(E) describe the peculiar economic features of the health-care industry that are the causes ofspiraling medical costsBehavior is one of two general responses available to endothermic (warm-blooded) species for the regulation of body temperature, the other being innate (reflexive) mechanisms of heat production and heat loss. Human beings rely primarily on the first to provide a hospitable thermal microclimate for themselves, in which the transfer of heat between the body and the environment is accomplished with minimal involvement of innate mechanisms of heat production and loss. Thermoregulatory behavior anticipates hyperthermia, and the organism adjusts its behavior to avoid becoming hyperthermic: it removes layers of clothing, it goes for a cool swim, etc. The organism can also respond to changes in the temperature of the body core, as is the case during exercise; but such responses result from the direct stimulation of thermoreceptors distributed widely within the central nervous system, and the ability of these mechanisms to help the organism adjust to gross changes in its environment is limited.Until recently it was assumed that organisms respond to microwave radiation in the same way that they respond to temperature changes caused by other forms of radiation. After all, the argument runs, microwaves are radiation and heat body tissues. This theory ignores the fact that the stimulus to a behavioral response is normally a temperature change that occurs at the surface of the organism. The thermoreceptors that prompt behavioral changes are located within the first millimeter of the skin’s surface, but the energy of a microwave field may be selectively deposited in deep tissues, effectively bypassing these thermoreceptors, particularly if the field is at near-resonant frequencies. The resulting temperature profile may well be a kind of reverse thermal gradient in which the deep tissues are warmed more than those of the surface. Since the heat is not conducted outward to the surface to stimulate the appropriate receptors, the organism does not “appreciate” this stimulation in the same way that it “appreciates” heating and cooling of the skin. In theory, the internal organs of a human being or an animal could be quite literally cooked well-done before the animal even realizes that the balance of its thermomicroclimate has been disturbed.Until a few years ago, microwave irradiations at equivalent plane-wave power densities of about 100 mW/cm2were considered unequivocally to produce “thermal” effects; irradiations within the range of 10 to 100 mW/cm2might or might not produce “thermal” effects; while effects observed at power densities below 10 mW/cm2were assumed to be “nonthermal” in nature.Experiments have shown this to be an oversimplification, and a recent report suggests that fields as weak as 1 mW/cm2 can be thermogenic. When the heat generated in the tissues by an imposed radio frequency (plus the heat generated by metabolism) exceeds the heat-loss capabilities of the organism, the thermoregulatory system has been compromised. Yet surprisingly, not long ago, an increase in the internal body temperature was regarded merely as “evidence” of a thermal effect.1. The author is primarily concerned with(A) showing that behavior is a more effective way of controlling bodily temperature thaninnate mechanisms(B) criticizing researchers who will not discard their theories about the effects of microwaveradiation on organisms(C) demonstrating that effects of microwave radiation are different from those of other formsof radiation(D) analyzing the mechanism by which an organism maintains its bodily temperature in achanging thermal environment(E) discussing the importance of thermoreceptors in the control of the internal temperature ofan organism2. The author makes which of the following points about innate mechanisms for heatproduction?I. They are governed by thermoreceptors inside the body of the organism rather than at thesurface.II. They are a less effective means of compensating for gross changes in temperature than behavioral strategies.III. They are not affected by microwave radiation.(A) I only(B) I and II only(C) I and III only(D) II and III only(E) I, II, and III3. Which of the following would be the most logical topic for the author to take up in theparagraph following the final paragraph of the selection?(A) A suggestion for new research to be done on the effects of microwaves on animals andhuman beings(B) An analysis of the differences between microwave radiation(C) A proposal that the use of microwave radiation be prohibited because it is dangerous(D) A survey of the literature on the effects of microwave radiation on human beings(E) A discussion of the strategies used by various species to control hyperthermia4. The author’s strategy in lines 39-42 is to(A) introduce a hypothetical example to dramatize a point(B) propose an experiment to test a scientific hypothesis(C) cite a case study to illustrate a general contention(D) produce a counterexample to disprove an opponent’s theory(E) speculate about the probable consequences of a scientific phenomenon5. The author implies that the proponents of the theory that microwave radiation acts onorganisms in the same way as other forms of radiation based their conclusions primarily on(A) laboratory research(B) unfounded assumption(C) control group surveys(D) deductive reasoning(E) causal investigation6. The tone of the passage can best be described as(A) genial and conversational(B) alarmed and disparaging(C) facetious and cynical(D) scholarly and noncommittal(E) scholarly and concerned7. The author is primarily concerned with(A) pointing out weaknesses in a popular scientific theory(B) developing a hypothesis to explain a scientific phenomenon(C) reporting on new research on the effects of microwave radiation(D) criticizing the research methods of earlier investigators(E) clarifying ambiguities in the terminology used to describe a phenomenonAgricultural progress provided the stimulus necessary to set