深圳大学考博英语题型分析
博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷
博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷2018博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷博士研究生入学考试英语初试内容一般包括听力、词汇、语法、完形填空、阅读理解、语言运用(配伍题)、翻译(英译汉/汉译英/英汉互译)、写作等几个部分，各部分出题方式及题量分值由各招生院校自行确定，以下yjbys店铺列举部分院校试题结构供各位考生参考。
首都师范大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷Section I Vocabulary Test(20%)Directions：In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences.Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.1. After the snow storm, the government plans to ______the run-down houses in the rural area as soon as possible.A. reviveB. replaceC. renovateD. remove2. The doctor assured her that the pain would _________in a few days.A. die offB. wear offC. get offD. go off3. The speeding woman’s _______________for some mercy could not change the policeman’s decision to giv e her a fine.A. pleaB. flatteryC. distressD. demonstration4. Owing to lack of money, these experiments must now be _______before the objective has been achieved.A. transferredB. transformedC. terminatedD. testified5. Quite unexpectedly, the young man __________ with success, the problem which had baffled his forerunner.A. tickledB. trickedC. trickledD. tackled6. The Space Age _____ in October l957when the first artificial satellite—was launched by the Soviet Union.A. embarkedB. initialedC. commencedD. originated7. Indoor or roof space antennae do not ___________give satisfactory performance even in strong signal areas.A. faithfulB. invariablyC. voluntarilyD. habitually8. These old houses are in good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. preservationB. observationC. compensationD.conservation9. She works bard at her task before she felt sure that the result would ______her long effort.A. verifyB. rectifyC. testifyD. justify10. The country is now undergoing an economic _________in which business activity is greatly reduced and the unemployment rate is high.A. sanctionB. accessionC. flourishD. recession11. The river is already ____its banks because of excessive rainfall and the town is threatened with a likely flood.A. level inB. flat onC. parallel toD. flush with12. Because of his outstanding achievements, the university _____ an honorary degree upon Mr. Adams.A. conferredB. dedicatedC. awardedD. presented13. It is one of the paradox of social intercourse that a ___________is much harder to respond to than an insult.A. complimentB. condemnationC. complementD. complaint14. The shop assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of _______quality he’d tell them so.A. minerB. inferiorC. awkwardD. humble15. A terrible traffic accident happened;people were saddened when they watched the ______sight on TV.A. periodicB. panicC. patheticD. patriotic16. Even you were not in the mood, you should have known better than to refuse a lady this way. You could have _______her instead.A. deniedB. declinedC. denotedD. denounced17. As the nation attaches excessive importance to football, the triumph or frustration of the national team is most likely to drive many of her nationals ______________.A. overexcitedB. turbulentC. overwhelmedD. hysterical18. On Labor Day the workers will march in __________though the town.A. processB. procedureC. processionD. progress19. Although we had lord them not to keep US waiting, they made no _____to speed up deliveries.A. trialB. actionC. attemptD. progress20. Mr.Moore is one of the most prosperous persons in the town, yet he does take _____at questioning the way he makes money.A. offenceB. rageC. hostilityD. revengeSection II Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions：There are 5 passages ill this section. Each passage is followed by 4 questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Please choose the best one for each question and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.Passage 1An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers Oil the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we havea certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess now his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case. Before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age. It was widely accepted that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre-sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many business-men, and so many accountants. . Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, all entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple ofmonths to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.21. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________________.A. far-reaching B self-contradictoryC. dubiously orientedD. radically reformatory22. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ______________________.A. originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countriesB. is deeply rooted in the minds of computer education advocatesC. came into being along with the arrival of computersD. is indicative of a pessimism in disguise23. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author, s country the European model of professional training is __________________________.A. dependent upon the starting age of candidatesB. worth trying in various social sectionsC. attractive to every kind of professionalD. of little practical value24. According to the author, basic computer skill should be ______________________.A. highlighted I acquisition of professional qualification5B. included as an auxiliary course in schoolC. mastered through a lifelong courseD. equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwisePassage 2The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition was a small step from movements like hydreopathy (which advocated the ‘‘natural" healing powers of water), to the idea that flesh air, healthy food, and exercise could be beneficial. The physical fitness movement in America followed the influx of a large number of German immigrants who fled their country due to the 1848 revolution. The movement began there with Fredrich Ludwig Jahn who unified exercise and sport with German history and tradition and saw a connection between mental and physical health. Charle Pollen, Jahn’s student, led the movement in America, organizing the Round Hill School at Harvard, which stressed rigorous mental and physical exercise. In the mid-west the Germans established their first gymnastic institution called the Turnverein in Cincinnati in l848. Later called the Turners, these groups developed nationally and organized outings of picnics, games, gymnastics, and celebrations of German culture.Catherine Beecher promoted physical fitness for women, and felt that corsets (束腹) not only made such exercise impossible, but actually deformed wo men’s bodies, and could even be passed on to future generations and degrade the race. She was also in advocate of improving nutrition and an early opponent of gluttony (暴食), believing condiments on food stimulated the appetite towards excess. Others championed