考博英语真题
军事科学院考博英语真题
军事科学院考博英语真题1、_______ your parents at home last week? [单选题] *A. IsB. WasC. AreD. Were(正确答案)2、—Is this Tony’s history book?—No, it isn’t ______.()[单选题] *A. himB. his(正确答案)C. heD. himself3、The beautiful radio _______ me 30 dollars. [单选题] *A. spentB. paidC. cost(正确答案)D. took4、Henry lives happily with his three cats. _______ of them are part of his family. [单选题] *A. NoneB. BothC. All(正确答案)D. Neither5、It’s so nice to hear from her again. ______, we last met more than thirty year ago [单选题] *A. What ‘s wordB. That’s to sayC. Go aheadD. Believe it or not(正确答案)6、I _______ Zhang Hua in the bookstore last Sunday. [单选题] *A. meetB. meetingC. meetedD. met(正确答案)7、The story has _______ a lot of students in our class. [单选题] *A. attracted(正确答案)B. attackedC. appearedD. argued8、Either you or the president()the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting. [单选题] *A. is handing outB. are to hand outC. are handing outD. is to hand out(正确答案)9、The Chinese team are working hard _______ honors in the Olympic Games. [单选题] *A. to win(正确答案)B. winC. winningD. won10、Which animal do you like _______, a cat, a dog or a bird? [单选题] *A. very muchB. best(正确答案)C. betterD. well11、79.–Great party, Yes? ---Oh, Jimmy. It’s you!(C), we last met more than 30 years ago. [单选题] *A. What’s moreB. That’s to sayC. Believe it or not (正确答案)D. In other words12、John and Jack had looked for the key, but _____ of them found it. [单选题] *A. noneB. neither(正确答案)C. bothD. either13、She spoke with a strong Scottish()[单选题] *A. speechB. accent(正确答案)C.voiceD. sound14、Mrs. Black is on her way to England. She will _______ in London on Sunday afternoon. [单选A. reachB. attendC. arrive(正确答案)D. get15、The book is very _______. I’ve read it twice. [单选题] *A. interestB. interestedC. interesting(正确答案)D. interests16、It is my _______ to meet you here. [单选题] *A. pleasure(正确答案)B. pleaseC. pleasedD. pleasant17、His handwriting is better than _____. [单选题] *A. mine(正确答案)C. ID. me18、63.There will be? ? ? ? ??? water on the road after the heavy rain. [单选题] *A.too much(正确答案)B.much tooC.too manyD.many too19、Since we have _____ money left,we can't afford the expensive computer. [单选题] *A. a littleB. a fewC. little(正确答案)D. few20、—______ my surprise, Zhu Hui won the first prize in the speech contest. —But I think he could, because he kept practicing speaking.()[单选题] *A. To(正确答案)B. AboutC. For21、I paint a lot of pictures. [单选题] *A. 评论B. 注意C. 悬挂D. 画(正确答案)22、The boy lost his()and fell down on the ground when he was running after his brother. [单选题] *A. balance(正确答案)B. chanceC. placeD. memory23、They all choose me ______ our class monitor.()[单选题] *A. as(正确答案)B. inC. withD. on24、( ) The salesgirls in Xiushui Market have set a good example______us in learning English. [单选题] *A. to(正确答案)B. forC. withD. on25、____ father is a worker. [单选题] *A.Mike's and Mary'sB. Mike and Mary's(正确答案)C. Mike's and MaryD. Mike and Marys'26、You must pay more attention to your pronunciation. [单选题] *A. 词汇B. 拼写C. 发音(正确答案)D. 语法27、You are getting too old for football.You had better _____tennis instead. [单选题] *A.take up(正确答案)B.take inC.take forD.take over28、Before leaving the village, he visited the old house _____ he spent his childhood. [单选题] *A in which(正确答案)B. whichC. to whichD at which29、Is there ____ for one more in the car? [单选题] *A. seatB. situationC. positionD. room(正确答案)30、Reading()the lines, I dare say that the government are more worried than they admitted. [单选题] *A. behindB. between(正确答案)C. alongD. among。
哈工大考博英语真题以及答案
General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Passage OneQuestions 1-7 are based on the following passage:According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield abroad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.1. The author is primarily concerned with .A. advocating a return to an older methodology.B. explaining the importance of a recent theory.C. enumerating differences between two widely used methodsD. describing events leading to a discovery2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systemsA were formed from metamorphic fluids.B originated in molten granitelike bodiesC were formed from alluvial depositsD generally have surface expression3. The passage implies that which of the following steps would bethe first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?A Surveying several sites known to have been formed morethan two billion years ago.B Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formedform metamorphic fluid.C Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site forfurther exploration.D Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broadarea.4. Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the passage?A The number of gold discover made annually has increasedbetween the time of the original gold rushes and the presentB New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the resultof exploration techniques designed to locate buriedmineralizationC It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will everyield as much as did those deposits discovered during theoriginal gold rushes.D Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utilityof simple prospecting methods as a source of newdiscoveries of gold deposits.5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?A A gold-quartz vein system originating in magma tic fluids.B A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids.C A gold deposit that is mixed with granite.D A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold.6. The theory mentioned in line I relates to the conceptualmodels discussed in the passage in which of the followingways?A It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes,and hence, can support conceptual models that have greatpractical significance.B It suggests that certain geological formations, long believedto be mineralized, are in fact mineralized thus confirming current conceptual models.C. It suggests that there may not be enough similarity acrossArchean-age gold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.D It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos ofgold deposits, and thus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.7. According to the passage methods of exploring for gold thatare widely used today are based on which of the following facts?A Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are stillmolten.B Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposedat the surface.C Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buriedand have no surface expressionD Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration. sincethe other types of gold deposits are found in regions difficult to reachPassage TwoQuestions 8-15 are based on the following passage:In choosing a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists invoke four principal criteria. First, the material—rocks, lakes, vegetation, etc.—on which the method relies must be widespread enough to provide plenty of information, since analysis of material that is rarely encountered will not permit correlation with other regions or with other periods of geological history. Second in the process of formation, the material must have received an environmental signal that reflects a change in climate and that can be deciphered by modern physical or chemical means. Third, at least some of the material must have retained the signal unaffected by subsequent changes in the environment. Fourth, it must be possible to determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions held. This last criterion is more easily met in dating marine sediments, because dating of only a small number of layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by extrapolation and interpolation. By contrast, because sedimentation is much less continuous in continental regions, estimating the age of a continental bed from the known ages of beds above and below is more risky.One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves the measurement of water levels in ancient lakes.In temperate regions, there are enough lakes for correlations between them to give us a tenable picture. In arid and semiarid regions, on the other hand, the small number of lakes and the great distances between them reduce the possibilities for correlation. Moreover, since lake levels are controlled by rates of evaporation as well as by precipitation, the interpretation of such levels is ambiguous. For instance, the fact that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States appear to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one time attributed to increased precipitation. On the basis of snowline elevations, however, it has been concluded that the climate then was not necessarily wetter than it is now, but rather that both summers and winters were cooler, resulting in reduced evaporationAnother problematic method is to reconstruct former climates on the basis of pollen profiles. The type of vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen grains found there. Although the relationship between vegetation and climate is not as direct as the relationship between climate and lake levels, the method often works well in the temperate zones. In arid and semiarid regions in which there is not much vegetation, however, small changes in one or a few plant types can change the picture traumatically, making accurate correlations between neighboring areas difficult to obtain.8. Which of the following statements about the difference betweenmarine and continental sedimentation is supported by information in the passage?A.Data provided by dating marine sedimentation is moreconsistent with researchers’ findings in other disciplines thanis data provided by dating continental sedimentation.B.It is easier to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence ofcontinental sedimentation than it is to estimate the age of alayer in a sequence of marine sedimentation.C.Marine sedimentation is much less widespread than continentalsedimentationD.Marine sedimentation is much more continuous than iscontinental sedimentation.9. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage as a whole?A.The author describes a method for determining past climaticconditions and then offers specific examples of situations inwhich it has been used.B.The author discusses the method of dating marine andcontinental sequences and then explains how dating is moredifficult with lake levels than with pollen profiles.C.The author describes the common requirements of methodsfor determining past climatic conditions and then discusses examples of such methods.D.The author describes various ways of choosing a material fordetermining past climatic conditions and then discusses how two such methods have yielded contradictory data.10. It can be inferred from the passage that paleoclimatologistshave concluded which of the following on the basis of their study of snow-line elevations in the southwest6ern United States?A.There is usually more precipitation during an ice age because ofincreased amounts of evaporationB.There was less precipitation during the last ice age than there istoday.ke levels in the semiarid southwestern United States werelower during the last ice age than they are today.D.The high lake levels during the last ice age may have been aresult of less evapo9ration rather than more precipitation.11. Which of the following would be the most likely topic for aparagraph that logically continues the passage?A.The kinds of plants normally found in arid regions.B.The effect of variation in lake levels on pollen distribution.C.The material best suited to preserving signal of climaticchanges.D.A third method fro investigating past climatic conditions.12. the author discusses lake levels in the southwestern United States in order toA.illustrate the mechanics of the relationship between lake level,evaporation, and precipitationB.provide an example of the uncertainty involved in interpretinglake levels.C.Prove that there are not enough ancient lakes with which tomake accurate correlationsD.Explain the effects of increased rates of evaporation on levelsof precipitation.13. It can be inferred from the passage that an environmental signalfound in geological material would no be useful to paleoclimatologists if it .A.had to be interpreted by modern chemical meansB.reflected a change in climate rather than a long-term climaticconditionC.was incorporated into a material as the material was formingD.also reflected subsequent environmental changes.14. According to the passage the material used to determine pastclimatic conditions must be widespread for which of thefollowing reasons?Ⅰ.Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons between periods of geological history.Ⅱ. Paleoclimatologists need to compare materials that have supporteda wide variety of vegetationⅢ. Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons with data collected in other regions.A.I onlyB.ⅡonlyC.I and ⅡonlyD.I and Ⅲonly15. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage aboutthe study of past climates in arid and semiarid regions?A.It is sometimes more difficult to determine past climaticconditions in arid and semiarid regions than in temperateregionsB.Although in the past more research has been done ontemperate regions, paleoclimatologists have recently turnedtheir attention to arid and semiarid regions.C.Although more information about past climates can begathered in arid and semiarid than in temperate regions, datingthis information is more difficult.D.It is difficult to study the climatic history of arid and semiaridregions because their climates have tended to vary more thanthose of temperate regions.Passage ThreeQuestions 16-22 are based on the following passage:While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government-controlled economy into a free one, the experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries were running at about £3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over £34 billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically improved overall economy, the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over a two-year period.In fact privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by 20 percent. At associated British Ports. labor d isruptions common in the 1970’s and early 1980’s have now virtually disappeared. At British Telecom,there is no longer a waiting list—as there always was before privatization—to have a telephone installed.Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares; at British Aerospace 89 percent of the eligible work force bought shares; at Associated British Ports 90 percent; and at British Telecom 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the new employee-owners grew so concerned about t heir company’s profits that during wage negotiations they actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands. Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Yet they miss Th omas Paine’s point that “what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly” In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.16. According to the passage all of the following were benefits ofprivatizing state owned industries in the United KingdomEXCEPTA.Privatized industries paid taxes to the governmentB.The government gained revenue from selling state-ownedindustriesC.The government repaid some of its national debtD.Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased17. According to the passage, which of the following resulted inincreased productivity in companies that have been privatized?A.A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in theircompanies.B.Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.C.The government ceased to regulate major industries.D.Unions conducted wage negotiations fro employees.18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to beA.an inevitable problem in a weak national economyB.a positive sign of employee concern about a companyC.a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sellshares to themD.a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry.19. The passage supports which of the following statements aboutemployees buying shares in their won companies?A.At three different companies, approximately nine out ten of theworkers were eligible to buy shares in their companies.B.Approximately 90%of the eligible workers at three differentcompanies chose to buy shares in their companies. C.The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least somelabor unions.panies that demonstrated the highest productivity were thefirst to allow their employees the opportunity to buy shares. 20. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described in L25-26?A.A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate toown a particular industry has in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public interest.B.The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests isto force companies to maintain their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.C.The failure to harness the power of self-interest is an importantreason that state-owned industries perform poorlyernments that want to implement privatization programsmust try to eliminate all resistance to the free-market system. 21. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage aboutthe privatization process in the United Kingdom?A.It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individualownership of shares.B.It conforms in its mos t general outlines to Thomas Paine’sprescription for business ownership.C.It was originally conceived to include some giving away of freeshares.D.It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest isnecessary.22. The quotation in L32-33 is most probably used to .A.counter a position that the author of the passage believes isincorrect.B.State a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence.C.Show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of thepassage have supported their arguments.D.point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint.Passage FourQuestions 23-30 are based on the following passage:Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers—women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional,unpaid “women’s work ”in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipation in effect. Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s “real” aspirations were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to beperceived as “female.”More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as “female”, employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even he most important war industries. Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that women had been permitted to master.23. According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was.A.greatly diminlated by labor mobilization during the SecondWorld War.B.perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favorof women’s employment in wage laborC.one means by which women achieved greater job securityD.reluctantly challenged by employers except when theeconomic advantages were obvious24. According to the passage, historians of women’s laborfocused on factory work as a more promising area ofresearch than service-sector work because factory workA.involved the payment of higher wagesB.required skill in detailed tasksC.was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregationD.was more readily accepted by women than by men25. It can be inferred from the passage the early historians ofwomen’s labor in the United States paid little attention to women’s employment in the service sector of the economy becauseA.fewer women found employment in the service sector than infactory workB.the wages paid to workers in the service sector were muchmore short-term than in factory workC.women’s employment in the service sector tended to bemuch more short-term than in factory workD.employment in the service sector seemed to have much incommon with the unpaid work associated with homemaking 26. The passage supports which of the following statements aboutthe early mill owners mentioned in the second paragraph? A.They hoped that by creating relatively unattractive“female” jobs they would discourage women from losing interest in marriage and family life.B.They sought to increase the size of the available labor forceas a means to keep men’s wages low.C.They argued that women were inherently suited to do well inparticular kinds of factory workD.They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional division oflabor in family.27.It can be inferred from the passage that the “unfinishedrevolution” the author mentions in L11 refers to theA.entry of women into the industrial labor market.B.Development of a new definition of femininity unrelated tothe economic forces of industrialismC.Introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professionsD.Emancipation of women wage earners fromgender-determined job allocation28. The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?A.After a crisis many formerly “male ”jobs are reclassified as“female” jobs.B.Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women withprevious experience as homemakersC.Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to losemany of their wartime gains in employment opportunity.D.Even war industries during the Second World War werereluctant to hire women for factory work.29. Which of the following words best expresses the opinion ofthe author of the passage concerning the notion that womenare more skillful than men in carrying out details tasks?A.“patient” (line17)B.“repetitive” (line18)C.“hoary” (line19)D.“homemaking” (line19)30. Which of the following best describes the relationship of thefinal paragraph to the passage as a whole?A.The central idea is reinforced by the citation of evidence drawnfrom twentieth-century history.B.The central idea is restated in such a way as to form a transitionto a new topic for discussionC.The central idea is restated and juxtaposed with evidence thatmight appear to contradict it.D.A partial exception to the generalizations of the central idea isdismissed unimportant.Passage FiveQuestions 31-36 are based on the following passage:Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf ofwomen’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference”, or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’s procreative labor is cu rrently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in England-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equaleducational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers. State-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.31. The author of the passage alludes to the well-established natureof the concept of individual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal andpolitical tradition in order toA.illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on moregeneral intellectual trends in English history.B.Argue that feminism was already a part of the largerAnglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipationC.Explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists innon-English-speaking countries.D.Help account for an increasing shift toward individualistfeminism among feminists in English-speaking countries.32. The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of the following?A.The predominance of individualist feminism inEnglish-speaking countries is a historical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated.B.The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable,given their theoretical differences concerning the foundations of society.C.A consensus concerning the direction of future feminist politicswill probably soon emerge, given the awareness among feminists of the need for cooperation among women.D.Political adversaries of feminism often misuse argumentspredicated on differences between the sexes to argue that the existing social system should be maintained.33. It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist。
