AUTO-INDUSTRY印度汽车行业介绍-英文材料
外文文献--比亚迪新能源汽车产品营销策略研究
英文文献In recent years, with the continuous development of national economy, all countries in the world especially developing countries, led by China, India, the rapid growth of car ownership. Automobile exhaust emission for the damage caused by the natural environment and human living environment is more and more obvious; Cars need rising oil consumption, the international energy supply tensions, human production and way of life has come to have to change from time to time. Brought by the traditional automobile energy consumption and climate warming have not allow to ignore. Under such background, the development of new energy vehicles to reduce the pollution of the environment, ease the oil shortage has important significance.New energy vehicles include hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles, including solar cars), fuel cell electric vehicles and other new energy vehicles, etc. Different from other conventional vehicles, new energy vehicles use unconventional fuel as power source, has the advantages of low emission even zero emission pollution to the environment pressure is small, has a very broad prospects. A hybrid car is the key to a hybrid system, its performance is directly related to the overall performance of a hybrid car. After more than ten years of technology development, the hybrid system has been from the original engine and the discrete structure of the motor to the development of engine, motor and transmission integration structure, namely integrated hybrid system.A hybrid car is the electric car with the combination of the traditional internal combustion engine vehicle, it inherits the low-emission electric cars, the advantages of low noise, and played a common fuel cars and the advantages of high power, high torque significantly improved the traditional internal combustion engine vehicle emissions and fuel economy, increased the range of pure electric vehicles, by the internal combustion engine cars to electric cars play an important role in the process.Mixed type hybrid vehicle systems includes the characteristics of series and parallel connection. Power system including engines, generators and motors. Driven by an electric motor driving only when in low speed, when the speed match the engine and electric motor drive the car. This way need power distribution device and generator, etc., so the structure is complex. Pure electric vehicles is a kind of using single battery as energy storage power cars. It USES battery as energy storage power source, through the battery to the electric motor, Drive electric motor operation, thus pushing the car. Pure electric vehicle chassis, body, batteries, electric motors, controller and battery and so on six parts. Due to the electric motor with good traction, so pureelectric vehicle drive system does not need the clutch and transmission. Speed regulation system of speed control by the controller through change the speed of the electric motor can be realized. And the difference from the hybrid, pure electric vehicles as a device without the use of internal combustion engine completely, also do not use fuels such as gasoline, diesel, but completely use rechargeable batteries.The advantage of pure electric vehicles is: first, it itself is not the harmful gas of atmospheric pollution emissions. Even by the equivalent power consumption of power plant emissions, in addition to sulfur and particulate matter, other pollutants was also significantly reduced, because most of power plants built in away from the densely populated cities, less damage in humans, and power plants is stationary, concentration of emissions, remove all kinds of harmful emissions more easily, also have the relevant technology. Due to power can be obtained from a variety of primary energy, such as coal, hydropower, nuclear power, lifting the people fear of petroleum resources became more and more dried up. Second, pure electric vehicles can also make full use of the night when trough the surplus electricity power, make the generating equipment can make full use of day and night, greatly improve the economic benefit. In addition, the pure electric vehicle structure is simple, operation and less driving part, maintenance is convenient.At present, the pure electric vehicles there are still some technical defects. The main problem is the battery unit weight to store too much electricity, once after a full charge mileage is not ideal; At the same time, high reserves battery service life is short, the cost is high, make the overall cost is higher, pure electric vehicles, of course, it's none of pure electric vehicles to realize commercialization, also can't form scale economy. Therefore, the development of a wide range of pure electric vehicles is the top priority of the development of advanced battery.Fuel cell car fuel cell is used as the power source of electric vehicles. The battery energy is through the chemistry of hydrogen and oxygen, directly into electricity. Storage of hydrogen and oxygen in the air in the fuel cell produces chemical reaction, generate electricity to start the motor, so as to drive the car. In addition, methanol, hydrogen gas, gasoline, diesel oil can replace. Fuel cell in the process of chemical reaction without burning, so the fuel cell car is no pollution to the environment. At the same time, the energy conversion efficiency of fuel cell is 2 to 3 times higher than the internal combustion engine, so from the aspects of energy utilization and environmental protection, is an ideal vehicle fuel cell car.Compared with the traditional vehicles, fuel cell vehicles has the following advantages: no pollution, zero emissions. To reduce the greenhouse gas emissions High energy conversion effect.Wide range of fuel selection. In recent years, great progress has been made in fuel cell technology, the world many famous automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, ford, BMW, etc are purposeful, planned to fuel cell vehicles on the market.Hydrogen powered cars are divided into hydrogen fuel cell vehicles with hydrogen internal combustion vehicle. The former with ordinary fuel cell cars, by hydrogen fuel cells in liquid hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity in the air to push the car. With hydrogen fuel cell vehicles using different motor, hydrogen is used for car internal combustion engine, by hydrogen gas and air mixture combustion produces energy, so as to move the car. Hydrogen internal combustion vehicle in a zero discharge of hydrogen fuel-cell cars, no pollution, etc.Befoul refers to product or its by-products of agriculture and forestry, industrial waste, living garbage and other biological organism and its metabolic waste as raw material for making fuel. In most cases, "befoul" used to specifically to ethanol, methanol, a liquid fuels such as bodies. Befouls mainly include biological diesel cars and fuel ethanol car.New energy cars represent the future of the world automobile industry development direction, is the commanding heights of the world automobile industry in the future. Vigorously develop new energy vehicles is the world's countries and major automakers common strategic choice. Since the 2008 financial crisis, the world's major automobile production countries increase the development of new energy automotive industry as its industry competition ability, keep the sustainable economic and social development of major strategic measures. At the same time, the development of new energy vehicles but also the breach to seek a new economic growth point and the basic way to realize transportation energy transformation. Support for new energy vehicle technology and related fiscal and tax policy, has become the powerful weapon of countries to tackle the financial crisis. To that end, countries have issued a series of policies and measures to encourage domestic the development of new energy vehicles and related industry.As the world's second largest auto producer and a handful of automotive technology powerhouse, Japan, which is mainly composed of hybrid and electric vehicles in the development of new energy vehicles, leads the world in other countries. At the same time, Japan is also a hybrid car penetration of the highest. On April 12, 2010, the Japanese economy, trade and industry joint Japan each big auto companies and the academic community to set up the strategy of "a new generation of automobile research institute" announced "a new generation of automotive strategy 2010", put forward to Japan built "a new generation of new energy automobile research and development and production base". Study the development of Japan's new energy automotiveindustry will have on the development of new energy vehicles industry in China has important significance.中文文献近年来，随着国民经济的不断发展，世界各国尤其是以中国、印度为首的发展中国家的汽车保有量急剧增长。
印度汽车产业
印度汽车工业概述印度从20世纪40年代就开始制造汽车。
在亚洲汽车历史上，是在日本之后第二个制造汽车的国家。
但是迄今工业仅占其GDP的20%，汽车工业的占比更是微不足道，只有百分之几。
由于印度汽车工业有较长的历史，其零部件产业有相当程度的配套能力。
然而，由于独立以后把汽车作为奢侈消费品，在投资上限制汽车组装投资项目，只保留了两家汽车组装厂。
于是，这两家组装厂垄断市场，并承担起零部件100%国产化的责任。
不仅质量差，价格贵，而且数十年的老车型一成不变，缺乏竞争力，国内市场汽车普及率也低。
为此，印度政府在20世纪80年代与铃木合资，成立了“马鲁奇汽车公司”，1983年开始制造马鲁奇800小型车。
现在，随着对外资的进一步开放，印度汽车市场已经进入多国的外资组装厂激烈竞争的阶段。
塔塔汽车是印度塔塔集团下属的子公司，1954年与德国戴姆勒奔驰合作，1969年能够独立设计出自己的产品，主要生产商用车。
1999年，塔塔开始进入乘用车领域。
美国的一份汽车调查报告指出，到2013年印度有可能成为第五大汽车市场，超越韩国、法国、巴西。
业内认为，在未来10年内印度汽车及相关行业的迅猛发展，预计2016年印度国内汽车业的收益将达到1450亿美元，受此影响印度国内的钢材消费也将大幅增加。
预计10年之后，印度汽车业所占全国GDP的份额将增加至10%。
从目前的发展趋势来看，如果国家保持现有的鼓励政策，未来10年中汽车行业每年的增长幅度将达到16%，并且将成为全球汽车的主要生产和组装基地。
目前，现有的一些汽车生产商（如：塔塔汽车公司、本田汽车、丰田汽车和铃木汽车）看准这个时机并加大投资和扩大生产。