vegetarianism, or saw lack of sunshine as a cause of stomach discomfort. Regardless of their particular inclination, all of the food reformers had a common philosophy: bad eating habits led to social disorder. Like physical fitness proponents, they saw a connection between reshaping the body and reshaping American society to improve the individual and the country.The physical fitness movement declined in the years preceding the Civil War, then revived, as Americans became city dwellers and took sedentary jobs. Advocates promoted "Muscular Christianity," a movement begun in England, which stressed that the best and most moral Christians were those with sound bodies. Indian clubs became a favorite exercise tool with entire books written for club exercises. Team sports became popular after l 865, reflecting America’s growing urbanization. The most popular was baseball, and in l 869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the country’s first professional team. By the l 900s, Luther Gulick transformed the Young Men’s Christian Association (VMCA) into the epitome of typical "Muscular Christianity.’’ It became the largest organization of urban gymnasiums and fitness centers in America.25. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that as to the physical fitness movement in the 19th century _____________________.A. hydropathy was popularB. not all groups had a German focus、C. Germans were fitter than AmericansD. Harvard became a leader in America26. It can be inferred from the passage that the Tumverein was ________________.A. successful in the mid-westB. 1imited to GermansC. 1ater named Turners because it was too difficult to pronounceD not popular with many non=Germans because they celebrated German culture27. Why did the physical fitness movement revive after theCivil War?A. Because people returned to their usual occupationsB. Because ‘‘Muscular Christianity" became popular.C. Because of urbanization.D. Because of physical injuries caused by the war.28. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition.B. The German and Christian influences on nutrition and physical fitness.C. Development of the physical fitness movement.D. The nutrition and physical fitness movements.Passage 3An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services, for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbours. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.It is this economic interdependency of the economic system that makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labour force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy inindustry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members’ disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.Trade unions Nave problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union Some trade union officials have to be reelected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed for life: Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers’ elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.下载文档。
博士英语考试题型
博士英语考试题型在博士英语考试中，考生需要熟悉各种题型，以便有效地准备和应对考试。
本文将介绍常见的博士英语考试题型及其特点，帮助考生理解并有效应对考试。
一、阅读理解题阅读理解题是博士英语考试的重点题型之一。
该题型要求考生根据篇章内容，理解和分析文章的主旨、观点、论证过程等，并回答相关问题。
阅读理解题分为短文理解和长篇理解两种。
短文理解通常包括若干篇短文，每篇短文后跟有若干问题。
长篇理解则是一篇长篇文章，后面跟有一系列问题。
答题技巧：1. 仔细阅读文章：通读全文，了解文章主题和结构，捕捉关键信息。
2. 抓住问题关键词：在阅读问题时，注意关键词，理解问题要求，快速定位答案。
3. 筛选选项：对于选择题，排除干扰选项，从剩余选项中选择最合适的答案。
二、完形填空题完形填空题主要考察考生的语法和词汇运用能力，以及对文章上下文的理解能力。
该题型在一篇短文中留有若干个空白处，考生需要根据上下文补全合适的单词或短语。
答题技巧：1. 阅读全文：快速阅读全文，理解大意和文章的逻辑结构。
2. 掌握文章情节：通过阅读，了解文章的叙述顺序和发展过程，帮助理解空格前后的内容。
3. 根据上下文选择答案：尝试选择与空格前后信息衔接紧密、符合语法和意义的选项。
三、听力理解题听力理解题是博士英语考试的难点题型之一。
该题型要求考生根据听到的对话或独白，回答相关问题。
听力理解题分为短对话和长对话独白两种。
短对话通常包括若干段对话，每段对话后跟有一个问题。
长对话独白则是一段较长的对话或独白，后面跟有一系列问题。
答题技巧：1. 专注倾听：注意听力材料的语速、语调和重点信息，集中注意力，避免分神。
2. 做好笔记：在听力材料播放过程中，尝试记下关键词，以方便后续回答问题。
3. 预测答案：根据听到的信息，尝试预测答案，准确把握问题的要求。
四、写作题写作题是博士英语考试的关键题型之一。
该题型要求考生在规定的时间内，根据题目要求，完成一篇短文写作。
写作题通常包括作文或短文写作等。
解读英语博士面试常问问题与答案
解读英语博士面试常问问题与答案1. 请介绍一下你的研究领域和研究项目。
我的研究领域是法律学，特别是国际商法和知识产权法。
我目前的研究项目是探讨跨境电子商务中的知识产权保护问题，以及如何在全球范围内建立有效的法律框架来促进跨境电子商务的发展。
2. 你为什么选择申请我们的博士项目？我选择申请贵校的博士项目是因为贵校在法律学领域有很高的声誉和丰富的资源。
我相信在贵校的博士项目中，我将有机会与优秀的导师合作，深入研究我的兴趣领域，并为学术界做出贡献。
3. 你的研究计划是什么？我的研究计划是深入探讨跨境电子商务中的法律问题，特别是在知识产权保护方面的挑战和解决方案。
我计划通过文献研究、案例分析和实地调研等方法，对相关法律框架进行评估，并提出改进和完善的建议。
4. 你的研究成果有哪些？我在国际商法和知识产权法领域发表了多篇论文，其中一些被国际知名期刊接受并引用。
我还参与了国际会议和研讨会，并就相关议题发表了演讲和提供了学术见解。
5. 你有没有参与过项目合作或者学术团队？是的，我曾参与过多个学术团队和研究项目。
在这些合作中，我与其他研究者合作，共同研究和解决了一系列法律问题。
这些合作经历不仅提高了我的团队合作能力，也拓宽了我的学术视野。
6. 你对博士研究的期望是什么？我期望通过博士研究能够深入探索我的研究领域，并为该领域的发展做出重要贡献。
我希望能够在法学界的顶尖期刊上发表更多有影响力的论文，并在学术会议上与其他研究者进行交流和合作。
7. 你有没有相关的教学或辅导经验？是的，我曾在本科生课程中担任助教，负责辅导学生、批改论文和组织讨论课。
这些经验提高了我的教学能力和沟通技巧，使我能够更好地与学生互动并传授知识。
8. 你对未来的职业规划是什么？我希望能够在大学或研究机构担任教职，继续从事研究和教学工作。
我也对在国际组织或律师事务所从事法律顾问工作感兴趣，以便将学术研究与实际应用相结合。
以上是我对英语博士面试常问问题的解读和回答，希望能对您有所帮助。
考博英语词汇考题详解
考博英语词汇考题详解考博英语词汇考题解密一、动词动词及短语动词是博士生入学英语考试词汇部分的一个重要测试项目。
该项目对考生的测试点包括：1)动词的认知能力和辨别能力；2)动词用法的掌握程度；3)动词搭配关系的熟练程度。
据初步统计在研究生入学考试5500个词汇中，大约有五分之一是动词及动词词组。
因此，掌握好这批词汇直接关系到能否通过博士生入学英语词汇部分的考试。
在动词部分中，考生首先应该具备较好的认知能力，即遇见一个动词后，能够较快地确定它的前两个或前三个词义。
如：evolve v.，第一个词义是“使发展”，第二个词义是“使进化”，第三个词义是“推论”。
在考试中，检查考生这一能力的题是比较多的；考生应该能够根据上下文确定动词的有关词义。
在具备认知能力的基础上，考生还需掌握这些词汇的基本用法。
如：forbid v. 后面不能用to smoke，只能用动词+ing的形式，即smoking；Occur v. (发生)，只能用于主动语态，不能以被动的形式出现。
最后，还要熟悉动词的基本搭配关系。
如：concentrate和associate两个动词，其后面的介词一般只能是on和with。
以下是按照上面三种情况出现的词汇题：1. The diplomatic relations between the two countries have ____.A. ticked awayB. gone outC. broken offD. rung up2.The Constitution also provides that the organ of state must practice democratic centralism.A. suppliesB. specifiesC. presentsD. withhold3.As a result, they had to ___ answering their letter by three days.A. decideB. refrainC. surpassD. delay第一句表示“外交关系终止”需用动词词组“break off"。
考博英语阅读理解试题分类解析-考试要求、命题形式与解题技巧【圣才出品】
第一部分考试要求、命题形式与解题技巧一、考试要求阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）是博士生入学英语考试的重要组成部分，该题型一直是各院校考查的重点，为每年必考题型而且比重最大（个别院校除外），分值比重一般为30%或40%（电子科技大学达到50%）。
为了顺利通过博士生入学英语考试，考生必须高度重视阅读理解能力的训练和提高。
（一）测试要求在国家教育部颁布的《非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲》中关于“读”的能力要求为：掌握并能运用各项阅读技能（如概括中心思想，猜词悟意，预见，推理和推论等），具有语法水平上的分析能力。
能较顺利地阅读并正确理解有相当难度的一般性题材文章和其他读物，达到每分钟60-70个词，读后能够理解中心思想及内容。
计时阅读难度略低，生词不超过总词数2%的材料，速度达到每分钟100-120个词，读后能理解中心思想及主要内容。
总阅读量：精读30000个词左右，泛读80000个词左右。
原国家教委发布的《非英语专业硕士研究生英语学位课程考试大纲》（试行稿）明确指出，阅读理解的测试目的主要是考查学生通过阅读材料获取信息的能力，要求考生在快速阅读材料的同时，能够正确地理解材料的意思。
具体而言，阅读理解主要测试考生如下几方面的能力：（1）所掌握词汇量的深度和广度，准确把握某些词和词组在上下文中特定含义的能力；（2）迅速总结所读材料的中心思想和段落大意，并找出一些表露作者观点的关键句子的能力；（3）对所读材料各段落之间的逻辑意义进行判断、推理和引申的能力；（4）注意一些对理解全文或某个关键句子起着重要的作用的细节问题的能力；（5）领会作者的观点和判断作者的态度，或者从阅读材料所隐含的意思中推断出作者的观点和态度的能力。
总之，阅读理解部分不但要求掌握所读材料的主旨大意、中心思想，而且要求考生注意文中细节；不但要求对具体事实情节的理解，而且要求对其抽象含义的理解，既要理解字面意思，又要理解其深层含义，包括作者的态度、观点、意图等；既要求理解文中某句、某段的含义及全文的逻辑关系，又要求根据其含义及逻辑关系进行判断和推理；既要求考生能够运用材料中的信息去理解、分析问题，又要求考生能运用应有的常识去分析、理解问题。
考博英语题型
考博英语题型
博士入学考试（Ph.D. Admission Test）英语科目主要包括阅读
理解、写作、翻译和语法等题型。
1. 阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）：要求考生阅读一篇长文章或若干篇短文章，并回答相关问题。
考察考生的阅读和理解能力，包括对文章的主旨、细节、态度和推理等方面的理解。
2. 写作（Writing）：要求考生根据一定的命题或题材，在规
定的时间内完成一篇论述型或议论型的英文作文。
考察考生的写作能力和表达能力，要求清晰、连贯、有逻辑地陈述观点和论证推理，同时注意语法、拼写和标点符号的正确使用。