off economic expansion in medieval France. As long as those who worked the land were barely able to ensure their own subsistence and that of their landlords, all other activities had to be minimal, but when food surpluses increased, it became possible to release more people for governmental, commercial, religious and cultural pursuits.However, not all the funds from the agricultural surplus were actually available for commercial investment. Much of the surplus, in the form of food increases, probably went to raise the subsistence level; an additional amount, in the form of currency gained from the sale of food, went into the royal treasury to be used in waging war. Although Louis VII of France levied a less crushing tax burden on his subjects than did England’s Henry II, Louis VII did spend great sums on an unsuccessful crusade, and his vassals—both lay and ecclesiastic—took over spending where their sovereign stopped. Surplus funds were claimed both by the Church and by feudal landholders, whereupon cathedrals and castles mushroomed throughout France.The simultaneous progress of cathedral building and, for instance, vineyard expansion in Bordeaux illustrates the very real competition for available capital between the Church and commercial interests; the former produced inestimable moral and artistic riches, but the latter had a stronger immediate impact upon gross national product. Moreover, though all wars by definition are defensive, the frequent crossings of armies that lived off the land and impartially burned all the huts and barns on their path consumed considerable resources.Since demands on the agricultural surplus would have varied from year to year, we cannot precisely calculate their impact on the commercial growth of medieval France. But we must bear that impact in mind when estimating the assets that were likely to have been available for investment. No doubt castle and cathedral building was not totally barren of profit (for the builders, that is), and it produced intangible dividends of material and moral satisfaction for the community. Even wars handed back a fragment of what they took, at least to a few. Still, we cannot place on the same plane a primarily destructive activity and a constructive one, nor expect the same results from a new bell tower as from a new water mill. Above all, medieval France had little room for investment over and above the preservation of life. Granted that war cost much less than it does today, that the Church rendered all sorts of educational and recreational services that were unobtainable elsewhere, and that government was far less demanding than is the modern state—nevertheless, for medieval men and women, supporting commercial development required considerable economic sacrifice.1. According to the passage, agricultural revenues in excess of the amount needed forsubsistence were used by medieval kings to(A) patronize the arts(B) sponsor public recreation(C) wage war(D) build cathedrals(E) fund public education2. According to the passage, which of the following was an important source of revenue inmedieval France?(A) Cheese(B) Wine(C) Wool(D) Olive oil(E) Veal3. The passage suggests that which of the following would have reduced the assets immediatelyavailable for commercial investment in medieval France?I. Renovation of a large cathedralII. A sharp increase in the birth rateIII. An invasion of France by Henry II(A) III only(B) I and II only(C) I and III only(D) II and III only(E) I, II, and III4. It can be inferred from the passage that more people could enter government and the Churchin medieval France because(A) the number of individual landholdings in heavily agricultural areas was beginning toincrease(B) an increase in the volume of international trade had brought an increase in the populationof cities(C) a decrease in warfare had allowed the king to decrease the size of the army(D) food producers could grow more food than they and their families needed to survive(E) landlords were prospering and thus were demanding a smaller percentage of tenants’annual yields5. The author implies that the reason we cannot expect the same results from a new bell tower asfrom a new water mill is that(A) bell towers yield an intangible dividend(B) bell towers provide material satisfaction(C) water mills cost more to build than bell towers(D) water mills divert funds from commerce(E) water mills might well be destroyed by war6. The author of the passage most probably bases his central argument on which of the followingtheoretical assumptions often made by economists?(A) Different people should be taxed in proportion to the benefit they can expect to receivefrom public activity.(B) Perfect competition exists only in the case where no farmer, merchant, or laborer controlsa large enough share of the total market to influence market price.(C) A population wealthy enough to cut back its rate of consumption can funnel the resultingsavings into the creation of capital.(D) A full-employment economy must always, to produce one good, give up producinganother good.(E) There is a universal tendency for population, unless checked by food supply, to increasein a geometric progression.7. The author suggests that commercial expansion in medieval France “required considerableeconomic sacrifice” (line s 59-60) primarily for which of the following reasons?(A) Cathedrals cost more to build and rebuild than did castles.(B) The numerous wars fought during the period left the royal treasury bankrupt.(C) Louis VII levied a more crushing tax burden on his subjects than did Henry II.(D) Although much of the available surplus had been diverted into vineyard expansion, thevineyards had not yet begun to produce.(E) Although more food was being produced, the subsistence level was not very far above theminimum required to sustain life.8. The passage implies that which of the following yielded the lowest dividend to medieval menand women relative to its cost?