最近，塔塔汽车出资23亿美元收购福特旗下的美洲豹和路虎两大品牌，并推出1.8万人民币左右的汽车，这些都引起了世界汽车业界的轰动，同时也彰显了印度本土汽车工业的实力。
根据业内预计印度国内汽车产量到2015年产量将突破350万辆/年，同时将有2500万人使用汽车。
汽车行业英文术语
汽车行业英文术语The automotive industry is a complex and dynamic field that is constantly evolving with new technologies and trends. Understanding the various English technical terms used in this industry is crucial for professionals and enthusiasts alike. In this article, we will explore and explain some common English terms used in the automotive industry.1. EngineThe engine is the heart of a vehicle, responsible for converting fuel into mechanical energy to power the car. In the automotive industry, there are various types of engines, including:- Internal Combustion Engine: An engine that burns fuel inside a combustion chamber to produce power.- Electric Motor: A motor that runs on electricity and powers electric vehicles.2. TransmissionThe transmission is a crucial component in a vehicle that transfers power from the engine to the wheels. There are different types of transmissions, such as:- Manual Transmission: Requires the driver to manually shift gears using a clutch pedal.- Automatic Transmission: Shifts gears automatically without the need for manual input.- CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission): Offers seamless shifting without fixed gear ratios.3. SuspensionThe suspension system in a vehicle helps to absorb shocks and bumps from the road, providing a smooth and comfortable ride. Common suspension terms include:- Coil Spring: A type of spring used in suspension systems to absorb and distribute impacts.- Shock Absorber: A component that dampens and controls the motion of the suspension.- Strut: A structural component that forms part of the suspension system and supports the vehicle's weight.4. BodyThe body of a vehicle refers to the main structure that encloses the passenger compartment and cargo area. Some key body terms include:- Chassis: The frame on which the vehicle's body is mounted.- Hood: The front cover of the engine compartment.- Fender: The panel that surrounds the wheel well and protects the body from debris.5. ElectronicsModern vehicles are equipped with a wide range of electronic systems and components. Some important electronic terms in the automotive industry include:- ECU (Engine Control Unit): A computer that controls engine functions and performance.- ABS (Anti-lock Braking System): A safety system that prevents the wheels from locking up during braking.- GPS (Global Positioning System): A navigation system that provides location information and directions.6. SafetySafety is a top priority in the automotive industry, and there are various terms related to vehicle safety, such as:- Airbags: Inflatable cushions that protect occupants in the event of a collision.- Crumple Zone: A structural feature that absorbs impact energy and protects passengers.- Traction Control: A system that helps prevent wheel spin and loss of control.7. EnvironmentalAs environmental concerns become more prominent, the automotive industry has been focusing on eco-friendly solutions. Some environmental terms include:- Hybrid Vehicle: A vehicle that uses a combination of an internal combustion engine and electric motor.- Zero Emission: Refers to vehicles that produce no harmful emissions during operation.- Regenerative Braking: A system that converts braking energy into usable electricity.In conclusion, understanding the various English technical terms used in the automotive industry is essential for professionals and enthusiasts to communicate effectively and stay informed about the latest developments in the field. By familiarizing oneself with these terms, individuals can better navigate the complexities of the automotive industry and stay ahead of the curve.。
介绍汽车的作文英语
介绍汽车的作文英语Cars have become an integral part of modern life, transforming the way we travel, commute, and experience the world around us. Since the invention of the automobile in the late 19th century, cars have evolved significantly in terms of design, technology, and functionality. In this essay, we will delve into the history, development, and impact of cars on society.History of Cars。
The history of automobiles dates back to the late 19th century when Karl Benz patented the first gasoline-powered car in 1886. This invention revolutionized transportation and paved the way for the automotive industry. Over the years, various innovations and advancements have contributed to the development of faster, safer, and more efficient cars.Types of Cars。
Today, there is a wide variety of cars available in the market, catering to different needs and preferences. Some of the most common types of cars include:1. Sedans: These are four-door cars designed for everyday use and are popular among families and commuters.2. SUVs (Sports Utility Vehicles): SUVs are known for their spacious interiors and off-road capabilities. They are ideal for large families and adventurous individuals.3. Hatchbacks: Characterized by a rear door that swings upward, hatchbacks are versatile and offer a good balance of comfort and practicality.4. Sports Cars: Designed for speed and performance, sports cars are sleek, aerodynamic, and often come with powerful engines.5. Electric Cars: With the growing concern for the environment, electric cars have gained popularity in recentyears. They are powered by electric motors and produce zero emissions.Technology and Innovation。
AUTO INDUSTRY印度汽车行业介绍-英文材料
AUTO INDUSTRYOn the canvas of the Indian economy, auto industry occupies a prominent place. Due to its deep forward and backward linkages with several key segments of the economy, automotive industry has a strong multiplier effect and is capable of being the driver of economic growth.A sound transportation system plays a pivotal role in the country's rapid economic and industrial development. The well-developed Indian automotive industry ably fulfils this catalytic role by producing a wide variety of vehicles: passenger cars, light, medium and heavy commercial vehicles, multi-utility vehicles such as jeeps, scooters, motorcycles, mopeds, three wheelers, tractors etc.The automotive sector is one of the core industries of the Indian economy, whose prospect is reflective of the economic resilience of the country. Continuous economic liberalization over the years by the government of India has resulted in making India as one of the prime business destination for many global automotive players. The automotive sector in India is growing at around 18 per cent per annum.The Indian automotive industry started its new journey from 1991 with delicensing of the sector and subsequent opening up for 100 per cent FDI through automatic route. Since then almost all the global majors have set up their facilities in India taking the production of vehicle from 2 million in 1991 to 9.7 million in 2006 (nearly 7 per cent of global automobiles production and 2.4 per cent of four wheeler production).The cumulative annual growth rate of production of the automotive industry from the year 2000-2001 to 2005-2006 was 17 per cent. The cumulative annual growth rate of exports during the period 2000-01 to 2005-06 was 32.92 per cent. The production of the automotive industry is expected to achieve a growth rate of over 20 per cent in 2006-07 and about 15 per cent in 2007-08. The export during the same period is expected to grow over 20 per cent.Advantage IndiaIndia holds huge potential in the automobile sector including the automobile component sector owing to its technological, cost and manpower advantage. Further, India has a well-developed, globally competitive Auto Ancillary Industry and established automobile testing and R&D centres. The country enjoys natural advantage and is among the lowest cost producers of steel in the world. The Indian automobile industry today boasts of being the largest three wheeler second largest two wheelers manufacturers in the world, world largest motorcycle manufacturer is in India, second largest tractor manufacturer in the world, fifth largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in the world and third largest car market in Asia.Investment Opportunities∙Establishing Research and Development Centres∙Establishing Engineering Centres∙Passenger Car Segment∙Two Wheeler Segment∙Heavy truck SegmentProductionOne of the largest industries in India, automotive industry has been witnessing impressive growth during the last two decades. Abolition of licensing in 1991, permitting automatic approval and successive liberalization of the sector over the years have led to overall development of the automobile industry. The freeing of the industry from restrictive environment, on the one hand, helped it to restructure, absorb new technologies, align itself to global developments and realize its potential and on the other hand, this has significantly increased industry's contribution to overall industrial growth in the country. The automobile industry witnessed a growth of 19.35 percent in April- July 2006 when compared to April- July 2005.Automobile Production TrendsSource: Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM)Domestic SalesThe cumulative growth of the Passenger Vehicles segment during April-May 2007 was 11.61 per cent. Passenger cars grew by 10.84 percent, Utility Vehicles (UVs)by 12.20 per cent and Multi Purpose Vehicles (MPVs) by 21.93 percent in April-May 2007 compared to the same period last year.In April-May 2007, the Commercial Vehicles (CVs) segment grew by 3.61 per cent over the same period in 2006. Light Commercial Vehicles recorded a growth