3. 翻译（Translation）：要求考生根据给定的英文句子或段落，将其准确地翻译成中文或汉语的一种或多种形式。
考察考生的翻译能力和语言转换能力，要求准确、通顺、符合语言习惯。
4. 语法（Grammar）：要求考生在给定的句子中选出错误或提
出更正建议。
考察考生对英语语法规则的掌握和运用能力，包括词类、句型、时态、语态和修辞等方面的知识。
除了以上主要题型，Ph.D.考试中还可能包括其他题型，如填空、补全句子、改写句子、改错等。
具体题型和内容可能因学校和学科的不同而有所差异，考生需要根据招生通知和样题进行备考。
2023全国博士英语考试题型
2023全国博士英语考试题型全国博士英语考试是获得博士学位的重要环节之一，其考试内容涵盖了英语听、说、读、写、译等多个方面。
以下是2023年全国博士英语考试的题型及分析，以供参考。
一、听力理解听力理解部分主要测试考生理解英语学术讲座和对话的能力。
该部分共20道题，每道题1分，总分为20分。
考试时间为30分钟。
听力材料的难度较高，涉及的领域广泛，包括社会科学、自然科学等。
考生需要具备较强的听力技巧和快速理解能力，才能准确把握听力材料的主旨和细节。
二、阅读理解阅读理解部分主要测试考生阅读并理解英语学术文章的能力。
该部分共20道题，每道题2分，总分为40分。
考试时间为50分钟。
阅读文章的题材和难度与学术论文相似，涉及的主题广泛，包括社会科学、自然科学、人文科学等。
考生需要具备较强的阅读技巧和批判性思维能力，才能准确把握文章的主旨和细节，并做出正确的推理判断。
三、翻译翻译部分主要测试考生将英语学术文章翻译成汉语的能力。
该部分共2道题，每道题10分，总分为20分。
考试时间为30分钟。
翻译文章的主题广泛，包括社会科学、自然科学、人文科学等。
考生需要具备较强的翻译技巧和语言表达能力，同时还需要了解相关领域的背景知识，才能准确传达原文的意思。
四、写作写作部分主要测试考生撰写英语学术论文的能力。
该部分共1道题，总分为20分。
考试时间为40分钟。
写作题目要求考生就某一主题撰写一篇学术论文，要求结构清晰、逻辑严密、语言准确、表达流畅。
考生需要具备较强的学术素养和写作技巧，同时还需要了解相关领域的学术规范和写作要求。
总体来说，2023年全国博士英语考试的难度较高，对考生的英语水平和学术素养要求较高。
考生需要通过系统的备考和训练，全面提高自己的英语听、说、读、写、译能力，同时还需要了解相关领域的背景知识和学术规范，才能顺利通过考试。
大学博士英语考试试题及解析
Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed tonotice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35. According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain islike the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals,large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit.And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality.Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea.Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire, resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them.It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales. (66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online. (68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it.(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2).In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places. But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks. Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment. What do you think?。
2024 年博士研究生学位英语考试题型
2024 年博士研究生学位英语考试题型
2024年博士研究生学位英语考试题型主要分为以下几类：
1. 听力理解：这部分测试考生的英语听力能力，主要包括对话、短文及问题。
考生需要根据所听内容选择正确答案。
2. 词汇与语法：这部分测试考生的英语词汇和语法知识，主要包括填空、选择题等形式。
3. 阅读理解：这部分测试考生的英语阅读能力，主要包括阅读短文及问题。
考生需要根据短文内容选择正确答案。
4. 完形填空：这部分测试考生的语境理解和词汇运用能力，考生需要根据短文内容及语境，从所给选项中选择最佳答案填入空白处。
5. 写作：这部分测试考生的英语书面表达能力，主要包括命题作文、图表作文等。
考生需要根据题目要求撰写文章或完成图表作文。
6. 翻译：这部分测试考生的英汉互译能力，主要包括英译汉和汉译英两种形式。
考生需要准确翻译所给短文或句子。
需要注意的是，不同地区和高校的博士研究生学位英语考试题型可能略有差异，具体题型以实际考试大纲为准。
建议考生参考历年真题和考试大纲进行复习备考。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：68
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The founders, as was the case of almost all their successors, were long on exhortation and rhetoric regarding the value of civic education, but they left it to the textbook writers to distill the essence of those values for school children.问题1选项A.infuseB.disseminateC.extractD.demonstrate【答案】C【解析】划线词的宾语是the essence of those values for school children，从那些价值观中……本质。
A选项infuse“灌输；浸渍”；B选项disseminate“宣传；散步”；C选项extract“提取；提炼”；D选项demonstrate“证明；展示”。
联系句意可知“从那些价值观中提取本质”逻辑通顺，因此C选项符合题意。
2.单选题Gender-based violence encompasses a wide range of human rights violations, including sexual abuse of children, rape, domestic violence, sexual assault and harassment, trafficking of women and girls and several harmful traditional practices.问题1选项A.batteringB.tradingC.veneratingD.craving【答案】B【解析】句意：基于性别的暴力包括广泛的侵犯人权行为，包括对儿童的性虐待、强奸、家庭暴力、性侵犯和骚扰、……妇女和女童以及若干有害的传统做法。
考博英语题型
考博英语题型一、阅读理解阅读理解是考博英语中的重要部分，主要考察考生对英文文献的阅读、理解和分析能力。
通常包括两篇长篇文章和若干段短文，总阅读量在3000字左右。
长篇文章通常涉及学术领域的内容，如社会科学、人文科学等，而短文则可能涉及新闻、广告、说明书等不同题材。
阅读理解的题目类型包括选择题、判断题、填空题等，要求考生在理解文章内容的基础上，根据问题进行分析和判断。
二、词汇和语法词汇和语法部分主要考察考生的英语基础知识和语言运用能力。
题目通常包括词汇选择题、填空题、改错题等，要求考生掌握一定数量的英语词汇，能够正确运用语法规则进行句子表达。
考生需要通过大量的词汇和语法练习，提高自己的语言运用能力，掌握常见的词汇和表达方式。
三、完形填空完形填空是一种综合性的语言测试题型，主要考察考生对英语语篇的理解和组织。
题目通常给出一篇短文，其中若干个空格需要填写适当的单词或短语。
考生需要根据上下文语境、语法规则和词汇意义等方面进行分析，选择最合适的答案。
完形填空要求考生具备较强的语篇理解和组织能力，以及对英语语言细节的关注。
四、翻译翻译部分主要考察考生对英语和汉语之间的翻译能力。
题目通常包括英译中和中译英两种类型，要求考生能够准确地将英文或中文文献翻译成另一种语言，并保持原文的语义和风格。
考生需要通过大量的翻译练习，提高自己的语言转换能力，了解不同文化背景下的语言表达方式和习惯。
五、写作写作部分主要考察考生对英文写作的掌握和应用能力。
题目通常给定一个主题或情境，要求考生根据要求写出一篇结构完整、语言流畅的短文。
写作类型可能包括议论文、说明文、应用文等不同形式，要求考生具备较强的语言表达能力和逻辑思维能力。
考生需要通过大量的写作练习，提高自己的英文写作水平，掌握常见的写作技巧和表达方式。
博士英语面试疑难问题解析及答案
博士英语面试疑难问题解析及答案问题1：请简要介绍一下你的研究方向。
我的研究方向是法律领域的知识产权保护。
我专注于分析和解决知识产权领域的法律问题，特别是在数字化时代对知识产权保护提出的新挑战。
我目前的研究重点是探索数字化技术对知识产权法律框架的影响，并提出相应的法律政策和实践建议。
问题2：你认为知识产权保护在当前社会的重要性是什么？知识产权保护在当前社会中具有重要意义。
首先，它鼓励创新和创造力，通过为创新者提供合理的回报，推动技术和文化的进步。
其次，知识产权保护有助于维护公平竞争和市场秩序，防止不正当竞争和的行为。
此外，知识产权保护还促进了国际经济合作和贸易，为创新者提供了一种在全球范围内保护其权益的机制。
问题3：请谈谈你的研究方法和研究设计。
在我的研究中，我采用了混合研究方法。
首先，我进行了文献综述，对相关的学术研究和法律文献进行了全面的分析和总结。
然后，我进行了实证研究，通过收集和分析相关数据，以验证和支持我的理论观点。
我还进行了案例研究，深入分析具体案例，并从中提取出有关知识产权保护的实践经验和教训。
在研究设计方面，我采用了跨学科的方法。
我结合了法律、经济学和技术等多个学科的理论和方法，以全面理解和解决知识产权保护领域的问题。
我还进行了比较研究，将不同国家和地区的知识产权保护制度进行比较，以发现其异同之处并提出改进建议。
问题4：你认为你的研究对社会和学术界的贡献是什么？我相信我的研究对社会和学术界都具有重要的贡献。
在社会方面，我的研究可以为知识产权保护的法律政策和实践提供指导和建议，帮助各国制定更加有效的知识产权保护制度，促进创新和经济发展。
在学术界方面，我的研究填补了数字化时代知识产权保护领域的研究空白，为学术界提供了新的研究视角和方法，并为进一步研究提供了参考和启示。
问题5：你在研究过程中遇到了哪些困难和挑战？你是如何克服它们的？在我的研究过程中，我遇到了一些困难和挑战。
首先，数字化技术的快速发展给知识产权保护带来了新的挑战，需要我不断研究和跟进最新的技术发展。
博士考核常见的英语问题
博士考核常见的英语问题When preparing for a doctoral examination, it is important to anticipate and prepare for potential English-language questions. The following are some common English questions that may be encountered during a doctoral exam, along with suggestions for how to approach them:1. Describe your research project and its significance.Approach: Begin by briefly introducing the topic and background of your research. Then, focus on the gap in knowledge that your research aims to address and explainits importance to the field. Conclude by discussing the potential impact of your findings.2. What methods did you use in your research and why did you choose them?Approach: Describe the methods you employed, such as experiments, surveys, or qualitative interviews. Explainwhy these methods were appropriate for your research question and how they helped you answer it.3. What are the main findings of your research?Approach: Present your key findings in a clear and concise manner. Use examples and data to support your claims and ensure that your explanations are accessible to a non-expert audience.4. How do your findings contribute to the existing literature in your field?Approach: Discuss how your research adds to the existing knowledge base in your field. Identify previous studies that your work builds upon or contradicts, and explain how your findings extend or challenge existing theories.5. What are the limitations of your research and how could future studies address these limitations?Approach: Acknowledge any limitations in your research, such as sample size, methodological challenges, or theoretical gaps. Suggest potential directions forfuture research that could overcome these limitations and further advance the field.6. How did you ensure the validity and reliability of your research?Approach: Discuss the steps you took to ensure the accuracy