扬州大学博士英语考试真题
Which of the following is NOT a common type of academic writing in doctoral studies?A. Research proposalsB. Lab reportsC. Creative short storiesD. Dissertation chaptersThe primary purpose of a literature review in a doctoral thesis is to:A. Summarize all existing research in the fieldB. Identify gaps and contribute to the research questionC. Provide detailed methods for future studiesD. Only discuss the most recent publicationsWhich of the following is an example of primary data in research?A. A summary of a previous studyB. Data collected through surveys conducted by the researcherC. A statistical report from a government agencyD. A book chapter written by an expert in the fieldIn academic writing, the use of passive voice is often preferred because it:A. Makes the text more engaging for readersB. Emphasizes the action rather than the doerC. Should always be avoided in formal writingD. Is easier to write in comparison to active voiceWhich of the following is NOT a characteristic of effective academic presentation slides?A. Minimal text and clutterB. Use of large and easily readable fontsC. Inclusion of detailed background information on every slideD. Clear and concise headingsWhen citing sources in academic writing, it is important to:A. Only cite sources that support your argumentB. Acknowledge the ideas and work of othersC. Avoid citing too many sources to make your argument strongerD. Paraphrase without citation to avoid plagiarismThe process of systematically searching for and evaluating research evidence is known as:A. Data analysisB. Literature reviewC. Research methodologyD. Systematic reviewWhich of the following is a key aspect of ethical research conduct?A. Manipulating data to support your hypothesisB. Obtaining informed consent from participantsC. Sharing research findings only with colleaguesD. Using any available data without permissionIn a research paper, the discussion section typically:A. Repeats the methods used in the studyB. Presents the raw data collectedC. Interprets the findings and relates them to existing literatureD. Outlines the future directions of the research field。
2023年医学考博英语真题及答案
2023年医学考博英语真题及答案1、There _______ some milk in the glass. [单选题] *A. is(正确答案)B. areC. haveD. has2、We were caught in a traffic jam. By the time we arrived at the airport the plane _____. [单选题] *A. will take offB. would take offC. has taken offD. had taken off(正确答案)3、He was born in Canada, but he has made China his _______. [单选题] *A. familyB. addressC. houseD. home(正确答案)4、Sometimes Americans are said to be _____. [单选题] *A superficially friendB superficial friendC. superficial friendlyD. superficially friendly(正确答案)5、She’s _______ with her present _______ job. [单选题] *A. boring; boringB. bored; boredC. boring; boredD. bored; boring(正确答案)6、8.Turn right ________ Danba Road and walk ________ the road, then you will findMeilong Middle school. [单选题] *A.in...alongB.into...along (正确答案)C.in...onD.into...on7、Leave your key with a neighbor ___ you lock yourself out one day [单选题] *A. ever sinceB. even ifC. soon afterD. in case(正确答案)8、10.Mum, let me help you with your housework, so you ________ do it yourself. [单选题] * A.don’t need to(正确答案)B.need toC.don’t needD.need9、Betty works as a waitress to earn money for her education. [单选题] *A. 服务员(正确答案)B. 打字员C. 秘书D. 演员10、I like booking tickets online,because it is _______. [单选题] *A. boringB. confidentC. convenient(正确答案)D. expensive11、She was seen _____ that theatre just now. [单选题] *A. enteredB. enterC. to enter(正确答案)D. to be entering12、His new appointment takes()from the beginning of next month. [单选题] *A. placeB. effect(正确答案)C. postD. office13、--Do you often go to the cinema _______ Sunday?--No, we _______. [单选题] *A. on; don’t(正确答案)B. on; aren’tC. in; doD. in; don’t14、Jeanne's necklace was _____ 500 francs at most. [单选题] *A. worthyB. costC. worth(正确答案)D. valuable15、It’s raining heavily outside. Don’t leave _______ it stops. [单选题] *A. whileB. sinceC. until(正确答案)D. when16、( ) You had your birthday party the other day,_________ [单选题] *A. hadn't you?B. had you?C. did you?D. didn't you?(正确答案)17、For more information, please _______ us as soon as possible. [单选题] *A. confidentB. confidenceC. contact(正确答案)D. concert18、If you do the same thing for a long time, you'll be tired of it. [单选题] *A. 试图B. 努力C. 厌倦(正确答案)D. 熟练19、Reading()the lines, I dare say that the government are more worried than they admitted. [单选题] *A. behindB. between(正确答案)C. alongD. among20、You should finish your homework as soon as possible. [单选题] *A. 赶快地B. 尽能力C. 一...就D. 尽快地(正确答案)21、7.—________ is the Shanghai Wild Animal Park?—It’s 15km east of the Bund. [单选题] *A.WhoB.WhatC.WhenD.Where (正确答案)22、I should like to rent a house which is modern, comfortable and _____, in a quiet neighborhood. [单选题] *A.in allB. after allC. above all(正确答案)D. over all23、Don’t read in bed. It’s _______ your eyes. [单选题] *A. good atB. good forC. bad atD. bad for(正确答案)24、--Is that the correct spelling?--I don’t know. You can _______ in a dictionary [单选题] *A. look up itB. look it forC. look it up(正确答案)D. look for it25、I repeated my question several times. [单选题] *A. 到达B. 惊奇C. 重复(正确答案)D. 返回26、Was()that I saw last night at the concert? [单选题] *A. it you(正确答案)B. not youC. youD. that yourself27、3.—Will you buy the black car?No, I won't. I will buya(n) ________ one because I don't have enough money. [单选题] *A.cheap(正确答案)B.expensiveC.highD.low28、This kind of banana tastes very _______. [单选题] *A. nice(正确答案)B. wellC. nicelyD. better29、Bill Gates is often thought to be the richest man in the world. _____, his personal life seems not luxury. [单选题] *A. MoreoverB. ThereforeC. However(正确答案)D. Besides30、____ is standing at the corner of the street. [单选题] *A. A policeB. The policeC. PoliceD. A policeman(正确答案)。
2023年全国医学博士英语考试真题及答案
2023年全国医学博士英语考试真题及答案2023 National Medical Doctor English ExamSection I Multiple Choice Questions (40 points)Directions: For each of the following questions, select the best answer from the choices given.1. What is the primary function of the mitochondria?A. Protein synthesisB. Energy productionC. Cell divisionD. Waste elimination2. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of diabetes?A. Increased thirstB. Weight lossC. Frequent urinationD. Blurred vision3. Which organ is responsible for filtering blood and removing toxins?A. LiverB. PancreasC. KidneysD. Lungs4. Which type of white blood cell is responsible for allergic reactions?A. NeutrophilsB. BasophilsC. EosinophilsD. Monocytes5. What is the correct order of the phases of the cell cycle?A. G1, G2, S, MB. G2, M, S, G1C. S, M, G2, G1D. G1, S, G2, MSection II Short Answer Questions (40 points)Directions: Answer each of the following questions with a short essay.1. Explain the process of hemostasis and how it prevents excessive bleeding in the body.2. Describe the role of antibodies in the immune response and how they help the body fight off infections.3. Discuss the difference between a virus and a bacterium, including how each type of pathogen infects the body.4. Explain the function of the endocrine system and how it helps regulate various bodily functions.5. Describe the process of cellular respiration and how it produces energy for the body.Section III Case Study (20 points)Directions: Read the following case study and answer the questions that follow.Case Study: Mr. Smith, a 55-year-old male, presents to the emergency room with chest pain, shortness of breath, and sweating. His vital signs are as follows: heart rate 110 bpm, blood pressure 160/90 mmHg, respiratory rate 20 breaths/min, and oxygen saturation 92% on room air. An ECG shows ST-segment elevation in leads V2-V4.1. What condition is Mr. Smith likely experiencing, and what is the appropriate treatment?2. What is the significance of the ST-segment elevation on the ECG?3. What are the potential complications of this condition if left untreated?Answers:Section I:1. B. Energy production2. B. Weight loss3. C. Kidneys4. C. Eosinophils5. D. G1, S, G2, MSection II:1. Hemostasis is the process by which the body stops bleeding after injury. It involves vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation. These mechanisms prevent excessive blood loss, maintaining hemostasis in the body.2. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. They bind to antigens on pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. This helps the body recognize and neutralize infections.3. A virus is a small infectious agent that can only replicate inside living cells, while a bacterium is a single-celled organism that can replicate outside of cells. Viruses inject their genetic material into host cells, hijacking their machinery to produce new viral particles, whereas bacteria reproduce by binary fission.4. The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones to regulate bodily functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Hormones act as chemical messengers, traveling through the bloodstream to target organs and tissues, coordinating physiological processes.5. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into ATP, the energy currency of the body. It involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, producing ATP through the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.Section III:1. Mr. Smith is likely experiencing a myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack. The appropriate treatment includes immediate reperfusion therapy, such as thrombolytic medication or percutaneous coronary intervention, to restore blood flow to the heart muscle.2. ST-segment elevation on an ECG indicates myocardial ischemia or injury, suggesting acute coronary artery blockage in a specific region of the heart. It is a hallmark sign of a heart attack and requires urgent intervention to prevent further damage.3. Potential complications of a myocardial infarction include heart failure, arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, and even death if left untreated. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to improve outcomes and prevent long-term complications.Overall, the 2023 National Medical Doctor English Exam covers a wide range of topics in medicine and healthcare, testing candidates' knowledge and understanding of the human body, diseases, and medical interventions. Candidates are expected to demonstrate critical thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, and a strong foundation in medical science to succeed in the exam.。
博士学位英语考试真题及答案
博士学位英语考试真题及答案题目1:Which of the following statements is true about academic writing?A. It often uses informal language.B. It avoids using citations from other sources.C. It emphasizes clarity and precision.D. It does not require careful planning.答案:C题目2:The main purpose of a research paper is to ____.A. entertain the readerB. persuade the readerC. present new ideas or findingsD. describe personal experiences答案:C题目3:In academic writing, a citation is used to ____.A. add humor to the textB. support an argument with evidenceC. increase the word countD. make the text more creative答案:B题目4:When writing an abstract for a research paper, it is important to ____.A. include detailed experimental proceduresB. provide a summary of the main pointsC. discuss the limitations of the studyD. present personal opinions about the topic答案:B题目5:Plagiarism refers to the act of ____.A. copying someone else's work without proper citationB. using complex vocabulary to impress readersC. avoiding using citations in academic writingD. discussing personal opinions in a research paper答案:A题目6:In academic writing, a thesis statement is a sentence that ____.A. entertains the reader with a jokeB. presents the main argument or purpose of the paperC. provides background information about the topicD. discusses the limitations of previous research答案:B题目7:The passive voice is often used in academic writing to ____.A. sound more informalB. emphasize the actions of the subjectC. avoid mentioning who performed an actionD. make the text more creative答案:C题目8:Effective academic writing should be ____.A. vague and ambiguousB. concise and focusedC. full of unnecessary detailsD. written in a conversational style答案:B请注意,这些题目只是示例,并不代表真实的博士学位英语考试题目。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编60(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编60(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1.______is supposed to be the essence of private enterprise.A.CompeteB.CompetitionC.CompetitiveD.Competence正确答案:B解析:competition n.竞争;比赛。
2.Because a degree from a good university is the means to a better job, education is one of the most______ areas in Japanese life.A.sophisticatedB.competitiveC.considerateD.superficial正确答案:B解析:competitive a.竞赛的,竞争的;(人)好竞争的;(价格)有竞争力的(如:competitive games;Important posts are filled by competitive examinations.Our firm offers you competitive prices.He is a competitive young man and has competitive spirit.)。
sophisticated a.(人)老练的,富有经验的:(机器、武器等)精密的,尖端的。
considerate(of/to)a.考虑周到的,体贴人的。
superficial a.肤浅的,浅薄的:表面的。
3.Unless my room is warmer tonight, I’m going to______ to the hotel manager.A.complainB.argueC.blameD.reason正确答案:A解析:complain vi.抱怨(句型:complain to sb.of/about sth.;complain that…)。
英语考博试题及答案
英语考博试题及答案一、词汇与结构(共20分)1. The _______ of the project will depend on the availability of funds.A) initiationB) implementationC) terminationD) qualification答案:B2. Despite his _______ efforts, he failed to convince the committee.A) trivialB) futileC) sincereD) superficial答案:C3. The _______ of the new policy has been widely discussed in the media.A) implicationsB) complicationsC) ramificationsD) repercussions答案:A4. She is a _______ of her father, showing great talent in music.A) descendantB) successorC) inheritorD) progeny答案:C5. The _______ of the old building was a significant event in the community.A) demolitionB) renovationC) constructionD) destruction答案:A二、阅读理解(共30分)阅读下列短文,然后回答问题。
Passage 1The rise of the internet has transformed the way we communicate, learn, and do business. It has opened up new opportunities and challenges for individuals and organizations alike.6. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The history of the internet.B) The impact of the internet on society.C) The technical aspects of the internet.D) The future of the internet.答案:B7. What does the author imply about the internet?A) It has only positive effects.B) It has both opportunities and challenges.C) It is a threat to traditional businesses.D) It is outdated and no longer relevant.答案:BPassage 2In recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to environmental concerns and the need for sustainable development.8. What is the main reason for the interest in renewable energy?A) Economic benefits.B) Environmental concerns.C) Technological advancements.D) Government policies.答案:B9. What can be inferred from the passage?A) Renewable energy is widely adopted.B) Renewable energy is too expensive.C) There is a need for sustainable development.D) Environmental concerns are a recent issue.答案:C三、完形填空(共20分)阅读下面的短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
厦门大学考博英语-1_真题-无答案
厦门大学考博英语-1(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Ⅰ**prehensionPart AThere are three reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.If there is one thing scientists have to hear, it is that the game is over. Raised on the belief of an endless voyage of discovery, they recoil (畏缩) from the suggestion that most of the best things have already been located. If they have, today' s scientists can hope to contribute no more than a few grace notes to the symphony of science.A book to be published in Britain this week, The End of Science, argues persuasively that this is the case. Its author, John Horgan, is a senior writer for Scientific American magazine, who has interviewed many of today's leading scientists and science philosophers. The shock of realizing that science might be over came to him, he says, when he was talking to Oxford mathematician and physicist Sir Roger Penrose.The End of Science provoked a wave of denunciation (谴责) in the United States last year. "The reaction has been one of complete shock and disbelief," Mr. Horgan says.The real question is whether any remaining unsolved problems, of which there are plenty, lend themselves to universal solutions. If they do not, then the focus of scientific discovery is already narrowing. Since the triumphs of the 1960s--the genetic code, plate tectonics (板块构造税), and the microwave background radiation that went a long way towards proving the Big Bang--genuine scientific revolutions have been scarce. More scientists are now alive, spending more money on research, than ever. Yet most of the great discoveries of the 19th and 20th centuries were made before the appearance of state sponsorship, when the scientific enterprise was a fraction of its present size.Were the scientists who made these discoveries brighter than today's? That seems unlikely. A far more reasonable explanation is that fundamental science has already entered a period of diminished returns. "Look, don't get me wrong," says Mr. Horgan. "There are lots of important things still to study, and applied science and engineering can go on for ever. I hope we get a cure for cancer, and for mental disease, though there are few real signs of progress."1. The sentence "most of the best things have already been located" could mean ______ .A. most of the best things have already been changedB. most of the best things remain to be changedC. there have never been so many best things waiting to be discoveredD. most secrets of the world have already been discovered2. John Horgan ______ . Ⅰ. has published a book entitled The End of Science Ⅱ. has been working as an editor of Scientific American Ⅲ. has been working many years as a literary critic Ⅳ. is working as a science writerA. Ⅰand ⅡB. ⅠonlyC. Ⅰand ⅣD. Ⅰ,Ⅱand Ⅳ3. There have not been many genuine scientific revolutions in the past few decades becauseA. there have been decreased returns in the research of fundamental scienceB. there are too many important things for scientists to studyC. applied science and engineering take up too much time and energyD. today's scientists are not as intelligent as those in the past4. The term "the Big Bang" probably refers to ______ .A. the genetic code theoryB. a geological theoryC. a theory of the origin of the universeD. the origin and the power of atomic energy5. The best title of