of 18.80 per cent; however, Medium & Heavy Commercial Vehicles witnessed a fall by 6.14 percent.Three Wheelers sales fell by 5.32 percent with sales of both Goods Carriers decreasing by -8.99 percent and Passenger Carriers by 2.77 percent during the period.Two Wheeler market also registered a negative growth of 8.02 percent during April-May 2007 over April-May 2006. Though Scooters, Mopeds and Electric Two Wheelers grew by 17.78 percent, 25.53 percent and 101.54 percent respectively, motorcycles, which is the main segment in this category, registered a decline of 13.20 percent.Automobile Domestic Sales TrendSource: Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM)ExportsAutomobile exports continued to register growth at 18.52 percent during April-May 2007 over the same period last year.Commercial vehicles exports increased by 28.24 percent, Three wheelers exports grew by 45.17 per cent and two wheelers exports grew by 21.86 per cent. However, passenger vehicles exports registered a decline of 9.03 percent, with all its sub-segments registering negative growth.Automobile Export TrendsSource: Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM)Auto Components IndustrySurge in automobile industry since the nineties has led to robust growth of the auto component sector in the country. In tandem with the industry trends, the Indian component sector has shown great advances in recent years in terms of growth, spread, absorption of new technologies and flexibility. Indian auto component industry has seen major growth with the arrival of world vehicle manufacturers from Japan, Korea, US and Europe. Today, India is emerging as one of the key auto components center in Asia and is expected to play a significant role in the global automotive supply chain in the near future.The auto parts industry has emerged as one of India's fastest growing manufacturing sectors and a globally competitive one. The auto components industry in India is dominated by around 500 key players, which contribute more than 85 percent of India's production. The industry has very deep forward and backward linkages with almost every other engineering manufacturing sector of the economy. It supports industries like automobiles, machine tools, steel, aluminum, rubber, plastics, electrical, electronics, forgings and machining.India has also emerged as an outsourcing hub for auto parts for international companies such as Ford, General Motors, Daimler Chrysler, Fiat, Volkswagon, and Toyota.India enjoys cost advantage with regard to castings and forgings. The manufacturing costs in India are 25 to 30 percent lower than its western counterparts. India's competitive advantage does not come from costs alone, but from its full service supply capability.To encourage the smooth growth of the industry, the Government of India has allowed automatic approval for foreign equity investment up to 100 percent of manufacture of auto components. Further, the engineering export promotion council under the aegis of Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, over the years has been engaged in promoting exports of engineering goods including auto parts. Besides, the Automotive Component Manufacturers' Association of India (ACMA) represents the Indian autocomponent industry. The association is engaged in promoting trade, technology upgradation, quality enhancement, and collection and dissemination of information.The vital statistics pertaining to the auto components sector during 2004-05 and 2005-06 are outlined below:Exports of auto-componentsIndia is being preferred as low cost country by various global OEMs for sourcing auto components for their worldwide production. As a result of this, Indian auto component industry's export scenario has changed. Now, 75 per cent of its export is directed to OEM and rest is feeding the after sales market overseas. while auto component exports grew by 40 per cent in 2004-05 to a level of US$ 1.4 billion, it registered a growth rate of 46 per cent in 2005-06 and crossed US$ 2 billion mark. A high growth of over 40 per cent is expected to materialize in 2006-07 as well. Total export was of the order of Rs. 6237 crore during the year 2004-05 and Rs. 9127 crore during the year 2005-06.Policy InitiativesAutomobile Policy 2002The Automobile Policy 2002 seeks to make India an international hub for manufacturing small affordable passenger cars and a key centre for manufacturing tractors and two-wheelers for sales world wide.Foreign Direct Investment∙The Indian auto industry with a turnover of US$ 12 billion and the auto parts industry with a turnover of US$3 billion offer excellent scope for FDI.∙Automatic approval for foreign equity investment upto 100 per cent of manufacture of automobiles and component is permitted.∙The automobile industry is delicensed∙Import of components is freely allowedAutomotive Mission Plan 2016The Government of India is drawing up an Automotive Mission Plan 2016 (AMP 2016) that aims to make India a global automotive hub. To maintain the high rate of growth of the automotive industry and to retain the attractiveness of Indian market and further enhancing the competitiveness of Indian companies, the Government has prepared the mentionedten-year Automotive Mission Plan. The idea is to draw a futuristic plan of action with full participation of the stakeholders and to implement it in mission mode to meet the challenges coming in the way of growth of industry. Through this Automotive Mission Plan, Government also wants to provide a level playing field to the players in the sector and to lay a predictable future direction of growth to enable the manufacturers in making a more informed investment decision.Major players in the automobile sector∙Tata∙Mahindra∙Ashok Leyland∙Bajaj∙Hero Honda∙Daimler Chrysler∙Suzuki∙Ford∙Fiat∙Hyundai∙General Motors∙Volvo∙Yamaha∙MazdaUseful Web Links∙Society for Indian Automobile Manufacturers∙Department of Heavy Industries∙Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India。
汽车领域的介绍英文作文
汽车领域的介绍英文作文英文，In the realm of automobiles, there exists a world of innovation, passion, and functionality. Cars, as we commonly refer to them, have become an indispensable part of our lives, providing us with convenience, freedom, and sometimes even a sense of identity.From the sleek lines of a sports car to the ruggedness of an off-road vehicle, automobiles come in various shapes and sizes, catering to different needs and preferences. For instance, when it comes to family outings, a spacious SUV might be the ideal choice, offering ample room for both passengers and cargo. On the other hand, for those craving adrenaline-pumping experiences, a nimble sports car with powerful acceleration and precise handling would be more enticing.The automotive industry is not just about the vehicles themselves; it encompasses a wide array of components and technologies that work together to create the drivingexperience. Take, for example, the engine, often hailed as the heart of a car. Whether it's a traditional internal combustion engine or an electric motor powering the vehicle, advancements in engine technology have led to improvementsin performance, fuel efficiency, and environmental friendliness.Moreover, safety features play a pivotal role in modern automobiles, providing peace of mind to drivers and passengers alike. From anti-lock braking systems (ABS) to advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), these technologies help mitigate risks and prevent accidents on the road. For instance, adaptive cruise controlautomatically adjusts the vehicle's speed to maintain asafe distance from the car ahead, reducing the likelihoodof rear-end collisions.In addition to functionality, automobiles also serve as cultural symbols and status markers. A luxury sedan parkedin the driveway may convey success and prestige, while a vintage convertible cruising down the coastal highwayevokes nostalgia and charm. Brands like Ferrari,Lamborghini, and Rolls-Royce are not just manufacturers of cars; they represent a lifestyle, a dream for many enthusiasts around the world.In conclusion, the world of automobiles is afascinating blend of engineering marvels, personal expression, and societal influence. Whether it's the thrill of the open road or the comfort of a daily commute, cars continue to shape our lives in profound ways.中文，在汽车领域，存在着创新、激情和实用性的世界。
印度塔塔集团小车车
Tata Nano :The World’s First Rs.1 Lakh CarQuestions:1.Is the Tata Nano a radical innovation or an incremental innovation?Competence enhancing or destroying, and from whose perspective? Is it a component or architectural innovation?塔塔Nano是一个激进的创新或渐进式创新？竞争力的提高，或毁灭，从个人的角度？它是一个组件或建筑创新？Answers:Incremental innovationAn innovation that makes a relatively minor change form existing practices渐进式创新创新，使一个相对较小的变化，现行的做法Competence-enhancing innovationAn innovation that builds on existing knowledge and skills. Whether an innovation is competence destroying depends on whose perspectives is being taken.能力，提高创新能力现有的知识和技能的基础上的创新。
无论是创新能力摧毁取决于其观点正在采取。
Component innovationAn innovation to one or more components that does not significantly affect the over rall configuration of the system组件创新一个创新的一个或多个组件，不显着影响过RALL系统配置的2.What factors do you think influence the rate at which consumers have adopted(or will adopt)the Tata Nano? 你认为是什么因素影响消费者采用率（或通过）的塔塔Nano Answers:We believe there are some factors will effect customers to adopt the Tata Nano, and different factors will be key factor in different stages of adopted level, One typology of adopter categories that gained prominence was proposed by Everett M. Rogers. 我们相信，有一些因素会影响客户采用塔塔Nano ，并在不同的阶段采用水平不同的因素将是关键因素，一个类型学的采用者类别中获得了主导地位，提出了由埃弗雷特M. Rogers 。