and trustworthiness of your research. This may include describing your sampling methods, data collection procedures, and any statistical tests or analytical methods you used to validate your findings.7. What are the implications of your research for practice or policy?Approach: Explore how your research findings could be applied in real-world settings, such as in industry, government, or educational institutions. Discuss the potential benefits and challenges of implementing yourresearch findings in practice.8. How has your research experience shaped your academic and career goals?Approach: Reflect on how your doctoral research has influenced your academic and career aspirations. Discuss any new interests or directions you have discovered through your research and how they have shaped your future plans.Remember, when answering these questions, it is important to speak clearly and confidently. Use examples and specific details to support your answers and demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of the subject matter. Additionally, it is helpful to practice answering these questions in advance, either by yourself or with a mentor or advisor, to ensure that you are prepared and comfortable when it comes time for the exam.。
全国各大院校考博英语试题题型汇总
人民大学： Part 1 词汇20%(40题);
中国考博辅导首选学校
Part 2 阅读理解 30% (30题，6篇) Part 3 翻译 E-C 10%;C-E 10% Part 4 写作 A letter 10% B essay 20% 清华大学 Part 1 词汇20%(40题); Part 2 阅读理解 40% (20题，5篇) Part 3 完形10% 20题 Part 4 翻译 E-C 10%; Part5 写作 20% 不少于300字 北京师范大学： Part 1 听力 15% Section A Section B: 07年 Section A 5statements Section B 5 short conversation Section C 1 interview 08年 Section A 5 news reports 对题项判断正误 Section B Tolk one/two Talks and questions Part 2阅读理解 30% (30题，6篇) Part 3 翻译和写作 55% Section A 翻译40%： E-C C-E Section B 写作 15% summary 120-150字 北京航空航天大学 Part1 听力 20分 SectionA 10分 SectionB 10分 passage Part 2 阅读理解 30分 4篇 Part3 vocabulary 10分 Part4 cloze 10分 Part5 translation 15分 translate the underlined sentences into Chinese Part6 15分 150字 中南大学： 卷一：Part 1 英语应用 词汇10%(20题);完形10%(20题) Part 2 阅读理解 40% (20题，5篇) 卷二：Part 3 翻译 英译汉10%(划线部分);汉译英10%(一段)
北京大学深圳研究学院西方经济学2015考博英语复习 非谓语动词用法深度剖析
北京大学深圳研究学院西方经济学2015考博英语复习非谓语动词用法深度剖析make主动语态被动语态句法功能一般式进行式完成式一般式完成式主宾表定状补不定式to write to be making to have made to be made to havebeenmade√√√√√√现在分词makinghaving made being made having been made √√√√动名词√√√√过去分词made √√√√根据历年考博英语真题总结非谓语动词是考博英语中的重点和难点，对于考题中考查非谓语动词时，怎么才能保证不丢分呢?怎么摸清非谓语动词考查的规律呢?下面育明考博考博英语辅导专家邵老师给大家讲解下非谓语动词用法的比较，希望能够帮助同学们顺利通过考试。
联系我们扣扣：四九三三七一六二六。
电话：四零零六六八六九七八。
由上表可以看出现在分词、动名词的被动形式有和过去分词在意义表达相交叉的区域，因此认真区分它们在这方面的用法对于准确理解和运用非谓语动词很有帮助。
如：to be done ，being done ，done ，having been done 都可表示被动，同时都可作定语，但它们在作定语时，是有明显区别的。
如：The school to be built is intended for the disabled children.即将要建的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。
The school being built is intended for the disabled children.正在建设的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。
The school built last year is intended for the disabled children.去年建的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。
The school，having been built for two years，is intended for the disabled children.建设花了两年多的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。
考博英语-548_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
考博英语-548(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionDirections:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.For this part, you are required to write a composition on thetopic Foods are overwhelmingly the most advertised group of all consumer products in the United States. Food products lead in expenditures for network and spot television advertisements, discount coupons, trading stamps, contests, and other forms of premium advertising. In other media- newspapers, magazines, newspaper supplements, billboards, and radio- food advertising expenditures rank near the top. Food manufacturers spend more on advertising than any other manufacturing group, and the nation's grocery stores rank first among all retailers.Throughout the 1970s, highly processed foods have accountedfor the bulk of total advertising. Almost all coupons, electronic advertising, national printed media advertising, consumer premiums ( other than trading stamps) as well as most push **e from processed and packaged food products. In 1978, breakfast cereals, soft drinks, candy and other desserts, oils and salad dressings, coffee, and prepared foods accounted for only an estimated 20 percent of the consumer food dollar. Yet these items accounted for about one half of all media advertising.By contrast, highly perishable foods such as unprocessed meats, poultry, fish and eggs, fruits and vegetables, and dairy products accounted for over half of the consumer food-at-home dollar. Yet these products accounted for less than 8 percent of national media advertising in 1.978, and virtually no discount coupons. These products tend to be most heavily advertised by the retail sector in local newspapers, where they account for an estimated 40 percent of retail grocery newspaper ads.When measured against total food-at-home expenditures, total measured food advertising accounts for between 3 and 3.7 cents out of every dollar spent on food in the nation's grocery stores. Alittle less than one cent of this amount is accounted for by electronic advertising ( mostlytelevision) while incentives account for 0.6 cents. The printed media accounts for 0.5 cents and about one-third of one cent is comprised of discount coupon redemptions. The estimate for the cost of pushpromotion ranges from 0.7 to 1.4 cents. This range is necessary because of the difficulty in separating non-promotional aspects of direct selling—transportation, technical, and other related services.Against this gross consumer cost must be weighed the joint products or services provided by advertising. In the case of electronic advertising, the consumer who **mercial television receives entertainment, while readers of magazines and newspapers receive reduced prices on these publication. The consumer pays directly for some premiums, but also receives nonfood merchandise as an incentive to purchase the product. The "benefits"must, therefore, be subtracted from the gross cost to the consumer to fully assess the net cost of advertising.Also significant are the impacts of advertising on food demand, nutrition, **petition among food manufacturers. The bulk of manufacturers advertising is concentrated on a small portion of consumer food products. Has advertising changed the consumption of these highly processed products relative to more perishable foods such as meats, produce, and dairy products? Has the nutritional content of U. S. food consumption been influenced by food advertising? **petition among manufacturers and retailers been enhanced or weakened by advertising? These are important questions and warrant continued research.