文献综述带英语版
一篇标准的英语文献综述
一篇标准的英语文献综述A Standard Review of English LiteratureIntroduction:The purpose of this literature review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing research on a specific topic in English literature. It aims to analyze and synthesize the findings from various studies, identify gaps in the current knowledge, and propose directions for future research. This review will focus on the major themes, theories, methodologies, and debates within the field of English literature, while also highlighting significant contributions and key scholars in the discipline.Section 1: Historical OverviewTo begin, a historical overview of English literature is necessary. This section will trace the development of English literature from its origins in the medieval period, through the Renaissance, Romanticism, Victorian era, and into the modern and postmodern periods. It will examine the major literary movements, authors, and works that have shaped the field, providing a context for the subsequent sections.Section 2: Major Themes and MotifsThis section will explore the major themes and motifs that are prevalent in English literature. It will discuss the representation of love, loss, nature, identity, social class, gender, and other significant topics in various literary works. Furthermore, it will examine how these themes have evolved and been interpreted by different authors across different time periods.Section 3: Literary Theory and CriticismIn this section, the focus will shift towards the theoretical and critical approaches used in the analysis and interpretation of English literature. It will provide an overview of the major schools of literary theory, such as formalism, structuralism, post-structuralism,feminist theory, and postcolonial theory, among others. The section will also discuss the contributions of key literary critics and their impact on the field.Section 4: Research MethodologiesTo understand the research process in English literature, this section will examine the various methodologies employed by scholars. It will discuss the use of close reading, intertextuality, comparative analysis, archival research, and other research methods in the field. The section will highlight the strengths and limitations of each methodology, providing insights into how researchers approach their studies.Section 5: Debates and ControversiesEnglish literature is not without its share of debates and controversies. This section will explore some of the ongoing discussions and disagreements within the field. It may include debates on the canon, the role of literature in society, the relevance of certain authors or works, and the influence of politics and ideology on literary analysis. The section will present different perspectives on these issues, showcasing the diversity of thought within English literature.Section 6: Significant Contributions and Key ScholarsFinally, this section will highlight some of the significant contributions made by scholars in the field of English literature. It will showcase the groundbreaking research, influential books, and key theories that have shaped the discipline. It will also acknowledge the scholars who have made significant contributions to the field and have become influential figures within English literature.Conclusion:In conclusion, this literature review has provided a comprehensive overview of the major themes, theories, methodologies, and debates within the field of English literature. It has traced the historical development of the discipline, explored the significant themes and motifs, discussed the theoretical and critical approaches, examined research methodologies, and highlighted ongoing debates and significant contributions. Thisreview serves as a valuable resource for researchers and scholars interested in the field of English literature, and it also lays the foundation for further research and exploration of the discipline.。
学术英语理工类文献综述英文
学术英语学院名称：材料科学与工程学院学生姓名：***学号：**********专业班级：新能源材料与器件1312015年 6月16 日The current development of genetically modified crops ofChina and its safety issuesZhang Qingfei(College of materials science and engineering, Nanchang University, 10001) Abstracts:GM technology as a new, highly efficient genetically modified technology, already widely used in the cultivation of new varieties of field crops. China's transgenic technology started earlier, China's current GM technology level in the forefront of the world, especially made great achievements in the cultivation of new varieties of crops. In this paper, the status quo using gene transfer on Chinese agriculture and safety of transgenic technology are introduced, and the resolve of GM safety issues some thought. On this basis, I made some new ideas of transgenic technology and application of transgenic technology development prospects were discussed.Keywords: GM technology; GM crops; GM safety issues; ChinaIntroduction:As the core of the biotechnology giant leap .Transgenic technology is known as the second "green revolution." In 1983, the world's first strain of transgenic tobacco plants marks the arrival of the era of gene transfer plants. In the ensuing decades, genetically modified crops developed rapidly. In 2014, there are 28 countries in the world planted GM crops, the planting area has reached more than 180 million hectares, Chinese genetically modified crops planting area is 3.6 million hectares. With the widespread planting of genetically modified crops, the impact of transgenic technology in agriculture is growing. As the research of GM crops, China has made great achievements in the research of rice and cotton.The development of anything will not be smooth. With the development of GM technology, its security deposit issues also be exposed. The safety of genetically modified crops has been disputed by people, opponents argue that GM crops have great potential risk, it should be resisted. What is more, some people exaggerate the risk of genetically modified crops. Aroused people's fear of genetically modified. In this paper, the people of GM crops concerns, the status of the development of GM crops were elaborated. Besides, security problems of genetically modified crops and their solutions will be discussed.The current development of genetically modified crops in chinaGM refers to the Technology that use molecular biology method to transfer the artificial separation and some modified biological gene to other species and change the genetic characteristics of the species .Plant transgenic technology is the genetic transformation of plants, making plants to meet human needs in aspects of shape, nutrition and consumer quality.China's biotech crop improvement research began in the 1980s, during the past 30 years, Chinese agricultural and biological high-tech has been developing rapidly. At present, China's hybrid rice, cotton and other advanced in the world. GM technology Applied on cotton, rice and other crops on behalf of China's development status of GM crops.As a cotton producing countries, the industrialization of Chinese insect-resistant cotton has brought huge economic and ecological benefits to Chinesesociety. Since the 1990 s, China's major cotton producing areas often suffered insect outbreaks and the effect conventional control is poor. In 1994, under the impetus of the country, Bt gene was successfully imported into The main plant cotton species .China has become the second country with the independent development of insect-resistant cotton.In 1999, China began to commercial cultivation of cotton. In 2010, gm cotton planting and product in China reached 3.45 million hectares, accounting for 69% of the total cotton planting and product. The planting of insect-resistant cotton have effectively controlled the damage caused by the cotton bollworm .The insect-resistant cotton also reduced pesticide use, protect the farmland ecological environment.Cotton yield and growth of calendar year in China:China's research on genetically modified (gm) rice have got rich achievements. In August 17, 2009, the Ministry of Agriculture promulgated transgenic rice security certificate for the two anti-lepidopteran pests transgenic rice -----"Hua Hui 1" and "Bt Shan You 63" .In addition, China has produced the anti-amino phosphonic herbicide Bar gene rice lines, the new salt tolerance strains which represented by T22-77. Compared with ordinary rice, these transgenic rice has unmatched superior properties .It will bring huge economic benefits to Chinese farmers if these rice be planted on large-scale .For example, each 667m2 planting salt-tolerant transgenic rice can increase the income of 100 yuan. Transgenic rice can reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers, which is benefical to the environment.GM soy is the world's first commercialization, promotion and application of the fastest growing GM crops .Dates from Agropages shows that show in 2012 , global soybean acreage reached 107 million hectares, of which GM soybeans accounted for 79 percent (84.5 million hectares). As the world's first four major soybean producing countries, China is planting soybeans which are non-GMO soybeans. The transgenic soybean was still in the research stage, failed to achieve commercial GM soy production and large-scale demonstration.Analysis about safety issuesGM technology could efficiently improve crop yield, quality and resistance to meet growing human material needs. Transgenic technology is a double-edged sword, both its positive and beneficial side, also has its negative, the negative side, The biggest potential hazards of transgenic technology is the escape of target gene and gene pollution. With the genetically modified plants wide spread around the world ,the gene of interest may vary pollen spread to other species, or spread into the environment, which may causing unpredictable results. Canada's "superweeds" event and Mexican’s “corn genetic pollution” incident has sounded the alarm for us. Besides, certain genetic traits like instability of some transgenic plants are instability, transge nic plants’ good traits will become weaken over time. Another possibility is that some transgenic plants will produce some harmful variations which will endanger human health.Effects of transgenic expression products on humans is a problem that people are most concerned about. Some of the transgene expression product will make people allergic to. But for the most expression product we are lack of direct evidence to affirm their effects on human health and the environment.In order to verify the impact of Bt proteins on animal health. Since 1999, scientists feed white mouse with genetically modified food which containing the Bt protein for many years, the results showed that mice genetically modified agricultural products containing Bt protein is safe to the mouse. However, in the short-term animal feeding trials data can not prove the Bt protein is safe to us.Because human is the long-term consumer of rice. Recently, Canadian scientists discovered, Bt proteins can enter any place of the body. Even the in baby's umbilical cord blood were also found the Bt proteins. Therefore, this discovery had to let the people worried about the safety of transgenic Bt crops.Since the transgenic technology used gene beyond the conventional sexual hybridization gene scope, and for the problem that whether transgenic plants will affect human health and the environment or not we are also lack of systematic knowledge and experience .By the current level of science ,we can not be completely accurate prediction of the results of an outer genes in the new genetic background would cause.Currently, the safety evaluation of transgenic plants primarily relates to environmental safety and food safety aspects. The core issue of environmental safety assessment is after transgenic plants released into the field, whether it will evolve into weed, whether the genes will transfer to wild plants drift or not ; whether it will destroy the natural environment and break the original biological populations homeostasis ; whether it will destroy biodiversity, and so on. Ecological effects of GM crops may arise mainly in the gene flow, non-target effects, the target pest resistance evolution, etc.ConlusionFor security issues, by taking the right measures and scientific management system is able to solve these problems. We can improve the safety of transgenic plants from the following aspects:(1) Carrying out propagandas about genetically modified technical and transgenic plants.Cultivating people’s objectivity awareness of security issues to genetically modified(2) Improving the legal system transfer plant genes and their products;(3) The establishment of transgenic crop management technology system and risk assessment system; and(4) Using food processing technology to process raw materials of transgenic food, remove the transgene expression product that exist in the raw materials of transgenic food.In addition to cultivation of crops, we can also use transgenic technology to cultivate some asexual reproduction and non-food plants. This concept have two advantages .On the one hand, it is a good solution to the genes escape and genes pollution problems. Because the escape and contamination of genes mainly through plants’ pollen s, and asexual reproduction plants will not produce pollen. On the other hand, people do not worry about the transgene expression products will affect human health, because these transgenic plants is not food crops. Transgene expression products don’t enters the body. For example, we can cultivate forestry trees which with high resistance; foliage plants which can glowing; Aquatics which can absorb the harmful heavy metals in water and so on. These plants will bring great benefits to humanity. Prospects of transgenic technology is unlimited, as long as strengthen supervision and follow scientific methods, can be avoided completely turn the negative effects of human gene technology may bring.Reference:[1] Deng Xu, Wei Bin, Hu Zhang Li. Transgenic Chlamydomonas resistance to heavy metals and enrichment of cadmium ions. Biotechnology, 2007 ,17(6):66-68[2] Li Ligong ,Ye Weijun, Guo Longbiao. The research progress and commercialization of transgenic rice prospect analysis. Chinese Rice., 2012, 18(6):1-4[3] Wangren Xiang. The development and application of gm cotton in China. Crop Research , 2001 , Cotton Album:6-9[4] Yu Yongliang, Liang Huizhen, Wang Shufeng, Lian Yun, Wei Yanli, Wang Tingfeng. The research progress of transgenic soybeans and its industrialization in China. Soybean Science, 2010, 29, (1):143-148[5] Zhuyan Tao, Xu Hong, Guo Aiguang, Li Dianrong. Plant transgenic technology and contemporary social development. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2008, 24(4):509-522。
文献综述写法英文版