汽车行业新科技英文资料
汽车行业新科技英文资料The Automotive Industry: Exploring New Technological InnovationsIntroductionThe automotive industry has always been at the forefront of technological advancements, shaping the world we live in today. With each passing year, new innovations emerge, revolutionizing the way we perceive transportation and mobility. In this article, we will delve into some of the latest technological breakthroughs within the automotive industry.1. Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Sustainable MobilityThe rise of electric vehicles has been one of the most significant developments in recent years. EVs offer a sustainable solution to traditional combustion engines, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependency on fossil fuels. Major car manufacturers, such as Tesla, Nissan, and BMW, have taken great strides in producing electric vehicles that provide impressive driving ranges and quick charging capabilities.2. Autonomous Driving TechnologyAutonomous driving technology has been a hot topic of discussion and research within the automotive industry. Companies like Google's Waymo and Tesla have invested heavily in developing self-driving cars. These vehicles utilize a combination of advanced sensors, radar systems, and artificial intelligence to navigate and make decisions on the road. Autonomous driving technology has the potential to greatly enhance roadsafety, reduce accidents, and offer increased mobility for people with disabilities.3. Connected Cars and Internet of Things (IoT)Connected cars leverage the power of the Internet of Things (IoT) to revolutionize the driving experience. Vehicles equipped with IoT technology can communicate with each other, as well as with the surrounding infrastructure, such as traffic lights and road signs. This connectivity allows for real-time traffic updates, remote control capabilities, and enhanced safety features. Additionally, connected cars open doors for a wide range of new services, such as personalized entertainment options and remote diagnostics.4. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are becoming increasingly common in modern vehicles. These systems help drivers in various ways, including lane departure warnings, automatic emergency braking, blind-spot detection, and adaptive cruise control. ADAS technologies provide an extra layer of safety and convenience, improving overall driving experience and reducing the risk of accidents.5. Augmented Reality (AR) in Automotive ManufacturingIn the field of automotive manufacturing, augmented reality (AR) technology has found its place. AR enables engineers and technicians to overlay information and digital models onto the physical components, providing real-time guidance during assembly, maintenance, and repairs. This technology streamlines production processes, enhances efficiency, and reduces errors, ultimately leading to cost savings for manufacturers.ConclusionThe automotive industry continues to evolve and embrace new technological advancements, propelling the world towards a more sustainable and connected future. The rise of electric vehicles, autonomous driving technology, connected cars, ADAS, and augmented reality in manufacturing are just a few of the remarkable innovations reshaping the automotive landscape. As technology continues to advance, there is no doubt that the automotive industry will continue to surprise us with new innovations and exciting possibilities.。
Indian Tata Automobile
March/April 2008THE TATA WAY: EVOLVING AND EXECUTING SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS STRATEGIESby Oana Branzei and Anant G. NadkarniOana Branzei is Assistant Professor of Strategy and David G. Burgoyne Faculty Fellow at the Richard IveySchool of Business. She is also a faculty member of the Cross-Enterprise Leadership Centre on BuildingSustainable Value, the Research Network for Business Sustainability, the Corporate Sustainability DoctoralAcademy, and the Sustainable Enterprise Academy.Anant G. Nadkarni is Vice President Corporate Sustainability for the TATA Group, Secretary of the TataCouncil for Community Initiatives. He has worked with the United Nations Development Program and theConfederation of Indian Industry (CII) to advance the platform of sustainability.As corporate social responsibility is becoming increasingly important in attaining and sustainingcompetitive advantage, many companies have signed on to pro-environmental and pro-socialinitiatives. But can such initiatives promote doing good while strengthening a firm’s competitiveadvantage? Starting with a Tata Workout in 2001, CEOs of the TATA companies have collectivelyevolved an integrated approach to embedding a sustainability mindset into their systems, people, andprocesses. In 2007, their efforts culminated in the launch of a Leadership Protocol that promotes botha systemic legacy and personality footprints for the next generation of TATA leaders. The authorsdiscuss how this comprehensive approach for the execution of sustainability strategies canstrengthen the connection between corporate social responsibility and global competitiveness.Walmart has Sustainability 360. MacDonald’s is greening its supply chains to promote fair-trade coffee and sustainable fisheries. Monsanto developed a trans fat-free soybean, helping make KFC’s fried chicken a healthier choice and now works with farmers around the world to mitigate agriculture's overall impact on our environment. And Toyota’s “Prius for the people” helps climate change mindful people make the right choice on their way to work.Few corporate leaders would disagree that “today's companies ought to invest in corporate social responsibility as part of their business strategy to become more competitive” (Porter & Kramer, 2006). But connecting doing good and doing well poses new challenges in strategy formulation and execution. There are a handful of systematic guidelines that have helped disseminate best practices among future-minded corporations: the ISO 14000 Environmental Management Standard , the Global Reporting Initiative's Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, and more recently, the Social Accountability International's SA8000 code of conduct. As more companies sign on to these agreements, both the internal learning and external credibility stemming from sounder practices have become a source of competitive parity. But can a corporation blaze new competitive advantage at the junction of sustainability and business?Take Tata’s recently announced Nano, the world’s most affordable car – for some perhaps another 4-wheel greenhouse threat, for many a revolutionary new way to reposition the auto industry. But both critics and advocates agree that the $2,500, two-cylinder car showcased at the New Delhi Auto Expo on January 10 offers an affordable transportation solution with a low carbon footprint.For Tata Motors, India's largest automobile company, the Nano is much more than a provocative new transportation choice for India’s people. This little safe car stands as another bold embodiment of Tata’s century of trust and cooperation with local communities. And the Nano is only one of the fruits of Tata companies’ painstaking commitment to surfacing the best of business in the service of people, in India and globally.Tata Consultancy Services Limited (TCS), a world leading provider of information technology consulting services, is winning global accolades from Business in the Community's (BitC) Corporate Responsibility Index (CRI), the leading UK benchmark of responsible business practice. In 2006, TCS achieved the gold band for its performance in the Community Index with a score of 94.7 percent. Known internationally for its business success, TCS has a warm spot in the heart of many Indians for the Computer Based Functional Literacy project. This program helped illiterate adults learn how to read in their own spoken language in a span of 30 to 45 hours spread over 10 to 12 weeks. The programme is multimedia-driven, and targets 15 to 30 year olds – setting them on the path to acquiring other literacy skills, including writing and arithmetic ability without any interruption in their productive activities. Five years later, the project has spread to more than1,000 centres in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, and it has helped more than 46,000 people learn how to read. It has also inspired TCS employees to closely marry their IT excellence with local initiatives in their global operations, and to embody and share the Tata values wherever they work.There are many differences between Tata Motors and TCS – but also important commonalities. Both companies strive to share the human touch everyday and everywhere they go. The social and environmental value their respective operations create helps strengthen and promote the TATA brand as the group becomes a global presence. Their initiatives boil down century-old values of community stewardship in ways that leverage core operational impact to make a lasting impression on the communities in which they operate. This deep awareness of how business can benefit multiple stakeholders by mission and design constantly renews the Tata corporate identity in ways that continuously strengthen its brand and competitive advantage in markets at home and abroad.The TATA wayWhy do so few corporations do business the Tata way? There is a catch. First, every single employee working for TATA companies, from the CEO to the most recent intern share in the deep values of their leaders, still a guidepost for every new project within the group. Second, Tata companies have evolved a collective commitment to evolving stronger connections between their values and first- in-class business practice – not by putting either one ahead of the other, but by finding mutually beneficial bridges between them.