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.The author's attitude towards advertising can be characterized as______.A admiringB condemningC uncertainD inquisitive该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.As used in the passage, the term "push promotion" means ______.A coupon redemptionB retail advertisingC advertising in trade journalsD direct selling该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.The author implies that advertising costs ______.A are greater for restaurants than for at-home foodsB should be discounted by the benefits of advertising to the consumerC are much higher in the United States than anywhere else in the worldD for prepared foods are considerably higher than for natural foods for all media该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.The purpose of the passage is to ______.A warn about rising food advertising costsB let experts see how overextended food advertising has becomeC describe the costs of food advertising and the issues yet to be understood about its effectsD congratulate the food industry on its effective advertising该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.If it were discovered that the nutritional content of the U.S. food supply were degraded by the advertising of highly processed foods and such advertising was totally banned, which of the following possible results of the ban could be inferred from the passage?A The subscription costs of publications might rise.B The cost of cable television might rise.C The cost of free television might rise.D Fewer consumers would watch certain television shows.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:AHowever important we may regard school life to be, there is no gainsaying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives.Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents apprised of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing, and developmental mathematics.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The many interviews carried on during the year as well as new ways of reporting pupils' progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food. Using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip, and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis.If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assumethat he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics and at the sams time, enjoying the work.Too often, however, teachers' conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children's misdemeanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestions for penalties and rewards at home.What is needed is a more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional adviser plants ideas in parents' minds for the best utilization of the many hours that the child spends out of the classroom.In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest developmefit of youngsters' capacities.SSS_SINGLE_SEL6.The central idea conveyed in the above passage is that______.A home training is more important than school training because a child spends so many hours with his parentsB teachers can and should help parents to understand and further the objectives of the schoolC parents unwittingly have hindered and thwarted curricular objectivesD there are many ways in which the mathematics program can be implemented at home该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BSSS_SINGLE_SEL7.The author directly discusses the fact that ______.A parents drill their children too much in arithmeticB principals have explained the new art programs to parentsC a father can have his son help him construct articles at homeD a parent's misguided efforts can be redirected to proper channels该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SINGLE_SEL8.It can reasonably be inferred that the author ______.A is satisfied with present relationships between home and schoolB feels that the traditional program in mathematics is slightly superior to the developmental programC believes that schools are lacking in guidance personnelD feels that parent-teacher interviews can be made much more constructive than they are at present该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SINGLE_SEL9.The author implies that______.A participation in interesting activities relating to a school subject improves one's achievement in that areaB too many children are lazy and have poor work habitsC school principals do more than their share in interpreting the curriculum to the parentsD only a small part of the school day should be set apart for drilling in arithmetic该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL10.The author's primary purpose in writing this passage is to ______.A tell parents to pay more attention to the guidance of teachers in the matter of educational activities in the homeB help ensure that every child's capacities are fully developed when he leaves schoolC urge teachers and school administrators to make use of a much underused resource—the parentsD improve the teaching of mathematics该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CThe newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed, unsalted, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting American journalism—to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribbling as society and club news) as "local" news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering choppy and dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion. This is nonsense.The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the "facts". This insistence raises two questions: What arc the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough ?As to the first query, consider how a so-called" factual" **es about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space allotment being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten which he considers the most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece. ( This is an important decision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph. ) This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on page twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.Thus, in the presentation of a so-called" factual" or" objective" story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and their "news neutralism", arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather than subjective processes—as objective, that is, as any human being can be (Note in passing: even **plete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless theideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels. ) If an editor is intent on slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by theselection of those facts that prop up his particular plea. Or he can do it by the play he gives a story -- promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.SSS_SINGLE_SEL11.The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is ______.A Interpreting the NewsB Everything CountsC Function of the Night EditorD Subjective versus Objective Processes该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL12.The writer of an article selects ten out of 50 available facts because______.A