Finding, formulating and exploring your topic.Different topic creationsMany students have in mind something that they want to work on; others want to work with a particular scholar or research centre. In the first case, students search for a compatible supervisor. In the second, for a topic. Regardless of these preliminary circumstances, the topic is very likely only roughly formulated at this stage. This is usually enough to have your enrolment accepted. Reading the literatureOnce you have a general idea, you could start by talking to your supervisor and other scholars. But, most importantly, you have to think why you would like to work on it, or why anyone would want to do so. Ask yourself, "Why is it important? What is interesting about this? Suppose I solve it, or find it, or pull it all together, what use is it? What is its significance?" Then, with some questions such as these in mind, go and read more about it to see what is there and find out what aspects of it have been exhausted, what neglected, what the main ideas, issues and controversies are in the area. It is regarded as your supervisor's role to direct you to the most fruitful starting point in reading and surveying the literature.Cycle of literature reviewAll of this is not a once only activity, but is a cycle you go through again and again. So you read, think, and discuss it with your supervisor and then, as a result, come closer to the formulation of the topic. And then with each cycle of reading, thinking and discussing your topic becomes more specific and focused.This is not the final formulation and the last time you will focus your topic. But you could probably let go of this round of general exploration and embark on the next stage. Your supervisor by this time should have enough of an idea of your topic to judge whether or not what you propose to do is feasible within the time available and has the potential to meet the required standards for a PhD. To see the full potential of your topic or, to the contrary, see that it is not going to deliver what you wanted, you do need to begin doing your research. This, of course, is why pilot studies are often undertaken.Making sense of the literatureWe do truly wish we could tell you about a reliable or simple way to make sense of the literature. We can say, however, that you need to attend to things attwo levels:∙One is establishing a system that will allow you to organise the hard copies of the articles etc., and develop a data base for references, soyou have easy access under relevant categories and don't chase the samereferences repeatedly.∙The other is the more demanding task of understanding and using the literature for your purposes.Without attending to the first task, you could easily become inefficient and frustrated. However, although it is necessary to have some way of keeping track, don't spend all your energies on perfecting your system. It may be a good idea to attend a course for researchers on handling information. Check whether your university's library or computer centre offers such a course.The other task ahead of you - of understanding, reviewing and using theliterature for your purposes - goes to the heart of your thesis. We considerthis in three stages.Making sense of the literature - first passWhen you first come to an area of research, you are filling in the backgroundin a general way, getting a feel for the whole area, an idea of its scope,starting to appreciate the controversies, to see the high points, and to become more familiar with the major players. You need a starting point. This may come out of previous work you've done. If you're new to the area, your supervisor could suggest fruitful starting points. Or you could pursue some recent review articles to begin.Too much to handleAt this stage there seems to be masses of literature relevant to your research. Or you may worry that there seems to be hardly anything. As you read, think about and discuss articles and isolate the issues you're more interested in. In this way, you focus your topic more and more. The more you can close in on what your research question actually is, the more you will be able to have a basisfor selecting the relevant areas of the literature. This is the only way to bring it down to a manageable size.Very little thereIf initially you can't seem to find much at all on your research area - and you are sure that you've exploited all avenues for searching that the library can present you with - then there are a few possibilities:∙You could be right at the cutting edge of something new and it's not surprising there's little around.∙You could be limiting yourself to too narrow an area and not appreciating that relevant material could be just around the corner in a closely related field.∙Unfortunately there's another possibility and this is that there's nothing in the literature because it is not a worthwhile area ofresearch. In this case, you need to look closely with your supervisor at what it is you plan to do.Quality of the LiteratureThis begins your first step in making sense of the literature. You are not necessarily closely evaluating it now; you are mostly learning through it. But, sometimes at this stage students do ask us how they can judge the quality ofthe literature they're reading, as they're not experts.You learn to judge, evaluate, and look critically at the literature by judging, evaluating and looking critically at it. That is, you learn to do so by practising. There is no quick recipe for doing this but there are somequestions you could find useful and, with practice, you will develop many others:∙Is the problem clearly spelled out?∙Are the results presented new?∙Was the research influential in that others picked up the threads and pursued them?∙How large a sample was used?∙How convincing is the argument made?∙How were the results analysed?∙What perspective are they coming from?∙Are the generalisations justified by the evidence on which they are made?∙What is the significance of this research?∙What are the assumptions behind the research?∙Is the methodology well justified as the most appropriate to study the problem?∙Is the theoretical basis transparent?In critically evaluating, you are looking for the strengths of certain studies and the significance and contributions made by researchers. You are also looking for limitations, flaws and weaknesses of particular studies, or of whole lines of enquiry.Indeed, if you take this critical approach to looking at previous research in your field, your final literature review will not be a compilation of summaries but an evaluation. It will then reflect your capacity for critical analysis.Making sense of the literature - second passYou continue the process of making sense of the literature by gaining more expertise which allows you to become more confident, and by being much more focused on your specific research.You're still reading and perhaps needing to re-read some of the literature.You're thinking about it as you are doing your experiments, conducting your studies, analysing texts or other data. You are able to talk about it easily and discuss it. In other words, it's becoming part of you.At a deeper level than before,∙you are now not only looking at findings but are looking at how others have arrived at their findings;∙you're looking at what assumptions are leading to the way something is investigated;∙you're looking for genuine differences in theories as opposed to semantic differences;∙you also are gaining an understanding of why the field developed in the way it did;∙you have a sense for where it might be going.First of all you probably thought something like, "I just have to get a handle on this". But now you see that this 'handle' which you discovered for yourself turns out to be the key to what is important. You are very likely getting to this level of understanding by taking things to pieces and putting them back together.For example, you may need to set up alongside one another four or five different definitions of the same concept, versions of the same theory, or different theories proposed to account for the same phenomenon. You may need to unpack them thoroughly, even at the very basic level of what is the implied understanding of key words (for example 'concept', 'model', 'principles' etc.), before you can confidently compare them, which you need to do before synthesis is possible.Or, for example, you may be trying to sort through specific discoveries which have been variously and concurrently described by different researchers in different countries. You need to ask questions such as whether they are the same discoveries being given different names or, if they are not the same,whether they are related. In other words, you may need to embark on very detailed analyses of parts of the literature while maintaining the general picture.Making sense of the literature - final passYou make sense of the literature finally when you are looking back to place your own research within the field. At the final pass, you really see how your research has grown out of previous work. So now you may be able to identify points or issues that lead directly to your research. You may see points whose significance didn't strike you at first but which now you can highlight. Or you may realise that some aspect of your research has incidentally provided evidence to lend weight to one view of a controversy. Having finished your own research, you are now much better equipped to evaluate previous research in your field.From this point when you have finished your own research and you look back and fill in the picture, it is not only that you understand the literature and can handle it better, but you could also see how it motivates your own research. When you conceptualise the literature in this way, it becomes an integral part of your research.Writing the literature reviewWhat we are talking about here is the writing of the review. We assume that you have made sense of the literature, and that you know the role of the literature and its place in your thesis. Below are links to other sections covering these aspects.You will doubtless write your literature review several times. Since each version will serve a different purpose, you should not think you are writing the same thing over and over and getting nowhere. Where you may strike trouble is if you just try to take whole sections out of an earlier version and paste them into the final version which, by now, has to be differently conceived.In practical terms, it is necessary to have an overall picture of how the thread runs through your analysis of the literature before you can get down to actually writing a particular section. The strategy which writers use as a way to begin the literature review is to proceed from the general, wider view of the research you are reviewing to the specific problem. This is not a formula but is a common pattern and may be worth trying.Let's look at an example taken from the first pages of a literature review. This shows us the progression from general to specific and the beginning of that thread which then continues through the text leading to the aims.[This is basically an introductory section, which starts with astatement of the problem in very broad terms, alerting us to the factthat not everything is rosy, and proceeds to sketch in specific aspects.][The text moves on to specify issues at various levels. Although the[Thus the text has set up the situation where all aspects of theproblem--theoretical, practical, etc.--are brought together.]Whatever the pattern which fits your work best, you need to keep in mind that what you are doing is writing about what was done before. But, you are not simply reporting on previous research. You have to write about it in terms of how well it was done and what it achieved. This has to be organised and presented in such a way that it inevitably leads to what you want to do and shows it is worth doing. You are setting up the stage for your work.demonstrates neither your understanding of the literature nor your ability to evaluate other people's work.Maybe at an earlier stage, or in your first version of your literature review, you needed a summary of who did what. But in your final version, you have to show that you've thought about it, can synthesise the work and can succinctly pass judgement on the relative merits of research conducted in your field. So,Approaching it in this way forces you to make judgements and, furthermore, to distinguish your thoughts from assessments made by others. It is this whole process of revealing limitations or recognising the possibility of taking research further which allows you to formulate and justify your aims.Keep your research focusedIt is always important to keep your research focused, but this is especially so at two points. First when you have settled into the topic and the time forwider exploration has to end. And then again at a later stage when you may have gathered lots of data and are starting to wonder how you are going to deal with it all.Focus after literature reviewFirst, it is a common temptation to prolong the exploration phase by finding more and more interesting things and straying away from what was once regarded as the possible focus. Either you or your supervisor could be guilty of this.In some cases, it might be you who is putting off having to make a commitmentto one line of enquiry because exploration and realising possibilities is enjoyable and you're always learning more. In other cases, it could be your supervisor who, at every meeting, becomes enthusiastic about otherpossibilities and keeps on suggesting alternatives. You might not be sure ifthis is just sharing excitement with you or if you are supposed to follow them all up.Either way you need to stop the proliferation of lines of enquiry, sift through what you have, settle on one area, and keep that focus before you. It could even be a good idea to write it up on a poster in front of your desk. Unlessyou have this really specified in the first place, with the major question and its sub-questions, and you know exactly what you have to find out to answer these, you will never be focused and everything you find will seem to be 'sort of' relevant.You have to close off some lines of enquiry and you can do so only once you decide they are not relevant to your question. We continually meet students who, when we ask, "So what is the question you're researching?", will answer, "My topic is such and such and I'm going to look at x, y and z". Sometimes further probing from us will reveal that they do indeed have a focus, but many timesthis is not so. Thinking in terms of your topic is too broad. You need to think,Focus after data collectionThen, at a later stage, you could find yourself surrounded by lots of datawhich you know are somewhat relevant to your project, but finding the ways of showing this relevance and using the data to answer your question could be a difficult task. Now you have to re-find your focus to bring it all together.Again, it is your research question and sub-questions which will help youto do this because your whole thesis is basically the answer to these questions, that is, the solution to the problem you presented at the beginning. This may strike you as a very simplistic way to view it. However, approaching it in this way does help to bring the parts together as a whole and get the whole to work. We even recommend that, to relate the parts to each other and keep yourself focussed , you could tell yourself the story of the thesis.Making a deliberate attempt to keep focused will help you to shape your research and keep you motivated.Apparently I have to write a research proposal. What do I need to do? The main purpose of a research proposal is to show that the problem you propose to investigate is significant enough to warrant the investigation, the method you plan to use is suitable and feasible, and the results are likely to prove fruitful and will make an original contribution. In short, what you are answering is 'will it work?'The level of sophistication or amount of detail included in your proposal will depend on the stage you are at with your PhD and the requirements of your department and University.∙In initial stages, the document you need to write will probably be three to five pages long. It will give a general idea of what you areproposing to do but it isn't a binding contract. Often it serves as astarting point for discussions with your supervisor to firm up the topic, methodology and mechanics of your research.