“In a free enterprise, the community is not just another stakeholder in business, but is in fact the very purpose of its existence.”Jamsetji N. Tata (Founder, Tata Group, 1868)“The Tata philosophy of management has always been and is today more than ever, that corporate enterprises must be managed not merely in the interests of their owners, butequally in those of their employees, of the customers of their products, of the localcommunity and finally of the country as a whole.”– J. R. D. TataStarting in the early 1990s, the group has invested in structures and processes that would gradually align its pro-social and pro-environmental values with excellence in business endeavours. These efforts culminated in 2003 with the introduction of The Tata Index for Sustainable Human Development, a pioneering effort aimed at directing, measuring and enhancing the community work that assists all TATA companies in their social responsibility efforts. The index had been developed by the TATA Council for Community Initiatives (TCCI), a council of Tata companies CEOschaired by Mr. Kishor Chaukar, in partnership with TATA Quality Management Services (TQMS). Since June 2004, the Tata Index has been deployed annually to assure continuous improvement in the delivery of social responsibility initiatives at the company level. In 2005, reporting companies averaged almost half of its intended goal, i.e. 452.95 points on a 1000 point scale, with companies scoring as high as 712 (Tata Steel). In 2006/07, TCS scored 490. Tata Motors, now at 663, was one of the best performers on corporate sustainability within the group.These scores were only the start. The purpose behind the Index was to seed new benchmarks and motivate continuous innovation in sustainability across each company’s operations. TCCI offered a common platform where each company could share their challenges and achievements with the others and would learn how to nurture stronger internal leadership structures that promoted business excellence “the TATA way”.The Human Development Index was the very first initiative of its kind, both within TATA and across the world. The framework, originally initiated by TCCI in collaboration with the United Nations Development Program in India in 2001, has then been refined with training input from the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), Price Waterhouse Cooper, the ICICI Bank, and the Ashoka group. Internationally, the index has both impressed and challenged the businesscommunity. It was showcased to the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and 700 CEOs and global business leaders at the UN Business Leaders' Summit, as well as to governments and businesses in Switzerland, Australia, Singapore, Bangkok, and Canada. Yet despite the appeal of assessing social impact, few companies in India and internationally have so far modelled TATA’s approach.The idea of explicitly tracking social impact originated with Tata Sons. Under the Chairmanship of Mr. Ratan N. Tata, the Group searched for a new way to harness collective synergies among the Tata companies. This led to the Business Excellence Model (TBEM), a detailed business process reform which began formalizing the set of core values that the Tatas had lived by for over a century. One of the offshoots of this effort was the adoption of a more systematic, unified TATA approach to CSR, rooted in Jamsetji Tata’s social legacy, and the creation of the Tata Index for Sustainable Human Development, a trendsetting approach to mapping and measuring the social development endeavours of Tata Group companies.The Index is now operational in most major Tata companies. Within each firm, a Corporate Head Social Responsibility (always a senior executive) manages a cross-functional CSR team offacilitators with specific responsibilities for community development, environmental management and volunteering. Mr. Nadkarni heads the operations of these teams and their leaders, i.e. the TCCI team, and functions as the Secretary of the Council – a group of 43 chief executive officers of Tata companies. TCCI operates across Tata companies as a network of more than 200 trained facilitations and over 11,500 volunteers.The Index itself was a remarkable innovation. First, it broke down sustainability responses into three nested levels: systems (275/1000), people (175/1000) and program (550/1000), making it easy to measure, and easy to identify areas for improvement.Figure 1: The TATA IndexSource: TCCI, February 2008.Second, the indexation exercise places great emphasis on process – not just outcomes. For example, here is how a company might apply the index to its own operations:Figure 2: Example of Tata Company Self-Assessment using the Tata IndexAssurance ItemScoresProcess Outcomes TotalSystems Level Response1Leadership is by example231639 2Deployment through networking and commitment141226 3Strategy to build lasting businesses12820 4Accountability towards value creation131225Total for Systems Reponse:6248110 People Level Response1Put the best people!10818 2Train and empower them!9716 3Make them Leaders!10414 4Most employees are like that!8412Total for People Reponse:372360 Program Level Response1Managing Risks282553 2Opportunities to serve people443074 3Build Community and Livelihoods252146 4Encourage entrepreneurs and self-employment342357Total for Program Reponse:13199230 Source: TCCI, February 2008.For each assessment, the Corporate Sustainability Facilitator representing a Tata company and the Community Head for the project would also identify specific opportunities for improvement. These might read: “The Company mentions of a regular convention of review. However, it is not clear as to how the review findings are incorporated into Company’s strategy.” or “The Company trains its Facilitators / project leaders for leadership. However, it is not clear how the training imparted is actually benefiting them.” or “The Company declares ‘underprivileged women’ as its key community. However, there is no evidence on the process of identification of this community.” or “The Company states that the key community has benefited in terms of self-reliance. However, it is not clear as to how the key community has actually built self-reliance.”Each project leader is responsible for understanding the specific concerns of each community, defining the key beneficiaries, and placing a clear focus on how a company’s core capabilities would contribute to a specific need. They would specify tangible measures both in terms of what will actually be done and in terms of the human achievement. The project leader will also determine the human excellence indicators and clearly identify which aspects have clear sustainability payoffs for the community engaged.Why do Tata companies care so much? Because that is the Tata way – and because their employees are trusted (and expected) to approach their tasks and their volunteering with society in mind. They do not do something because it pays. They do it because it matters – to their business model, to their own development as leaders, and to the legacy their company wants to leave behind. This selflessness may catch cynics by surprise, but it is part and parcel of forging a strong connection between sustainability and competitiveness. Much like, “Think not what society can do for your company, but what your company can do for society.” There has been recent recognition by Harvard Business School professors Clayton Christensen and Michael Porter, among others, that such an orientation can trigger disruptive innovations. At Tata, the Index has made the disruption itself a way of doing business, to ensure that Tatas’ commitment to sustainable business will expand in the future and across its increasingly global base of operations.“One hundred years from now, I expect the Tatas to be much bigger than it is now. More importantly, I hope the Group comes to be regarded as being the best in India — best inthe manner in which we operate, best in the products we deliver and best in our valuesystems and ethics. Having said that, I hope that a hundred years from now we willspread our wings far beyond India..."(Ratan Tata, 2005)The Group has been eager to leverage its learning by sharing the idea of indexation and the more practical how-to’s of the Index with Tata suppliers, collaborators and competitors within India through the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), and international organizations, such as the Global Reporting Initiative (the Group has been a founding member of GRI) and the Social Accountability Initiative. Although not every company may share the sustainability history or the ethos of Tata companies, the systematic approach of indexation can be easily adapted to work for different corporate identities, much as the GRI can be customized for specific activities and areas of improvement. If your firm has mustered the strategic commitment it takes to make the world a better place, the Index helps you execute by providing a guiding (albeit not forceful) approach to getting your systems, people and programs better every step of the way.And then? You will soon need a parallel track to develop strong leaders that will continue to push your organization to the next level. Like every resource, sustainability processes can get stale and need periodic rejuvenation to bring your firm a competitive edge. Spearheaded by collaborations among Tata’s strategic leaders on the Index, an even stronger linkage between sustainability and operational excellence was recently forged at TCCI’s 6th workout since its founding, suggestively titled “Leadership for Corporate Sustainability”. The deliverable was another world first: a Leadership Profile. This “offers a set of suggestions to assist a Tata Company to develop its CSRpractice with a greater focus on content and specific initiatives that have been collectively agreed upon at a group level. This version is specially designed to encourage CSR Facilitators and the TBEM Internal Assessors to work together in embedding CSR into the Internal Assessment process.”