this passage can be ______ .A. Great Scientific Discoveries Will Never Be PossibleB. The Harsh Challenge Has to Be Met by Modem ScientistsC. The State Sponsorship and Scientific Enterprise Are All in VainD. The Chance for Great Scientific Discoveries Becomes ScarceAstronaut Jim Voss has enjoyed many memorable moments in his career, including three space flights and one space walk. But he recalls with special fondness a decidedly earthbound (为地球引力所束缚的) experience in the summer of 1980, when he participated in the NASA-ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program. V oss, then a science teacher at West Point, was assigned to the Marshall Space Flight Center's propulsion (推进) lab in Alabama to analyze why a hydraulic fuel pump seal on the space shuttle was working so well when previous seals had failed. It was a seemingly tiny problem among the **plexities of running the space program. Yet it was important to NASA because any crack in the seal could have led to destructive results for the astronauts who relied on them."I worked a bit with NASA engineers," says Voss, "but I did it mostly by analysis". I used a handheld calculator, not a computer, to do a thermodynamic(热力学的)analysis." At the end of the summer, he, like the other NASA-ASEE fellows working at Marshall, summarized his findings in a formal presentation and detailed paper. It was a valuable moment for V oss because the ASEE program gave him added understanding of NASA, deepened his desire to fly in space, and intensified his application for astronaut status."It was not an easy process. V oss was actually passed over when he first applied for the astronaut program in 1978. Over the next nine years he reapplied repeatedly, and was finally accepted in 1987. Since then he has participated in three space missions. The 50-year-old Army officer, who lives in Houston, is now in training for a four-month mission as a crew member on the International Space Station starting in July 2000.Voss says the ASEE program is wonderful for all involved. "It brings in people from theacademic world and gives NASA a special property for a particular period of time. It brings some fresh eyes and fresh ideas to NASA, and establishes a link with our colleges and universities," V oss explains. "There's an exchange of information and an exchange of perspectives that is very important."For the academic side, V oss says, the ASEE program also "brings institutions of higher learning more insight into new technology. We give them an opportunity to work on real-world problems and take it back to the classroom".6. Why was the hydraulic fuel pump seal important for the space shuttle?A. Because previous seals all failed.B. Because it was **plex in running the space program.C. Because great care has to be taken of the hydraulic fuel pump sealing.D. Because any crack in the seals would cause disastrous results for the astronauts.7. The great significance of V oss' findings lies in ______. Ⅰ.strengthening his determination to join in space flights Ⅱ. furthering his understanding of NASA Ⅲ. consolidating his astronaut status in NASA programsA. ⅠonlyB. ⅡonlyC. Ⅰ,Ⅱand m all includedD. ⅠandⅡonly8. How many flights will V oss have finished if his four-month mission starting in July 2000 ends up successfully?A. Three.B. Two.C. Four.D. Five.9.10. What does V oss want to stress in the last paragraph?A. The technological significance of the program.B. The educational significance of the program.C. The philosophical significance of the program.D. The historical significance of the program.The current emergency in Mexico City that has taken over our lives is nothing. I could ever have imagined for me or my children. We are living in an environmental crisis, an air-pollution emergency of unprecedented severity. What it really means is that just to breathe here is to play a dangerous game with your health.As patents, what terrorizes us most are reports that children are at higher risk because they breathe more times per minute. What more can we do to protect them and ourselves? Our pediatrician's (儿科医师的) medical recommendation was simple: abandon the city permanently. We are foreigners and we are among the small minority that can afford to leave. We arc here because of my husband's work. We are fascinated by Mexico--its history and rich culture. We know that for us, this is a temporary danger. However, we cannot stand for much longer the fear we feel for our boys. We cannot stop them from breathing.But for millions, there is no choice. Their lives, their jobs, their futures depend on being here. Thousands of Mexicans arrive each day in this city, desperate for economic opportunities. Thousands more are born here each day. Entire families work in the streets and practically live there. It is a familiar sight: as parents hawk goods at stoplights, their children play in the grassy highway dividers, breathing exhaust fumes. I feel **plaining about my personal situation; wewon't be here long enough for our children to form the impression that skies are colored only gray. And yet the government cannot do what it must to end this problem. For any country, especially a developing Third World economy like Mexico, the idea of barring from the capital city enough cars, closing enough factories and spending the necessary billions on public transportation is simply not an option. So when things get bad, as in the current emergency, Mexico takes half measures--prohibiting some more cars from circulating, stopping some factories from producing--that even its own officials concede aren't adequate.The word "emergency" implies the unusual. But when daily life itself is an emergency, the concept loses its meaning. It is human nature to try to adapt to that which we cannot change or to mislead ourselves into believing we can adapt.11. According to the passage, the current emergency in Mexico City refers to ______ .A. serious air pollutionB. economic crisisC. unemploymentD. natural disaster12. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. Kids are in greater danger than grown-ups in Mexico City.B. The author is not a native Mexican.C. The author's husband is a pediatrician.D. The Mexican history and culture appeal to the author.13. The word "hawk" (Paragraph 3) most probably means ______ .A. sellB. transportC. placeD. deliver14. The Mexican government takes half measures to solve the pollution problem because ______ .A. Mexican economy depends very much on cars and factoriesB. it is not wise enough to come up with effective measuresC. Mexicans are able to adapt themselves to the current emergencyD. Mexicans enjoy playing dangerous games with their health15. The purpose of the passage is to ______ .A. describe the harmful air pollutionB. explain the way to prevent air pollutionC. show the worries about the air pollutionD. recommend a method to avoid air pollutionPart BThe passage below summarizes the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box blow, according to the passage. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begins cleaning her friend's face. Is Anie an extremely **panion? Yes! Allie is a capuchin monkey who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks.Monkeys like Allie are just one of many kinds of animals that help improve--or even save--human lives. But not all animals are suited to do every job. Certain animals are "hired" forspecific jobs based on their traits, or characteristics. By using different methods of conditioning (training animals to act in a particular way in response to a stimulus, or signal), humans can teach animals toper form extraordinary tasks.Throughout history, humans have relied on animals' traits to get certain jobs done. For example, compared with humans, dogs are "far superior at tracking down odors", says Marian Bailey, an animal behaviorist at Henderson State University in Arkansas. That's because dogs have million of olfactory receptors, or smell nerves, in their noses.For that reason, hunters used dogs to track down prey even in ancient Egypt. Today, dogs my be employed to sniff out illegal substances in school lockers or earthquake victims buried beneath the rabble of the collapsed building or highway.Primates may not be good sinffers, but they can certainly lend a helping hand--or two. Monkeys are perfect helpmates for quadriplegics, people paralyzed from the neck down who are unable to use their own hands (and legs). Like humans, explains Bailey monkeys have opposable thumbs--thumbs that face the hand's other fingers--so monkeys can pick up objects. Capuchins learn to open doors, clean up spills, and unscrew bottle tops. They can even get a sandwich out of the refrigerator and load your favorite tape into the VCR.And speaking of VCRs, animals are even helping scientists make a videotape. Jennifer Hurley, an animal researcher at the Long Marine Lab in Santa Cruz, California, is training two sea lions to carry video cameras on their backs to record the natural behavior of whales.So how do you get an animal employee to do its job? The answer, career-training. Trainers teach the animals to obey their instructions through a process called conditioning.Most trainers condition animals by using positive reinforcement, rewarding an animal for doing something correctly, says animal behaviorist Bailey. For example, trainers teach their dogs how to sniff out drugs by hiding a towel with the smell of drags. "Dogs love to retrieve objects so the towel becomes a reward", says Morris Berkowitz, who heads up a canine drug-sniffing program in New York.After repeating this game of hide-and-seek many times, the dog begins to "associate the odor with a reward", says Berkowitz. When he gives **mand, or stimulus, the dog seeks cot drags (it's like learning to study hard for a tests in order to get a good grade as a reward.)At "Helping Hands--Monkey Helpers for the Disabled", capuchin monkeys are trained twice before being teamed with a disabled human. First, monkeys are placed with a foster family to become socialized to people. For five years, families help the monkeys adapt to a human environment, so the monkeys will trust and enjoy being around people.Taking the monkeys in when they're four to six weeks old is important, says Bailey. "That's when monkeys normally become socialized to other monkeys," she says.Second, trainers at Helping Hands train the monkeys to perform specific tasks to assist a particular person. For example, a monkey may be trained to scratch an itch, or slip a floppy disc into a computer dive. Trainers reward the monkeys by using positive reinforcement, such as food, drinks.Allie is a capuchin 16 who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks. Allie is a(n) 17 of many animals who can be 18 to do certain jobs. Besides monkeys, 19 and sea lions can also give people a helping 20 .Dogs are good at 21 down prey and sniffing out 22 and 23 because they havemillions of 24 in their nose Monkeys are good helper for the 25 , who cannot look after themselves. Sea lions can help scientists to record the 26 of whales because they :can 27 to the deep ocean. In addition, 28 are part of whales' natural environment, which makes the video more 29 .But animals cannot do the jobs 30 training. The main process of training is called 31 , which uses 32 . During the training, trainers 33 an animal for doing something 34 . For monkeys, the positive reinforcement can 35 a year before they are qualified for their jobs.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.34.35.Ⅱ Short Question AnswerRead the following passage and then give short answers to the following five questions.Today's worker is no longer willing to work in an authoritarian and dehumanizing environment. Workers want meaning in their work and balance in their lives. They want opportunities to contribute and to know how their work is effective. Employees want to work for organizations that respect them as individuals. They also want to know that they are working for an **pany that acts in a socially and environmentally responsible manner.Today, and in the future, companies must design work so that employees can take responsibility and be rewarded appropriately. By changing altitudes, and conditions in the workplace, organizations can help make work more meaningful.Repetitive factory routines and office work that simply moves paper from in-box to out-box are mindless task that destroy motivation and productivity. Research has shown that mental challenge is closely related to job satisfaction. Too little challenge in the work, as in completely automated tasks, generally leads to boredom and lowered satisfaction. on the other hand, too much challenge may lead to failure and frustration. Thus success or achievement in reaching an accepted standard of competence is an important factor in job satisfaction, today's workers want to be a valued part of the whole. They want to know that their work is important and how it fits into the corporate strategy. They want to know not only how the work they do affects others and the organization's goals, but how the/as individuals can make an impact. Employees will contribute their knowledge enthusiastically in a corporate culture that values the individual. The profitability of a company is related to the quality and efforts of its workers. Therefore, a direct relationship between job performance and reward makes work more meaningful. Compaq Computers, for example, has an unusually low turnover rate among its employees. Like **panies in **puter field, Compaq expects its people to work long and hard to achieve big results quickly. In **panies an atmosphere of constant push would inspire people to seek employment with less pressure somewhere else. Instead, high quality people stay with Compaq. **pany's culture emphasizes individual responsibility for results and high respect for individuals, Compaq benefits from creating opportunities for employees to perform to the vast of their potential and to be rewarded for their achievements.36. What is an **pany?37. What kinds of work will kill job satisfaction?38. What may happen if there is too much challenge in one's job?39. on what condition does high turnover of employees occur?40. How do employees contribute to the profitability under the corporate culture of Compaq Computers?ⅢV ocabulary and StructureFor each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that **pletes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answersheet with a single line through th41. "Better late than never" is a ______ that is very familiar to most English speakers.A. plauditB. plenaryC. plentyD. platitude42. Professor Smith and Professor Brown will ______ in presenting the series of lectures on American literature.A. alterB. alternateC. substituteD. exchange43. The facts have proved that they all have the ______ of solving practical problems.A. capabilityB. abilityC. capacityD. power44. In order to prevent stress from being set up in the metal, expansion joints are fitted which ______ the stress by allowing the pipe to expand or contract freely.A. relieveB. reconcileC. reclaimD. rectify45. The people of the village fought for the right to ______ cattle on the grassland.A. grazeB. grinC. graspD. grope46. I think the charge for overloaded luggage is excessive in ______ to its size.A. dimensionB. rateC. percentageD. proportion47. My panic was ______ and ceased when I began to have my class.A. transientB. permanentC. trivialD. contemporary48. He raised his eyebrows and stuck his head forward and ______ it in a single nod, a gesture boy, used then for O. K. when they were pleased.A. shruggedB. tuggedC. jerkedD. twisted49. The children like to ______ the new English teacher, who has a noticeable manner of walking.A. take outB. take overC. take downD. take off50. Cancer of the liver, if malicious, in ordinary ______ , will surely lead to death.A. fashionB. mannerC. practiceD. parlance51. They **pletely ______ by the heavy rain.A. drenchedB. drownedC. parchedD. merged52. The professor found himself constantly ______ the question: How could anyone do these things?A. presidingB. poringC. ponderingD. presuming53. This is not the right ______ to ask for my help; I am far too busy even to listen!A. momentB. situationC. opportunityD. circumstance54. A(n) ______ sentence is of doubtful meaning because it can be interpreted in more than one way.A. affirmativeB. unanimousC. negativeD. ambiguous55. The magician's talk creates a(n) ______ of attention so that the audience does not see how he does his tricks.A. diversionB. derivationC. disorderD. interference56. The ______ has left for the Antarctic and it **e back in six months.A. expeditionB. executionC. exploration 'D. delegation57. His plan is not practical and is ______ to failure.A. expectedB. doomedC. dueD. predicted58. The rain was very heavy and ______ the land was flooded.A. consequentlyB. continuouslyC. constantlyD. consistently59. After investigation it was proved that the ______ letter was written by a teacher.A. anonymousB. simultaneousC. spontaneousD. homogeneous60. It is not as difficult to store information as it is to ______ it quickly when it is wanted again.A. representB. retainC. restoreD. retrieve61. This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important ______ of American life.A. facetsB. formatsC. formulasD. fashions62. His thoughts were ______ from the painful topic by the sudden arrival of a close friend.A. dissuadedB. distractedC. discernedD. discounted63. The deputy managers, one of whom is ______ by each party, shall assist the general manager in his duties.A. nominatedB. summonedC. calledD. named64. The simplest animals are those whose bodies are simplest in structure and which do the things done by all living animals, such as eating, breathing, moving and feeling, in the most ______ way.A. bizarreB. primitiveC. advantageousD. unique65. Some people want only real flowers on their tables while others like to have ______ ones.A. fashionableB. syntheticC. falseD. artificial66. From the hill top we can see horses are ______ here and there in the pasture.A. gazingB. bitingC. lickingD. devouring67. She strongly ______ the government's hypocrisy in dealing with the Israeli-Palestine issue.A. denouncedB. impeachedC. renouncedD. degraded68. He ______ a hasty meal before going on with his thesis.A. snatchedB. scratchedC. scrapedD. seized69. The landlady fired the servant who ______ household funds for her own rise.A. robbedB. pocketedC. muggedD. clenched70. At last the policemen used tear gas to ______ the demonstrators.A. disperseB. dispatchC. disappearD. vanish71. The economic recession has meant that job ______ is a rare thing.A. securityB. safetyC. protectionD. secureness72. Grain production in the world is ______ ,but still millions go hungry.A. soaringB. staggeringC. shrinkingD. suspending73. These charming girls are the ______ of equal pay for men and women.A. advocatesB. adventurerC. successorsD. predecessors74. Many people nowadays save money to ______ for their old age.A. caterB. supplyC. provideD. equip75. The lack of money and facilities depressed and ______ them a lot.A. frustratedB. flatteredC. distractedD. diverted76. Some crops are relatively high yielders and could be planted in preference to others to ______ the food supply.A. enhanceB. curbC. disruptD. heighten77. They waited in the ______ for the front door to open.A. porchB. porchC. thresholdD. inlet78. She had recently left a job and had helped herself to copies of **pany's client data, which she intended to ______ in starting her own business.A. dwell onB. come uponC. base onD. draw upon79. All of us were impressed by her ______ complexion.A. fluffyB. floralC. floridD. fluid80. We don't know if the story is tree, but we'll try our best to ______ it.A. verifyB. justifyC. amplifyD. rectifyⅣ TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Real estate, in broad definition, is land and everything made permanently a part thereof, and the nature and extent of one's interest therein. In law, the word real, as it relates to property, means land as distinguished from personal property; and estate is defined as the interest one has in property.Real estate may be acquired, owned, and conveyed (or transferred) by individuals; business corporations; charitable, religious, educational, fraternal, and various other nonprofit corporations; fiduciaries, such as trustees and executors; partnerships; and generally by any legal entity as determined and defined by the laws of the various states of the US Limitations are established in connection with sales of real estate by minors, incompetents, and certain types of corporations, and generally in cases involving some form of legal disability or lack of capacity.(82) In such instances, it is necessary in some jurisdictions to make application to the courts for permission to sell, in other jurisdictions such transfers are governed by statute.(83) Real property is generally acquired by purchase, by descent and devise, or by gift. When acquired by purchase, a deed is given by the seller, or grantor, to the purchaser, or grantee.The deed contains a legal description of the property conveyed. It must be drawn, executed, and acknowledged in proper form to be entitled to record. (84)It is customary for the seller and the purchaser to enter into a contract, at which time the purchaser makes a deposit on account of the purchase price.(85) The purchaser engages an attorney or a **pany to search the title to the property. The **pany ensures that the seller can convey clear title, the transaction is then closed.81.82.83.84.85.V WritingWrite an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below.1. Good management can help the organization achieve its desired results. This is particularly true of the management of an organization full of scientists and research workers. What is your idea about a good management or a good manager of such a group of people?。