(A) Warfare(B) Vineyard expansion(C) Water mill construction(D) Castle building(E) Cathedral building9. Which of the following statements best expresses the central idea of the passage?(A) Commercial growth in medieval France may be accurately computed by calculating thenumber of castles and cathedrals built during the period.(B) Competition between the Church and the feudal aristocracy for funds created byagricultural surplus demonstrably slowed the economic growth of medieval France.(C) Despite such burdens as war and capital expansion by landholders, commerce inmedieval France expanded steadily as the agricultural surplus increased.(D) Funds actually available for commerce in medieval France varied with the demandsplaced on the agricultural surplus.(E) The simultaneous progress of vineyard expansion and building in medieval France givesevidence of a rapidly expanding economy.Astrophysicists wrestling with the study of a new kind of star, the flat, “two-dimensional” configurations known as accretion disks have recently gained new insights into the behavior of these stars. Accretion disks exist in a variety of situations where matters swirl around a compact star such as a white dwarf star or a neutron star. Accretion disks are also suspected of playing a part in more exotic situations, in which the central object is imagined to be a supermassive black hole, the ultimate form of collapsed matter, rather than a compact star. The modeling of accretion disks is still in its infancy, a situation analogous to the days when ordinary stars were modeled by using elementary scaling laws without benefit of knowledge of the nuclear processes that power the stars. Similarly, the basic physics of the power by which accretion disks radiate, thought to originate in a form of turbulent friction, is known only at the crudest level.Accretion disks were first defined in the context of Cataclysmic variables. In these systems, matter from the outer layers of an ordinary star is attracted by the gravitational influence of a nearby orbiting white dwarf star, the matter lost from the ordinary star cannot strike the surface of the tiny white dwarf directly but settles into an orbit around the star. The viscosity in the disk thus formed causes heating, radiation, and a slow spiraling of disk matter onto the surface of the white dwarf.The rapid advances made in x-ray astronomy in the past decade have identified a second type of system in which accretion disks occur. In such a system, an accretion disk whirls about a neutron star rather than a white dwarf. The inner reaches of the accretion disk extend deeply into the gravitational potential of the neutron star where very rapid motion is the rule. The energy released by friction and the actual raining of the material from the disk onto the surface of the neutron star is so great that radiation is given off in a powerful flood of x-rays. And in at least one case, x-ray astronomers believe that the object in the center of an accretion disk is a black hole, suggesting that a third system may exist.It had been assumed that portions of accretion disks would be unstable and that, as a result,clumping of their matter into rings would occur. There is no evidence from observation, however, that accretion disks do, in fact, suffer from these instabilities. In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter the expected Newtonian gravitational relationships in such a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur.Further progress toward understanding accretion disks will involve defining and proposing solutions to restricted problems just as was done in this case and was done and continues to be done for ordinary stars. Abramowicz’ work is a valuable example of the care that must be taken before reaching conclusions regarding accretion disks.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with(A) comparing Abramowicz’ work to the work of earlier astrophysicists(B) providing information about accretion disks and discussing significant new work(C) defining the conditions under which accretion disks can be observed(D) exploring the question of whether a black hole can ever be the central object of anaccretion disk(E) describing the phenomenon of accretion disks and reviewing several conflicting theoriesof their origins2. It can be inferred from the passage that predictions of the instability of accretion disks werebased on which of the following?(A) A calculation of the probable effects of standard Newtonian gravitational relationships(B) A calculation of the probable relationship between general relativity and standardNewtonian gravitational relationships(C) A calculation of the energy released by friction within a compact star(D) Observation of the x-rays radiated by compact stars(E) Observation of the clumping of accretion disk matter into rings around compact stars3. The author’s attitude toward Abramowicz’ work can best be described as one of(A) uncertain approval(B) unqualified respect(C) mild interest(D) careful dismissal(E) hostile skepticism4. The passage suggests which of the following about current scientific knowledge of the nuclearprocesses of ordinary stars?(A) Its pattern of development has been analogous to that of developments in x-rayastronomy.(B) Its role in the explanation of turbulent friction has been significant.(C) It has contributed to a more accurate modeling of ordinary stars.(D) It lags behind knowledge of scaling laws.(E) It explains the behavior of accretion disks as well as that of ordinary stars.5. The passage suggests that Abramowicz’ work was motivated by which of the followingassumptions?(A) The quantity of energy released by accretion disks can be as large as it is only if the disksare stable.(B) Improved techniques in x-ray astronomy would reveal any instabilities occurring inaccretion disks.(C) The lack of observational evidence of instabilities in accretion disks suggests thatpredictions of their occurrence might be wrong.(D) Known methods of observing accretion disk surrounding compact stars and black holesdo not permit the observation of the matter in accretion disks.