(TATA Protocol – Corporate Social Responsibility, January 2007).How do you develop Leaders for Corporate Sustainability? At Tata, this is a two-fold approach. On the one hand, the Index encourages a proactive application of the Tata Business Excellence model in ways that promote positive social and environmental contributions. Annual scoring ensures constant process improvement. The assessment triggers company-wide workouts that help strategic leaders work with their internal teams to jointly identify major risks, opportunities and innovations that can meet both sustainability and business excellence objectives. Using this collective understanding, the leaders then formulate a 3-5 year corporate sustainability strategy for their organization. This gives their company a more sustainable edge (competitively, socially and environmentally). It also gradually widens their own leadership bandwidth to make a larger difference in their community and competitive context by setting new standards of what businesses can achieve.On the other hand, the Corporate Sustainability Leadership Profile guides their personality footprints to trigger a virtuous cycle of enhanced goodwill and reputation. First, the leaders assume responsibility for themselves and their leadership team, and work personally to tighten convergence between the trained corporate sustainability facilitators and their unit’s business excellence goals. They lead for sustainability by example – through involvement in volunteering initiatives and through regular integration of sustainability issues in business meetings. Their performance on corporate sustainability is reviewed periodically (including their ability to promote and recognize such leadership among their subordinates). There is even a flowchart showing how any organizations can systematically implement leadership for sustainability.Figure 3: The Tata Corporate Sustainability Leadership Profile: Process of DeploymentSource: TCCI, February 2008.At Tata, the Leadership Protocol translates the group mission statement into executable leadership for sustainability: “The Tata name is a unique asset representing leadership with trust. Leveraging this asset to enhance Group synergy and becoming globally competitive is the route to sustained growth and long-term success.” (Group Mission Statement, 2007). Projects like the Nano or adult literacy in 40 hours do not happen by chance. But they can happen by design. Tata companies have unleashed a virtuous cycle of evolution and execution of sustainability strategies. The Index assesses and guides sustainability-enhancing processes; the Leadership Profile articulates the steps for strengthening leadership capabilities. By embedding a society-minded logic to value creation, Tata have given back many-fold to society. Their learning in turn has strengthened their corporate identity, and encouraged bold steps in rethinking transportation, information technology, or steel manufacturing.Could your company follow their lead and make a difference? The Tata’s approach is simple, but it is not easy. You can position your firm for a lasting competitive advantage by deliberately embedding sustainability assessments in both operations and leadership. Taking a comprehensive approach helps you indentify and configure the various capabilities needed to create value sustainably – in systems, people and programs. And if your company is not changing fast enough, you can. Become the change you wish to see, and lead others by example:q Take a holistic view of value creation.q Demonstrate unusual creativity in solving tough problems for society.q Practice strong ethical leadership with a deep sense of human purpose.q Recalibrate the connection between your inner self and your footprints.Reprint: 9b08TB11Comment on this article Read ResponsesAbout the AuthorsOana BranzeiOana Branzei is Assistant Professor of Strategy and David G. Burgoyne Faculty Fellow at the Richard Ivey School of Business. She is also a faculty member of the Cross-Enterprise Leadership Centre on Building Sustainable Value, the Research Network for Business Sustainability, the Corporate Sustainability Doctoral Academy, and the Sustainable Enterprise Academy.Anant G. NadkarniAnant G. Nadkarni is Vice President Corporate Sustainability for the TATA Group, Secretary of the Tata Council for Community Initiatives. He has worked with the United Nations Development Program and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) to advance the platform of sustainability.Graphical VersionReturn to HomeAdobe Acrobat Reader is required to view articles on this site.Terms of Use | Privacy Policy© 2002 Ivey Business Journal。
印度汽车厂简介
1.KAMAZ在世界顶尖的重卡制造商中排名第16位。
至2008年1月,KAMAZ生产了第190万辆车，到2011年第三季度，KAMAZ汽车厂已经装配了199.5万辆车。
2008年2月，第250万量发动机从KAMAZ-diesel有限公司流水线生产出来，到2011年第三季度，KAMAZ已生产了266.2万台发动机。
KAMAZ注册资本353.6亿卢布。
最大的股份属于国家和商业银行。
KAMAZ集团拥有卡车生产的全套技术——从研发，生产，装配到售后市场的汽车配件到维修服务。
集团的加工链包括12个大型汽车厂。
以下企OAO”股份有限公司(斯塔夫罗波尔)。
到目前为止,KAMAZ集团包括位于俄罗斯、独联体和国外的150多个组织机构。
2010年,KAMAZ集团生产，销售的产品及服务总值为776亿卢布。
公司生产的32300辆卡车,28260量在俄罗斯市场售出。
同时,KAMAZ占俄罗斯16吨重卡市场比重39%。
占8-16吨重卡比重为14.7%。
KAMAZ重型卡车在乌司年生产的零部件产品销售额超过50亿卢布，其他多样化得产品总营业额超过80亿卢布。
汽车)、拖车、公共汽车、拖拉机、发动机、发电机组、不同的工具。
KAMAZ生产的卡车有50多个基本变形与不同的配置。
更多的新车型也加入到了产品范围——从城市货车到更高载荷量120吨以上重卡。
KAMAZ获得如下质量认证ISO9001:2008,GOST R ISO9001-2008 (ISO9001:2008),and GOST RV15.002–2003.工业股份公司,LUKOIL,SUEK,TNK等。
时也是因为有效的市场的策略。
我们与俄罗斯、独联体和国外600多家企业建立联系。
KAMAZ卡车及配件销售额的增长也与我们对沙特阿拉伯、印度、事车辆)、苏丹、阿富汗、安哥拉、委内瑞拉和巴拿马市场也更加活跃。
在2010年,KAMAZ卡车及零件通过上述国家出口到了43个国家。
出口份额占荣获俄罗斯联邦最佳出口商荣誉。
汽车工业 英语作文
汽车工业英语作文The Automotive Industry。
The automotive industry is one of the most important industries in the world. It is responsible for the design, production, and sales of automobiles, trucks, buses, and other vehicles. The industry has a significant impact on the global economy, providing employment to millions of people and contributing to the GDP of many countries.The automotive industry has a long history, dating back to the late 19th century. The first automobiles were powered by steam, but later, gasoline-powered vehicles became more popular. The industry has undergone significant changes over the years, with advancements in technology and changes in consumer preferences driving innovation.Today, the automotive industry is highly competitive, with many companies vying for market share. Some of the biggest names in the industry include Toyota, GeneralMotors, Ford, and Volkswagen. Each of these companies has its unique strengths and weaknesses, and they compete fiercely with one another to develop the best vehicles and gain market share.One of the biggest challenges facing the automotive industry today is the need to develop more environmentally friendly vehicles. As concerns about climate change grow, there is increasing pressure on automakers to reduce their carbon footprint and develop vehicles that run on alternative fuels. Many companies are investing heavily in research and development to create new technologies that will make vehicles more efficient and less polluting.Another challenge facing the automotive industry is the need to adapt to changing consumer preferences. In recent years, there has been a shift towards smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles, as well as a growing demand forelectric and hybrid vehicles. Automakers must be able to anticipate and respond to these changes in order to remain competitive.Despite these challenges, the automotive industry continues to be a major force in the global economy. It provides employment to millions of people and contributes significantly to the GDP of many countries. As technology continues to evolve, the industry will undoubtedly face new challenges and opportunities. However, with its longhistory of innovation and adaptability, the automotive industry is well-positioned to continue to thrive in the years to come.In conclusion, the automotive industry is a vital part of the global economy, providing employment to millions of people and contributing significantly to the GDP of many countries. While the industry faces many challenges, it has a long history of innovation and adaptability, and it is well-positioned to continue to thrive in the years to come.。
Auto Industry
The auto industry:
The automobile has enabled people to travel and transport goods farther and faster, and has opened wider market areas for business and commerce. The auto industry has also reduced the overall cost of transportation by using methods such as mass production (making large quantities of a product within a short period of time), mass marketing (selling products nationally rather than locally), and globalization of production (assembling products with parts made worldwide).