∙Some of you will be required to write a proposal at the time of confirming your candidature (usually at the end of the first year). Insome instances, this is a document of four to five pages and may beviewed as a mere formality. In other cases a much more substantialdocument of 30 - 40 pages is expected. Therefore it is essential for you to check the requirements with your department.Regardless of the above distinctions you should never see writing a proposal as a worthless chore. Indeed, if it isn't formally required, it is a very good idea to write one anyway. You can use it to your advantage. It always forces you to think about your topic, to see the scope of your research, and to review the suitability of your methodology. Having something in writing also gives an opportunity to your supervisor to judge the feasibility of the project (whether it is possible to finish in time, costs, the equipment needed and other practicalities, time needed for supervision), to assess its likelihood of success, and its ability to meet the academic standard required of a PhD thesis.While there are no hard and fast rules governing the structure of a proposal, a typical one would include: aims and objectives, significance, review of previous research in the area showing the need for conducting the proposed research, proposed methods, expected outcomes and their importance. In experimentally based research it often includes detailed requirements for equipment, materials, field trips, technical assistance and an estimation of the costs. It could also include an approximate time by which each stage is to be completed.write a abstract. Indeed, the final version of the abstract will need to be written after you have finished reading your thesis for the last time.However, if you think about what it has to contain, you realise that the abstract is really a mini thesis. Both have to answer the following specific questions:Therefore, an abstract written at different stages of your work will help you to carry a short version of your thesis in your head. This will focus your thinking on what it is you are really doing , help you to see the relevance of what you are currently working on within the bigger picture, and help to keep the links which will eventually unify your thesis.ProcessThe actual process of writing an abstract will force you to justify and clearly state your aims, to show how your methodology fits the aims, to highlight the major findings and to determine the significance of what you have done. The beauty of it is that you can talk about this in very short paragraphs and seeif the whole works. But when you do all of these things in separate chapters you can easily lose the thread or not make it explicit enough.If you have trouble writing an abstract at these different stages, then this could show that the parts with which you are having a problem are not well conceptualised yet.We often hear that writing an abstract can't be done until the results are known and analysed. But the point we are stressing is that it is a working tool that will help to get you there.Before you know what you've found, you have to have some expectation of what you are going to find as this expectation is part of what is leading you to investigate the problem. In writing your abstract at different stages, any part you haven't done you could word as a prediction. For example, at one stage you could write, "The analysis is expected to show that …". Then, at the next stage, you would be able to write "The analysis showed that …." or "Contrary to expectation, the analysis showed that …..".The final, finished abstract has to be as good as you can make it. It is the first thing your reader will turn to and therefore controls what the first impression of your work will be. The abstract has∙to be short-no more than about 700 words;∙to say what was done and why, how it was done, the major things that were found, and what is the significance of the findings (rememberingthat the thesis could have contributed to methodology and theory aswell).In short, the abstract has to be able to stand alone and be understood separately from the thesis itself.Is there a particular thesis structure I have to follow? There are certain conventions specific to certain disciplines. However, these structures are not imposed on a piece of work. There are logical reasons why there is a conventional way of structuring the thesis, which is after all the account of what you've achieved through your research. Research is of course not conducted in the step-by-step way this structure suggests, but it gives the reader the most accessible way of seeing why this research was done, how it was done and, most importantly, what has been achieved. If you put side by side all the questions you had to answer to finish your research and what is often proposed as a typical structure of a thesis, then you see the logic of the arrangement. That does not mean, however, that you have to name your chaptersin this way. In some disciplines, it very often is like this; in others, this structure is implied. For example, in many science theses, the following basically is the structure; in many humanities theses, the final structure looks very different, although all of these questions are answered one way or another.Occasionally a thesis is written which does not in any way comply with this structure. Generally the reasons you want to have a recognised, transparent structure are that, to some extent, it is expected and the conventional structure allows readers ready access to the information. If, however, you wantto publish a book based on the thesis, it is likely the structure would need to be altered for the different genre and audience.。
英语口语文献综述范文模板大全
英语口语文献综述范文模板大全1. IntroductionIn recent years, there has been a growing interest in the field of English oral communication skills among researchers and educators. The ability to effectively communicate in English is essential in today's globalized world, and oral communication is a key component of this skill. In this literature review, we will examine the current research on English oral communication skills and explore the various factors that influence the development of these skills.2. Importance of English Oral Communication SkillsEnglish oral communication skills are crucial for success in both academic and professional settings. Effective oral communication allows individuals to express their ideas, thoughts, and emotions clearly and accurately. It also enables individuals to engage in meaningful conversations, debates, and discussions with others. Additionally, good oral communication skills are essentialfor building relationships, collaborating with others, and resolving conflicts.3. Factors Influencing English Oral Communication SkillsThere are various factors that can influence the development of English oral communication skills. These factors include individual characteristics (such as motivation, self-confidence, and language proficiency), social factors (such as cultural norms and communication styles), and contextual factors (such as the learning environment and teaching methods). Researchers have found that a combination of these factors can significantly impact an individual's ability to communicate effectively in English.4. Strategies for Improving English Oral Communication SkillsThere are several strategies that can help individuals improve their English oral communication skills. These strategies include practicing speaking regularly, engaging in conversations with native speakers, listening to English audio materials, watching English videos, and participating in language exchange programs. Additionally, takinglanguage courses, attending workshops, and receiving feedback from peers and teachers can also be beneficial in enhancing oral communication skills.5. Challenges in Developing English Oral Communication SkillsDespite the importance of English oral communication skills, many individuals face challenges in developingthese skills. Some common challenges include fear of speaking in front of others, lack of vocabulary and grammar knowledge, difficulties in understanding accents and intonation, and cultural differences in communication styles. Overcoming these challenges requires patience, practice, and perseverance.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, English oral communication skills are essential for success in today's globalized world. By understanding the factors that influence the development of these skills, implementing effective strategies for improvement, and overcoming challenges, individuals can enhance their ability to communicate effectively in English. Continued research in this area is necessary to furtherexplore the complexities of oral communication and to develop innovative approaches for enhancing these skills.。
英文文献综述标准范文
英文文献综述标准范文下面是店铺为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述标准范文”的资料，供大家参阅。
英文文献综述范文How to Write a Literature Review ?I. The definition of Literature Review文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。
它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。
通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its ComponentsA. The PurposesOn the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focusedresearch question.B. Its ComponentsThere are six parts in a complete Literature Review.标题与作者(title and author)摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)引言(introduction)述评(review)结论(conclusion)参考文献(references)III. Classification of Source MaterialsHow can we locate the materials relevant to our topics betterand faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.A: Background sources:Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries andencyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.B: Primary sourcesThose providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields toomany results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.C: Secondary sourcesThose providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, bookreviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors orwriters and their works, etc. Secondary sources will informmost of your writingin college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use andwill help you interpret those primary sources. T o use theme well, however, youneed to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need toanalyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.D: Web sourcesThe sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellentresource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Websources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. Youmay start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excit e, etc. It’s agood idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in itsown way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for theauthorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you useinformation. The currency of website information should also be taken intoaccount. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literaturereviewA. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sourcesIf you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work andthe other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paperon a topic without reading the original source.B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesisRemember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depthProbably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention WilliamLittlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topicin depth. Choose those.D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged expertsIf you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist onTask-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,Choose the article by the expert.E. Choosing the most current sourcesIf your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in ascientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all thebooks on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information inperiodicals.V. Writing a literature ReviewA. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.6. Criticism of the work in the area.B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.C. Some tips for writing the review:1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the mostrelated references last.3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.4. Start writing your review early.VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和注意事项主要部分细节提示：引言(Introduction)引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围和内容。
文献综述 英文作文
文献综述英文作文In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the impact of social media on mental health. Many studies have found that excessive use of social media can lead to feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and depression. This has raised concerns about the potential negative effects of social media on individuals' well-being.The concept of mindfulness has gained popularity as a potential intervention for improving mental health. Mindfulness involves paying attention to the present moment and accepting it without judgment. Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can reduce stress, improve mood, and enhance overall well-being.There is also a growing body of literature on the relationship between physical activity and mental health. Regular exercise has been found to have a positive impact on mood and can help reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression. This has led to an increased focus onincorporating physical activity into mental health treatment and prevention programs.The use of technology in mental health treatment has also been a topic of interest. With the development of digital mental health interventions, individuals can access therapy and support through online platforms and mobile apps. This has the potential to increase access to mental health care and provide support to those who may not have access to traditional in-person services.The role of genetics in mental health has been another area of research. Studies have shown that genetic factors can contribute to the development of mental health disorders. Understanding the genetic basis of mentalillness can help inform treatment approaches and improve outcomes for individuals with these conditions.In conclusion, there is a wide range of research on various aspects of mental health, including the impact of social media, the benefits of mindfulness, the relationship between physical activity and mental well-being, the use oftechnology in mental health treatment, and the role of genetics in mental illness. This diverse body of literature provides valuable insights into the complex nature of mental health and offers potential avenues for improving mental well-being.。
英语论文的文献综述模板,范例
关于“The Code Hero Image of AmericanCulture in the Brave Heart ”之文献综述学生：谈乐天指导老师：孙艳淮南师范学院外语系2015届引言自从美国著名作家厄尼斯特.海明威在他的小说中开创了一种全新的写作形象——硬汉形象（即准则英雄Code Hero）。
后来的很多年，直至现在，中外都有众多的作家或者是导演，又或是其他的文艺创作者们，都学习并应用了海明威的这一文学艺术形象，令现如今的文学世界增添了一道亮丽的色彩。
而在众多学习、研究或是沿用“硬汉形象”这一文学艺术形象的作品中，我所侧重的是1995年好莱坞电影《勇敢的心》中的硬汉形象研究。
众所周知，《勇敢的心》是一部史诗性的大片，由梅尔.吉布森导演并主演，片中的威廉.华莱士是一个崇尚自由，热爱民主，追求爱情，并且拥有强大个人能力以及无坚不摧的意志力的人。
事实上，威廉.华莱士一人，历史上确有其人。
13世纪的不列颠岛，苏格兰人民与英格兰统治者之间的抗争一直都在进行着。
而威廉.华莱士就是此时期出现的一个英雄，一个硬汉。
那么，本文就主要探讨和研究这部电影和其中的“硬汉形象”吧。
一、研究历史什么是硬汉形象（或者说是准则英雄）呢？硬汉形象就是海明威在他的一系列作品中描写的那些具有身体和心里潜力的、崇尚自由和尊严的、拥有强大技能的，同时敢于面对和克服困难和死亡的文学艺术形象。
比如，《老人与海》（The Old Man And the Sea）中的圣地亚哥，《太阳照常升起》(The Sun Also Rises)中的杰克•巴尼斯，还有《丧钟为谁而鸣》(For Whom the Bell Tolls)中的罗伯特•乔丹以及《永别了，武器》（A Farewell to Arms）中的亨利，等等。
现在的文学艺术世界拥有这一形象的原因，全归功于海明威的创造。
而海明威作为一名举世闻名，甚至将是流传千古的作家，自他之后，已经有很多中外的学者专家们把研究的对象转向了他，同样转向了由他开创的“硬汉形象”。
文献综述英文版