(E) The gravitational potential of compact stars does not vary from star to star.6. The passage implies which of the following about the progress of knowledge in astrophysics?(A) Adherence to outdated theories has, in the past, limited the activities of astrophysicistsand restricted progress.(B) Progress has, in the past, occurred only as a result of significant breakthroughs in basicphysics and chemistry.(C) Progress has, in the past, occurred as a result of a process of defining and solvingrestricted problems.(D) Given the recent acquisition of knowledge about the nuclear processes of stars, furtherprogress is likely to be limited to the refinement of what is already known.(E) Conclusions in astrophysics have, in the past, been seriously flawed, thus limitingprogress, although there have recently been signs of change.7. The passage suggests that, compared to the study of ordinary stars, the study of accretiondisks is(A) derivative(B) more sophisticated(C) less clearly focused(D) at an earlier stage of development(E) more dependent on technological advances8. According to the passage, some accretion disks originated in(A) an increase in heat and radiation around an ordinary star(B) a powerful flood of x-rays emitted by a neutron star(C) a collision between two stars(D) the turbulent friction on the surface of a compact star(E) the accumulation of matter removed from an ordinary star9. It can be inferred from the passage that the significance of Abramowicz’ work is that it(A) provides a means of measuring the gravitational potential of neutron stars(B) opens a new area for exploration in the field of x-ray astronomy(C) proves that scaling laws cannot be applied to accretion disks(D) proposes a new system of classification of stars(E) suggests a resolution of a discrepancy between a theoretical prediction and actualobservation1. 英译中主要讲未来太阳和地球距离会缩短，太阳光辐射地球，会使得海洋水分都蒸发，水蒸气作为温室气体会使得地球温度达到100度或更高，只有微生物才能适应极端环境。
2014年度全国博士生英语作文比赛
2014年度全国博士生英语作文比赛英文回答：The topic of my article is the national English composition for doctoral students in 2014.In 2014, the national English composition for doctoral students was a significant event in the academic community. It aimed to assess the English writing skills of doctoral students across the country and provide a platform for them to showcase their language proficiency.The composition topic for that year was "The Role of Technology in Education". This topic allowed students to explore the impact of technology on teaching and learning, and to discuss the advantages and disadvantages it brings. It required students to present their arguments and support them with relevant examples and evidence.The national English composition for doctoral students in 2014 consisted of two parts: a written examination and an oral defense. In the written examination, students were given a certain amount of time to write an essay on the given topic. The essay was expectedto be well-structured, coherent, and grammatically accurate. It was also important for students to demonstrate critical thinking and analytical skills in their writing.After the written examination, students had to participate in an oral defense where they presented and defended their essay in front of a panel of experts. During the defense, students were expected to articulate their ideas clearly, respond to questions effectively, and demonstrate a deep understanding of the topic.The national English composition for doctoral students in 2014 was a challenging but rewarding experience. It not only tested students' English writing skills but also provided them with an opportunity to improve their academic and communication abilities. It played a crucial role in promoting the overall quality of doctoral education in China.中文回答：我撰写的文章主题是2014年全国博士英语作文。
2014年医学考博英语统考听力文字版-环球卓越
2014年医学考博英语统考听力文字版Question 1W: It would help me if you could go over the last week and give me an idea how much beer drank each evening.M: Well, let me see, I went up to the pub 4 times last week, and drank about 3 pints each evening.Question: How much beer did the man drink last week?Question 2W: Is there anything else I can do to help me sleep at night?M: Don’t worry so much about things of work. I know, I know, easier said than done. W: Should I stay home from work?M: No, I don’t think that’s ne cessary, just remember to stay calm.Question: What does the doctor suggest the woman do?Question3W: How’s even your feeling in general?M: No complaints, really.Question: What does the man mean?Question 4W: Our managing director is going to give you a raise.M: Really? Are you kidding me?W: Absolutely! He thinks you would!Question: What does the woman say?Question 5W: I’ve been so worried about my daughter. She’s so different and temperament for me. We are not always on the same wheeling.M: T hat’s quite common with mothers and daughters.W: She is a further personality and very much on the ball, but she is an excitable child. Question: What does the woman mean?Question 6W: Where is your injury?M: Here, my ankle.W: How did it happen?M: I tripped over on the pavement and twisted it. It was swollen and very painful. Question: What is true about the woman?Question 7W: John wants to move upwards and onwards within his new company.M: He is well qualified and the boss interested him.W: So you think he will achieve his goal?M: Yeah! For betting he will.Question: What did the man mean?Question 8M: Take the slip to the front desk and then arrange an appointment for the tests.W: Thank you, doctor! Have a nice day!Question: What will the woman do?Question 9M: There is one girl on my school who everybody picks up.W: Why?M: Because she doesn’t wear what everybody else wears.Question: What can be inferred about the girl in question?Question 10M: What’s your coming for today, Mrs. Ande rson?W: I’ve been having some pains in my joints, especially the knees!Question: Where does the conversation most probably take place?Question 11W: How long does the pain last when you get it?M: It comes and goes! Sometimes I hardly feel