Smart Cars
Michio Kaku
Auto Industry
Auto Industry 1. Auto Industry 2. Major U.S. auto manufacturers
The auto industry:
The automobile industry is one of the most important industries in the world, affecting not only economies but also cultures.
Daimler-Chrysler (戴姆勒-克莱斯勒)
介绍汽车的英语作文
介绍汽车的英语作文Title: The Evolution of Automobiles。
Since the invention of the automobile in the late 19th century, it has undergone remarkable transformations, revolutionizing transportation and shaping the modern world. From the rudimentary designs of the earliest models to the sophisticated engineering marvels of today, the journey of automobiles reflects humanity's relentless pursuit of innovation and progress.The earliest automobiles were simple and primitive compared to their contemporary counterparts. They were powered by internal combustion engines fueled by gasoline, and their designs were basic, consisting of little morethan a chassis, engine, wheels, and rudimentary controls. However, these humble beginnings laid the foundation for a revolution in transportation that would change the courseof history.As technology advanced, automobiles evolved rapidly, becoming faster, safer, and more efficient. Theintroduction of mass production techniques by Henry Ford in the early 20th century made cars more affordable and accessible to the general public, leading to a surge in demand and widespread adoption. Innovations such aselectric starters, hydraulic brakes, and automatic transmissions further improved the driving experience and contributed to the growing popularity of automobiles.The mid-20th century saw significant advancements in automotive design and technology. The introduction of unibody construction, aerodynamic styling, and safety features such as seat belts and airbags enhanced both the performance and safety of vehicles. Moreover, the development of electronic fuel injection systems and catalytic converters made cars more fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly, addressing concerns about pollution and resource depletion.The latter half of the 20th century witnessed the emergence of new trends and technologies in the automotiveindustry. The oil crises of the 1970s prompted a shift towards smaller, more fuel-efficient cars, leading to the development of compact and subcompact models. Additionally, advancements in computer technology revolutionized vehicle design and manufacturing processes, enabling theintegration of electronic systems for engine management, navigation, entertainment, and safety.In recent years, the automotive industry has experienced unprecedented innovation and disruption driven by advancements in electric and autonomous vehicle technologies. Electric vehicles (EVs) powered by rechargeable batteries have gained popularity as environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional gasoline-powered cars, offering lower emissions and reduced reliance on fossil fuels. Meanwhile, autonomous driving technologies, including sensors, cameras, and artificial intelligence algorithms, are paving the way for self-driving cars that promise to revolutionize the way wetravel and commute.Looking ahead, the future of automobiles appears to befilled with endless possibilities. With ongoing research and development efforts focused on alternative fuels, lightweight materials, and advanced driver-assistance systems, the next generation of vehicles is poised to be even more efficient, sustainable, and intelligent. As we continue to push the boundaries of innovation, one thing remains certain: the automobile will remain a symbol of human ingenuity and progress for generations to come.In conclusion, the evolution of automobiles over the past century has been nothing short of remarkable. From humble beginnings to cutting-edge technology, cars have transformed the way we live, work, and travel. As we look to the future, the automotive industry will undoubtedly continue to evolve, driven by a relentless pursuit of innovation and a commitment to shaping a better world for all.。
印度汽车厂简介
1.KAMAZKAMAZ集团是俄罗斯联邦最大的汽车公司。
OJSC KAMAZ在世界顶尖的重卡制造商中排名第16位。
至2008年1月,KAMAZ生产了第190万辆车，到2011年第三季度，KAMAZ汽车厂已经装配了199.5万辆车。
2008年2月，第250万量发动机从KAMAZ-diesel有限公司流水线生产出来，到2011年第三季度，KAMAZ已生产了266.2万台发动机。
KAMAZ注册资本353.6亿卢布。
最大的股份属于国家和商业银行。
KAMAZ集团拥有卡车生产的全套技术——从研发，生产，装配到售后市场的汽车配件到维修服务。
集团的加工链包括12个大型汽车厂。
以下企业位于Naberezhnye Chelny:KAMAZ-Metallurgy(铸造和锻造厂)、发动机厂、重压和冲压厂,汽车厂、维修仪器厂和Remdiesel。
最大的联营公司（Naberezhnye Chelny以外）是JSC―Neftekamsk汽车厂‖和OAO‖Tuimazinskiy Zavod Avtobetonovozov‖(Bashkortostan共和国)、KAMAZ拖车股份有限公司(斯塔夫罗波尔)。
到目前为止,KAMAZ集团包括位于俄罗斯、独联体和国外的150多个组织机构。
2010年,KAMAZ集团生产，销售的产品及服务总值为776亿卢布。
公司生产的32300辆卡车,28260量在俄罗斯市场售出。
同时,KAMAZ占俄罗斯16吨重卡市场比重39%。
占8-16吨重卡比重为14.7%。
KAMAZ重型卡车在乌克兰,哈萨克斯坦,阿塞拜疆,土库曼斯坦,和许多其他国家处于领先地位。
公司年生产的零部件产品销售额超过50亿卢布，其他多样化得产品总营业额超过80亿卢布。
OJSC KAMAZ生产的车辆范围非常广:卡车(40多个型号,1500多种套件,右驾汽车)、拖车、公共汽车、拖拉机、发动机、发电机组、不同的工具。
KAMAZ 生产的卡车有50多个基本变形与不同的配置。
2020年(汽车行业)汽车英语相关词汇(AZ)