文献综述英文版Author：yuDepartment of Materials"Magnetic motor shell stamping process and die design" literature review Abstract摘要By read these references and documents, in-depth understanding of the contemporary mold of advanced manufacturing technology and metal forming technology, a number of instances of mold design and the understanding and learning, to further study the method of stamping die design, die design and thus have a used in this design and drawing die punching die and so on, through the design of the book related to mold in-depth study, this drawing die and the punching die and so the design methods have references and documents, the design of low-cost high-accuracy die with directional guidance.Keywords：Mold advanced manufacturing technology Mold Manufacturing Trends Drawing Punching CAE Die Materials PricesPreface前言As China's economic integration with the world economy, the rapid development of basic industries, mold manufacturing industry is also developing the current economic situation, people pay more attention to efficiency, product quality, cost, and new product development innovation and development of mold manufacturing concern.The history of the development of moldArchaeological discoveries in China, as early as 2,000 years ago, China has been used to make bronze stamping dies to provethat in ancient China stamping die stamping and achievements to the world's 1953, the Changchun First Automobile Works in China for the first time established a stamping plants, the plant began manufacturing cars in 1958, cover years of the 20th century began producing fine blanking walked a long path of development temperature, the present, China has formed more than 300 billion yuan (not including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan statistics) the production capacity of various types of stamping dies.Development Status and Trends DieSince reform and opening, with the rapid development of the national economy, the market demand of mold recent years, the mold industry has been the growth rate of about 15% of the rapid development of industrial enterprises in the ownership of the mold components also changed dramatically, in addition to professional mold factory outside of state-owned, collective, joint ventures, wholly-owned and private has been a rapid development.As with the accelerating pace of international standards, increasing competition in the market, it has been increasingly recognized productquality, cost, and new product development enterprises have increased in recent years, the mold for investment in technological progress, technological progress will be seen as an important driving force for enterprise domestic enterprises have popularized the two-dimensional mold CAD, and are starting to use UG, Pro / Engineer, I-DEAS, Euclid-IS and other international common software, individual manufacturers have also introduced Moldflow, C-Flow, DYNAFORM, Optris and MAGMASOFT software, and successfully applied to stamping diedesign.trend(1) a comprehensive promotion of CAD / CAM / CAE technology die CAD / CAM / CAE technology is the development direction of mold design and manufacturing(2) high-speed milling process of foreign high-speed milling process developed in recent years, significantly improve the processing efficiency, and to get a high surface finish.(3) die scanning and digitizing system and mold high-speed scanner provides scanning system to scan from a model or physical model of processing required for the desired number of functions, greatly reducing the manufacturing cycle in the development of mold.(4) milling EDM EDM EDM Milling Technology, also known as invasive as processing technology, which is an alternative to the traditional processing of the cavity by forming a new electrode technology(5) to improve the die mold standardization of standardization is increasing, estimates that the current use of standard mold coverage has reached about 30%.Developed countries is generally about 80%.(6) high-quality materials and advanced surface treatment technology and application of high quality steel, the corresponding surface treatment technology to improve the life of the mold it is very necessary.New Technology Application in the metal formingNew Technology mold stamping applicationDie mold manufacturing technology modernization is the basis for industrial the development of science and technology, computer technology, information technology, automationtechnology and other advanced technologies are continuing to penetrate the traditional manufacturing technology, cross, integration, implementation of its transformation, the formation of advanced manufacturing technologies. Today, CNC wire cut has a very high level of technological development, function quite well, the degree of automation has reached the degree of unattended by Japan Sodick Corporation A500W-E Sodick EDM wire EDM cutting speed has reached the maximum 300mm/min, machining precision can reach ± μm, surface roughness ~ μ ~ in diameter fine thread cutting technology development, can be cut to achieve a complete convex mold, and the radius of and narrow groove cutting cutting technology has been able to taper to 30 ° above the precision machining.The application of advanced manufacturing technology, the mold has changed the traditional tooling mold quality depends on human factors and difficult to control the situation, making the mold quality depends on the physical and chemical factors, the overall level of easy to control, mold reproduction ability.Summar结论yAfter the analysis of the parts and see the large amount of data, and finally select the desired mold, mold design be simple, economical, practical, difficult to produce low, high efficiency, where workers learn a lot of mold the development of domestic mold industry, the rapid development of China's mold industry rejoiced, but to see the advanced molding process with a huge gap, as a material people also feel a long rapid development of today's industry, mold development of new technologies with the invention of new technology constantly updated, constantly requires that we always pay attention to the mold industry, and even the industrial development process.。
英文作文文献综述
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英语论文文献综述(描述研究现状)
General descriptions of the relevant literature：A considerable amount of literature has been published on X。
These studies 。
There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of ...。
The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with .。
The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigatehow .。
.During the past 30 years much more information has become available on 。
...In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on .。
..A large and growing body of literature has investigated .。
.General reference to previous research/scholarly activity （usually more than one author)Many historians have argued that .。
. (eg。
Jones, 1987; Johnson，1990；Smith，1994）Numerous studies have attempted to explain 。
英语系附件C文献综述—模板(英文)
Literature review1. Review of cross-cultural theories1.1 Hofstede’s five dimensions of cultureJust as Hofstede (2001) said “culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy; cultural differences are a nuisance at best and often a disa ster”(p.23). For those who work in international business, it is sometimes amazing how different people in other cultures behave. We tend to have a human instinct that deep inside of all people are the same, but they are not in effect. Therefore, understanding cultural differences is often considered a prerequisite for successful international business.According to Hofstede (2001), “each culture must deal with questions that can be resolved according to a series of dimensions, which results in a unique gestalt for each society, depending on the intensity of its tendency towards one or another end of each culture dimension spectrum” (p.34).The Five Dimensions are♦Individualism♦Uncertainty avoidance index♦Power distance index♦Masculinity♦Long-term orientationIndividualism focuses on the degree the society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships.Uncertainty Avoidance focuses on the level of tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity within the society.Power Distance focuses on the degree of equality, or inequality, between people in thecountry's society.Masculinity focuses on the degree the society reinforces, or does not reinforce, the traditional masculine work role model of male achievement, control, and power.Long Term Orientation focuses on the degree the society embraces, or does not embrace long-term devotion to traditional forward thinking values.These five dimensions, taken together, can give important insights for someone wishing to enter a new culture for business, study, or other purposes. Though he made a great contribution to cross-cultural business field, his research still has some limitation. Hofstede’s Five Dimensions Theory has been criticized on the grounds of being too static (Holden, 2001), or being weak in terms of theoretical foundation (Dahl, 2004).1.2 Porter and Samovar's cross-cultural communicationAccording to Porter and Samovar (2006), communication has eight ingredients: source, encoding, message, channel, receiver, decoding, receiver response and feedback. Any communication takes places in a certain context and may be hindered by noises in the communication environment, causing communication misunderstanding or even failure. The idea could be illustrated by the following figure:Figure 2.1 Communication process and stepsEncoding refers to the process of sender putting the message into codes. Decoding refers to the process of the receiver interpreting the message from the sender. Feedback means the reactions of receiver that are sent back to the sender after the receiver's interpretation of the message. Response means the reactions of receiver to the messageupon receipt. Noise refers to the disturbances along the communication processes, which may result in unintended message being perceived by the receiver.A complete process of communication can be broken into five steps: (Guffey, 2001)(1) A Sender has an idea(2) The sender encodes the idea in message(3) The Message travels over channel(4) A receiver decodes the message(5) Feedback travels to the senderAdvertising in essence is also a process of communication. The sender here is the company who prepares and issues advertisements. The receiver is expected to be the target consumer group, although it is not always the case, as we will see in the advertising effectiveness analysis. The channel refers to all kinds of media or media mix ranging from flyer, direct mail, and newspaper to billboard, radio or TV etc. Messages about brands, products or services are carefully designed and encoded in advertisements by companies, usually with the professional help of an advertising agency. Favorable responses from the receiver, such as enhanced brand loyalty, purchase behavior are expected by the sender. In order to increase the effectiveness of their advertising, companies will try by any means to get feedback from the customers. However, not every advertisement conveys the right message, nor does every advertising message go to the right audience and most importantly, nor does every receiver respond favorably to the message. A complex of noises, such as bad timing, legal restrictions may hurt the effectiveness of advertising. Moreover, for multinational advertising, the most formidable noise naturally arises from the cultural differences. This is the focus of this thesis.2. Review of international advertising strategy dilemmaIn the international marketing literature, the issue of advertising standardization versus localization has ignited a lively and heated debate among academics and practitioners alike for nearly four decades who are still divided on the advisability of using standardized (universal) or localized (individualized) advertising approaches in international campaigns.On the one hand, advertisers who use the standardized approach argue that consumers anywhere in the world have the same basic needs and desires and can therefore be persuaded by universal appeals. On the other hand, advertisers who follow the localized approach assert that consumers differ from country to country and must accordingly be reached by advertising tailored to their respective countries.Unfortunately, research on the relative effectiveness of different degrees of standardization and localization has shown that there are no golden rules that can safely guide marketing decisions. For the sake of further discussion of this issue, it is very necessary to have a review of the long-running debate of international advertising strategies.2.1 StandardizationThe standardization advertising approach, sometimes known as the "universal," "global," or "internationalized" approach, is defined as the practice of advertising the same product/service in the same way everywhere, that is, use of the same message, appeal, components of advertisements for different markets in different countries.2.1.1 David L. BrownIt was in 1923 that David L. Brown put forward the idea of standardized advertising. David L. Brown, manager for advertising of Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, claimed that humanity possessed certain common attributes and so it was not only possible to standardize advertising across countries but also logical. He stated that just as green is green in Buenos Aires as well as in Batavia, just as two and two are four in Cape Town as well as Copenhagen, just as the main purpose of advertising is to se ll goods, in Singapore as well as in Sydney or Santiago, so all the primary purposes of advertising are identical in all countries, and all fundamentals of good advertising are essentially the same north and south of the Equator and east and west of Greenwich (Brown, 1923).2.1.2 LevittAmong the proponents of standardization strategy, Levitt is the best known and the mostwidely cited. His argument for standardization "the earth is flat" is plausible and convenient for his followers to quote to justify their position. Levitt, in his classic article on globalization, suggests that there may be aspects of customer expectations that are universal across products and market segments and therefore should be conveyed in a standardized fashion across cultures (Cervellon & Dube, 2000). According to Levitt, corporations should take advantage of economies of scale in producing and marketing the same product at the same price with the same message all over the world at the same time (Levitt, 1983).2.1.3 Other advocatesOther advocates of the standardization strategy share Levitt's view. De Mooij asserts that just as people show more similarities than differences, so it's also true of advertising techniques that influence people and that the similarities justify advertising across borders (De Mooij, et al, 1991). Link G. L. upholds this school of thought by arguing that more and more markets recognize the need to build a global brand image and identity and that resistance to global advertising should and could be o vercome (Link, 1988). Another supporter of global advertising, Peebles recognizes local differences, but contends that there are not insurmountable obstacles to global campaigns (Peebles, 1988).2.2 LocalizationThe localization advertising approach, sometimes called "adoption", "customization", "specialization", is referred to as designing specific advertising programs to fit with the unique characteristics of each particular markets.While some proponents of standardization advertising strategy vehemently advocate their theory, many advertising practitioners and researchers argue to the contrary. They contend that while people's basic needs and desires may well be similar, the ways they go about satisfying them vary from country to country (Caillat & Muller, 1996). The "global market" still consists of hundreds of nations, each with their own customs, life styles, economies, and buying habits, price system and on this ground, it's necessary for marketers to take these differences into account when they target foreign markets. Thus, these advertising researchers and practitioners put forward their theory of localizedadvertising.Proponents of localization pointed out that most blunders in international advertising occurred because advertisers failed to understand foreign cultures. Ricks, Arpan, and Fu (1974) attributed these blunders to blatant rejection of existing customs and innocent insensitivity to the environment. Mueller (1987)compared Japanese advertisements with American advertisements for similar products and observed numerous differences between the two types. Advertisements of each country exhibited some degree of sensitivity to the cultural uniqueness of the particular consuming market. Synodinos, Keown, and Jacobs (1989) investigated advertising practices across 15 countries. They found striking dissimilarities in the creative approach. The researchers attributed such dissimilarities not only to cultural factors but also to production costs and length of time or amount of space of advertisements. Findings of research studies conducted in the last 15 years seem to suggest an increasing trend toward the use of the localized approach.Besides, some scholars and practitioners believe that advertising is more difficult to standardize than the other elements of the marketing mix. For instance, Boddewyn et al (1986) state that advertising is more resistant to uniformization than products and brands. Because of these characteristics, the visual and verbal parts of advertising are in particular sensitive and use of local language, models and scenery increases the probability for the advertisement to be effective.The controversy over the use of standardized versus localized advertising approaches may continue for decades. While this debate still goes on and no ultimate agreement has been reached, many practitioners keep on failing to get their message across the target consumers, even offending them as a result of not taking care of the local customs, beliefs, values, economic reality, and legal regulations of a new market. The present-day situation of international advertising necessitates further cross-cultural research to demystify the dilemma, for the very reason that international advertising is advertising that reaches across national and cultural boundaries, that is, an attempt to persuade its potential consumers across cultures. To comply with this demand, this paper will primarily investigate the influence of culture on international advertising.Works Cited[1] Boddewyn, J. L., et al. 1986. Standardization in international marketing: Is TedLevitt in fact right? Business Horizon, 29 (6): 69-75.