考博英语-613_真题-无答案
考博英语-613(总分98.5,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅱ V ocabulary1. By dint of much practice, he became ______ and was able to sign his name with either hand.A. practicalB. trickyC. ambiguousD. ambidextrous2. Henry David Thoreau used to ramble through the woods before he wrote his most famous book Walden (1854).A. roamB. lingerC. wonderD. browse3. His inability to learn foreign languages was a(n) obstacle to his career.A. barrierB. excessC. carrierD. impulse4. Because he is ______ , we cannot predict what course he will follow at any moment.A. incoherentB. quietC. capriciousD. harmful5. How are we going to ______ the Party's birthday?A. celebrateB. appreciateC. concentrateD. praise6. Some people criticize family doctors for ______ too many medicines for minor illnesses.[A] prescribing [B] ordering [C] advising [D] delivering7. It is the first of several agreements United States hopes to reach as it attempts to reduce, labor costs by $5.8 billion and ______ bankruptcy.A. dispelB. revertC. transferD. avert8. In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ______ the developments and recorded every detail.[A] in [B] at [C] for [D] on9.10. There has been an increase in attendance at lectures ______ by the World Affairs Council, which brings international issues to public attention.A. developedB. sponsoredC. advancedD. promoted11. She claims to be very learned in biochemistry, but in fact ______ she knows about it is all sadly out of date.A. so littleB. that muchC. what littleD. how much12. ______ **ing Thursday, it will be too late to enroll of the course.A. As ofB. As forC. As toD. As on13. Digging the garden with a spade is a very ______ task. I am exhausted after such two-hour's work.A. industriousB. manualC. conscientiousD. laborious14. The retired engineer plunked down $50,100 in cash for a midsize Mercedes as a present for his wife—a purchase______with money made in the stock the week before.A. paid offB. paid throughC. paid outD. paid for15. No one **e up with an easy solution to the government's predicament—labor ______ which is caused by the wars.[A] decline [B] vacancy [C] rarity [D] shortage16. In the past most pilots have been men, but today the number of women ______ this field is climbing.A. shammingB. devotingC. registeringD. pursuing17. The school authority ______ against students' smoking both in the classrooms and at home.A. resolvedB. determinedC. bannedD. prohibited18. She______his invitation to dinner as she was on a diet.A. inclinedB. declinedC. deniedD. disinclined19. Mr. White brought a countercharge against you because you had______ him for smuggling several pieces of antiques and cultural relics.A. chargedB. indictedC. accusedD. prosecuted20. No other newspaper columnist has managed as yet to rival Ann Landers' popularity in terms of readership.A. thoughB. in spite of thisC. evenD. so far21. It is strictly ______ that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.A. securedB. forbiddenC. regulatedD. determined22. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ______ a sudden loud noise.A. being thereB. there having beenC. there wasD. should there be23.24. He likes to swim ______.A. and playing footballB. and he also likes playing footballC. and to play footballD. and he likes to play football25.26. If excellent work results in frequent pay increases or promotions, the workers will have greater ______ to produce.A. incentiveB. initiativeC. instructionD. instinct27.28. The prison guards were armed and ready to shoot if ______ in any way.[A] incurred [B] provoked [C] poked [D] intervened29.30. The official was arrested for inability to ______ all his fortune he has enjoyed.A. clarifyB. intensifyC. verifyD. justifyPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionPassage OneThe table before which we sit may be, as the scientist maintains, composed of dancing atoms, but it does not reveal itself to us as anything of the kind, and it is not with dancing atoms but a solid and motionless object that we live.So remote is this "real" table--and most of the other "realities" with which science deals--that it cannot be discussed in terms which have any human value, and though it may receive out purely intellectual credence it cannot be woven into the pattern of life as it is led, in contradistinction to life as we attempt to think about it. Vibrations in the either are so totally unlike, let us say, the color purple that the gulf between them cannot be bridged, and they are, to all intents and purposes, not one but two separate things of which the second and less "real" must be the most significant for us. And just as the sensation which has led us to attribute an objective reality to a nonexistent thing which we call "purple" is more important for human life than the conception of vibrations of a certain frequency, so too the belief in God, however ill founded, has been more important in the life of man than the germ theory of decay, however true the latter may he.We may, if we like, speak of consequence, as certain mystics love to do, of the different levels or orders of truth. We may adopt what is essentially a Platonist trick of thought and insist upon postulating the existence of external realities which correspond to the needs and modes of human feeling and which, so we may insist, have their being is some part of the universe unreachable by science. But to do so is to make an unwarrantable assumption and to be guilty of the metaphysical fallacy of failing to distinguish between a truth of feeling and that other sort of truth which is described as a "truth of correspondence," and it is better perhaps, at least for those of us who have grown up in an age of scientific thought, to steer clear of such confusions and to rest content with the admission that, though the universe with which science deals is the real universe, yet we do not and cannot have any but fleeting and imperfect contacts with it ; that the most important part of our lives-our sensations, emotions, desires, and aspirations-takes place in a universe of illusionswhich science can attenuate or destroy, but which it is powerless to enrich.31. According to this passage, a scientist would conceive of a "table" as being ______.A. a solid motionless objectB. certain characteristic vibrations in "ether"C. a form fixed in space and timeD. a mass of atoms on motion32. By "objective reality" the author means ______.A. scientific realityB. a phenomenon we can directly experienceC. reality colored by emotionD. a symbolic existence33. The author suggests that in order to bridge the puzzling schism between scientific truth and the world of illusions, the reader should ______.A. try to rid himself of his world of illusionB. accept his world as being one of illusionC. apply the scientific methodD. establish a truth of correspondence34. The topic of this selection is ______.A. the distortion of reality by scienceB. the confusion caused by emotionsC. Platonic and contemporary views of truthD. the place of scientific truth in our lives35. Judging from the ideas and tone of the selection, one may reasonably guess that the author is ______.A. a humanistB. a pantheistC. a nuclear physicistD. a doctorPassage TwoThe multi-billion-dollar Western pop music industry is under fire. It is being blamed by the United Nations for the dramatic rise in drug abuse worldwide. "The most worrisome development is a culture of drag-friendliness that seems to be gaining prominence (显著), "said the UN's 13-member International Narcotics Control Board in a report released in late February 1998.The 74-page study says that pop music, as a global industry, is by far the most influential trend-setter for young people of most cultures. "Some lyrics advocate the smoking of marijuana (大麻) or taking other drugs, and certain pop stars make statements and set examples as if the use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes were a normal and acceptable part of a person's lifestyle, "the study says.Surprisingly, says the Board, the effect of drug-friendly pop music seems to survive despite the occasional shock of death by overdose (过量用药). "Such incidents tend to be seen as an occasionto mourn the loss of a role model, and not an opportunity to confront the deadly effect of 'recreational' drug use," it notes. Since the 1970s, several internationally famous singers and movie stars-including Elvis Presley, Janice Joplin, John Belushi, Jimi Hendrix, Jonathan Melvin and Andy Gibbs-have died of either drug abuse or drug related illnesses. With the globalization of popular music, messages tolerating or promoting drug abuse are now reaching beyond their countries of origin. "In most countries, the names of certain pop stars have become familiar to the members of every household," the study says.The UN study also blames the media for its description of certain drug issues-especially the use of marijuana and issues of liberalization and legalization-which encourages, rather than prevents, drug abuse. "Over the last years, we have seen how drug abuse is increasingly regarded as being acceptable or even attractive," says Hamid Ghodse, president of the Board. "Powerful pressure groups run political campaigns aimed at legalizing controlled drags," he says. Ghodse also points out that all these developments have created an environment which is tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse and spoils international drug prevention efforts currently underway.The present study, he says, focuses on the issue of demand reduction and prevention within an environment that has become tolerant of drug abuse. The Board calls on governments to do their legal and moral duties, and to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture to which young people increasingly are being exposed.36. Which of the following statements does the author tend to agree with?A. The use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes is an acceptable part of a person's lifestyle.B. The spreading of pop music may cause the drug abuse to go beyond the boundaries of the country.C. No efforts have been made to prevent the spreading of drug abuse.D. The governments have no ability to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture.37. The italicized phrase "under fire" (Par. 1, sentence 1) means ______.A. in an urgent situationB. facing some problemsC. being criticizedD. quite popular38. Under the influence of drug-friendly pop music, what might the youth think of the death of some pop stars caused by overdose?A. They tend to mourn the pop stars as role models.B. They are shocked to know even pop stars may abuse drugs.C. They try to confront the deadly effect of "recreational" drug use.D. They may stop abusing the drugs.39. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a factor that has contributed to creating an environment tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse?A. The spreading of pop music.B. The media.C. Political campaigns run by powerful pressure groups.D. The low price of some drugs,40. The pop music ______.A. has a great influence on young people of most culturesB. only appeals to a small number of young peopleC. is not a profitable industryD. is the 0nly culprit (罪魁祸首) responsible for drug amusePassage Three**. airlines could slash 70,000 more jobs if there were war with Iraq and the U.S. government did not give the industry, more help, the biggest domestic carriers said on Tuesday.The Air Transport Association, which represents major airlines, said in a report on airline finances that its members would take aggressive steps to counter any sharp drop in travel demand and an increase in costs caused by an Iraqi war.Big airlines are seeking government assistance to stem rising fuel costs and ease taxes that are contributing to losses that soared to more than $10 billion in 2002.The industry outlined a "most likely" scenario if war broke out, saying that reduced demand and higher costs due to a conflict lasting 90 days would cost it $4 billion in lost revenue. Without a conflict, losses would still be expected to reach almost $7 billion for the year."The nation's air carders will continue to do all we can, but we fear that the consequences of this war will be severe," James May, president and chief executive of the air transport group, told a news conference.May restated the industry's belief that war could prompt more bankruptcies or force some financially fragile carders into liquidation. Recovery would take several years and ticket prices would have to fall further to spur demand.US Airways Group Inc. and UAL Corp's United Airlines are in Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, and some industry experts believe that AMR Corp's American Airlines, the world's biggest carrier could follow later this year.Airlines expect overall traffic volume during a second Gulf conflict would fall more sharply than it did during the 1991 war, when it declined 8 percent after fighting began.The airlines based their assessment on a slide of more than 20 percent in advance bookings for overseas travel after the U. S. government elevated its domestic terror alert status from yellow to orange in early February.Jet fuel has more than doubled in price from a year ago to, $1.30 a gallon recently. Fuel is the second-largest expense after labor for an airline. An increase of one penny a gallon costs the industry an estimated $180 million annually.41. U.S. airlines would have to suffer the following losses if there were war with Iraq except that ______.A. the industry would have to lose $180 million revenue each year with one gallon of jet fuel increasing one penny on saleB. the overall traffic volume is expected to drop at least over eight percent, which took place during the first gulf warC. the U. S. government refuses to give the main **panies any essential financial sup- portonce the war broke outD. it would take a few years to get the prewar ticket prices resumed and then to spur the passengers' riving demand42. The countermeasures the nation's main air carriers would take to prevent any sharp drop in travel demand may include ______.Ⅰ. seeking government financial assistanceⅡ. asking for low tax rateⅢ. promoting more bankruptcies and forcing some weak **panies into liquidationA. ⅠonlyB. Ⅰand ⅡC. Ⅰand ⅢD. Ⅱand Ⅲ43. The sentence "... AMR, Corp's American Airlines, the world's biggest carder, could follow later this year" ( Paragraph 7) can best be restated as ______.A. it would also seek bankruptcy protectionB. it would have to spur its passengers' demand for ticketsC. it would have to take aggressive steps to avoid bankruptcyD. it would call for more financial subsidy from the government for its survival44. The phrase "force some financially fragile carries into liquidation" (Paragraph 6 ) may probably mean ______.A. compel them to reduce their flightB. make them do nothing but to declare bankruptcyC. push them to be destroyedD. bring them into a liquid state45. From the passage we can conclude that ______A. the writer intends to show his strong anti-war positionB. the writer tells what the American air transportation industry would have to worry about in facing the war against IraqC. the writer shows deep sympathy for the sufferings the war would bring to Iraqi peopleD. the writer wants to show indignation against George Bush' s position on Iraqi problem Passage FourCharm is the ultimate weapon, the supreme seduction, against which there are few defenses. If you've got it, you need almost nothing else, neither money, looks, nor pedigree. (41) It is a gift, only given to give away, and the more used the more there is. It is also a climate of behavior set for perpetual summer and controlled by taste and tact.Real charm is dynamic, an enveloping spell which mysteriously enslaves the senses. It is an inner light, fed on reservoirs of benevolence which well up like a thermal spring. It is unconscious, often nothing but the wish to please, and cannot be turned on and off at will.(42) You recognize charm by the felling you get in its presence. You know who has it. But can you get it, too? Probably, you can't, because it's a quickness of spirit, an originality of touch you have to be born with. Or it's something that grows naturally out of another quality, like the simple desire to make people happy. Certainly, charm is not a question of learning tricks, like wrinkling your nose, or having a laugh in your voice, or gaily tossing your hair out of your dancing eyes. (43)Such signs, to the nervous, are ominous warnings which may well send him streaking for cove. On the other hand, there is an antenna, a built-in awareness of others, which most people have, and which care can nourish.But in a study of charm, what else does one look for? Apart from the ability to listen-rarest of all human virtues and most difficult to sustain without vagueness-apart form warmth, sensitivity, and the power to please, what else is there visible? (44) A generosity, I suppose, which makes no demands, a transaction which strikes no bargains which doesn't hold itself back till you've filled up a test-card making it clear that you've worth the trouble. Charm can't withhold, but spends itself willingly on young and old alike, on the poor, the ugly, the dim, the boring, on the last fat man in **er. (45) It reveals also in a sense of ease, in casual but perfect manners, and often in a physical grace which springs less from an accident of youth than from a confident serenity of mind. Any person with this is more than just a popular fellow, he is also a social healer.46.47.48.49.50.Passage FiveA number of researchers have examined the variables/strategies that affect students' learning English as a second language. This report identifies some of the learner variables/ strategies used by two students in a Hong Kong Technical Institute. The instruments for data collection included observation, interviews and questionnaires. The findings are discussed and some implications highlighted.What makes a "good" language learner "good", and what makes a "poor" language learner "poor"? What does this imply for the teaching of language in the Hong Kong context? These are the central questions of this assignment. The existing body of research attributes the differences between language learners to learner variables and learner strategies. Learner variables include such things as differences in personality, motivation, style, aptitude and age (Ellis, 1986: Chap. 5) and strategies refer to "techniques, approaches, or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning and recall of both linguistic and content area information" (Chabot, 1987: 71). It is important to note here that what we are considering is not the fact that language learners do and can learn, but why there should be such variations in speed of learning, ability to use the target language, and in achieving examination grades, areas which generally lead to the classification of students as being either "good" or "poor".Learner variables and strategies have been the focus of a number of research projects, (O'Malley et al, 1985, Oxford, 1989). However, to the best of my knowledge, this area has not been researched in Hong Kong classrooms. Since I am a teacher of English working in Hong Kong, gleaning a little of what learner variables and strategies seem to work for local studentsseems to be a fruitful area of research.In discussing learner variables and strategies, we have to keep in mind the arbitrary nature of actually identifying these aspects. As the existing research points out, it is not possible to observe directly qualities such as aptitude, motivation and anxiety. (Oxford, 1986). We cannot look inside the mind of a language learner and find out what strategies, if any, they are using. These strategies are not visible processes. Also, as Naiman and his colleagues (1978) point out, no single learning strategy, cognitive style or learner characteristic is sufficient to explain success in language learning. The factors must be considered simultaneously to discover how they affect success or failure in particular language learning situation.Bearing these constraints in mind, the aim of this assignment is to develop two small scale studies of the language learners attempting to gain an overall idea of what strategies are in use and what variables seem to make a difference to Hong Kong students.51. In Paragraph 2 "learner variables" and "strategies" are defined by reference to other writers ______.A. because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important conceptsB. because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important definitionsC. because the present author is not sure what these terms meanD. because the present author wishes to redefine the scope of research in this area52. The main point of Paragraph 2 is ______.A. to define technical termsB. to define terms and scope of the studyC. to outline the main sections of the reportD. to summarize the area to be covered in the article53. In Paragraph 3 the writer uses the phrase "to the best of my knowledge..." because ______.A. she has good knowledge of this areaB. she is not sure if the area has been researched in Hong KongC. she thinks the area has been researched in Hong KongD. she does not wish to take responsibility for any omissions in the bibliography54. The reference to "Naiman and his colleagues (1978)" in Paragraph 4 is made ______.A. to point out the advantages of an analytical approachB. to point out that language learning strategies can be identifiedC. to point out that different learners learn differentlyD. to point out the uniqueness of language learning situations55. The main point of Paragraph 5 is ______.A. to describe the existing research in the fieldB. to point out the limits of research in this areaC. to describe learning strategies identified as soD. to summarize the scope of the present article56. According to this passage, research in this area is characterized as ______.A. empirically observableB. often impossible to observe directlyC. poorly defined in the research literature to dateD. easier to theorize about than to carry out directlyPart Ⅳ ClozeIn the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists had (21) that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that (22) variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that learning is a part of social life. That is, the (23) are not solely fixed by the genes (24) , the learn ing that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly (25) instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans; it is something in between the two. An illustration best (26) the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that, shortly (27) they hatch, ducklings fix (28) any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are (29) for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considera bly (30) , even ones that have a considerable base (31) by genetics.Even among the social insects something like imprinting (32) influence social behav ior. For example, biologists once thought **municated with others purely (33) in stinct. But, in examining a "dance" that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could **municate effec tively. At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all-purpose learn ing rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees, for instance, gen erally (34) very good mother but Jane Goodali reports that some chimps carry the infant upside down or (35) fail to nurture the young.57. A. than B. before C. when D. after58. A. on B. with C. in D. within59. A. appropriated B. substituted C. assigned D. distributed60. A. varied B. deviated C. differed D. altered61. A. fashioned B. modified C. influenced D. affected62. A. may B. should C. must D. can63. A. by B. out of C. from D. through64. A. prove B. make C. turn D. create65. A. otherwise B. still C. yet D. even66. A. assumed B. adopted C. believed D. surmised67. A. considerate B. considered C. considerable D. considering68. A. statues B. statuses C. statutes D. statures69. A. What's more B. Hence C. But D. However70. A. not B. only C. but D. solely71. A. clarifies B. classifies C. defines D. outlinesPart Ⅴ Translation72. “我的英语有多好?”对任何学习英语的人来说是最重要的一个问题。
考博英语-30_真题无答案
考博英语-30(总分83, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Vocabulary1.This style of writing, incidentally, is suggestive of what is called the "newsreel technique" of John dos Passos.SSS_SINGLE_SELA reminiscentB collectiveC forgettableD advisable2.We are totally unable, after decades of experiment, to replicate ancient glazed pottery.SSS_SINGLE_SELA produceB manufactureC dramatizeD duplicate3.The guest turned upside down his glass as a signal that he would drink no more.SSS_SINGLE_SELA conversedB inversedC traversedD reversed4.Great works are performed not by strength but by persistence.SSS_SINGLE_SELA permanenceB proliferationC perseveranceD predominance5.It is reported that the worst pedestrian jam in this city occurs around this crossroads.SSS_SINGLE_SELA confessionB congestionC digesfonD exhaustion6.The plan would require two, or possibly more, class periods for its fulfillment.SSS_SINGLE_SELA executionB excursionC expansionD extinction7.In the country we are excluded from the worries of life in a big town.SSS_SINGLE_SELA envelopedB protectedC insulatedD subtracted8.In the deserted factory several huge machines were left to rust and decay.SSS_SINGLE_SELA inaugurateB disintegrateC accelerateD disseminate9.His major task is to integrate the work of Various bureaus under the ministry.SSS_SINGLE_SELA organizeB correspondC coordinateD respond10.A shift from native bronze to iron artifacts took place under the influence of cultural borrowings.SSS_SINGLE_SELA transitionB transmissionC transactionD transference11.In view of obstruction and disappointment, the prime minister decided to make parliamentary alliance.SSS_SINGLE_SELA frustrationB illustrationC capitulationD clarification12.It is said that science has become **plex to acknowledge the existence of universal truths.SSS_SINGLE_SELA addressB declareC affirmD perceive13.The employer tried to bully his employees from staging strikes by threatening to close down the entire plant.SSS_SINGLE_SELA intimidateB integrateC ridiculeD humiliate14.It is a contradiction that in such a rich country there should be so many poor people.SSS_SINGLE_SELA pageantB patronageC paradoxD pendulum15.What he expressed as a mere supposition was taken by others as a positive statement.SSS_SINGLE_SELA suspectB surmiseC suspicionD surrender16.This program will take kids who have a manifest history of violent acts.SSS_SINGLE_SELA determinedB demonstratedC administratedD distinguished17.In 1986 the country initiated restrictions on the use of pesticides.SSS_SINGLE_SELA institutedB constitutedC prosecutedD distributed18.Mr. Johnson was a passionate person filled with an incredible dynamism.SSS_SINGLE_SELA energyB enduranceC effortD endeavor19.At first I guessed it was an airplane, but I soon changed my mind because it remained static instead of moving like a plane.SSS_SINGLE_SELA stationaryB statutoryC stationeryD statuesque20.In the 1998's flood in China a large number of victims suffered the loss of their homes.SSS_SINGLE_SELA expenseB sacrificeC damageD incentive21.They suggested that an agency be created to carry out the recommendation of **mittee.SSS_SINGLE_SELA implementB complimentC supplementD complement22.The principal duty of the United Nations is to safeguard the pace of the world.SSS_SINGLE_SELA primaryB primeC privilegedD precedent23.Through the discussion they gained an extraordinary insight into**plexity of women's emotions.SSS_SINGLE_SELA cleverness ofB knowledge ofC prediction ofD perception of24.His inability to learn foreign languages was a(n) obstacle to his career.SSS_SINGLE_SELA barrierB excessC carderD impulse25.Crew chiefs supervised engines, switches and lights that told them how each item of equipment was functioning.SSS_SINGLE_SELA observedB preservedC monitoredD nurtured26.In this monumental work the entire storehouse of the world's art is surveyed.SSS_SINGLE_SELA impressiveB expressiveC progressiveD possessive27.To their great surprise, they found the floodwater had damaged the building's foundation.SSS_SINGLE_SELA underlainB underlinedC undertakenD undermined28.They demand to set up an organization flexible enough to cope with any emergency.SSS_SINGLE_SELA portableB valiantC trivialD mobile29.Peter was seen crying when he came out of the office. We can deduce that he must have been punished.SSS_SINGLE_SELA conferB referC preferD infer30.One of the real services of the historical novel is not that it can be a substitute for history, but that it can be a(n) extension.SSS_SINGLE_SELA complimentB supplementC instrumentD replacementPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPassage 1For reasons yet to be fully understood, one out of ten human beings in the world is left-handed, and from one generation to the next, this ratio is roughly preserved. As we know, left-handedness cuts across socioeconomic, ethnic, and gender lines. Yet throughout history prominent figures in science—to say nothing of religion—have identified in left-handedness signs of viciousness or worse. In 1903, Italian physician Cesare Lombroso identified left-handedness as one of the degeneracy signs of the born criminals. Three years later, Dr. Wilhelm Fliess suggested that left-handedness was a reliable identification of homosexuality. And in 1937 British psychologist Cyril Burt declared left-handedness to be a mark of an ill-organized nervous system.As demonstrated by all the "therapeutic" coercion that left-handed children were subjected to during the first half of the 20th century, these biases had more than just a theoretical impact. Yet even when this gauche predilection was being discouraged, handism was certainly never taken as seriously as racism or sexism now is. Perhaps it's the arbitrary nature of the trait that has militated against meaningful discrimination. After all, even when both parents are right-handed, there is still a 10 percent chance that they will bring a left-handed baby into the world. Moreover, a white baby born in Scaresdale is just as likely to be left-handed as a black baby in Harlem. Hence when the left-handed George Bush became President of the United States, it was hardly interpreted as a blow againstprejudice. Nor was much attention paid to the fact that Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford were also southpaws.31.Judging from the context, Scarsdale is a place inhabited by ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA white peopleB black peopleC mixed racesD rich people32.The word "handism" in Line 3 Paragraph 2 most probably means ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA being skillful with one's handsB quality of being convenientC discrimination against left-handed peopleD encouragement to use both hands instead of one33.The word "southpaws" at the end of the passage means ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA a boxer from the southB a politician from a southern stateC a person with extraordinarily large handsD a left-handed person34.According to the passage, left-handedness ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA is discouraged but not discriminated againstB has caused discrimination as serious as sexism and racismC is a subject that has drawn more and more attentionD is an advantage in running for public office35.Left-handedness is ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA a thing that is cultivatedB a thing that occurs by pure chanceC a thing of genetic inheritanceD a thing that occurs more in prominent figuresPassage 2One in three Americans said that money was a crucial factor in their decision to work for pay (or have a spouse work) rather than stay home to raise the children, with Baby Boomer women most likely to have made that choice. Forty-five percent of Baby Boomer **pared with just 32 percent of those 55 and over—said they went to work. "Baby Boomer women, especially the older ones, grew up expecting to replicate the pattern of their mothers' lives," suggests Hochschild. "But then the bills **ing in and more job opportunities opened up, and these women moved into a life they hadn't anticipated."Money played a great role in marriage—even an unhappy one. Approximately 18 percent of all those interviewed said they stayed married because they lacked money to get a divorce, while less than 8 percent said that financial strain in their marriage has caused them to divorce.Lack of money also influenced education choices. Nearly one in four Americans has postponed or decided not to attend college because of financial pressures. Even with the sustained prosperity of the past eight years, Gen-Xers were most likely to have altered their college plans. A 39-year-old Hispanic billing clerk in New York spoke about how the need for money limited her teenager son's ability to take part in extracurricular activities that could increase his chances of getting into college. "Since age 14, myson's been working, and I think he is a superb person. Not having a lot of money has made him realize what work is all about. On the other hand, he was elected to go to a youth leadership conference in Washington, and I can't send him because I don't have the money. Lack of money takes away opportunities he otherwise could have had."On the question of what money can and can't buy, a large majority of Americans said that money could buy "freedom to live as you choose", "excitement in life", and "less stress". In a number of follow-up interviews, many **mented that having extra money would immediately alleviate one source of profound stress——the need to work overtime. Those with college and graduate degrees were far more likely to believe that money can buy freedom, perhaps becausebetter-educated people already have a wider array of choices. College-educated professionals, for instance, were much more likely to consider wealth a way of financing travel, starting a business of their own, or funding charitable works in **munities.A 55-year-old Hispanic woman in Los Angeles with a graduate degree and an income of more than$90,000 described a midlife career switch. After resigning from a high-level, high paying——but extremely stressful—civil service job, she became a florist. "After I Started tearing my hair out," she said, "I decided to go intobusiness for myself—flowers don't talk back."Can money buy peace of mind? Fifty-two percent of Americanssaid no. "It all depends on what 'peace' means to you," observed a businesswoman in California who is nearing 60 and would like toretire at 62 and go back to college. "For my husband, peace of mind means working as long as he can and collecting the biggest possible pension. For me, it means knowing I've worked long enough so that I can afford to go after an old dream, I guess you should say that my peace of mind is his worry."36.From the last paragraph we can see that ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA both the husband and wife have peace of mindB only the husband has peace of mindC only the wife has peace of mindD neither of them has peace of mind37.According to this passage, money plays a more important role in______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA keeping people in a marriageB causing a divorceC raising the childrenD limiting one's ability38.According to the writer, older Baby Boomer women went to work chiefly because ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA there were more job opportunitiesB they were bored staying at homeC they don't have enough money to buy their own houseD life was costly39.The reason why the 55-year-old Hispanic woman became a florist isthat ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA she no longer had hairB she hated to meet very rude peopleC she did not like civil service jobsD midlife career switch was a widespread practice40.From paragraph 3 we can learn that ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA the 14-year-old son did not enjoy his workB without money you never make education choicesC most Gen-Xers wanted to change their college plansD most Gen-Xers did not change their college plansPassage 3Computer Monitoring is most often intended to improveefficiency and effectiveness in the workplace, but with good **es the opportunity for abuse by employers and employees alike. "Computer Monitoring in the 21st Century" written by a futurist is an exceptional observation as to what the future may hold for those people choosing to enter the technological field such as industry, commerce, medicine and science.As Computer Monitoring increases, **es a concern for the types of effects it may have in the workplace. The article says: "By the end of the decade, as many as 30 million people may constantly be monitored in their jobs." As computer systems become so sophisticated, this number will drastically increase. As we enter this new age of technology, we must remember that with more **es more responsibility by employers and employees alike. Knowledge can be used as a weapon or as a tool. For instance, monitoring abuse can be found in the situation of airline agents. The agents discovered that by keeping customers on hold while finishing their work they could gain an extra 5-minute break. In the future, employees who are accustomed to evading the monitoring system may no longer be able to tolerate it. These types of employees may find they can no longer survive the added pressure of not being able to evade the system.While monitoring can add pressure to some employees, it can also be a relief to others. It is a relief to the employee, because it provides information readily at hand. With the use of prompts, acting as reminders to workers, the information needed is passed on efficiently allowing employees to do a better job. However, if prompts are used to tell an employee how much time has been wasted or how bad an employee is doing his job, it could cause the opposite effect. Monitoring can have a positive effect on workers by letting the employees access their own information. In a study, early information about job performance given by a computer is accepted better than a performance rating given by a boss. At this time, monitoring is based on the output of an employee's performance. In the future, there will be more freedom for employees to use theirown ideas, therefore making monitoring more effective. One example of monitoring as a weapon is seen when a woman who took an extra minute in the bathroom was threatened with loosing her job. Withthis added stress she suffered a nervous breakdown. **pany insisted that they were not "spying" but were only trying to improve their business. If monitoring is not used correctly, businesses willsuffer with increases in operating costs because of increased turnover, absenteeism, medical costs and worker's compensation. Employers who use positive reinforcement with monitoring will guarantee better motivation.Legislation has the potential to help employees with issues of better treatment and the right to privacy. In the New Century, companies that succeeded will be the ones who learn from the past and from the "me boss and you employee" mentality. A good blacksmith can take a hammer and forge a weapon into a tool that can benefit the whole village. Employers are the blacksmiths; employees are the hammers. Monitoring is the tool. It takes both to make a tool to benefit the future.41.From Paragraph 1, we can learn that ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA computer monitoring is basically used by people with bad intentionsB computer monitoring is basically used by people with good intentionsC computer monitoring is basically used by people with good and bad intentionsD good intentions will give rise to abuse42.According to the last paragraph, **panies in the future will ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA give up the use of computer monitoringB introduce new legislationC increase operating costsD try hard to make employees feel better about themselves and their jobs43.The writer means to tell us **puter monitoring ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA is used for spyingB can definitely improve efficiency and effectivenessC can be very useful in the hands of the right peopleD is hated by all the employees44.From Paragraph 2, we can learn that ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA the airline agents are generally under pressure of workB the airline agents are lazy peopleC the airline agents must be forced to work hardD all the employees will not find it unbearable to be monitored by computer45.What will NOT happen if the employer puts too much pressure on the employees by using the monitoring system?SSS_SINGLE_SELA The employees will have more freedom.B The employees will accept the performance rating better than**puter monitoring.C Many employees will frequently stay away from their work.D More employees will leave **pany.Passage 4Cloning shakes us all to our very souls. For humans to consider the cloning of one another forces them all to question the very concepts of right and wrong that make them all human. The cloning of any species, whether they be human or non-human, is wrong.Scientists and ethicists alike have debated the implications of human or non-human cloning extensively since 1997 when scientists at Roslin Institute in Scotland produced Dolly. No direct conclusions have been drawn, **pelling arguments state that cloning of both human and non-human species results in harmful physical and psychological