anything, other times it can last up to half an hour or more.W: Is there any type of food that seems to cause stronger pain or other types?M: Um, heavy foods like stay insomnia usually brings it on, I’ll been to avoid those. Question: What type of food seems to cause stronger pain to the man?Question 12W: Carl, your bicycle is too old, it’s not safety to ride.M: Yeah! I think I need to buy a new one, but it will go with time.Question: What did the man mean?Question 13M: How long could you have these symptoms?W: Oh, I have the cough for two weeks, but feeling ill just be past a few days. Question: What do we know about the woman’s illness?Question 14W: I think I could recover the cough at the end of this year.M: I’m sorry to burst your bubble, but the stoc k index still ranges between 1900 and 2900 after every year.Question: What does the man mean?Question 15M: I just want check to understand which pills to take and when?W: The yellow one in the morning and the others, oh, I think no, maybe, ah, you’d b etter to write it down! Then you won’t forget!M: Here is some paper! The yellow one once a day before breakfast, the large round one three times a day after meals, the small ones when you need one for sleeping. Question: Which of the following statements is true?Section B Dialogue One Question 16-20W: Hi, Patrick, how are your feeling today?M: A bit better.W: That’s good to hear. Are you still feeling nausea?M: No. I haven’t felt sick to my stomach so she is to switch my medication.W: Great, say, your test result came this morning.M: It’s about time. Is it good news or a bad?W: I guess it would be a bit of both. Which do you want first?M: Let’s get the bad news over with.W: OK. It looks like you are going to need surgery to remove your tumor from your leg. After the operation you’re going to have to escape your feet for at least 3 weeks. That means no soccer.M: It is a friend of you if you are going to say that.W: Now, for the good news. The belt shows the tumor is benign which means it is not cancerous. We’re going to take it out anyway just being on a safe side.M: Wow, that’s a load off my mind. Thanks doctor.W: Don’t get too excited, we still need to get the bottom of this way of loathing... M: I probably have just been so worried about stupid lump.W: These things off and on are stress-related but we’re still going to do a few blood test just rule a few things out.M: Things like what? Cancer?W: Actually, I am thinking more of the lines of food allergy.16. What does the man have to switch the medication?17. What is the bad news for the man?18. What medical procedures for the man for the remedy undergone?19. Why did the doctor ask the man to take a few blood tests?20. Which of the following can best describe the man’s feeling in the end?Passage 1Woman may be more susceptible to the lung-damaging effect to smoking than men, according to the new research by Inassessali Sohine ND, and her colleagues from Chiming Laboratory, Briven and Women Hospital and University of Bergen Norway. They analyzed the data from the Norwegian case control study, including 954 subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 955 controls, all the current or ex-smokers. And COPD subject had moderate or severe COPD. Although analysis indicated the women may be more vulnerable to the effect to smoking, which is something previously suspected but not proven, said Dr. Sohine. The study results would be prevented on May 18, at the 115 international conference of American directive society in Santiago. Examining the total study samples there is no gender differences with respect to lung function and COPD severity. The women were on average younger, and they smoked significantly left than men. To experience the differences further they also analyzed two subgroups of study example, COPD subject on the age of 60 and COPD subjects with less than 20 pack years. In both subgroups we need have more severe disease and great impairment to the lung function than man. This means the female smokers in our study experienced reduced the lung function at a lower level of smoking exposure and at the earlier age than men, said Dr. Sohine. It’s long been suspected that the effective smoking on lung function may be modified by gender. Interaction analysts confirm that being female represents a higher risk of reduced lung function and severer COPD. But this gender reset was most pronounced women’s level of smoking exposure was low. According to Dr Sohine, the reason why the women may be more susceptible to the effect of cigarette smoke is still unknown. There are several possible explanations. Women have small airways, therefore eat cigarettes may be more harm. Also there are gender differences in the metabolism of cigarette smoke, genes and hormos could also be important. Question 21. What’s the most likely the topic of this talk?Question 22. How many subjects did Dr. Sohine recruited in the study?Question 23. When and where was Dr. Sohine present their study results?Question 24. According to the talk, when is the gender difference most likely to be obviously in COPD sensibility?Question 25. Which of the following is not the explanation for women’s great sensibility to the effect of smoking?Passage 2In December 1997 large numbers of cattle, goats and sheep began dying in the Garissa district of north-eastern Kenya. A month later people started dying, too. It was, at the time, the biggest recorded outbreak of Rift Valley fever in East Africa. Some100,000 stock animals succumbed and about 90,000 people were infected, hundreds fatally in five countries.In December 2007 the same thing happened. Or, it started to happen but was stopped in its tracks. The difference was that the second time around there was warning. In September researchers at the Goddard Space Century, Greenbelt, Maryland, part of America’s space agency, NASA, told the authorities in Kenya that they had a problem. They told them again in October. And again in November. By the time the epidemic emerged, the Kenyan health ministry