[2] Brown, D. L. 1923. Export advertising. New Y ork: Ronald Press.[3] Caillat, Z., & Muller, B. 1996. Observations: The influence of culture on Americanand British advertising: An exploratory comparison of beer advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 79-88.[4] Cervellon, M., & Dube, L. 2000. Standardization versus cultural adaptation in foodadvertising: Insights from a two-culture market.International Journal of Advertising, 429-447.[5] Dahl, S. 2004. Intercultural research, the current state of knowledge. MiddlesexUniversity Discussion Series.[6] De Mooij, R., et al. 1991. Advertising worldwide. Hertfordshire: Prentice HallInternational Ltd.[7] Hofstede, G. 2001. Cultures’consequences, comparing values, behaviors,institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.[8] Holden, N. 2002. Cross-cultural management: A knowledge management approach.Harlow: Prentice Hall – Financial Times.[9] Levitt, T. 1983. Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review, 61 (3): 92-102.[10] Link, Q. L. 1988. Global advertising: An update. The Journal of ConsumerMarketing, 5 (2): 69-74.[11] Mueller, D., & Barbara, O. 1987. Reflections of culture: An analysis of Japaneseand American advertising appeals. Journal of Advertising Research, 23, 51-59. [12] Peebles, D. M. 1988. Executive insights don't write off global advertising: Acommentary, International marketing Review, 6, 73-78.[13] Ricks, D., Jeffrey, A., & Marilyn, F. 1974. Pitfalls in advertising overseas. Journalof Advertising Research, 5, 47-51.[14] Samovar, L., & Porter, R. 2006. Intercultural communication: A reader. Belmont:Wadsworth, Inc.[15] Synodinos, N., & Jacobs, L. 1989. Transitional advertising practices: A survey ofleading brand advertisers. Journal of Advertising Research, 7, 43-50.。
经典英文文献综述范文
经典英文文献综述范文English:A classic English literature review typically provides an overview and analysis of key works in a particular field or topic. It often begins with an introduction that outlines the scope and purpose of the review, followed by a discussion of the historical context and the evolutionof the topic. The literature review then delves into a detailed examination of the most influential and significant texts, identifying key themes, arguments, and methodologies employed by the authors. The review also seeks to identify gaps or unresolved issuesin the existing research, and may propose avenues for future exploration in the field. This type of literature review is valuable for scholars and researchers seeking to gain a comprehensive understanding of the state of knowledge in their area of study, and often serves as a foundation for new research projects and critical debates within the academic community.中文翻译:经典的英文文献综述通常提供了一个特定领域或主题关键作品的概述和分析。
Literature Review (Sample 1)文献综述
Literature ReviewC12 英语〔1〕 X X XTess of the D’Urbervilles is generally regarded as Tomas Hardy’s finest novel. Since its publication in 1891, it has encountered considerable concern in literary criticism. Among these numerous essays dwelling on Tess, most criticisms and interpretations focus on probing into the root of Tess’s tragedy. These scholars ponder Tess’s tr agedy from various perspectives and give a multitude of interpretations on this topic. But no one can exhaust such a great work，there is still much room for further consideration about Tess’s tragedy. Through several months’ efforts in searching, collectin g and reading an abundance of scholars and professors’ literature concerning causes of tragedy of Tess, I have learned much and gained a lot of data and create the following essay which summons up the essence of the literature.1．Analyses of Objective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.The Age Characteristic and the Rebel in Tess of the D’U rbervilles – A Feminine Decoding on Tess of the D’U rbervilles by Jiang Lu introduces the economic background of the story. Jiang states that the story of Tess happened during the late half of 19th century, which witnessed the decline and destruction of the English peasantry. It was an age of transition and great social upheavals. With the development of capitalism, England was slowly developing from its former state of a mainly agricultural country to its new condition of a primarily industrial society, because of which the traditional self-sufficient society order in the country was broken. Helplessly confronted with the change, the country villagers were deprived of their lands, houses and other possessions. Then, in possession of few things they were forced to immigrate away from their accustomed land and to be employed as farm workers. Therefore, country peasants were inflicted tragically by the industrial development. This part clearly demonstrates the economic situation of the farmer at Victorian age which is quite beneficial to my paper.An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by YuKun discusses the tragedy of Tess from the perspective of Ecofeminism, this paper practically explores the close relationship between women and nature and women’s tragic fate as the result of industrialization and patriarchal society, which helps me understand Tess’s tragedy from a new angle. It points out that at the late Victorian Age when industrialization began to encroach upon the countryside rapidly and capitalism developed further, the peasants lost their land and many of them were impoverished. Tess’s family,without exception, was poverty-stricken, which turned out to be the very root of her tragedy. Tess, impelled by the economic pressure from her family, had to go to claim kindred with prosperous D’Urbervilles family where she met evil Alec who deprived of her virginity; and it was her poor family that made Tess return to Alec. Besides, the society in the Victorian period was a man-dominated society, woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality. Angel who set a double moral standard for man and woman certainly couldn’t conceive of a relationship of equality with Tess. He couldn’t forgive Tess for her lost of virginity although he himself had dissipated past. Thus he finally abandoned Tess because of her “impurity〞, which gave Tess a fatal blow.The Connotation and Characteristic of “Angels in House〞in Victorian Period of England by Zeng Yayin demonstrates perfect women’s image in people’s mind in Victorian period. It says that a traditional Victorian woman is supposed to be a perfect woman. First, they should be gentle, graceful and charming, that is to keep an attractive appearance. Second, they should be submissive. They were taught to be sympathetic, gentle and considerable to other people. And the most important thing was to be submissive to their father or brothers, and after being married, their submission turned to their husbands. Third, they should have pure bodies. Traditionally, virginity was worshipped as a symbol of honor for an unmarried woman. It was very important for a younger woman to be a virgin before marriage and be loyal to her husband after she married him, and virginity was a girl’s virtue and value as well. Fourth, home was her whole world. She should sacrifice herself for her husband and the family. Taking care of the family and making the home healthy andcomfortable was undoubtedly all her duty. Besides, they were economically dependent, what they should do was to stay at home which was the shelter for them, and to seek for support and protection from them, so marriage was pretty much their best choice. All in all, the idle Victorian woman should be devoted, pure both mentally and physically and submissive. This paper gives me a general idea of the image of women in Victorian period, which will help me a lot in my paper.Analysis of Tragedy of Tess by Tang Xuan points out that Tess is a typical female tragedy, considering the convention and the bourgeois morality of her time. The last years of the nineteenth century were the Victorian period. Victorian morality imposed rigid norm on women, which demanded women to be pure. The loss of virginity was a fatal blow to Tess as she was turned against and crushed by the social convention. It was a man-dominated society, in which woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality and the use of double standard in sexual matters was the essential feature of the Victorian society. This was why Tess, being violated by Alec, unfairly suffered from being morally and socially spurned and punished while Alec remained free from any social reprimands. What is more, according to the Victorian customs, a man could live a dissipating life as he had once done while a woman could not. This double standard for man and woman made it impossible for Angel who was dominated by the conventional social custom and the bourgeois view of morality to forgive Tess. This part helps get a better idea of the impact of social convention and morality on Tess’s tragedy.The Ruin of a Pure Woman — Analyses of the Tragedy of Tess by Zhou Hong says that Tess is the victim of capitalist law and hypocritical religion. It states that Alec dared to do evil at his pleasure not only because he was a man of money and power, but also because he was under the protection of bourgeois law which was employed as a tool to rule ordinary people and was always at bourgeois’ interest. According to the law, it was ironic that the man who seduced Tess was justified while Tess who suffered damage was sinful. Oppressed by so strong social prejudice, Tess was deprived of the right to protect herself and forced to accept the unfair treatmentimposed on her. Thus, she was doomed to be a victim of power and violence. Besides, hypocritical religion was also closely related to Tess’s tragedy. In capitalis t society, religion was just used as a tool to lull and enslave people. When Tess met Alec again, to Tess’s as tonishment , Alec, the man who seduced her and ruthlessly pushed her into the abyss of tragedy, could resort to Christianity and became a priest who asked people to do good deeds. From this part I can see that both bourgeois law and religion are hypocritical.2. Reflection on Subjective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.Analysis of Tess’s Character by Xu Haibo focuses on Tess’s character to explain the cause of Tess’s tragedy. It points out that the character of Tess is closely related to her fate, it is the tension in her character that leads her to the tragedy. The most obvious ones are those between humility and pride, and between innocence and sensuality. Ultimately it can be said that the tension is the one between obedience and rebellion within her character. It presents that both historical conditions and living environment contribute to the formation of Tess’s character. Tess has the qualities of kindness, honesty, diligence and loyalty which are shared by the label people, besides, she also inherits the pride traditionally associated with noble families, but her pride is conflicted with her social and economic position. In this paper, the author gives a detailed explanation with examples about the tension in Tess’s character which helps me better understand his idea. Besides it points out that there is also conflict between acquired conventional belief and instinctive independence of mind, and between ignorance and education in Tess’s character, which can also be seen from many cases. From this article, I get a good knowledge of Tess’s character as well as its relationship with her fate.Study on the Tragic Fate of Tess by Zhou Zhongxin and Wang Yanwen points out that Tess is a pure woman, but, ironically, her purity becomes the decisive factor of her tragedy. It states that Tess’s pure nature is fully embodied by her strong sense of responsibility and self -sacrifice to her family. When their horse is killed in an unexpected accident, nobody blames Tess as she blames herself, therefore, she doesn’trefuse once more her parent’s suggestion to claim kin with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family although she is not willing to do so. This is the very action that ruins all her life, she is seduced by Alec and later gives birth to an illegitimate baby. Moreover, her sense of responsibility is also clearly revealed when she becomes a mistress of Alec because of the desperate situation of her family. Tess’s purity is also displayed in her honesty and loyalty to love. When she is seduced by Alec, she bravely chooses to leave him at once irrespective of the pressure of her family and the society, because she realizes that she has never loved Alec.As to Angle, she falls in love with him deeply, but she continuously refuses Angle’s wooing because she thinks her being his wife is a shame for him. In order to protect Angle, she is willing to sacrifice her own feeling and happiness. Although she accepts Angle at last, she decides to disclose her past to him because of her honesty and true love for Angle. But her confession only results in an end of their marriage, she is deserted by her heartless husband, which leads to her miserable life soon afterwards. This paper offers me a good idea of the relationship be tween Tess’s purity and her tragedy.A Multi Perspective of the Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervil les by PengYan mentions the persecution of religion on Tess. Brought up in a heavily religious environment, Tess is deeply poisoned by religious thought, which forces Tess to bear enormous psychological pressure and induces her to sink into tragical abyss. Tess is a victim of religious doctrine. When her baby is dying, she suddenly realizes that she hasn’t been baptized and therefore will die without salvation a nd go to hell, but no parson is willing to do it for her baby, so she decides to baptize her baby by herself. Obviously, all her terrors about the hell are coming from the religious doctrine taught to her. Besides, although she used to doubt the existence of God when she feels desperate toward life, she can’t free herself from the shadow of religion. She always uses religious thought to imagine, explain and symbolize her miserable life. When she meets a man writing biblical texts on walls, she consciously feels ashamed and guilty for her loss of virginity, although it is not her fault. She is always self-contempt and keeps torturing herself by hypocritical religion thought. From this part I get to know religion’s impact on Tess.My Opinion about Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Li Honglan points out her family’s role in causing her tragedy. It says that Tess’s parents are ignoran t and vain，which leads directly to Tess’s