effects on both groups.The possible physical damage that could be done if human cloning became a reality is obvious when one looks at the sheer loss of life that occurred before the birth of Dolly. Less than ten percent of the initial transfers survive to be healthy creatures. There were 277 trial implants of nuclei. Nineteen of those 277 were deemed healthy while the others were discarded. Five of those nineteen survived, but four of them died within ten days of birth of severe abnormalities. Dolly was the only one to survive. Even lan Wilmut, one of the scientists accredited with the cloning phenomenon at the Roslin Institute agrees, "the more you interfere with reproduction, the more danger there is of things going wrong." The psychological effects of cloning are less obvious, but nonetheless,very plausible. In addition to physical harms, there are worries about the psychological harms to cloned human children. One of those harms is that cloning creates serious issues of identity and individuality.Human cloning is obviously damaging to both the family and the cloned child. It is harder to convince that non-human cloning is wrong and unethical, but it is just the same. Western culture and tradition has long held the belief that the treatment of animals should be guided by different ethical standards than the treatment of humans. Animals have been seen as non-feeling and savage beasts since time began. Humans in general have no problem with seeing animals as objects to be used whenever it becomes necessary. But what would happen if humans started to use animals as body for growing human organs? What if we were to learn how to clone functioning brains and have them grow inside of chimps? Would non-human primates, such as a chimpanzee, who carried one or more human genes via transgenic technology, be defined as still a chimp, a human, a subhuman, or something else? If defined as human, would we have to give it rights of citizenship? And if humans were to carry non-hum, an transgenic genes, would that alter our definitions and treatment of them? Also, if the technology were to be so that scientists could transfer human genes into animals and vice versa,it could create a worldwide catastrophe that no one would be able to stop.46.Which of the following statements is NOT true?SSS_SINGLE_SELA Cloning may lead to the loss of identity.B The cloned human children may have some psychological problems.C The psychological effects of cloning may be overlooked.D Genetic Uniqueness is important.47.How many of those trial implants fail to survive?SSS_SINGLE_SELA 277B 276C 19D 448.What is the major problem with using animals as body for growing human organs?SSS_SINGLE_SELA Animals will no longer be savage.B Humans will be as savage as animals.C A clear line will be missing between humans and animals.D Animals will have to be given fights of citizenship.49.The arguments that cloning will have harmful effects ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA are very convincingB have forced people to stop cloningC have forced people to question the concept of cloningD **pelled people to debate the implications of cloning50.The writer thinks that cloning is wrong ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA ethicallyB morallyC psychologicallyD ethically and morally.Passage 5Tests conducted at the university of Pennsylvania's Psychological Laboratory showed that anger is one of the mostdifficult emotion to detect from facial expression. Professor Dallas E. Buzby confronted 716 students with pictures of extremely angry persons and asked them to identify the emotion from facial expression. Only 2 percent made correct judgments. Anger was most frequently judged as "pleased." And a typical reaction of a student with the picture of a man who was hopping mad was to classify his expression as either "bewildered", "quizzical", or simply "amazed". Other students showed that it is extremely difficult to tell whether a man is angry or not just by looking at his face. The investigators found further that women are better at detecting anger from facial expression than men are. Paradoxically, they found that psychological training does not sharpen one's ability to judge a man's emotions by his expressions but appears actually to hinder it. For in the university tests, the more courses the subjects had taken in psychology, the poorer judgment scores he turned in.51.To achieve the greatest success in detecting anger from facial expression, it would be best to ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA use adults rather than students as judgesB ask women in fields other than psychology to judgeC ask women rather than men to judgeD ask psychologists to judge52.The main thought of this passage is that anger ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA is difficult to detect by looking at a person's faceB is frequently confused with other emotionsC is detected by women better than by menD cannot be detected by a psychologically trained person53.SSS_SINGLE_SEL54.Students with psychological training who were tested ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA marked less than 2 percent of their possible choices correctionB were less able to judge correctly than the average studentsC did better than the average students in the groupD did as well as the women students55.The author used the word "Paradoxically" in his sentence about psychological training to imply that ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA we can expect such training to have the effect statedB we should expect such training to result in better scoresC such information is offered as an afterthoughtD such information is an sidelight of the findingsPart Ⅲ ClozeImprovements in labor productivity 56 increase wages and salaries. Wages and salaries 57 about 75 percent of all income in the United States. 58 , labor productivity is themajor 59 of this (and all other) nations' living standards. If labor productivity improves because of an advance in technology, the 60 of output increases 61 the need for additional labor. The dollar value of all goods increases 62 , which implies that consumers ultimately receive more income.Entrepreneurs have a profit 63 to increase laborproductivity. They do so by providing their workers with better equipment and creating more efficient ways for their workers to use that equipment. Entrepreneurs also have an incentive to discover new products that are more highly valued 64 to their cost of production.Some of the largest increases in productivityoccur 65 major technological advancements. The steam engine and the **bustion engine are two examples. The advances in **puter industry have been 66 phenomenal. Advances in technology depend 67 on businesses making 68 investment in new technology and new products. A major issue in today's economyis 69 businesses are doing this and what incentives are being provided by the government to companies to encourage investment. Another issue is whether labor productivity in the United Stateshas 70 other countries.There have also been 71 increases in productivity in our agricultural 72 . Because of the increased use of chemicals,the 73 per acre are many times greater than they were 100 years ago, and consequently, 74 Americans now 75 farming, yet agricultural output is the highest it has, ever been.56.SSS_SINGLE_SELA productionB produceC yieldsD efficiency57.SSS_SINGLE_SELA as wellB as a resultC as a matter of factD as usual58.SSS_SINGLE_SELA intentionB motiveC incentiveD advance59.SSS_SINGLE_SELA departmentB fractionC sectorD portion60.SSS_SINGLE_SELA much moreB quite a fewC many fewerD many more61.SSS_SINGLE_SELA frequentB dramaticC relativeD drastic62.SSS_SINGLE_SELA in addition toB withoutC as regardsD except for63.SSS_SINGLE_SELA constituteB consistC accountD compile64.SSS_SINGLE_SELA rateB ratioC velocityD ration65.SSS_SINGLE_SELA nothing short ofB nothing butC anything butD no more than66.SSS_SINGLE_SELA whetherB howC thatD what67.SSS_SINGLE_SELA supportedB persistedC sustainedD retained68.SSS_SINGLE_SELA relatedB relationC relateD relative69.SSS_SINGLE_SELA unavoidablyB highlyC ultimatelyD actually70.SSS_SINGLE_SELA depart fromB engage inC return toD depend on71.SSS_SINGLE_SELA whollyB in partC in factD hardly72.SSS_SINGLE_SELA factorB determinantC measurementD standard73.SSS_SINGLE_SELA fallen behindB fallen backC gone aheadD gone before74.SSS_SINGLE_SELA according toB in view ofC in terms ofD because of75.SSS_SINGLE_SELA ConsequentlyB NeverthelessC FurthermoreD BesidesPart Ⅳ TranslationDirection: Translate the following passage into Chinese. You should write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.1.Research reports are considered formal **munication. As such, there is little emphasis on a lively style, although, of course, there is no objection to writing that is pleasing and interesting. The primary goals of **munication are accuracy, clarity, **pleteness. The rough draft of any research report should be edited to ensure that all data is correctly presented, that all equipment is listed, that allresults are properly detailed. As all aid to the reader, headings indicating at least the major sections of the report should be used, and all data should be presented under proper headings. In addition。
博士生英语考试真题试卷
博士生英语考试真题试卷一、词汇与语法(共10题)1. The new discovery ______ a significant impact on the field of medicine.A. makes.B. has.C. gives.D. takes.答案:B。
解析:“have an impact on...”是固定搭配,表示“对……有影响”,这里主语是“the new discovery”,为第三人称单数,所以用“has”。
2. She was so ______ in her work that she didn't notice the time passing.A. absorbed.B. attracted.C. drawn.D. concentrated.答案:A。
解析:“be absorbed in...”是固定短语,意为“专心于……”;“be attracted to...”表示“被……吸引”;“concentrate on”(集中精力于),这里需要用“absorbed”。
3. It is essential that every student ______ a good command of English.A. has.B. had.C. have.D. will have.答案:C。
解析:在“It is essential that...”句型中,从句要用虚拟语气,即“should + 动词原形”,“should”可以省略,所以这里用“have”。
4. The committee ______ of fifteen members.A. consists.B. composes.C. makes up.D. is made up.答案:A。
解析:“consist of”表示“由……组成”,主动形式;“be made up of”也表示“由……组成”,但为被动形式;“compose”的用法是“be composed of”,这里主语是“the committee”,所以用“consists”。
2024医学博士英语考试真题及答案
2024医学博士英语考试真题及答案2024 Medical Doctor English Exam Questions and AnswersAre you preparing for the 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam? Look no further! Below are some sample questions and answers that can help you ace the exam.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow:The human body is a complex system of organs and tissues that work together to maintain health. One of the most vital organs in the body is the heart. The heart is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to all the organs and tissues. It is important to maintain a healthy lifestyle to keep the heart functioning properly.1. What is the main function of the heart in the human body?A) Pumping bloodB) Digesting foodC) Regulating body temperatureD) Filtering waste productsAnswer: A) Pumping blood2. Why is it important to maintain a healthy lifestyle?A) To stay young foreverB) To prevent diseases and illnessesC) To lose weight quicklyD) To increase stress levelsAnswer: B) To prevent diseases and illnessesSection 2: Listening ComprehensionListen to the following audio clip and answer the questions that follow:(Audio clip: A doctor is giving advice on how to prevent the flu)3. According to the doctor, what is the best way to prevent the flu?A) Getting enough sleepB) Eating junk foodC) Avoiding exerciseD) Washing hands frequentlyAnswer: D) Washing hands frequently4. What should you do if you start to feel symptoms of the flu?A) Go to workB) Stay at home and restC) Ignore the symptomsD) Exercise vigorouslyAnswer: B) Stay at home and restSection 3: Grammar and VocabularyChoose the correct answer to fill in the blank in the following sentences:5. The patient _____________ to the hospital last night.A) goB) goesC) wentD) goingAnswer: C) went6. The doctor _____________ the patient's blood pressure.A) is checkingB) checksC) checkedD) has checkedAnswer: B) checksSection 4: WritingWrite a short essay on the importance of vaccinations in preventing diseases. Include reasons why vaccinations are necessary, how they work, and any potential risks associated with vaccinations.Answer: Vaccinations are crucial in preventing diseases as they help to build immunity against harmful pathogens. They work by introducing a small amount of weakened or dead virus or bacteria into the body, allowing the immune system to recognize and fight off the pathogen more effectively in the future. Vaccinations have been instrumental in eradicating deadly diseases such as smallpox and polio. However, there are some potential risks associated with vaccinations, such as allergic reactions or rare side effects. Despite these risks, the benefits of vaccinations far outweigh the risks, as they protect individualsand communities from serious and potentially life-threatening diseases.Practice these sample questions and answers to prepare for the 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam. Good luck!。
考博英语-108_真题-无答案
考博英语-108(总分100,考试时间90分钟)V ocabulary1. Although they are very succinct-that is why they caught on-cliches are wasted words because they are ______ expressions rather than fresh ones.A. staleB. stainlessC. stableD. spotted2. Though Americans do not currently ______ abortions directly, costs are carried by other Americans through higher insurance premiums.A. implementB. terminateC. prohibitD. subsidize3. There are probably very few cases in which different races have lived in complete ______ in a single country for long periods.A. successB. revengeC. harmonyD. conscience4. In the last century and a half, scientific development has been breathtaking, but the understanding of this progress has not ______ changed.A. incidentallyB. dramaticallyC. rigorouslyD. temporarily5. It is always useful to have savings to ______.A. come out inB. live up toC. make a fuss ofD. fall back on6. We seek a society that has ______ a respect for the dignity and worth of the individual.A. at its endB. at its handC. at its coreD. at its best7. Modem man is careless when disposing ______ his garbage.A. ofB. toC. atD. about8. Negro slavery, many claimed, was good for all ______.A. concernedB. is concernedC. to concernD. that concerns9. To cry over spilled milk is to cry ______.A. in a vainB. in the vainC. in vainD. in no vain10. "Do you want to see my driver"s license or my passport?" "Oh, ______."A. either does wellB. either one will doC. each one is goodD. each will be fine11. The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its ______ life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over12. A 50-ft wave travels at speeds ______ 20 m.P.h., and anyone who"s too slow at the approach risks being smashed.A. in excess ofB. in the reach ofC. in exchange forD. in relation to13. He gave me a lot of help in my work, so I have to ______ my success to him.A. grantB. ascribeC. commitD. submit14. It is well known that the first ______ can only work hard planting young trees for a new business, while the following people may obtain the successful fruits.A. practitionersB. amateursC. forerunnersD. managers15. The honest journalist has kept investigating that high rank official for a long time, and he felt very happy when that fellow"s corrupt scandal ______ at last.A. got to lightB. stood in lightC. came to lightD. looked in light16. The Minister"s ______ answer led to an outcry from the opposition.A. impressiveB. evasiveC. intensiveD. amusive17. The old gentleman ______ to be an old friend of his grandfather"s.A. turned inB. turned overC. turned upD. turned out18. The rules stated that anyone who had held office for three years was not ______ for reelection.A. admirableB. eligibleC. reliableD. capable19. I feel very sad that the young man"s energetic initiative ______ with nothing in the experiment, for he met a lot of interference from the powerful authority.A. burned upB. tuned upC. pushed upD. ended up20. We were politely ______ an armed guard and warned not to take pictures.A. assignedB. allowedC. acceptedD. assisted21. The recovery and ______ of the country" economy has also been accompanied by increasing demands for high quality industrial sites in attractive locations.A. renewalB. revivalC. recessionD. relief22. In fact the purchasing power of a single person"s pension in Hong Kong was only 70 per cent of the value of the ______ Singapore pension.A. equivalentB. similarC. consistentD. identical23. It seems a reasonable rule of thumb that any genuine offer of help and support from people or organizations will be accompanied by a name and address, and a willingness to be ______ as to their motive in making contact.A. seen throughB. checked outC. touched onD. accounted to24. According to BBC boxing reporter Mike Costello, just as there is worldwide ______ with boxing, so there is worldwide opposition.A. passionB. attractionC. emotionD. fascination25. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their ______ aspects.A. potentialB. socialC. essentialD. partial26. ______ any advice which you can get from the interviewer and follow up suggestions for improving your presentation and qualifications.A. Take the most ofB. Keep the most ofC. Have the most ofD. Make the most of27. There is a loss of self-confidence, a sense of personal failure, great anger and a feeling of being utterly ______.A. let aloneB. let outC. let downD. let on28. Japan remains tied to the Western camp partly because the relationship has become ______ to her economy and politics over forty years" a ssociation.A. integralB. unilateralC. rationalD. hierarchical29. With most online recruitment services, jobseekers must choose their words carefully, ______ the search engine will never make the correct match.A. thereforeB. whereasC. providedD. otherwise30. The child should always ______ the same basic procedure: seeing the whole word-hearing and pronouncing-writing from memory.A. go throughB. take overC. respond toD. carry off31. That MGM Grand Youth Center is open to children 3-12 years old ______ what hotel they are staying in.A. regardless inB. regardless ofC. regardless onD. regardless from32. Ever since Geoffrey sent a sizeable cheque to a well-known charity he"s been ______ with requests for money from all sides.A. devastatedB. smashedC. bombardedD. cracked33. Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no ______ but to report him to the local police.A. timeB. chanceC. authorityD. alternative34. Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to ______ regret.A. teem withB. brim withC. come withD. look with35. They are always ready to ______ heavy responsibilities.A. take inB. take onC. put onD. put in36. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young one has a glorious future before him and the old one has a ______ future behind him.A. splendidB. conspicuousC. uproariousD. imminent37. That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only ______ necessity.A. within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of38. A young man sees a sunset and unable to understand or express the emotion that it ______ in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A. reflectsB. retainsC. rousesD. radiates39. ______ the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10 minutes or until most of the water has evaporated.A. Turn offB. Turn overC. Turn downD. Turn up40. Banks shall be unable to ______, or claim relief against the first 15% of any loan or bankrupted debt left with them.A. write offB. put asideC. shrink fromD. come over。
2023年考博英语真题及答案
2023考博英语真题及答案PART 1 TRANSLATION (Chinese to English )1.为了减缓交通,提高空气质量,北京公布了新的交通规章。
To relieve the traffic and improve the air quality, new traffic regulations have been issued in Beijing.考点一:减缓交通(relieve the traffic)考点二:公布(issue)2.有牢靠的证据说明,日光暴晒与皮肤癌之间有联系。
(evidence) There is convincing evidence of a link between exposure to sunlight and skin cancer.考点一:日光曝晒(exposure to sunlight)考点二:“皮肤癌”一词的翻译3.虽然他深知吸烟有害安康,但他对我们要他戒烟的忠告却置若罔闻。
(aware)Tough he is aware that smoking is harmful to health, he is always turning a deaf ear to our advice that he give up smoking.考点一:be aware of 的用法考点二:be harmful to 的用法考点三:对置若罔闻(turn a deaf ear to)4.科学家们不负众望,胜利放射了一枚人造卫星。
(live)The scientists successfully launched a man-made satellite, living up to peoples expectation.考点一:不负众望(live up to peoples expectation)考点二:放射卫星(launch a satellite)5.那场大雾直到11点钟才散去,延误了好几十个航班。
考博英语试题及答案
考博英语试题及答案一、阅读理解(共20分)阅读下面的短文,然后回答1-5题。