had dispatched teams to the area to distribute mosquito nets and urge village leaders and religious authorities to stop people slaughtering and eating animals. Though the outbreak still killed 300 people in Kenya, Somalia and Tanzania, it could be a lot worse. According to Kenneth Linthicum of America’s Department of Agriculture, the number of deaths would probably have been more than twice as high without the warning.The warning itself was possible because of a model of how disease spreads that Dr Linthicum helped design. And the data that were plugged into that model came from satellites.What the researchers at Goddard had noticed at the time of the first outbreak was that in the months preceding it, surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean had risen by half a degree. These higher temperatures brought heavy and sustained rains, cloud cover and warmer air to much of the Horn of Africa. Mosquitoes multiplied wildly, and lived long enough for the virus that causes the fever to develop to the point where it is easily transmissible. In September 2007 the researchers saw the same thing happening in the ocean, and suspected the same consequences would follow.Question 26. How many stock animals died at the result of outbreak of Rift Valley fever in 1997?Question 27. What else stop the outbreak of Rift Valley fever in 2007?Question 28. Which of the following is not mentioned as the major to prevent in 2007 outbreak spreading?Question 29. What trigger the two outbreaks of the Rift Valley fever in Africa? Question 30. What is the talk mainly about?资料来源：环球卓越。
2014年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2014年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：W: It would help me if you could go over last week and give me an idea how much beer you drank each evening. M: Well, let me see, I went up to the pub 4 times last week, and drank about 3 pints each evening. Q: How much beer did the man drink last week?1．A．About 12 pints.B．About 3 pints.C．About 4 pints.D．About 7 pints.正确答案：A解析：男士说，“I went up to the pub 4 times last week，and drank about 3 pints each evening．”简单计算后可知，男士上周总共喝了12品脱的啤酒。
故答案为A。
听力原文：W: Is there anything else I can do to help me sleep tonight?M: Don’t worry so much about things of work. I know, I know, easier said than done. W: Should I stay home from work?M: No, I don’t think that’s necessary; just remember to stay calm. Q: What did the doctor suggest the woman do?2．A．Take a holiday from work.B．Worry less about work.C．Take some sleeping pills.D．Work harder to forget all her troubles.正确答案：B解析：医生建议说“Don’t worry so much about things of work”，即建议病人少想工作。
2014年全国博士英语作文
2014年全国博士英语作文As we enter a new era of technological advancement, the importance of communication in English for doctoral students cannot be emphasized enough. 随着我们进入一个科技发展的新时代，对于博士生来说，英语沟通的重要性是无法言喻的。
First and foremost, English is the predominant language used in academic research and publication. 首先，英语是学术研究和发表文章中所使用的主要语言。
Moreover, doctoral students need to be able to communicate effectively with their peers, professors, and other professionals in their field, both domestically and internationally. 此外，博士生需要能够有效地与同行、教授和其他国内外专业人士进行交流。
Furthermore, English proficiency is essential for attending international conferences, presenting research findings, and collaborating with scholars from around the world. 此外，英语熟练度对于参加国际会议、展示研究成果以及与全球学者合作至关重要。
In addition, English fluency can open up new opportunities for doctoral students, such as studying abroad, securing research grants, and publishing in prestigious journals. 此外，英语流利可以为博士生打开新的机会，如出国留学、获得研究资助和发表在知名期刊上。
2014医博英语统考听力文字版
2014医学博士英语统考听力文字版（完整-环球卓越）Question 1W: It would help me if you could go over the last week and give me an idea how much beer drank each evening.M: Well, let me see, I went up to the pub 4 times last week, and drank about 3 pints each evening. Question: How much beer did the man drink last week?Question 2W: Is there anything else I can do to help me sleep at night?M: Don’t worry so much about things of work. I know, I know, easi er said than done.W: Should I stay home from work?M: No, I don’t think that’s necessary, just remember to stay calm.Question: What does the doctor suggest the woman do?Question3W: How’s even your feeling in general?M: No complaints, really.Question: What does the man mean?Question 4W: Our managing director is going to give you a raise.M: Really? Are you kidding me?W: Absolutely! He thinks you would!Question: What does the woman say?Question 5W: I’ve been so worried about my daughter. She’s so different and temperament for me. We are not always on the same wheeling.M: That’s quite common with mothers and daughters.W: She is a further personality and very much on the ball, but she is an excitable child. Question: What does the woman mean?Question 6W: Where is your injury?M: Here, my ankle.W: How did it happen?M: I tripped over on the pavement and twisted it. It was swollen and very painful. Question: What is true about the woman?Question 7W: John wants to move upwards and onwards within his new company.M: He is well qualified and the boss interested him.W: So you think he will achieve his goal?M: Yeah! For betting he will.Question: What did the man mean?Question 8M: Take the slip to the front desk and then arrange an appointment for the tests. W: Thank you, doctor! Have a nice day!Question: What will the woman do?Question 9M: There is one girl on my school who everybody picks up.W: Why?M: Because she doesn’t wear what everybody else wears.Question: What can be inferred about the girl in question?Question 10M: What’s your coming for today, M rs. Anderson?W: I’ve been having some pains in my joints, especially the knees!Question: Where does the conversation most probably take place?Question 11W: How long does the pain last when you get it?M: It comes and goes! Sometimes I hardly feel anything, other times it can last up to half an hour or more.W: Is there any type of food that seems to cause stronger pain or other types?M: Um, heavy foods like stay insomnia usually