tragedy. Tess’s father, Jack is lazy, selfish and foolish. When he hears of the news about his noble ancestry, he thinks his family will surely become rich if only Tess go to claim kinship with the wealthy family. When Tess is seduced by Alec, he doesn’t care about his daughter’s feelings and lock the door to prevent Tess from going out, the only thing that worries him is what others will think of this collapse of his family pride.Besides, Tess’s mother Joan is no better than Jack. The news of ancestry also affects her, she wants her daughter to rise in the world by making a successful marriage and thus bring fortunes to the whole family. When Tess chooses to leave Alec, she blames Tess for not marrying him and when Tess is deserted by Angle, she thinks it is all Tess’s fault. At the same time, her father doesn’t show sympathy for Tess either, he even doubts about her marriage, which makes Tess unable to live at home any more. Since her parents cannot be relied on, Tess takes on her younger shoulder the family burdens. She has a strong sense of responsibility towards her family and at almost every stage of her life it is her concern for family that influences her actions-from her agreement to claim kinship to family D’Urberville right to her final decision to return to Alec is totally due to her responsibility to support her family. From this analysis, I get a comprehensive knowledge about the influence of Tess’s family on her tragedy.Tess一A Pure but Tragic Woman by Zhang Qun discusses the influence of two men —Alec and Angle on Tess’s tragedy. It explains that Alec, typical of a bourgeois villain, m etamorphoses himself into the more dignified style of Alec D’Urberville and decorates himself as a man of nice heart. He takes advantage of Tess’s poverty and innocence, and seduces her on purpose. Thus , Tess intends to look for a way out but is driven by him to a way with a dead end. On the other hand, Angle is a representative of bourgeois intellectuals. He regards himself as a man full of new thoughts who isn’t bound by social customs. However, as a matter of fact, he couldn’t free himself from it. He idealizes Tess as symbol of purity and pursues her enthusiasticaly, but desert her as soon as Tess’s confession. Given up by her husband,Tess can’t support her family on her own and she is foeced by the death of her father and consequent loss of their cottage to succumbe to Alec to be his mistress. But out of her expection, Angle comes back, she is so shocked and regretfull that she kills Alec, because she thinks it is the only way out. From this analysis, I get a sense of these two men’s impact on Tess and I will use some of his idea in my paper.3. Introduction to the A uthor’s Outlook Reflected in the Novel.On Fatalism and Pessimistic View in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Hu Ye says that Tess’s t raged y is related to Thomas Hardy’s fatalisti c outlook on life. Tess’s life can be divided into several stages and every stage is sprinkled a series of coincidences that push Tess to the doomed abyss. In this paper, it gives details about these coincides. At the outset, Tess’s father John Durbeyfield is so excited at the news of her ancestor that he drink himself drunk, so Tess has to replace her father to send the beehives to the market. Then the accidental death of the horse Prince destroys the family’s livelihood, so Tess is forced to go to claim k in with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family, where she is seduced by Alec.After this great frustration, she happens to meets Angle and falls in love with him. When she is about to marry him, Tess decides to write her past in a letter and thrusts it from unde r the door into Angel’s bedroom. But the paper gets mislaid under the carpet and Angel does not see it, which directly leads to the break of their marriage. When Tess eventually decides to visit Angel’s parents and asks them for help, she unfortunately ove rhears the conversation of Angel’s brothers, then she give up asking help from them. There is also the coincidence that she reencounters with Alec at exactly the moment when she is most vulnerable, then she becomes her mistress. Considering these coincides, I think that there is close relationship between Tess’s tragedy and these coincidences, although they all happen by chance.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragical ness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure by Zuo Yanru says that Thomas Hardy is an inheritor of classical tragedy, so he naturally transplanting the ideas of fatalism into his tragedy novels, and Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a typicalone. It tells that Hardy’s perspective of fatalism ha s two distinctive features. First, his fatalism often arises from the external environment, both social and physical, and the internal character of the protagonists. This realistic concern is a new aspect of fatalism. Second, in order to achieve the desire d tragic effect, Hardy’s destructive forces are reflected as the combination of accidents and inevitabilities, which aims to produce a strong sense of fate. The two features makes Hardy’s novels produce a strong sense of fatalism. This introduction lets me know the character of Hardy’s fatalism and its influence on the novel.Having read the above literature concerning the analyses of Tess’s tragedy, we have no difficulty to find that more and more scholars and professors both at home and abroad begin to p ay attention to the field of the cause of Tess’s tragedy. Most of them probe into this field from the perspective of social background, the heroine’s inner factors or the heroes destructive impact, there are not many other interpretations, however, all of them give me good guide to this topic and help me gain a better understanding of various elements relating to Tess’ tragedy, it also evokes my interest towards this topic and stimulates me to study this topic from a new perspective. In my paper, I tend to analyze the tragedy of Tess from individual choices with the help of the achievements of the critical study done by the former Hardy scholars, and I hope that I can make some contribution to this field by reading extensively and analyzing the literature.ReferencesXu Haibo. Analysis of Tess’s Character [J]. ?语文学刊(高教·外文版)?2007(06) Zhang Qun. Tess—A Pure but Tragic Woman [J]. Journal of Donghua University (Eng.Ed.) 2003(20).胡艳.论哈代?德伯家的苔丝?中的宿命论和悲观主义色彩[J].?太原科技大学报?2021(02).蒋橹.?苔丝?中的时代特征与叛逆形象—苔丝的女性主义视觉解析[J].?电影评介?2006(14).[J].?青海师专学报(教育科学)?2005(05).彭焱. “苔丝〞悲剧的多层次透视[J].?内江师范学院学报?2005(20).唐璇.?苔丝?悲剧根源剖析[J].?南华大学学报(社会科学版)?2006(01).于坤. An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles[J]. ?高等教育与学术研究?2007(01).—?苔丝?悲剧分析[J].?电影评介?2007(11).左燕茹.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragicalness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure [D].济南：山东师范大学. 2004.“家庭天使〞的内涵和特点[J].?达县师范高等专科学校学报(社会科学版)?2005(04).[J].? 电影评介?2021(11).。
英语文献综述的范文
Title: English Literature Review: AComprehensive PerspectiveIn the realm of academic research, the literature review serves as a critical component, particularly in the field of English literature. This paper aims to provide an extensive overview of the significant developments and trends within the discipline, drawing upon a diverse range of sources and perspectives.Firstly, it is essential to recognize the evolving nature of English literature, which has been shaped by various historical, cultural, and societal influences. The early works of Shakespeare, for instance, have been extensively analyzed for their thematic depth andlinguistic intricacies. Modern scholars continue to delve into these classics, offering fresh interpretations that resonate with contemporary audiences.Moreover, the emergence of new literary genres and movements has significantly broadened the scope of English literature. Postmodernism, for example, has challenged traditional narrative structures and perspectives, introducing elements of ambiguity and fragmentation. Thistrend has been explored in numerous studies, highlighting the diverse ways in which authors have responded to and shaped the postmodern era.Furthermore, the intersection of English literature with other disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology, has opened up new avenues for research. The exploration of character psychology in literary texts, or the analysis of societal norms and values reflected in literature, are just a few examples of thisinterdisciplinary approach.In terms of methodologies, the literature review has also undergone significant transformations. With the advent of digital technologies and online databases, scholars now have access to vast repositories of information, enabling them to conduct more comprehensive and rigorous reviews. However, the challenge lies in effectively synthesizing and evaluating this vast amount of data.One notable trend in recent years has been the increasing focus on global perspectives in English literature. With the growth of international literary movements and the rise of multiculturalism, scholars arenow more inclined to explore the global dimensions of literary works. This approach not only broadens our understanding of English literature but also promotes cross-cultural understanding and exchange.Moreover, the impact of gender and race on English literature has also been a topic of increasing interest. The examination of how gender roles and racial identities are represented and constructed in literary texts has provided valuable insights into the complex intersections of identity, power, and representation.In conclusion, the literature review in English literature is a dynamic and evolving field that continues to shape our understanding of the discipline. By exploring diverse themes, genres, and methodologies, scholars are able to delve deeper into the rich tapestry of English literature, revealing new meanings and perspectives that resonate with our contemporary world.**英语文献综述：全面视角**在学术研究领域，文献综述是一个至关重要的组成部分，尤其在英语文学领域更是如此。
英语专业文献综述Outline（5篇）
英语专业文献综述Outline（5篇）第一篇：英语专业文献综述OutlineOutline 1 Introduction 2 Literature overreview2.1 Peer review2.2 incidental vocabulary acquisition2.3 Peer evaluation and the teacher3 Design of the study4 Results4.1 Students as evaluatees4.2 Students as evaluators5 Discussion6 Conclusion第二篇：英语专业实习报告 intership report outlineOutline for Internship Report1.First PageFirst page should display: Student name and surname, internship start and finish dates, number of internship days, type of internship(production, or design and development), company/institution name.This page should be signed and stamped by the supervisor of the intern student.2.Weekly timetableA weekly timetable where each row in the table corresponding to a day in internship period.Each row should record the date, internship activity on that date.Weekly Schedule should explain the work accomplished each day of the week during the internship period and should contain:•••The department of the organization that the week was and signature of the controlling supervisor for each week The official stamp of the organization.3.A Brief Executive Summary of the InternshipA one page summary of the company/institution and a short account of the major activities carried out during the internship period.4.Table of ContentsContents of the report with page numbers, list of tables, and list of figures.5.Description of the company/institution This section should answer the following questions:5.1.What is the full title of the company/institution? Give a brief history of the company, fullmailing address and relevant web links.5.2.What is the type of ownership of the company/institution? State the main shareholders andtheir shares.5.3.What is the sector that the company/institution operates in? Specify the products and servicesproduced and offered to its customers.5.4.Who are regarded as the customers of your internship company/institution(consider the endusers, retailers, other manufacturers, employees, etc.)?5.5.Provide an organization chart of the company, along with information on the number ofemployees.5.6.Provide a list of functions performed by the mechanical engineers in the internshiporganization.6.Internship activitiesThis is the main body of your report.You should present the activities performed during the internship period.Please refer to “” document for the types of analysis and inquiries that you should be perfo rming during “Production”, and “Design and Development” internship.7.An assessment of the internship In this section you should answer the following questions7.1.What skills and qualifications you think that you havegained from the internship?7.2.What kind of responsibilities you have undertaken during the internship period?7.3.How do you think the internship will influence your future career plans?7.4.How do you think the internship activities that you carried out are correlated with yourclassroom knowledge?8.Conclusions of the reportThis section should include:• A summary of key conclusions derived from the internship experience.• General observations about the sector in which your internship company/institution operates9.Appendices and supplementary material(charts, graphs, pictures, computer codes, etc.)10.ReferencesRules for writing the internship report:••••••You do not have to provide a day-to-day diary of the internship activities.Do not write theoretical excerpts from textbooks!Describe what you exactly did there and what experiences you have gained throughout your training.The internship report should be between 15-20 pages and written to “Training Program Diary” which can be provided from the university bookstore.The internship report should be written in handwriting, and each page should contain about 25 lines.The internship report should be original, no photocopies areaccepted.You can include graphs, pictures, data, drawings, or design calculations in your report;however they should not cover more than 1/3 of the rger graphs, pictures, data, drawings, or design calculations should be given as an Appendix.第三篇：Outline 4Social Movements of the 1960sI.Background---Greensboro Sit-in(格林斯博罗静坐)On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina(北卡罗莱纳州), sat down at a department lunch counter and ordered coffee.When refused, they continued to sit at the counter, openly defying the segregation law prevailing in the state.The next day, more students joined them.Thus began the civil rights movement(黑人民权运动), which spread from the south to the ter, this quiet “sit-in” became the major nonviolent direct action tactics to be used by black civil rights activists.*The civil rights movement, and the youth anti-war, and the women’s liberation movements had long roots in United States history.（黑人民权运动、青年反战运动以及后来的妇女解放运动都深深地植根于美国历史之中）II.Definition---One professor argues that “a social movement is a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life.”---Two basic characteristics of all social movements: “structure”(有组织)and “spontaneity”（自发性）---Other necessary parts of a social movement are:1.a social base of people 人这一社会基础2.a “message” or ideology 思想体系3.the ability to spread the message and get more supporter 传播思想和得到更多支持者的能力III.The Civil Rights Movement---One of the most important of all social movement in the 1960s U.S.history.Rosa Park’s(罗莎•帕克斯)spontaneous action(自发行为)in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement.The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off(触发，激起)the nationwide civil rights movement.During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like SNCC(the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee学生非暴力统一行动委员会), CORE(the Congress of Racial Equality争取种族平等大会), and SCLC(the Southern Christian Leadership Conference南部基督教领导联合会)struggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics, network and the people.In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self image of the blacks.The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in the U.S.