In recent years, the number of people who commute to work by bicycle has increased significantly. This trend can be attributed to several factors, including concerns about environmental pollution, the rising cost of fuel, and the desire for a healthier lifestyle. As a result, many cities have invested in bicycle lanes and other infrastructure to support this mode of transportation.1. What is the main reason for the increase in bicycle commuting?A. Environmental concernsB. High fuel costsC. Health benefitsD. All of the above2. What has been the response of cities to this trend?A. They have ignored it.B. They have invested in bicycle infrastructure.C. They have discouraged it.D. They have not taken any action.3. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a reason for the increase in bicycle commuting?A. Traffic congestionB. Environmental pollutionC. Rising cost of fuelD. Desire for a healthier lifestyle4. What does the passage suggest about the future of bicycle commuting?A. It will continue to increase.B. It will decrease.C. It will remain stable.D. It is uncertain.5. What type of infrastructure have cities invested in to support bicycle commuting?A. Public transportationB. Bicycle lanesC. Parking lotsD. Highways二、词汇与语法(共30分)Choose the correct word or phrase to fill in the blanks in the following sentences.6. The company has decided to ________ its operations to new markets.A. expandB. contractC. maintainD. abandon7. Despite the heavy rain, the marathon was still held as________.A. plannedB. planningC. to planD. was planning8. The new policy will come into ________ on January 1st.A. effectB. affectC. impactD. influence9. The professor's lecture was so ________ that I couldn't follow it.A. complicatedB. complexC. complicatedlyD. complexly10. She ________ the book to the library yesterday.A. returnedB. borrowedC. lentD. kept三、翻译(共20分)Translate the following sentence into English.11. 随着科技的发展,远程工作变得越来越普遍。
2023年中科院考博英语真题
中国科学院3月博士硕士入学考试试题PARTⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machinescoring Answer Sheet.21. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.A. equipsB. providesC.offersD. satisfies22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the parent in divorce that was vital.A. dispositionB. distinctionC.distributionD. disruption23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to them.A. stick toB. turn toC.lead toD. take to24. Smuggling is a____________activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore, it must be banned.A. pertinentB. fruitfulC.detrimentalD. casual25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under____________of law.A. guidelineB. definitionC.constraintD. idetity26. The food was divided____________according to the age and size of the child.A. equallyB. individuallyC.sufficientlyD. proportionally27. Horseback riding____________both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverse riding styles.A. embracesB. encouragesC.exaggeratesD. elaborate28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,____________their cleanness, toughness, and low cost.A. by virtue ofB. in addition toC.for the sake ofD. as opposed to29. He cannot____________the fact that he was late again for the conference at the university yesterday.A. contribute toB. account forC.identify withD. leave out30. Please do not be____________by his had manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A. disgustedB. embarrassedC.irritatedD. shocked31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a____________author writing 13 books including an autobiography and numerous magazine articles.A. prevalentB. stand up toC.prospectiveD. prolific32. Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not____________the test of international competition.A. keep up withB. stand up toply withD. attend to33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was____________revived.A. successivelyB. subsequentlyC.predominantlyD. preliminarily34. The book might well have____________had it been less expensive.A. worked outB. gone throughC.caught onD. fitted in35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management____________was under way.A. cleanupB. setupC.breakoutD. takeout36. The poor quality of the film ruined the____________perfect product.A. ratherB. muchC.otherwiseD. particularly37. I'll have to____________this dress a bit before the wedding next week.A. let offB. let goC.let looseD. let out38. They reached a(n)____________to keep their dispute out of the mass madia.A. understandingB. acknowledgementC.limitationsD. misgivings39. After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have____________about our map.A. troublesB. fearsC.limitationsD. misgivings40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him____________.A. on your accountB. on your behalfC.for your partD. in your interestPAET ⅢCLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Direction: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for other things many be called the symbolic process.Everywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are__ 41__things men do or want to do, possess or want to possess, that have not a symbolic value.Almost all fashionable clothes are__ 42__symbolic, so is food. We__ 43__our furniture to serve __ 44__visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses__ 45__the basis of a feeling that it“looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly good cars in f or__ 46__models not always to get better transportation, but to give__ 47__to the community that we can __ 48__it.Such complicated and apparently__ 49__behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why cna't human beings__ 50__simply and natur ally.” Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative__ 51__of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no__ 52__for wanting to__ 53__to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process__ 54__instead of being its slaves we become, to some degree at least, its__ 55__.41. A. many B. some C. few D. enough42. A. highly B. nearly C. merely D. likely43. A. makd B. get C. possess D. select44. A. of B. for C. as D. with45. A. on B. to C. at D. for46. A. earlier B. later C. former D. latter47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation D. evidence48. A. use B. afford C. ride D. find49. A. useless B. impossible C. inappropriate D. unnecessary50. A. live B. work C. stay D. behave51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity D. complexity52. A. meaning B. reason C. time D. doubt53. A. lead B. devote C. proceed D. return54. A. so that B. in that C. considering that D. by reason that55. A. teachers B. students C. masters D. servantsPART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage1The Solar Decathlon is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solar energy than was originally planned.Although the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the had weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall” has receivedvery little of what it needs to run.Since solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponents suggest.Washington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment proveds only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of return comparable to a passbook savings account.Nor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form of reduced utility bills.Solar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the govenment officials and solar equipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-solar crowd does consumers a real disservice.56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a____________.A. technologyB. contestC. strategyD. machine57. What does the author say about the weather?A. It is rare for Washington, D. C. to have such long rainy days.B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for the most of the time.C. It is favorable to the manufacturers to promote solar equipment.D. It has helped see the disadvantages of solar energy.58. What has happened to D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall”?A. It has revealed a mechanical problem.B. It lacks the energy for operation.C. It needs substantial financial support.D. It has drawn criticism from the government.59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because____________.A. solar power plants can hardly avoid polluting their surroundingsB. most people prefer the relatively simple use of fossil fuelC. the uses of solar enery still cannot go without fossil fuelD. only several communities entirely consist of solar energy homes60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”____________.A. brings little interestB. brings much interestC. is a deposit of at least $ 100D. is a deposit of at least $ 500061. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government____________.A. admits its limitation of being expensiveB. rarely mentions its cost to homeownersC. stands on the side of the majority of consumersD. remains more objective than the solar equipment manufacturersPassage2Every year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an“F” to over helf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air ” recently came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglect ing to solicit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Toobad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives of the ALA.The very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.ALA is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spiles are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smon capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeler,which exceeded federal smog standards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent fewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned“F”misleadingly implies that air quality has not improved at all.Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F”to entire county based on just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the public-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic increases above the standard.62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air ”can best be described as____________.A. trustingB. suspiciousC. criticalD. hesitant63. By citing figures from the EPA, the auther seem to contend that____________ .A. the regulations about smog have proved effectiveB. new regulations are necessary to deal with smogC. smog problems have actually become less seriousD. the federal smog standard has been rather low64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to____________.A. the increase above the smog standardB. the irregular readings about air quality in some areasC. the occurrences of smog in Los AngelesD. the current standards demanded by ALA65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA____________.A. is right to assign an “F”to that areaB. often bases its report on the past eventsC. has a good reason to stress smog risksD. has overstated smog problems66. The author agrees with the ALA that____________.A. present smog standards should be made stricterB. the standard established by the EPA is effectiveC. some areas fail to meet the federal standard at timesD. poor air quality is a major problem nationwide67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be____________.A. its lack of opinions from expertsB. its focus on some irregular casesC. its attempt to make up the dateD. its inconsistent smog standardsPassage3It wa s (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by“instinct”whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly interlligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they processinformation so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take“normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal”behavior needs to be explained at all. This“instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctive human act.”In our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural—it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are di sappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitie psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competences—our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others—are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists—we all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the human mind.68. William James believed that man is mor flexibly intelligent than other animals because man is more____________.A. adaptiveB. reasonableC. instinctiveD. sophisticated69. What do we usually think of our normal behavior?A. It is controlled by powerful thoughts.B. It is beyond the study of psychology.C. It doesn't need to be explained.D. It doesn't seem to be natural sometimes.70. According to the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologists?A. Why do we smile when pleased?B. Why do we love our children?C. How do we appreciates beautiful?D. How do we reason and process information?71. The author thinks that psychology is to____________.A. take the normal behavior for grantedB. make the natural seem strangeC. study abnormal competencesD. make easy things difficult72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are____________.A. not replaced by resoningB. the same as other animals'sC. not as complex as we thinkD. worth studyingPassage4In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McCuire has seen countless misplaced commas, misspelled words and sentence fragments.But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harder every day.“I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,”she said.Experts say e-mail and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar, spelling and sentence structure.They say the problem is most noticeable in college students and recently graduates.“They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),”said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C.“They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at least they felt guilty.”Ironically, Baron's latest book,“Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading,”became a vic tim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page.“People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said. “And now they just say ‘whatever.’”“Whatever”describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward wr iting. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spellcheck has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,”she said.But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “They're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,” Hen derson said.LSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use disftinct writing styles that fit their purpose.She emphasizes that there's the mformal language of an e-mail to a friend, but there's also the well thoght out and structured academic or professional style of writing.It's not just e-mail and instant messaging that are contributing to slack writing habits.Society as whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adulte do.English language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and early publishers rarely proofread.There will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings the pendulum back.73. According to Shannon McGuire, what is making her job harder than before?A. More and more students ask her to teach how to write instant messages.B. More and more structural errors are seen in her student's writings.C. Students are becoming increasingly indifferent to learning English.D. Parents are more demanding as to the teaching content of the school.74. We can infer from the passage that college students____________.A. are the victims of the deteriorating educationB. mostly have very had handwritingC. don't think they're writing bad EnglishD. are ashamed of their poor writing skills75. What happened to Baron's latest book?A. It was poorly edited.B. It failed to come out.C. It w as renamed“Whatever”.D. It caused her to lose her job.76. What does Jeanette Henderson mainly study at the university?A. Computer ScienceB. LinguisticsC. Editing and PublishingD. Family and Consumer Sciences77. According to the passage, sloppy writing____________.A. parallels a social tendency of being informalB. worries students as well as professorsC. is taken as trivial by employersD. is ignored in all business concerned sciences78.The word“distinct”(in boldface)in the context means____________.A. clearB. differentC. elegantD. appropriate79. Which is NOT mentioned as a cause of American students' casual writing?A. EmailingB. Slack teachingC. ElegantD. Appropriate80. How does the author feel about the future of the English language?A. ConfidentB. GloomyC. WorriedD. UncertainPassage5Darkness approached and a cold, angry wind gnawed at the tent like a mad dog. Camped above treeline in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, the torrents of air were not unexpected and only a minor disturbance compared to the bestial gnawing going on behind my belly button. In an attempt to limit exposure of my bare bottom to the ice-toothed storm, I had pre-dug a half dozen catholes within dashing distance. Over and over, through the long night, the same scenario was repeated: out of the bay, out of the tent, rush squat, rush back.“Everyone can master a grief,”wrote Shakespeare,“but he that has it.”Diarrhea, the modern word, resembles the old Greek expression for“a flowing through.”Ancient Egyptian doctors left descriptions of the suffering of Pharaohs scratched on papyrus even before Hippocrates, the old Greek, gave it a name few people can spell correctly. An equal opportunity affliction, diarrhea has laid low kings and common men, women, and children for at least as long as historians have recorded such fascinating trivia. It wiped out, almost, more soldiers in America's Civil War that guns and sword. In the developing world today, acute diarrhea strikes more than one billion humans every year, and leaves more than five million dead, usually the very young. Diarrhea remains one of the two most common nedical complaints of humanity.“Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements,”as described by Taver's Cyclopedic Med ical Dictionary, diarrhea falls into two broad types:invasive and non-invasive. From bacterial sources, invasive diarrhea, sometimes called“dysentery,”attacks the lower intestinal wall causing inflammation, abscesses, and ulcers that may lead to mucus and blood(often“black blood”from the action of digestive juices) in the stools, high fever,“stomach”crams from the depths of hell, and significant amounts of body fluid rushing from the patient's nether region. Serious debilitation, even death, can occur from the resulting dehydration and from the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body. Non-invasive diarrheas grow from colonies of microscpic evil-doers that set up housekeeping on, but do not invade, intestinal walls. Toxins released by the colonies cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, and massive gushes of fluid from the patient's lower intestinal tract. Non-invasive diarrhea carries a highrisk for dehydration.81.In Paragraph 1, the author uses the quoted word“grief”from Shakespeare to refer to____________.A. the terrible weatherB. the stern army lifeC. the suffering from diarrheaD. the tough wartime82. According to the description in Paragraph 1, which of the following did the author NOT do at that time?A. withstanding the coldnessB. Camping in the mountainsC. Getting up repeatedly at nightD. Reading Shakespeare in bed83. Who first gave the disease the name“diarrhea”?A. Ancient EgyptiansB. An old GreekC. American soldiersD. The passage doesn't tell84. According to Paragraph 2____________.A. People of higher status are less likely to be stricken with diarrheaB. diarrhea is no longer a serious disease in the modern worldC. diarrhea has been a threat to humanity throughout historyD. the elderly are more likely attacked by diarrhea than the young85. The invasive diarrhea and the non-invasive diarrhea are different in that____________.A. the former attacks the intestine walls but the latter does notB. the former causes dehydration but the latter does notC. the former makes the patient physically weaker than the latterD. the former is more dangerous than the latterPART ⅤTRANSLATION (30 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. 1I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of vies were appalling. Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment; or taste, Erudition is a mere matter of stuffing fact or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. 2.In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment. This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretaion of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts an details, is the easiest of all things. 3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.An educated man, therefor, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. 4. Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form fo fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of fraude: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious frauds and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and frauds psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation leads to stinginess of character, all that a。