space is limitedB his editor is prejudicedC the subject is not importantD he is entering choppy and dangerous waters该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL13.The author is implying that ______.A in writing a factual story, the writer must use judgmentB the writer should limit himself to the factsC the writer should make the story interestingD reporters slant their stories该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL14.The lead sentence should present the most important fact because______.A it will influence the reader to continueB it will gratify the editorC some readers do not read beyond the first paragraphD it is the best way to write, according to the schools of journalism该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CSSS_SINGLE_SEL15.Placement of a story on page one or page twenty-four will control its ______.A accuracyB impartialityC impactD relative importance该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CBoth plants and animals of many sorts show remarkable changes in form, structure, growth habits, and even mode of reproduction in becoming adapted to different climatic environment, types of food supply, or mode of living. This divergence in response to evolutionis commonly expressed by altering the form and function of some part or parts of the organism, the original identity of which is clearly discernible. For example, the creeping foot of the snail is seen in related marine preemptors to be modified into a flapping organ useful for swimming, and is changed into prehensile arms that bear sartorial disks in the squids and other cephalopods. The limbs of various mammals are modified according to several different modes of life—for swift running (cursorial) as in the horse and antelope, for swinging to several different modes of life—for swinging in trees (arboreal) as in the monkey, for digging ( fossorial ) as in the moles and gophers, for flying (volant) as in the bats, for swimming (aquatic) as in the seals, whales and dolphins, and for other adaptations. The structures or organs that show main change in connection with this adaptive divergence **monly identified readily as homologous, in spite of great alterations. Thus, the fingers and wrist bones of a bat and whale, for instance, have virtually nothing in common except that they are definitely equivalent elements of the mammalian limb.SSS_SINGLE_SEL16.The best title for this passage is ______.A Adoptive DivergenceB EvolutionC Unusual StructuresD Changes in Organs该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL17."Homologous" means______.A alteredB correspondingC divergentD mammalian该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BSSS_SINGLE_SEL18.Plants and animals change in form ______.A as they evolveB to adjust to environmentC because of their structureD because of their mode of reproduction该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL19.Homes, monkeys, moles, bats, and whales are______.A fossorialB volantC aquaticD mammalian该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SINGLE_SEL20.Cephalopods haveA suctorial disksB flapping organsC discernible organsD homologous organs该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:APart Ⅱ VocabularyDirections: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that **pletes the sentence and then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.21.Many quarrels have______ through misunderstanding; how to solve them is important.SSS_SINGLE_SELA come aboutB come alongC come aroundD come by该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:A22.Some workers find it hard to ______ themselves to the new working conditions.SSS_SINGLE_SELA suitB accommodateC caterD furnish该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:B23.The remedies proposed for dealing with the situation ore only ______ promises for action for the future.SSS_SINGLE_SELA courageousB colossalC vagueD elaborate该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:C24.Mary didn't ______the new rule that her father made of being home at 5 o'clock.SSS_SINGLE_SELA take inB take afterC take onD take to该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:D25.He was not ______ and preferred to be alone most of the time.SSS_SINGLE_SELA antisocialB graciousC sociableD cordial该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:C26.The technology exists to complement and______ the human mind.SSS_SINGLE_SELA amplifyB enrichC stretchD enhance该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:A27.Since she believed him to be both candid and trustworthy, she refused to consider the possibility that his statement had been ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA dissatisfiedB irrelevantC insincereD nonsensical该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:C28.The Trojan War proved to the Greeks that cunning and ______ were often more effective than military might.SSS_SINGLE_SELA artificeB strengthC wisdomD beauty该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:A29.The middle-aged woman has been ______ with a serious illness for half a year; she is dying now.SSS_SINGLE_SELA laid downB laid offC laid upD laid in该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:C30.We had a lot of good applicants for the job, but Thomas Taylor ______ from the rest by having a degree in marketing.SSS_SINGLE_SELA singled outB checked OutC stood asideD stood ont该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:D31.Martin asked his professor for **ments on his report but it was______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA turned downB turned offC turned upD turned on该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:A32.After they tested the chemical and biological ______ of the samples we had sent them, they wrote up the report.SSS_SINGLE_SELA assetsB charactersC abnormitiesD properties该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:D33.My friend's parents ______ her to marry the poor young man, but at last she succeeded.SSS_SINGLE_SELA bannedB prohibitedC preventedD forbade该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:D34.After several ______ attempts to send the missile into space, the spacecraft was finally launched successfully.SSS_SINGLE_SELA abortiveB difficultC experimentalD excellent该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:A35.There is a direct flight at 3: 00 or a flight at 7: 30 in the morning that ______ in Los Angeles.SSS_SINGLE_SELA stops byB stops inC stops overD stops up该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:C36.The football match was______ because of the snow.SSS_SINGLE_SELA called offB put awayC set asideD counted on该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:A37.Your letters ______ those pleasant days when we worked together, I'll remember forever.SSS_SINGLE_SELA call outB call forC call upD call on该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:C38.No one really knows **posed this piece of music, but it has been______ to Bach.SSS_SINGLE_SELA referredB