---Montgomery Bus Boycott蒙哥马利抵制公交车隔离政策运动In December 1995, Rosa Parks, a NAACP（National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(美国)全国有色人种协进会）member in Montgomery Alabama, refused to give up herseat to a white man on a public bus.Alabama law required that blacks sit at the back of the bus, and when asked, surrender their seats to whites.Mrs.Parks was arrested.Local black leadersdecided to boycott the city’s bus system.Black people in th e city spontaneously began to boycott the bus system refusing to ride on public buses.In the year long Montgomery bus boycott, blacks young and old, walked to work.With the bus company near bankruptcy, and the aid of a 1956 Supreme Court decision, Montgomery blacks triumphed.In fact, the boycott was believed to be the true.---Direct Action Tactics直接行动策略When the civil rights movement began, non-violent direct action tactics like “sit-ins” and “freedom rides”(自由乘车运动), voter registration(投票者登记).Later, anti-war activists added “teach-ins” on college campuses,（(大学师生举行的）时事宣讲会，讨论会，辩论会)to educate people about the war in Vietnam as well as protest marches and rallies and etc.---Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr., an Atlanta-born Baptist minister(浸礼会牧师), was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, incl uding the March on Washington of August, 1963, when King delivered his famous “I have a Dream” speech.As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination（种族歧视）0and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks.Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis(孟斐斯)in April 1968.---Contrary to King’s nonviolent tactics, Malcom X(马尔科姆•艾克斯)spoke in favour of black separatism(分离主义)and against nonviolence in fighting racial discrimination.---Some of SNCC(学生非暴力统一行动委员会)members thought they needed a strong leader rather than collective leadership.In 1965, theyelected a new chairman, Stokeley Carmichael(斯托克利•卡迈克尔)who spoke about Black Power.*The most notorious terrorist group against black civil rights workers in the South was known as Ku Klux Klan三K党*Those who worked in the civil rights movement included Negro leaders, black and white young people, and some professionals and some housewives.IV.The Youth Movement *Many young people were involved in the social movements of the 1960 because they resented traditional white male values in U.S.society.---Free Speech MovementMario Savio(马里奥•萨维奥), a student who had just returned from working with SNCC in the Mississippi Freedom Summer, took off his shoes and stood on top of the police car.He demandedthat the CORE worker be freed and the rules against free speech be changed.The students sat around the car for 32 hours in spontaneous, nonviolent, direct action.Other students “sat-in” at the administration buildings and organized “Free University” classes.The California governor called hundreds of police to the campus.800 students were arrested.Graduate students organized a strike and closed the university.The teachers and professors voted to change the rule that violate the 1st and 14th Amendments.The young people’s “Free Speech Movement” began with success.---“counter culture”(反主流文化)In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counter culture”.The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles.They had morals different from taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.Among the most famous were the hippies(嬉皮士).They sought new experience through dropping out, drugs.But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on traditional American society.The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social mores, marriage, career, and success.---The Anti-War Movement(against the war in Vietnam) V.Women’s Liberation MovementThe women’s movement in the 1960s was started by three groups of women and an accident.---1.a group of professional women who were appointed to a Commission on the Status of Women(妇女地位委员会)by President Kennedy in 1961.---2.white housewives and mothers who read Betty Friedan’s(贝蒂•弗里丹)book, The Feminine Mystique《女性之迷》, published in 1963.---3.young activists(激进主义分子, 行动主义分子)in the civil rights and anti-war movements.NOW((美国)全国妇女组织) ---With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963, Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of the Women’s Liberation Movement.In her book, she compared the American family, or the American society as a whole, to a “comfortable concentration camp”, where women were discriminated against and oppressed.In 1966, she helped to found the National Organization for Women(NOW).A reform organization, NOW battle d for “equal rights in partnership with men.”Canada: The Country and its PeopleI.A brief introduction of Canada(the geography, population, culture, economy, languages etc.)1)the 2nd largest country in size with a small population,2)has spectacular scenery of mountains, oceans, forests and prairies3)has a lively and rich culture4)one of the Big Seven(US, UK.Germany, France, Japan, Italy and Canada)in economy;has the best standards of living5)most Canadians live in the south of the country, along the 49th parallels(纬度)6)two official languages: English and French7)first become a political entity(政治实体)in 1867 and did not assume its present shape until 1949(直到1949年才具有目前的规模)(National Day: July 1st)II.The Canadian identity---It refers to something which is distinctively Canadian, which is different from other countries, and which is the very reason for making Canada so special.For example, two official languages of English and French can be considered as part of the Canadian identity.III.The regions of Canada---Motto: Canada stretches “from sea to sea” with the Pacific Ocean along the west coast and the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast---share with the U.S.the longest undefended national border in the world(加拿大和美国共享着世界上最长的不设防国界), a symbol of their good relations---consists of 10 provinces and 3 territories1.The north region of Canada---Canada extends up north into the Arctic Circle(北极圈)to the North pole.The north is a scarcely populated area of ice and oceans，which is sometimes called “the Land of the M idnight Sun”（午夜太阳之地）.This region is currently divided into three administrative territories—the Yukon(育空地区), the Northwest Territories and Nunavat（努勒维特地区a territory carved from eastern part of the original Northwest Territories in 1999）.And most of the inhabitants are Aboriginal people.The traditionaleconomy in this region was based on hunting and trapping animals for food and pelts, but now oil and gas deposits are also being developed.2.the west（西部1省）---the western-most province is British Columbia(布列颠哥伦比亚省)with 3 major mountain ranges running through it, among which the largest in ke Louise(路易斯湖), located in the Rockies, is the most famous image of the Canadian landscape （加拿大风景最突出的代表）.BC is Canada’s 2nd largest producer of hydroelectric power.However, its main economic mainstay(支柱)is its forests.It has the most valuable forestry industry.3.The Prairies(草原3省)---The prairie provinces of Alberta(阿尔伯塔省), Saskatchewan(萨斯喀彻温省)and Manitoba(马尼托巴省）lie east of the Rockies(落基山脉).The prairies are flat and featureless and have a harsh continental climate.They are called the breadbasket(胃, 腹）of Canada because the land is well-suited to farming, and wheat is one of the biggest agricultural crops in this area.The prairies are also rich in energy resources.4.Central Canada(2省)---Central Canada, Ontario(安大略省)and Quebec（魁北克省）, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provinces.They have the largest cities like Tor onto in Ontario, and the country’s 2nd largest city Montreal(蒙特利尔)in Quebec.The capital of the country Ottawa is also in Ontario.5.The Maritimes（滨海诸省：4个省）(the Atlantic regions)---The Atlantic provinces of New Brunswick(新不伦瑞克省), Nova Scotia（新斯科省the first part of Canada to be settled in 1604）, Prince Edward Island（爱德华太子岛省）andNewfoundland（纽芬兰省the last province to join Canada in 1949）are also known as the Maritimes.They are small in population and largely rely on the fishing industry for their economic wealth.They are rich in farming and forestry products and are quite popular tourist attractions.IV.The history1.the First Nations(the Aboriginal people)---the native Indians with rich cultures and highly developed societies.2.European settlement in Canada---Settlement by European began in the 17th century.French colonists first settled Canada.The earliest major settlements were established in Nova Scotia in 1604 and Quebec in 1608.During earlier settlements, the French set the Company of New France and Britai n founded the Hudson’s Bay Company to facilitate trade.3.In 1867 Canada was born when Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia all join together into a confederation.The Government and Politics of CanadaI.Canada’s political system1.Canada’s politic al system was greatly influenced by the two major foreign forces: Britain and America.2.American ideas influenced the Canadian system to some degree.For example, freedom of speech and freedom of information are much valued in contemporary Canada.So, Canadian society appears to be similar to American society, but they are different.While the US was founded on the idea of individualism---Americans aspire to “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”---Canadians chose to found a nation based on “peace, order and good government”.In other words, for Canadians, the well-being and liberty of individuals must sometimes be sacrificed for the greater good of the community.3.Canadian society allows a highdegree of tolerance of different values and customs.4.To find a workable balance between community and individual rights has been the central concern of Canadian policy-makers.5.It attempts to reconcile the two communities of English-speaking Canada and French-speaking Canada.II.Canada’s system of government1.based on the British system of parliamentary democracy, referred to as “Westminster-style” democracy英格兰东南部大伦敦的一个市区，位于泰晤士河岸。
英文文献综述(推荐文档)
外文文献Human Resource Management System as a tool at this stage is mainly used in the management of human resources to deal with all the quantitative issues such as employee time and attendance, payroll calculations are relatively common, there are some normative management, such as personnel files directory specification, identification of the labor contract situation real-time monitoring and so on, these are the premise down standardized quantitative management, management more standardized, dynamic, procedures, and management is greatly reduced manual work routine occupation human resource managers the proportion of time, improve the efficiency of human resource management, which is the primary objective of many companies to introduce human resource management system.As market competition intensifies, the needs of enterprise development, the use of information technology is only used to process these quantitative problem is far behind, the more important is adequate to IT and existing information combined with the use of certain the mathematical model of creative strategic analysis and forecasting, as its core business enterprises to provide forward-looking strategic planning, to enable enterprises to gain the initiative in the market competition. For example, employees of professional and technical personnel structure echelon analysis and forecasting of the core business of talent flow analysis and forecasting, etc., and the result of intelligence for business decision to provide alternative solutions based on the analysis. This is the main reason many companies urgently exploitation of human resources management information system.A good human resources management information system should first be the perfect blend of advanced management technology and information technology, which requires human resource managers must master the modern human resources management system, professional system of content and business processes, digestion and absorption of advancing human resource management concept, it can be interpreted in the software to optimize and standardize the entire contents of the energy flow of human resource management, human resource management department become information technology, standardization, personalized management platform. In addition, a reasonable and sound human resources management information system should also be able to take advantage of the wealth of information stored in the system, to provide fast, convenient and various statistical analysis for the HR department, and thus able to provide human resources to achieve corporate strategic objectives elements of decision support.With the development of computer technology, database technology, network technology, communication technology, establish a "ready, timely, uniform, efficient, safe," the human resources management information system has become possible, but also for the full range of human resources, dynamic management provided the conditions. On the one hand, it can be done to change the majority of companies today use multiple systems at the same time the situation and overcome the existing sub-professional information system information can not be shared weaknesses, human resources information management more scientific and standardization. On the other hand, can be done to meet the multi-level, require non-professional management, human resource managementinformation across the enterprise even wider range of shared, thus saving labor costs and improve efficiency. In addition, employees can do for self-service, human resources management has become relatively open from the previous closing. Hysteresis management becomes advanced and more. These benefits certainly can improve the human resources department of the highest corporate decision-makers as well as the quality of service of the staff, and the entire staff can participate in human resource management activities in the past.(A) improve the efficiency of human resource management.1. data sharing capabilitiesHuman resources management, including many aspects, such as staff management, labor management, appointment management cadre, staff training management, insurance planning, management, and so on. Establishment of a Human Resources Information System, as long as the employee information management department staff input into the computer, other departments can directly query and use, to achieve data sharing.2. Quick search functionHR information system on the basis of established data sharing, employee information can be linked, the staff only need to enter the employee's name, you can quickly find all kinds of useful information staff through print directly to obtain the necessary information.3. to achieve accurate information inquiriesIn the absence of established human resources information systems, employee information is scattered established, resulting in a work inconvenience. And as a result of the establishment of the human resources information system so that employees the information is unique, there is parity function while entering information, check discrepancy does not arise, ensuring the accuracy of the information inquiries.4. to achieve flexibleHuman resources management requires a lot of statistical reports, generate each report, you need at least one to two weeks. Human resources information systems usually accumulate information data, you can generate the required reports in minutes, easy to grasp the human resources department about the situation.(B) specification of information sources of the modern human resource management human resource management, mutual exchange of information between both. Therefore, in the establishment of human resources management information system, to consider a unified data source, unified data type, a unified coding standard, so that the whole system of data transfer in the network, data conversion to normal operation. This further standardize the source of corporate human resources information management, human resources management information also gradually move closer to international standards.(C) regulate the flow of human resources managementModern and efficient human resource management must develop a clear division oflabor in general, the effective management on the basis of the division of labor.Although the human resources information management system is a management tool, but its program of management, human resource management processes can be standardized, you can make the management of the program in the past has become blurred clarity, so that more perfect human resource management system, regulatory agencies more reasonably stable, manage data more scientific integrity.(D) for business leaders to provide effective services DecisionHuman resources management randomness is sometimes necessary to provide timely and accurate data. Due to human resource information system database data is modified at any time, to maintain full use of human resources information systems to share information. Therefore, you can easily, quickly and accurately from many sides, comprehensive analysis of human resource information, and to provide reliable data basis for leadership decision-making, thereby reducing the blindness of leadership decisions.人力资源管理系统作为一种工具，现阶段主要是在人力资源管理中用来处理所有定量的问题，比如员工考勤、薪酬计算是比较常用的，还有一些规范性的管理，如人事档案目录的规范、劳动合同鉴定情况的实时监控等等，这些都是在定量的前提下来规范管理，使管理更加标准化、动态化、程序化、与手工管理比较大大降低了例行性工作占用人力资源管理人员时间的比例，提高了人力资源管理部门的工作效率，这也是许多企业引入人力资源管理系统的首要目的。