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浙江理工大学2013年博士研究生招生入学考试试题考试科目:英语代码: 1001(请考生在答题纸或答题卡上答题,在试题纸上答题无效)Part I Vocabulary (20 marks, 1 mark each)Section ADirections:In this section there are 10 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.1. If you never do any work, you will only have yourself ____ if you fail your examination.A.to faultB. to reproveC. to mistakeD. to blame2. I’d like to study under your guidance, because I know you are a(n) ____ scientist in physics.A.prominentB. requisiteC. desperateD. impatient3. Before their skins were used, their feet were ____, leading to the misconception that the birds never had feet.A.cut downB. cut intoC. cut overD. cut off4. With the constant change of the conditions, the outcome is not always _____.A. favorableB. reasonableC. dependableD. predictable5. The television station is supported by ______ from foundations and other sources.A. pensionsB. accountsC. donationsD. advertisements6. We’ll all take a vacation in the mountains as soon as I finish working_____ my project.A. withB. onC. inD. about7. Her husband is interested in designing electronic _________.A. safetyB. managementC. routineD. devices8. Gestures are an important means to _______ message.A. studyB. conveyC. keepD. exploit9. ________ preparations were being made for the Prime Minister's official visit to the four foreign countries.A. ElaborateB. WiseC. NeutralD. Optional10. ____ adults, young children find little difficulty in imitating soundsin foreign languages.A.Not likeB. UnlikeC. Being notD. Not asSection BDirections: In this section there are 10 sentences, each with one word or phrases underlined. Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C andD that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.11. The financial pressure will bring about enormous psychologicaldiscomfort.A. denseB. distinctC. doubtfulD. great12. It is the unique satisfaction they can derive from the work theyaccomplished.A. inheritB. obtainC. ignoreD. accompany13. The managers are working hard to transform their entire organizations.A. foundB. rankC. reformD. destroy14. The most terrible disputes are those about matters as to which there isno good evidence.A. agreementsB. discussionsC. conversationsD.arguments15. You should be cautious about what you are going to say.A. politeB. prevailingC. internalD.careful16. They consulted their tutor about this difficult issue and got what theyneeded.A. asked advice ofB. got benefit fromC. kept an eye onD.made up of17. It is necessary to contrast China’s education system with in USA.A. overcomeB. compareC. admitD. celebrate18. He mentioned that kind of happiness which most people have lived through.A. concealedB. proposedC. complainedD.experienced19. It must be clear that these problems must be tackled before Friday.A. existedB. solvedC. rememberedD. assumed20. My friend unexpectedly dropped in, and I had no time to entertain them.A. visitedB. stepped inC. dropped offD. metPart II Cloze Test (20 marks, 1 mark each)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the one that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer SheetI with a single line through the center.During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. 21 the crops were good, the 22 was good;when the crops failed, there was 23 . People on city streets 24 the yields and the price of wheat with almost as much 25 as if they were growers. The26 of wheat became an increasingly 27 topic of conversation.War set the stage for the most 28 events in marketing the western crop.For years farmers 29 speculative (投机的) grain selling as carried on through the Winnipeg grain Exchange. Wheat 30 were generally low in the autumn, 31 farmers could not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often 32 they sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm 33 were coming due only to see prices rising and speculators 34 rich. On various 35 ,producer groups asked for firmer controls, but governments had no wish to become involved, at least 36 wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.Anxious to check inflation and rising living cost, the federal government appointed a 37 of grain supervisors to handle deliveries from the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was 38 , and farmers sold at prices 39 by the board. To handle the crop of 1919, the government 40 the first Canadian Wheat Board, with full authority to buy, sell, and set prices.21. A If B. Since C. When D. But22. A. economist B. economical C. economics D. economy23. A. depression B. deprivation C. description D. depletion24. A. looked B. watched C. saw D. noticed25. A. thought B. feeling C. idea D. mind26. A. growing B. purchasing C. keeping D. marketing27. A. favourable B. favourite C. favour D. frequent28. A. dramatic B. amusing C. dreadful D.interesting29. A. misunderstood B. mistook C. mistrusted D. misjudged30. A. values B. worth C. prices D. sales31. A. so B. because C. and D. but32. A. which B. what C. that D. because33. A. debts B. savings C. taxes D. duties34. A. being B. getting C. became D. grew35. A. conditions B. situations C. occasions D.positions36. A. when B. because C. if D. not until37. A. board B. group C. committee D.organization38. A. suspended B. sustained C. suspected D. delayed39. A. setting B. fixed C. deciding D. determining40. A. disappointed B. assigned C. entrusted D. appointedPart III Reading Comprehension (25 marks, 1 mark each)Directions:There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.Passage 1There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first methodis often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to the rules by ancient writers, who relate how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that the one without the other is not durable.A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox can not defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this precept would not be a good one; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived.41. The writer does not believe that _________.a. the truth makes men freeb. people can protect themselvesc. princes are humand. leaders have to be consistent42. “Prince” in the passage designates __________.a. anyone in powerb. elected officialsc. aristocratsd. sons of kings43. The lion represents those who are __________.a. too trustingb. reliant on forcec. strong and powerfuld. lacking in intelligence44. The fox, in the passage, is ____________.a. admired for his trickeryb. no match for the lionc. pitied for his wilesd. considered worthless45. The writer suggests that a successful leader must _______.a. be prudent and faithfulb. cheat and liec. have principle to guide his actionsd. follow the truthPassage 2The ballad and the folk song have long been recognized as important keys to the thoughts and feelings of a people, but the dime novel, though sought by the collector and referred to in a general way by the social historian,is dismissed with a smile amusement by almost everyone else. Neither folk songs nor dime novels were actually created by the plain people of America. But in their devotion to these models of expression, the people made them their own. The dime novel, intended as it was for the great masses and designed to fill the pockets of both author and publisher, quite naturally sought the lowest common denominator: themes that were found to be popular and attitudes that met with the most general approval became stereotyped. Moreover, the dime novel, reflecting a much wider range of attitudes and ideas than the ballad and the folk song, is the nearest thing we have had in this country to a true “proletarian” literature, that is, a literature written for the great masses of people and actually read by them.Although a study of our dime novels alone cannot enable anyone to determine what are the essential characteristics of the American tradition, it can contribute materially to that end. Sooner or later, the industrious researchers who have mined so many obscure lodes of American literary expression will almost certainly turn their attention to these novels and all their kind. Let no one think, however, that the salmon-covered paperbacks once so eagerly devoured by soldiers, lumberjacks, trainmen, hired girls, and adolescent boys now make exciting or agreeable reading even for the historian, much as the social and historical implications may interest him. As for the crowds today who get their sensational thrills from the movies and the tabloids, I fear that they would find these hair-raisers of an earlier age deadly dull.46. The principal intention of the author of a dime novel was to __________.a. explore a segment of American society.b. promote the American political philosophy.c. raise the level of intelligence of the great masses of people.d. make money.47. The “lowest common denominator” refers to _________.a. the poorer classes.b. themes and attitudes that would be accepted by the greatest number of people.c. attitudes accepted by the American intellectuals.d. the character of the authors of the dime novel.48. “Proletarian” literature is _________.a. written for and read by the great masses of people.b. distinguished by its devotion to pornography.c. distinguished by its elegant style.d. written for, but not actually read by, most people.49. The author believes that a study of our dime novels __________.a. is a waste of time.b. would be sufficient in itself to determine the essentialcharacteristics of the American tradition.c. would be a valuable contribution in determining the essentialcharacteristics of the American tradition.d. would be amusing but unimportant.50. Which of the following is implied in the passage?a. The attitudes of the masses of people are best expressed by sociology texts.b. The nearest thing we have had to a proletarian literature is the dime novel.c. The study of the formal literature alone will not enable the historianto understand the attitudes and interests of the common people.d. Because the themes in the dime novels were not good, they could no longerbe legally distributed.Passage 3When we say somebody touches us emotionally, it means he or she has gone to the core of our being. Physical touch, too, is more than skin-deep. Skin is the human body’s largest organ, containing millions of receptors --- about 8,000 in a single fingertip --- that send messages through nerve fibers to the spinal cord and then to the brain. A simple touch --- a hand on a shoulder, an arm around a waist --- can reduce the heart rates and lower blood pressure. Even people in deep comas may show changes in their heart rates when their hands are held. Positive, nurturing touch appears to stimulate the release of endorphins, the body’s natural pain suppressors. That may explain why a mother’s hug can literally “make it better” when a child skins his knee.According to TRI research, message boosts immune function --- even in HIV positive patients --- and lower levels of stress hormones cortical and nor epinephrine.Also, massaged preemies were discharged from the hospital six days sooner on average. With hundreds of thousands of premature births each year, one might think hospital nurseries would be falling all over themselves to establish massage programs. Yet they are still not widespread.Perhaps one reason is cultural. Some countries are more tactile than others. When psychologist Sidney Jourard observed rates of causal touch among couples in cafes around the world, he reported the highest rate in Puerto Rico (180 times per hours). Field found that French adolescents demonstrate significantly more casual touching --- learning on a friend, putting an arm around another’s shoulder. “American teenagers were more likely to fiddle with their rings, crack their knuckles or engage in other forms of self-stimulation. French parents and teachers are more physically affectionate, and the kids are less aggressive,” says Field.First and last: touch is the first sense to develop in humans, and it may be the last to fade. TRI set up a study in which volunteers over age 60 were given three weeks of massage and then were trained to massage toddlers at the preschool. Giving massage proved even more beneficial than getting them: The elders exhibited less depression and loneliness and lower levels of stress hormones. They had fewer doctor visits, drank less coffee and made more social phone calls.51.When we say somebody touches us emotionally, it means ____________A.he or she has known what we are thinking aboutB.we have got in touch with him or herC.he or she has moved usD.he or she can understand us52. A positive touch may ________A. make a patient recoverB. relieve the painC. make a child skin his kneeD. stimulate a patient53. Preemies were discharged from hospital _________A. six days sooner on averageB. when they were in good healthC. after they had stayed in hospital for six days on averageD. sooner than the others if they had been massaged54. Why are French children less aggressive than their American counterparts?A. Because French parents and children touch each other more frequently.B. Because American kids are more likely to fiddle with their rings.C. Because French kids are less aggressive by nature.D. Because American kids like self-stimulation.55. The study with volunteers over 60 proved that physical touch ________A. may do good to both who touches the others and who are touchedB. may be more beneficial to the one who are touchedC. may be more beneficial to elders.D. may be more beneficial to babiesPassage FourA few years ago a young mother watched her husband diaper their firstborn son. “You do not have to be unhappy about it,” she protested. “You can talk to him and smile a little.” The father, who happened to be a psychologist, answered firmly, “He has nothing to say to me, and I have nothing to say to him.”Psychologist now know how wrong that father was. From the moment of birth, a baby has a great deal to say to his parent and they to him. But a decade or so ago, these experts were describing the newborn as a primitive creature who reacted only by reflex, a helpless victim of its environment without capacity to influence it. And mothers accepted the truth. Most thought (and some still do) that a new infant could see only blurry shadows, that his other senses were undeveloped, and that all he required was nourishment, clean diapers, and a warm bassinet.Today university laboratories across the country are studying newborns in their first month of life. As a result, psychologists now describe the new baby as perceptive, with remarkable learning abilities and an even more remarkable capacity to shape his or her environment including the attitudes and actions of his parents. Some researchers believe that the neonatal period may even be the most significant four weeks in an entire lifetime.Far from being helpless, the newborn knows what he likes and rejects what he doesn’t. He shut out unpleasant sensations by closing his eyes or averting his face. He is a glutton for novelty. He prefers animate things over inanimate and likes people more than anything.When a more nine minutes out, an infant prefers a human face to a head-shaped outline. He makes the choice despite the fact that, with delivery room attendants masked and gowned, he has never seen a human face before. By the time he’s twelve hours old, his entire body moves in precise synchrony to the sound of a human voice, as if he were dancing. A non-human sound, such as a tapping noise, brings no such response.56. The author points out that the father diapering his first-born son was wrong because _______.A. he thought the baby was not capable of any responseB. he thought the baby didn’t have the power of speechC. he was a psychologist unworthy of his professionD. he believed the baby was not able to hear him57. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A. A new infant can see only blurry shadows.B. A new infant is actually able to influence his or her environment.C. All a new infant requires is nourishment, clean diapers, and a warm bassinet.D. A new infant’s senses are undeveloped.58. What does the sentence “He is a glutton for novelty” probably mean?A. The newborn is greedy for new food.B. The newborn tends to overeat.C. The newborn always loves things that are new to him.D. The newborn’s appetite is a constant topic in novels.59. According to the passage, it’s groundless to think that newborns prefer ________.A. a human face to a head-shaped outlineB. animate things to inanimate onesC. human voice to non-human soundsD. nourishment to a warm bassinet60. What is the passage mainly discussing about?A. Why the first month of life is the most significant four weeks in a lifetime.B. How wrong parents are when they handle their babies.C. How much newborns have progressed in about a decade’s time.D. What people know about newborns.Passage FiveThe interview is an important event in the job-hunting process, because the 20 or 30 minutes you spend with the interviewer may determine whether or not you get the particular job you want. Therefore ,it is important to remember that your objective during the interview may differ from the objective of the potential employer. You want to make yourself stand out as a whole person who has personal strengths, is well qualified, and should be considered the right person for the job. It is encouraging to know that the interview’s task is not to embarrass you or to trip you up, but to hire the right person for the job.Remember, job hunting is very competitive. Anything you can do to enhance your interview techniques will be to your advantage. The following suggestions may help you land the most important job.Your goal in this interview is to make sure your good points get across. The interviewer won’t know them unless you point them out, so try to do this in a factual and sincere manner.Do not make slighting references to former employers or professors. If you have been fired from a job and the interviewer asks about it, be frank in your answer.Show the interviewer that you are interested in the company by asking relevant questions. Ask about responsibilities, working conditions, promotion opportunities and fringe benefits of the job you are interviewing for.If at some point you decide the interview is not going well, do not let your discouragement show. You have nothing to lose by continuing a show of confidence, and you may have much to gain. It may be real, or it may be a test to see how you react to adverse conditions.Some interviewers may bring up salary early in the interview. At this time, you may indicate that you are more interested in a job where you can prove yourself than a specific salary. This politely passes the question back to the interviewer. If possible, you should negotiate for salary after you have been offered a job and when you are ready to complete the paperwork.61. To get the job you want, during the interview you should ________.A. avoid the interviewer’s questions that are designed to trip you upB. remember that you are the best qualified candidateC. keep in mind that it determines whether or not you get the particular job you wantD. make yourself stand out as the right person for the job62. If you did not get along with your former employer, you _______.A. should tell the interviewer franklyB. should refer to him in a factual mannerC. should not speak ill of himD. should never mention it63. When you find the interview is not going well you should ________.A. bring it to an end as soon as possibleB. keep up your confidenceC. tell you interviewer how you react to adverse conditionsD. tell yourself you have much to gain and nothing to lose64. The best time to discuss your salary is________.A. when the interviewer brings this matter upB. at the end of the interviewC. after you have completed the paperworkD. keep up your confidence65. The most important thing to do during an interview is________.A. to make your strengths understoodB. to show your intense interest in the job you are applying forC. to be frank and sincereD. to be natural and confidentPart IV Translation (35 marks)Section A Directions: Translate the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet II.(15 marks)66. The 18th Party Congress opened a new chapter in China's reform and opening-up drive that will have wide-ranging effects and a global impact. China's development will be scientific, democratic, civilized, harmonious and peaceful. First of all, the congress informed the world that the China engine will continue to move forward at a steady and relatively fast speed, generating even more investment and development opportunities to fuel the growth of other economies. Second, the congress affirmed China will maintain its development strategy of mutual benefit. It will never resort to trade protectionism against other countries, and it will join hands with other countries to promote vigorous, sustainable and balanced development of the global economy. Third, the congress also sent the message that China will adhere to the path of peaceful development, will pursue an independent foreign policy of peace, and seek to safeguard world peace and development. For all its exposure to the international climate, China has neither wavered from its principled stand of resolutely safeguarding its national sovereignty, security and development interests, nor given up its basic belief that peace and development are the dominant themes of the time. China has vowed to play a bigger role in international affairs as a responsible major power, and to join hands with rest of the world to meet global challenges.Section BDirections: Translate the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet II. (20 marks)67. 在教育改革初期,教委就中小学课时、作业、考试、比赛、补课和课外阅读等发布了专门规定,以减轻学生负担。