attributedC identifiedD associated该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:A39.Reading became difficult for the old man, so the optician ______ glasses.SSS_SINGLE_SELA prescribedB subscribedC inscribedD described该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:A40.There are no solitary, free-living creature; every form of life is ______ other form.SSS_SINGLE_SELA parallel toB dependent onC segregated fromD overlapped with该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:B41.Since she knew nothing about a foreign language, she was ______ by the menu at the restaurant and did not know how to' order.SSS_SINGLE_SELA bewilderedB shakenC annoyedD stunned该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:A42.The table has a plastic coating which prevents liquids from ______ into the wood beneath.SSS_SINGLE_SELA permeatingB circulatingC scatteringD spilling该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:A43.The patient was making good progress but suffered a ______ when he caught a cold.SSS_SINGLE_SELA setoffB set-inC setdownD setback该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:D44.The likely reactions of the market would need to be ______ before we decide to take action.SSS_SINGLE_SELA held on toB backed upC reflected onD cleared away该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:C45.The team should play very hard because the championship of the state was______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA at costB at faultC at stakeD at large该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:C46.Research shows that many voters who haven't yet made up their minds are ______towards the Democrats.A slidingB transferringC skiddingD tilting该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:D47.On______ to power the new President announced a program of social reforms.SSS_SINGLE_SELA arrivingB comingC achievingD reaching该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:B48.They had their electricity ______ because they didn't pay the bill.SSS_SINGLE_SELA cut inB cut offC cut downD cut out该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:B49.The club members voted to ______ the ban on smoking.SSS_SINGLE_SELA refrainB repealC repelD reside该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:B50.Though he was almost ninety years old, he was still alive and ______.A alertB graveC elegantD persistent该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:APart Ⅲ ClozeDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, fill in a suitable word in each blank on the ANSWER SHEET.A (51) of foreign words still look like foreign words; there are often expressions which(52) originally used by people who wanted to sound particularly well-educated. It was the desire to be scholarly thatbrought (53) a wave of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century (54) the Humanist movement brought new impetus tolearning throughout Europe. (55) such as, e. g. (from the Latin meaning a voluntary example); PS (meaning" added after the latter has been written" ); a.m. and (56) ( meaning "before noon" and" after noon" ) came into the language at this time. Nowadays theyare (57) common that most people don't even know (58) the letters actually stand for and there's certainly nothing learned about using them today !In addition to the words brought to English (59) foreigners, there are plenty of words which the British have collected from the countries they have settled in all (60) the world. There are even a few Chinese words, which I’m sure a Chinese speaker would recognize from the way we pronounce them:" typhoon" is a great wind; "to kow-tow" is to bow down low; a "sampan" is a small wooden boat. Over 5,000 of the words in common use in English today are words of foreign (61) . Some of them are clearlyrecognizable (62) foreign like "au pair" or"rendezvous"; (63) now look so English that only a language historian knows (64) they came from.So English is in a state of permanent development. Both in Britain and abroad it is gaining (65) words and expressions, and dropping and changing old (66) . Words changes their meaning, and they go in and out of fashion (67) hairstyles. Nobody knows all the four million words that are said to exist; a well-educated person probably (68) under 20,000. So don't be surprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that still appear in school textbook; and next time you hear somebody using a strange word youhaven't heard (69) , you **fort yourself that there may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesn't know it (70) .SSS_FILL51.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:number/lotSSS_FILL52.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:wereSSS_FILL53.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:aboutSSS_FILL54.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:whenSSS_FILL55.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:AbbreviationsSSS_FILL56.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:p.m.SSS_FILL57.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:soSSS_FILL58.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:whatSSS_FILL59.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:bySSS_FILL60.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:overSSS_FILL61.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:originSSS_FILL62.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:asSSS_FILL63.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:othersSSS_FILL64.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:whereSSS_FILL65.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:newSSS_FILL66.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:onesSSS_FILL67.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:likeSSS_FILL68.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:useSSS_FILL69.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:beforeSSS_FILL70.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:eitherPart Ⅳ English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese on the ANSWER SHEET.At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous.It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence; but at this age the likelihood of death is least. 71. Earlier, we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable; later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigor and resistance which, though imperceptible atfirst, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look after ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after us. This decline in vigor with the passing of time is called aging. It is one the most unpleasant discoveries which we make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and diseases we shall eventually "die of old age", and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favor of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer on into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are.Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they are reminded of it. 72. We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigor with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get was something self-evident, like the cooling of a kettle of hot water or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. They are also assumed that all animals, and probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, must in the nature of things "wear out". Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do if given the chances to live long enough; and mechanical systems like a wound watch, or the sun, do in fact run out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics. But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages. A run-down watch is still a watch and can be。