bring s it on, I’ll been to avoid those. Question: What type of food seems to cause stronger pain to the man?Question 12W: Carl, your bicycle is too old, it’s not safe ty to ride.M: Yeah! I think I need to buy a new one, but it will go with time.Question: What did the man mean?Question 13M: How long could you have these symptoms?W: Oh, I have the cough for two weeks, but feeling ill just be past a few days.Question: What do we know about the woman’s illness?Question 14W: I think I could recover the cough at the end of this year.M: I’m sorry to burst your bubble, but the stock index still ranges between 1900 and 2900 after every year.Question 15M: I just want check to understand which pills to take and when?W: The yellow one in the morning and the others, oh, I think no, maybe, a h, you’d better to write it down! Th en you won’t forget!M: Here is some paper! The yellow one once a day before breakfast, the large round one three times a day after meals, the small ones when you need one for sleeping.Question: Which of the following statements is true?Section B Dialogue One Question 16-20W: Hi, Patrick, how are your feeling today?M: A bit better.W: That’s good to hear. Are you still feeling nausea?M: No. I haven’t felt sick to my stomach so she is to switch my medication.W: Great, say, your test result came this morning.M: It’s about time. Is it good news or a bad?W: I guess it would be a bit of both. Which do you want first?M: Let’s get the bad news over with.W: OK. It looks like you are going to need surgery to remove your tumor from your leg. After the o peration you’re going to have to escape your feet for at least 3 weeks. That means no soccer. M: It is a friend of you if you are going to say that.W: Now, for the good news. The belt shows the tumor is benign which means it is not cancerous. We’re goin g to take it out anyway just being on a safe side.M: Wow, that’s a load off my mind. Thanks doctor.W: Don’t get too excited, we still need to get the bottom of this way of loathing...M: I probably have just been so worried about stupid lump.W: These things off and on are stress-related but we’re still going to do a few blood test just rule a few things out.M: Things like what? Cancer?W: Actually, I am thinking more of the lines of food allergy.Passage 1Woman may be more susceptible to the lung-damaging effect to smoking than men, according to the new research by Inassessali Sohine ND, and her colleagues from Chiming Laboratory, Briven and Women Hospital and University of Bergen Norway. They analyzed the data from the Norwegian case control study, including 954 subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 955 controls, all the current or ex-smokers. And COPD subject had moderate or severe COPD. Although analysis indicated the women may be more vulnerable to the effect to smoking, which is something previously suspected but not proven, said Dr. Sohine. The study results would be prevented on May 18, at the 115 international conference of American directive society in Santiago. Examining the total study samples there is no gender differences with respect to lung function and COPD severity. The women were on average younger, and they smoked significantly left than men. To experience the differences further they also analyzed two subgroups of study example, COPD subject on the age of 60 and COPD subjects with less than 20 pack years. In both subgroups we need have more severe disease and great impairment to the lung function than man. This means the female smokers in our study experienced reduced the lung function at a lower level of smoking exposure and at the earlier age than men, said Dr. Sohine. It’s long been suspected that the effective smoking on lung function may be modified by gender. Interaction analysts confirm that being female represents a higher risk of reduced lung function and severer COPD. But this gender reset was most pronounced women’s level of smoking exposure was low. According to Dr Sohine, the reason why the women may be more susceptible to the effect of cigarette smoke is still unknown. There are several possible explanations. Women have small airways, therefore eat cigarettes may be more harm. Also there are genderPassage 2In December 1997 large numbers of cattle, goats and sheep began dying in the Garissa district of north-eastern Kenya. A month later people started dying, too. It was, at the time, the biggest recorded outbreak of Rift Valley fever in East Africa. Some 100,000 stock animals succumbed and about 90,000 people were infected, hundreds fatally in five countries.In December 2007 the same thing happened. Or, it started to happen but was stopped in its tracks. The difference was that the second time around there was warning. In September researchers at the Goddard Space Century, Greenbelt, Maryland, part of America’s space agency, NASA, told the authorities in Kenya that they had a problem. They told them again in October. And again in November. By the time the epidemic emerged, the Kenyan health ministry had dispatched teams to the area to distribute mosquito nets and urge village leaders and religious authorities to stop people slaughtering and eating animals. Though the outbreak still killed 300 people in Kenya, Somalia and Tanzania, it could be a lot worse. According to Kenneth Linthicum of America’s Department of Agriculture, the number of death s would probably have been more than twice as high without the warning.The warning itself was possible because of a model of how disease spreads that Dr Linthicum helped design. And the data that were plugged into that model came from satellites.What the researchers at Goddard had noticed at the time of the first outbreak was that in the months preceding it, surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean had risen by half a degree. These higher temperatures brought heavy and sustained rains, cloud cover and warmer air to much of the Horn of Africa. Mosquitoes multiplied wildly, and lived long enough for the virus that causes the fever to develop to the point where it is easily transmissible. In September 2007 the researchers saw the same thing happening in the ocean, and suspected the same consequences would follow.。