英语文献综述范文模板
Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental HealthThe exponential growth of social media in the past decade has transformed the way people interact and consume information. This evolution, while bringing numerous conveniences, has also raised concerns about its impact on mental health. This literature review aims to synthesize the current research on the relationship between social media use and mental health.A primary theme that emerges from the literature is the potential for social media to either enhance or erode mental well-being. Numerous studies have shown that social media can serve as a platform for maintaining social connections, sharing experiences, and accessing support, which are crucial for mental health. However, there is also evidence that excessive use or problematic engagement with social media can lead to symptoms of anxiety and depression.One line of research focuses on the role of social comparison theory in social media usage. Researchers have found that the constant stream of "perfect" lives and achievements on social media can foster feelings of inadequacy and failure among users, leading to negative self-esteem and depression. Furthermore, the fear of missing out (FOMO) and the pressure to constantly update and engage with one's online presence can create a cycle of anxiety and stress.On the other hand, positive aspects of social media include access to information and resources for mental health support. Platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok have hosted numerous campaigns aimed at raising awareness and providing resources for mental health issues. Additionally, some studies have shown that social media can help individuals who struggle with mental health conditions connect with communities that share their experiences, allowing them to feel less alone and stigmatized.A critical consideration when interpreting research on the relationship between social media and mental health is the methodological limitations. Most studies have been correlational, making it difficult to establish causality. Furthermore, the definition and measurement of "social media use" can vary widely across studies, as can the factors that influence mental health outcomes.In conclusion, the impact of social media on mental health is complex and multifaceted. While social media has the potential to harm mental well-being through increased anxiety and depression, it also offers valuable resources and communities for support and connection. Future research should aim to address methodological limitations, identify mechanisms underlying these relationships, and explore potential interventions that can leverage the positive aspects of social media while mitigating its potential harms.。
英语文献综述 范文
英文文献综述范文深度解析与仿写**Abstract**This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure and format of an English literature review by analyzing a highly downloaded example. The review will delve into the essential elements of the review, such as the introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Furthermore, a high-quality imitation of the example will be provided to demonstrate its application in a different research context.**Introduction**The literature review is a crucial component of any research paper, as it provides a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge in a particular field. An effective literature review not only summarizes previous studies but also identifies gaps in knowledge and offers directions for future research. This article focuses on analyzing a popular English literature review example to understand its structure and key elements. By doing so, readerscan gain insights into writing a literature review that is both comprehensive and impactful.**Methodology**To ensure a thorough analysis, the article adopts a mixed-methods approach. First, a qualitative analysis of the example literature review is conducted to identify its key features and structure. This involves a close reading of the review, noting its organization, themes, and arguments. Second, a quantitative analysis is performed by examining the frequency of citations, types of sources used, and the overall tone and language of the review. This combination of qualitative and quantitative methods allows for a comprehensive understanding of the example's strengths and weaknesses.**Results**The analysis reveals that the example literature review follows a clear structure, with distinct sections for the introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Theintroduction provides a broad overview of the topic and sets the stage for the review. The methodology section describes the approach taken to select and analyze the literature, while the results section presents a synthesis of the key findings. The discussion section offers insights into the implications of the findings and highlights areas of controversy or disagreement. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the key points and offers directions for future research.**Discussion**The analysis further highlights the importance of critically evaluating the sources used in the literature review. The example demonstrates the use of both primary and secondary sources, with a focus on peer-reviewed articles from reputable journals. This ensures the reliability and validity of the information presented. Additionally, the review's language is clear, concise, and engaging, making it accessible to a wide audience.However, it is worth noting that while the example is highly regarded, it may not be suitable for all research contexts.Researchers need to consider their specific research aims, topic, and audience when writing a literature review. For instance, a review focusing on a niche area may require a different approach or may need to include less common or non-traditional sources.**Conclusion**In conclusion, the analysis of the popular English literature review example provides valuable insights into its structure, format, and key elements. By模仿this example, researchers can create a comprehensive and impactful literature review that adds value to their research paper. However, it is essential to adapt the review to the specific research context, ensuring its relevance and applicability.**中文文献综述范文深度解析与仿写****摘要**本文旨在通过分析一篇下载量极高的英文文献综述范文，为读者提供关于文献综述结构与格式的综合理解。
文献综述英文版
文献综述英文版The process of conducting a literature review is a crucial step in academic research, as it enables researchers to gain a comprehensive understanding of the existing body of knowledge on a particular topic. A well-executed literature review serves several important functions, including identifying gaps in the current research, highlighting areas that require further investigation, and providing a strong foundation for the development of new research questions and hypotheses.One of the primary goals of a literature review is to provide a critical analysis of the relevant literature, synthesizing the key findings, theories, and methodologies that have been employed in previous studies. This involves carefully examining and evaluating the quality, reliability, and validity of the existing research, as well as identifying any biases or limitations that may be present. By doing so, the researcher can gain a deeper understanding of the current state of the field and identify areas where further research is needed.In the process of conducting a literature review, the researchershould strive to be as comprehensive and objective as possible, considering a wide range of sources, including peer-reviewed journal articles, books, conference proceedings, and other relevant materials. It is important to use a systematic and rigorous approach to searching for and selecting the relevant literature, employing appropriate search strategies and inclusion/exclusion criteria to ensure that the review is representative and unbiased.One of the key challenges in conducting a literature review is the sheer volume of information that is available on most research topics. With the rapid growth of academic publishing, researchers are often faced with the daunting task of sifting through a vast array of potentially relevant sources. To address this challenge, it is important to develop effective strategies for organizing and managing the literature, such as using bibliographic management software, creating detailed search logs, and organizing the literature into thematic or conceptual categories.Another important aspect of a literature review is the synthesis and integration of the existing research. This involves identifying the key themes, theories, and methodologies that emerge from the literature, and then weaving these elements together into a cohesive and coherent narrative. This process requires the researcher to move beyond simply summarizing the existing research to identifying the underlying connections and relationships between the variousstudies.In addition to providing a comprehensive overview of the existing literature, a well-executed literature review can also serve as a foundation for the development of new research questions and hypotheses. By identifying gaps or inconsistencies in the existing research, the researcher can identify areas that merit further investigation and develop new research projects that have the potential to make a meaningful contribution to the field.One of the key challenges in writing a literature review is striking the right balance between breadth and depth. On the one hand, the review should be comprehensive, covering a wide range of relevant sources and perspectives. On the other hand, the review should also be focused and cohesive, with a clear organizational structure and a well-developed argument. Achieving this balance requires the researcher to carefully select and synthesize the most relevant and meaningful information, while also maintaining a clear and concise writing style.In conclusion, the literature review is a critical component of academic research, serving to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing body of knowledge on a particular topic, identify gaps and areas for further investigation, and lay the groundwork for the development of new research questions and hypotheses. Byemploying a systematic and rigorous approach to the literature review process, researchers can enhance the quality and impact of their work, and make a meaningful contribution to the advancement of knowledge in their field.。
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Modern office building integrated design researchIn 1, the demand of environmental protectionThe earth is our common home, development of human civilization in the history also paid heavy price, the human living environment worsening. The protection of the earth, love for the environment, maintaining the ecological, realize the sustainable development, has become the government and the common people the focus of attention. Office buildings in its energy consumption and environmental pollution etc, be the first to bear the brunt, office buildings ecological trend of course has become a historical necessity, mainly reflected in the energy saving, environmental protection, use of materials and the quality of the space environment and other aspects of the improvement. Environmental protection has always been around the social construction of sustainable development and person and natural harmonious relationship problems, determines the current office building environmental protection, energy-saving development factors.To successfully achieve this purpose, the building must benefit from can complete a series of objectives of comprehensive design. The new train of thought is the natural energy ( solar energy, wind energy, natural lighting, natural ventilation ) and artificial systems ( lighting, air conditioning and building management system) combined, its main technical means are: one, with new photovoltaic panels for solar energy electric energy to provide power for added; two, by the middle of the adjustable visor double-layer outer wall of air convection effect to improve the indoor environment and energy consumption; three, to implement the water cycle to provide supplemental source; four, with a wind turbine to generate electric power.In 2, the needs of humanityOffice space design of the service object is the one in which the work of the staff, so it needs to consider many aspects, related to science, technology, humanities, art and other factors. Comfortable office space can not only make people have a sense of satisfaction, stimulate the work enthusiasm and creativity, but also enhance the intellectual labor effect. Comfort is around office building value is one of the important factors.Due to the production of high efficiency, life focus and the competition pressure, the requirement to construction from the enjoyment of the material to the spirit of joy pursuit, aesthetics, ecology, psychology, sociology, residential human ergonomics, behavior science and other disciplines will be reflected in the building, architectural culture and emotional fusion. The design of office buildings and stressed that "people-oriented" concept, through the exchange of people and communication to create a kind of humanized space. Public space and architectural space in the hall the bottom was also developed and more humane. The last office buildings are often indifferent boring, can only provide monochromatic cold space. Now, a variety of stone for the design offers a wide variety of colors and patterns. Wood and glass is often used in public space, interior and landscape design is introduced to high-rise buildings. Bamboo, trees, flowers and other green often give public space (such as the entrance lobby space ) humane features.3, the tendency of diversificationAs the office and efficiency change and improve, will inevitably lead to changes in office scale and office space, industrial era, hundreds of thousands of people in the large-scale space group office approach is obviously be inopportune or inappropriate, small scale, specialization, systematization of modern office form mainstream. In addition to government agencies and large financial institutions, it has been difficult for us to see in the city office building is an enterprise in the office. As a result of office system more professional and complex, the building has a composite function. Office forms are derived from office apartment, hotel type office complex office building. Can say, modern office building is not only the staff offices, and often is a set of office, residential, home, exhibition, culture, business, catering, entertainment, social, as one of a comprehensive building.现代化办公建筑的整体化设计研究1、环境保护的需求地球是我们人类共同生活的家园，在人类文明发展的历程上也付出了沉重的代价，人类的生存条件日益恶化。
保护地球、热爱环境、维护生态、实现人类的可持续发展，已成为了各国政府和人民的共同关注的焦点。
办公建筑在其能源消耗和环境污染等方面首当其冲，办公建筑的生态化趋势当然也就成为了历史的必然，主要体现在节能、环保、材料使用和空间环境质量等几个方面的改进。