考博英语题型
考博英语题型
【原创版】
目录
1.考博英语概述
2.考博英语的题型及分值分布
3.各种题型的备考策略
4.总结
正文
一、考博英语概述
考博英语，全称为博士研究生入学考试英语科目，是我国博士研究生招生全国统一考试的一部分。
其主要目的是测试考生的英语语言应用能力，以确保考生具备良好的英语水平，能够适应博士研究生阶段的学习和科研工作。
考博英语考试分为笔试和口试两个部分，其中笔试是主要的考试形式。
二、考博英语的题型及分值分布
考博英语笔试部分主要包括以下几种题型：
1.阅读理解（占总分值的 20%）
2.完形填空（占总分值的 10%）
3.翻译（占总分值的 15%）
4.写作（占总分值的 25%）
5.语法与词汇（占总分值的 10%）
6.逻辑与推理（占总分值的 10%）
三、各种题型的备考策略
1.阅读理解：提高阅读速度和理解能力，注重文章的主旨和细节。
可以通过多阅读英文文章和进行模拟练习来提高。
2.完形填空：注重词汇和语法的积累，分析句子结构，理解上下文。
可以多做真题练习，总结规律。
3.翻译：中英文互译都需要掌握。
注意翻译时要忠实原文，表达通顺。
可以通过翻译练习和积累词汇短语来提高。
4.写作：熟悉各类作文类型，注重文章结构和逻辑。
多进行写作练习，积累素材和表达。
5.语法与词汇：系统学习英语语法，积累词汇，加强练习。
6.逻辑与推理：提高逻辑思维能力，熟悉题型，多进行练习。
四、总结
考博英语考试对考生的英语语言应用能力有较高要求，需要考生在各个方面都具备一定的实力。
2018考博英语阅读理解：解题思路和技巧总结
2018考博英语阅读理解：解题思路和技巧总结导读：本文2018考博英语阅读理解：解题思路和技巧总结，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。
一. 细节题1、题干上有五个W一个H提问。
2、题干中明确会提到的时间、地点、人物或者事物等细节信息。
3、有可能针对文章中的一句话或者几句话发问。
4、题干和选项有可能考察一种因果关系。
5、解题关键：返回原文，准确定位。
做题依据一定要紧扣文章本身，要注意返回原文找答案：1、可以根据题干所列的地点、时间、人物、事物返回原文。
2、根据出题的顺序返回原文。
3、根据题干中或四个选项中的重点词或同义词返回原文。
4、通过长难句返回原文。
二. 句子理解题1、标志：题干中明确指出是原文中的某句话，重要的不是上下文，而是句子本身。
2、步骤：(1)重点是返回原文，对该句子进行语法、句法、词法的精准解析。
正确(不能推)理解句子的深刻含义。
(2)若该句话的含义不能确定，则适当依据上下文进行判断。
局部含义有整体含义决定。
(3)一般来说，选项中的正确答案与原句是同义关系，只不过用其他短语表达。
3、错误选项特征：推的过远，做题时注意把握理解度。
4、正确选项不包含过于绝对化的词语。
三. 主旨大意题1、标志：best title，main idea，main problem，conclusion，mainly disguss，mainly deal with或者问作者的写作目的purpose, the author intends to do sth, a digest of，利用宏观阅读技巧作主旨题，不管是出现在什么位置，都把他作为zui后一题来做。
2、方法：(1)段落少，用串线法。
(2)快速作文法：两个选项难以分辨的时候，用这两个选项做作文，快速给出提纲。
3、选项不能选择局部信息，也不能选范围过宽的信息。
四. 态度题1、标志：题干中出现attitude ，believe ，consider，deam，regard，deem2、作者态度可以分为三大类：(1)正态度：支持，乐观，赞同(2)客观、中立、公正(3)反对、批评、怀疑3、等价选项都不选4、有些选项一定不是正确答案(永陪选项)：indifferent(漠不关心);subjective(主观的);biased(有偏见的);puzzled(迷惑不解的)5、识别作者态度：方法一：可以根据作者论述的主线及举例的方式进行判断。
2020年考博英语阅读理解试题分类解析PPT模板
二阅读理解分类解析
01
unit1风土人 情类
02
unit2婚姻家 庭类
03
unit3经济管 理类
04
unit4科普科 研类
6
unit6社会生 活类
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202x
2020年考博英语阅读理解试 题分类解析
演讲人
2 0 2 x - 11 - 11
目录
01. 一考试要求、命题形式与解题技巧 02. 二阅读理解分类解析
01
一考试要求、命题形式与解题技巧
一考试要求、命题 形式与解题技巧
一、考试要求 二、命题形式 三、解题方法与技巧
02
二阅读理解分类解析
202x
感谢聆听
二阅读理解分类解析
01
unit7社会问 题类
02
unit8生态环 境类
03
unit9文化教 育类
04
unit10医疗健 康类
05
unit11艺术文 学类
06
unit12政治法 律类
单击此处添加标题
单击此处添加文本具体内 容，简明扼要的阐述您的 观点。根据需要可酌情增 减文字，以便观者准确的 理解您传达的思想。
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2015深圳大学考博英语历年真题一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、深圳大学考博英语题型英语题型介绍：Part1:.听力理解，共分为三题，第二题每小题1.5分，第一第三小题每题1分。
（35分)Part2:阅读理解，共两篇短文，10个小题（20分）Part3:翻译（25分）共五短句子Part4:写作（20分）三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。
在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。
四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。
但不排除偶然，像出现直博和本学校的硕转博名额问题，可能会给我们的报考和录取产生影响。
总之考博凭的是实力和自身的本事，关系只是占一部分，自己努力了就行，不用过分纠结于导师回复有没有啥隐含意思的。
初次联系好导师后，一定要注意跟导师保持联系。
每半个月或者一个月向导师汇报一下学习情况或者复习情况，交流一下科研方向，这很有必要。
一方面让导师觉得你很想去跟他深造，另一方面显得你虔诚好学。
五、听力答题技巧1、卷子发下来后快速的浏览一遍，包括题干和答案。
这样会大大提高你对听力的理解---知道它是讲什么内容，大概是怎么回事。
联系我们扣扣：四一六九二五五五九。
电话：四零零六六八六九七八。
扣扣群：一零五六一九八二零。
2、没听懂的题目，就放弃它，千万不要在听下道题的时候还在想上道题。
这样会引起头脑的混乱。
3、相信第一感觉，听力部分不是非常确凿的感觉的话不要改动开始的答案。
人的大脑有时候会混淆的。
因此很多情况下不是你选错了，而是改错了。
因此轻易别选，但是选了之后轻易别改。
(1)提炼选项中的重要信息考生务必先看选项。
当录音人开始宣读Directions时，考生应充分利用这段时间速读选项，预测考点，从而做到心中有数。
通过先看选项，可以明确题目多方面的信息。
(2)掌握节奏合理安排时间可能没有哪种考试对时间安排的要求比听力考试还要苛刻。
“录音不等人”，所以很多考生答题时都很紧张。
其实，听力考试每分钟阅读的字数和停顿时间有严格限制：约每分钟140词，每个问题后有约15秒停顿。
拍子已经固定，我们要做的是跟上节奏，过分的紧张只会造成混乱，直接影响发挥。
答题时，考生切勿在某一题上花费过多的时间(一般少于10秒/题)，剩余的时间用于阅读下一题的选项和大胆猜测考点。
一旦没有听懂就根据已经掌握的信息迅速猜一个答案，马上进入下一题的节奏。
千万不可拖泥带水，否则破坏了节奏，可能造成随后的简单题目失分。
答案选定后可放松一口气，然后尽可能多看下一题乃至两题的选项。
(3)听力是一种Paraphrase考试Paraphrase就是运用同类词语的替换或句型的变换解释句或段的意义。
听力考试多数时候是一种paraphrase考试，它往往考的不是考生是否听见，而是考考生是否听懂。
把命题中的对话和段落原封不动地照搬到答案里，等着考生把它挑出来，在考博听力考试中这种题型几乎找不到。
绝大多数题目，要求考生把听到的原文进行变换和归纳，对应到选项中。
如此一来，我们不光得竖起耳朵听，还得开动脑筋想。
这就造成有的考生听懂了原文的每个字，却选不出答案。
要避免这种情况，请注意正确答案的固定特征：(4)听懂语调和重音英语和汉语一样，说话人通过各种各样的语调和重音的变化表达不同的意思。
考博听力中，专业的录音人更是力求表演得真实，他们绝不会用平淡的语调表示自己的惊讶，也绝不会把重音放在无关紧要的词上。
重读的每一处都具有提示作用。
因而，从录音人的表现中就能推测出人物的心理活动、观点和态度。
重音和语调是最为重要的线索。
辨认录音人语调中的信息在听力考试中比听懂单个词更重要。
(5)针对题型逐个演练不管是对话还是文段，听力考试的提问可分主题题型、细节题型、推断题型和语言点题型四大类。
我们可以在平时的练习中有意识的总结做题的方法和技巧。
六、阅读理解的解题技巧其实考博阅读的技巧是有针对性的，看整篇文章就是为了弄清文章的框架，具体的问题我们可以不管，但文章的层次必须弄清楚。
只有弄清了文章的层次，具体的问题才好归类，结合课后问题才能快速定位问题答案。
另外我发现考博的题目基本都围绕在文章的各层次主干上，细枝末节上基本没有涉题，于是就会发现，原文几百字的文章，真正需要了解的只有主干的几十字而已，其余的东西都可省。
当我们划去冗余，就会发现几十字的文章骨架基本覆盖所有的问题。
可见，对于考博阅读，若要高效正确的征服，必须学会快速分析文章的主干。
这就是基于逻辑的阅读，上升到理论层面的阅读模式。
下面进行具体分析：（1）主旨在英语阅读中要弄清楚层次，个人以为要弄清文章主旨，段落中心以及段落内部的次中心，这些在一些文章主旨题和一些细节题上很受用。
常规的文章主旨都会有其固定的出现地点:首段末尾处、第二段的开头和最后一段。
当然也有非常规的情况，这就需要靠自己的能力去寻找。
找主旨需要慢慢训练，常规的、非常规的文章都能通过真题并结合后面的专家解析，这样能力就能够很快地提升。
（2）常规文章行文逻辑本文中一直的强调要重视文章逻辑，那么，一般的都有哪些逻辑呢？通过一般归纳总结，大致可以得到四个逻辑框架。
这些框架特别有助于理解文章的总体内容，阅读过程按框架有重点地跳读，辨明逻辑主线，在把握文章重点、段落中心和段内次中心基础上，会有很好的效果。
也许，在做考博阅读之初，很多平日里有扎实功底的同学也会出现全军覆没的局面，出现这种情况，并不一定是英语词汇有巨大的缺知，而可能是逻辑上出现混乱。
现在将框架简单介绍如下：框架1：提出问题——分析问题——解决问题框架2：叙述现象——分析现象——结论框架3：提出观点——支持or反驳该观点——重申观点框架4：两种东西对比——分项对比——总体对照在阅读中要有意识的将文章归类分析，弄清逻辑，以上列出的是主干，还需进一步分析到枝叶，这样才能达到层次清晰的程度。
到段落级别，文章中心也容易辨出，多数文章中心在首末，少数会出现在段中。
于是在理解阅读文章的时候，在定位完毕后尽量将重点阅读范围扩大多句，观察所在句子在段落中的地位和在全文的地位。
一般情况，较接近的段中心和段落次中心往往就是正确答案，当然在最终填写答案的时候还是细细分析更为可靠。
（3）暗含答案的重点位置所谓文章重点就是阅读文章时得特别关注的地方，也是我们在浏览文章时眼界的着力点。
在考博阅读中，出题点一般都是文章中较为重要的地方，常见的有段落的中心和次中心；对于非中心，考博文章一般不会考察。
这是博士研究生入学考试的选拔性和阅读科技论文实用性所决定的。
上述的逻辑对于宏观题基本可以一网打尽，但对于微观题，我们必须通过重点位置的提示来解决。
下面通过一些分析和重点位置的介绍来理解把握文章的细节：1）所有文章的中心与段落中心和次中心。
2）转折和因果。
在阅读中，最好把含有转折和因果的词句标出来，因为转折和因果都意味着作者的观点和态度，相对一般句子更有强调性。
例如：because，for，but，however……3）表示观点的句子、观点的词可能多处出现，当然并不是所有观点的句子和词汇都是重点，但值得一读。
阅读文章中对这些词语的敏感是件令人兴奋的事情，所以平时应做好积累。
例如：agree，acknowledge，assert，see，insist，according to，find，think，believe，show，point out，content，acclaim，say等4）特殊标点符号，有的表示具体说明、有表解释、有表反义等等，均有或强或弱的强调意味，主要的特殊标点符号有：——、（）、“”等。
5）情态动词。
should，must都能表达作者感情的因素，能从侧面反映作者对于某事物的观点，理应重点阅读。
6）特殊句型。
例如副词提前加逗号这种形式Variety，……，Significantly，……副词在句中起着很大作用，能反映态度，能表程度，这种特殊句型更有强调的成分，值得多阅读分析。
7）有指代的比较级、最高级和such/so等。
上面列举的一些重点特征很多，无异就是一些相对突出强调的词语。
阅读文章的时候，仅靠这些重点基本上可以做出大部分的阅读题。
阅读时快速画出重点，仅阅读含有重点特征的句子，对文章进行“减肥”，以提高阅读效率。
（4）选项特点1）正确答案的特点a、与原文句子同义词替换。
b、相对原文语法变化，如原文中的被动变为主动。
C、正面反面，即原文句子的否定形式，答案变成肯定的正面叙述；原文是肯定形式，从正面叙述，答案变成否定形式从反面叙述。
d、AB角度，原文从A角度叙述某事，而答案从B角度叙述同一件事情，本质不变。
e、具体抽象，即原文具体事例，答案变为抽象概括，或反之。
2）干扰选项的特点a、照抄原文，个别词语不同。
b、一半信息符合原文，一半信息不符。
c、将原文某些信息张冠李戴。
d、与原文叙述的内容相反。
e、与原文中没有出现观点新信息。
f、含有绝对化的词语，如only，always，never，all，everything，anything，everywhere，everybody，nobody。
g、逻辑错误，因果颠倒等。
最后，育明考博提醒：要做好考博英语阅读必须在扎实的英语词汇和语法的基础上，从不同角度对文章进行分解和思考。