医学博士英语作文范文10篇
医学博士英语作文范文10篇英文回答：Essay 1:The study of medicine is a lifelong pursuit of knowledge and compassion. It requires a strong foundation in the sciences, as well as an understanding of the human body and its complexities. As a medical student, you will be challenged to learn a vast amount of information, but you will also be rewarded with the opportunity to make a real difference in the lives of others.Essay 2:As a physician, you will have the privilege of caring for patients from all walks of life. You will be responsible for diagnosing and treating illnesses, as well as providing support and guidance to your patients andtheir families. The role of a physician is both challengingand rewarding, and it requires a strong commitment to providing compassionate and high-quality care.Essay 3:The field of medicine is constantly evolving, with new discoveries being made all the time. As a medical professional, you will need to stay up-to-date on thelatest advancements in order to provide the best possible care to your patients. Continuing medical education is an essential part of being a physician, and it is a requirement for maintaining your medical license.Essay 4:Medical research is essential for advancing our understanding of diseases and developing new treatments. As a medical student or physician, you may have the opportunity to participate in research studies. This can be a great way to learn more about the field of medicine and contribute to the development of new knowledge.Essay 5:The practice of medicine is not only about treating illnesses, but also about promoting health and preventing disease. As a physician, you will have the opportunity to educate your patients about healthy lifestyle choices and provide them with the resources they need to stay healthy.Essay 6:The medical profession is a demanding one, but it is also a very rewarding one. As a physician, you will have the opportunity to make a real difference in the lives of others and help them achieve their health goals.Essay 7:The doctor-patient relationship is a unique and important one. As a physician, you will need to build strong relationships with your patients in order to provide them with the best possible care. You will need to be able to listen to your patients, understand their needs, andprovide them with the support and guidance they need.Essay 8:The field of medicine offers a wide variety of career opportunities. You can work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, private practices, and research institutions. You can also choose to specialize in a particular area of medicine, such as internal medicine, pediatrics, or surgery.Essay 9:The path to becoming a physician is a long and challenging one, but it is also a very rewarding one. If you are passionate about helping others and making a difference in the world, then a career in medicine may be right for you.Essay 10:Medicine is a noble profession that offers theopportunity to make a real difference in the lives of others. If you are dedicated to providing compassionate and high-quality care, then a career in medicine may be the perfect choice for you.中文回答：范文 1：医学是一生的知识和同情探索。
医学博士英文作文题型
医学博士英文作文题型英文：As a medical doctor, I have encountered a wide range of patients and medical cases throughout my career. One particular case that stands out in my mind is that of a young woman who came to me with persistent headaches and dizziness. She had been to several doctors before me, but none of them could provide a definitive diagnosis or effective treatment.I conducted a thorough examination and ordered a series of tests, including MRI and CT scans. After carefully reviewing the results, I was able to identify the underlying cause of her symptoms – a rare brain tumor. I explained the diagnosis to the patient and her family in a compassionate and clear manner, and we discussed the treatment options available.Throughout the course of her treatment, I made sure tokeep the lines of communication open with the patient and her family, providing regular updates and addressing any concerns they had. I also worked closely with a team of specialists to develop a comprehensive treatment plan tailored to her specific needs.After several months of treatment, the patient showed significant improvement and her symptoms began to subside. It was a long and challenging journey, but seeing her regain her health and vitality was incredibly rewarding.中文：作为一名医学博士，我在我的职业生涯中遇到了各种各样的病人和医疗案例。
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作文题目：学会呼吸能长寿。
生命离不开呼吸。
人每分每秒都在进行呼吸运动，但你却未必呼吸得正确。
英国一项研究显示，90%以上的成年人都不会有意识地调节呼吸。
而据我国呼吸科专家统计，城市中一半以上人呼吸方式不正确，短浅的呼吸不仅让许多人大脑缺氧，容易疲惫，而且还容易诱发多种疾病！深呼吸的几大好处
那么，做腹式深呼吸有哪些好处呢？首先，深呼吸能防治呼吸系统疾病。
常见的呼吸系统疾病包括慢性支气管炎、哮喘、肺气肿等。
这些病人的肺部都处于无弹性和扩张状态，影响肺活量。
而进行深呼吸，能逐步增大肌肉收缩力，有利于胸、肺的有效扩张，增强肋间肌活力，可以逐步恢复其弹性和肺活量，从而达到治疗和缓解病情的目的。
再次，深呼吸能帮助人们减压，缓解失眠症状。
北京体育大学运动医学教授陆一帆表示，当人们主动调节呼吸的深度和频率，就能有效放松绷紧的神经，舒缓焦虑的心情。
一些因为压力造成的颈部疼痛，通过瑜伽时的呼吸练习，疼痛感将会减弱。
失眠的人也可用呼吸法来帮助入睡。
通过降低呼吸节奏、平缓呼吸，能减轻失眠症状。
其次，深呼吸还可防治高血压。
这是日本自治医科大学北村谕教授试验的一种深呼吸降血压法，其原理是人的肺部有被称为肺泡的小袋状物，大约有3亿个。
在一般呼吸的情况下，只有其中的80％—90％能充分地工作，剩下的肺泡处于浪费状态。
如果采用深呼吸，就可以使剩下的肺泡工作起来。
当采用胸部深呼吸的时候，位于肺上部的肺泡开放；而在腹式深呼吸时，肺下部的肺泡也打开了。
工作中所有的肺泡都在产生前列腺素，而且通过深呼吸还可使原来就在工作的80％—90％的肺泡产生比原来更多的前列腺素。
这样，更多的前列腺素进入血管，从而使血管扩张，血压降低。
每天早中晚三次，每次10分钟就有效果。
最重要的是，深呼吸能促进健康长寿。
美国学者希尔在《从呼吸索取生命力》一文中指出：“有控制地深呼吸练习，可使大脑尽快消除疲劳，可以调节神经系统，使人轻松舒畅。
深呼吸之所以有这样大的作用，在于正常人每次吸进与呼出的气体量只有400毫升—500毫升，而做一次最深的呼吸，男性可达到3500毫升，女性可达到2500毫升，相当于通常吸气的8倍，从而使生命获得大量的能源。
”
如何学会正确呼吸
怎样才能学会正确呼吸呢？最关键的有两点，陆一帆指出，一是要缓和吸，也就是吸气的时候，要均匀缓慢，尽量深吸，让气体能充满肺泡；二是要用力吐，吐的干净，这样才能将废弃全部排出体外，保障交换的气体多一些。
最科学的呼吸方法为：“吸——停（屏气10—20秒钟）——呼”的呼吸形式，可使副交感神经兴奋性增强，也可使肠鸣次数增加，有利于消化吸收，从而有益于健康长寿。
龙村修提倡的呼吸法，则是以深长的腹式呼吸为基础，逐步使肺、肋骨、横膈膜等肌肉群在呼吸时运动到最大幅度，让空气充满肺部的“全体呼吸法”。
“刚开始虽要刻意练习，最终目标却是融入生活，各种姿势和动作都结合呼吸法去做。
”龙村修表示，如此将更能掌握身体的力量和节奏，提高效率。
例如用呼吸法攀登高山时，比较不会出现头痛等高山症状；打高尔夫挥杆能挥得更远。
这种呼吸方法，在公车上、走路时、工作间隙，或者对着公园的树都能练习。
尤其面对突如其来的负面情境时，呼吸法更能适时调节身心、稳定情绪。