英语词汇学教程参考答案

《英语词汇学教程》参考答案

(注：参考答案仅供参考。有些题目的答案并非是唯一的)

Chapter 1

1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon.

2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door.

(2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock.

(3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.

3. (1) when it follows ‘-t’and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id];

(2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];

(3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].

4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”.

(2)They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning.

(3)They belong to a lexical field of ‘telephone communication’.

(4)They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various

kinds of “looking”.

5. (a) ‘blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‘blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‘greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‘White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0

(b) black ‘board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‘bird: any bird which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); grey ‘hound: any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‘white ‘house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress).

6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words.

7. (a) The ‘bull’ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal.

(b) ‘Take the bull by the horn’ is an idiom, meaning ‘(having the courage to) deal with someone

or something directly.

(c) ‘Like a bull in a china shop’is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much

enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.

(d) A ‘bull market’ is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in

anticipation of profits.

8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.

Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl

Beer: beer glass, tankard

Wine: wineglass, goblet

Spirits: sherry glass

Chapter 2

1.Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang,

sung.

Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language.

For example, moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral+lize+er+s.

Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair, -ing, -s, etc.

Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.

2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en,

world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude

3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry,

reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert

4. (a) [ ə]

(b)[ -ai]

5. (1) –‘s, -s

(2) -est, -s

(3) –ing

(4) –ed

6. The connotations are as follows:

(1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker is speaking to a child, (3) beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland, carrying the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness.

7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz}

8. court: polysemy dart: polysemy