（汽车行业）汽车英语相关词汇(AZ)汽车英语相关词汇（A-Z）A Abbreviation 省略；略语Abnormal combustion 异常燃烧Abnormal knocking 异响Abnormal motion 异常运动Abrasion 磨蚀，磨损，研磨Abrasion resistance 耐磨性、抗磨性Abrasion resisting properties 耐磨性Abrasion test 磨损试验Abrasive 磨料Abrasive cloth 砂布Abrasive paper 砂纸Abrasive powder 研磨粉Abrasive resistance 耐磨性Abrasive stick 油石、磨条Abrasive stone 油石Abrasive wear 磨损，磨蚀Abrasive wheel 磨轮，砂轮Abrator 抛丸清理机Abscissa 横坐标Absolute altitude 绝对高度Absolute humidity 绝对湿度Absolute motion 绝对运动Absolute pressure 绝对压力Absolute temperature 绝对温度Absolute unit 绝对单位Absolute value 绝对值Absolute velocity 绝对速度Absorb 吸收Absorbed power 吸收功率Absorbed torque （测功器）吸收扭矩Absorption 吸收Accel 加速器；加速踏板；催化剂Accelerated ageing 加速老化Accelerated life test 加速寿命试验Accelerated load test 加速负荷试验Accelerating ability 加速能力Accelerating jet 加速喷嘴Accelerating pump加速泵Accelerating resistance 加速阻力Accelerating winding加速线圈Acceleration 加速度Acceleration lane 加速车行道Acceleration limiter 加速限制器Acceleration meter加速度计Acceleration of vibration 振动加速度Acceleration performance 加速性Acceleration pickup加速度传感器Acceleration spectrum 加速度谱Acceleration vector of center of mass质心加速度矢量Accelerator （美）油门（踏板）Accelerator jet 加速喷嘴（量孔）Accelerator nozzle 加速喷嘴Accelerator pedal 加速踏板Accelerator pump加速泵Accelerator vacuum switch加速踏板真空开关Accel pedal 加速踏板，油门踏板Acceptance验收Acceptance test 验收试验Accessibility 可接近性Accessories附件Accessory device 附属装置Accident 意外，事故Accommodation 适应；调节作用；居住设备Accordion 可折叠的；折叠屏风Accordion coil 折形线圈Accordion door 折叠门Accordion partition 折叠隔板Accumulation wear average 累计平均磨耗Accumulator 蓄能器，蓄电池Accuracy 精度Accuracy class 精度等级Accuracy control 精确控制Accuracy of manufacture 制造精度Accuracy of measurement 测量精度Accuracy of positioning 定位精度Accuracy of reading 读数精度Accuracy of repetition 复制精度；重复精度Accuracy of thread 螺纹精度Aceton 丙酮Acetylene 乙炔AC generator 交流发电机Acid 酸Acid-proof alloy 耐酸合金Acid-proof pipe 耐酸管Acid tanker 酸罐车Acid vapour 酸罐汽Acme thread 梯形螺纹，爱克姆螺纹Acoustic absorption 吸音Acoustic insulation 隔音Acoustic panel 吸声板Acoustimeter 声级计，噪声计Acquisition 探测；搜索Acquisition of signal 信号采集Acre 英亩Acryl 丙烯酸树脂Active braking distance 有效制动距离Active braking time 有效制动时间Active suspension 主动悬架[挂] Actuating arm 驱动臂Actuating cam 致动凸轮Actuating line 促动管路Actuating motor 伺服电动机Actuating time 促动时间Actuator 执行机构，操作机构Actuator track 滑轨Adapter 接头；适配器Adapter plate 安装板，固定板Adapter ring 接合环Adapter sleeve 紧固套，连接套Addendum 齿顶高，齿顶Addendum circle 齿顶圆Addendum face 齿顶面Additional seat 附加座椅Additional temperature error 温度附加误差Additional wheel drive control 附加驱动车轮的操纵件Adhesion 附着；附着力；Adhesion coefficient 附着系数Adhesive 黏合剂Adiabatic 绝热的Adiabatic compression 绝热压缩Adjust 调整，调节，校正Adjustable 可调节的Adjustable brush 可调电刷Adjustable fork spanner 可调叉形扳手Adjustable pedal 可调踏板Adjustable reamer 可调铰刀Adjustable seat 可调节的座椅Adjustable shutter 可调百叶窗Adjustable spanner 活动扳手Adjustable stop screw 活动止动螺钉Adjustable wheel 可调式车轮Adjustable wrench 可调扳手，活扳手Adjusting 调整用的Adjusting cam 调整凸轮Adjusting hand wheel 调整手轮Adjusting lever 调整杆Adjusting nut 调整螺母Adjusting shim 调整垫片Adjusting spring 调整弹簧Adjusting washer 调整垫圈Adjustment 调整，调节Admission cam 进气凸轮Admission cam shaft 进气凸轮轴Admittance 导纳；加工余量；通道Advanced ignition 提前点火Advancer （点火）提前装置Advertising car 广告汽车Aerial 天线Aerial pollution 大气污染Aerodynamic angle of attack 气动迎角Aerodynamic body 流线形车身Aerodynamic drag 空气动力阻力Aerodynamic force 气动力Aerodynamic retarder 空气动力缓速装置[器] Aerodynamics 空气动力学Aero-stabilizer 气动力稳定装置Affinity 亲和力，亲和性After-burning 补燃，后燃，复燃After fire 消音器内爆炸；（点火开关切断后）自燃现象After-running 发动机惯性运转Age 年龄；老化；使用期限Age hardening 时效硬化Age resister 老化防止剂Aging 老化；时效Aiming of headlamp 前照灯对准Air bag （撞车保护用）气袋Air bleeding 放气Air bleed screw 放气螺钉Air bleed valve 空气溢流阀Air booster 气压助力器Air brake 空压制动Air brake actuator 气压制动执行器Air brake antifreeze tank 气压制动防冻液罐Air brake chamber 气压制动室Air brake equalizer 气压制动补偿器Air brake governor 气压制动调节器Air brake hose dummy coupling气压制动软件管（未连接时的）堵头Air brake reservoir pressure indicator 贮气简压力表Air brake valve 气制动阀Air braking system 气制动系Air bypass 空气旁路Air car 气垫汽车Air chamber type combustion chamber 空气室式燃烧室Air check valve （空气）单向阀Air choke 阻风门Air cleaner 空气滤清器Air cleaner bracket 空气滤清器支架Air cleaner cartridge 空气滤清器滤芯Air cleaner casing 空气滤清器外壳Air compression ga(u)ge 空气压力表Air compressor 空气压缩机Air conditioner 空调装置Air conditioning 空气调节Air conditioning control 空调装置操纵件Air cooler 空气冷却器Air cooling engine 风冷式发动机Aircraft shunt bus 机场联运客车Aircraft tire 航空轮胎Air damper 空气缓冲器Air dam skirt 气堰裙板，前阻风板Air deflector 导流板Air dryer 空气干燥器Air duct 通气道Air exhaust filter 排气滤清器Air feed pipe 送气管Air filter 空气滤清器Air filter tell-tale 空气滤清器警报灯Air flow meter 空气流量计Air fuel ratio 空气燃料比Air ga(u)ge 气压表Air gate 气流调节门Air governor 空气调速器Air gun 空气喷枪Air hammer 空气锤Air horn 气喇叭Air hose 空气软管Air injection 空气喷射Air inlet 进气口Air inlet port 进气孔Air insulation 空气绝缘Air intake 进气，吸气Air intake filter 进气滤清器Air leak 漏气Airless injection 无气喷射Air line lubricator 气压供油中央润滑系统Air lock 气阻，气障Air nozzle 喷气嘴Air outlet 出气口Air over hydraulic booster 气顶油助力器Air pipe 通气管Air pollution 大气污染Air pressure 气压Air pressure relay valve 气压继动阀Air quench hardening glass 风冷钢化玻璃Air regulating valve 空气调节阀Air relief cock 放气旋塞，放气开关Air required for combustion 燃烧必要空气量Air resistance 空气阻力Air speed governor 空气式调速器Air spoiler 空气阻流板Air sprayer 空气喷雾器Air spring 空气弹簧Air storage reservoir 储气罐Air strangler 阻风门Air strangler spindle 阻风门轴Air suction pipe 进气管，吸气管Air suspension 空气悬架[挂]Air tank 储气罐Air throttle valve 空气节气门Air-tight 气密的Air-tight chamber 气密室Air-tightness 气密性Air tube （轮胎）内胎Air valve 气阀，气门Air vent 通气孔Air wiper 压缩空气式刮水器Aisle 通道Alarm device 报警装置Alarm pressure 报警压力Alcohol 酒精Alcohol-blended fuel 掺酒精的燃料Align 调整，校直，定中心Aligner 定位器，校直器，调整器；前轮定位仪Aligning(torque) stiffness 回正（力矩）刚度Aligning (torque) stiffness coefficient 回正（力矩）刚度系数Aligning torque 回正力矩Aligning torque coefficient 回正力矩系数Alignment 定位，对中心Alignment check 定位检查Alkali 碱性，强碱Alkali degreater 碱脱油剂Alkali detergent 碱去垢剂Alkohol 乙醇，酒精All dog clutch transmission 全齿套变速器Allen wrench 内六角扳手Alligator bonnet 鳄口形发动机罩Alligator shears 鳄式剪床Allowable cargo load 容许载货量Allowable deflection 容许挠度[变位]Allowable dimension variation 允许尺寸偏差All-purpose adhesive 万能胶All-sponge rubber upholstery 全海绵橡胶汽车内饰All-steel body 全钢车身All synchromesh transmission 全同步器式变速器All-weather body 全天候车身All wheel drive 全轮驱动Alternating current 交流Alternator 交流发电机Altimeter 测高仪Altitude compensating 海拔补偿Altitude control device （化油器）适应高度控制油量的装置Aluminium alloy 铝合金Aluminium soap grease 铝基润滑脂Amber light 琥珀色灯光Ammeter 电流表，安培表Ammonia gas 氨（气）Ampere 安（培）Amplitude 振幅，幅度Anchor 支承销Anchor plate 支承板，支承块Angle bar 角铁Angle ga(u)ge 量角器，角度计Angle iron 角铁Angle of advance 提前角Angle of cone 锥角Angle of delay 滞后角Angle of friction 磨擦角Angle of lead 超前角Angle of lock 锁角Angle of repose 静止角Angle of retarded closing 延迟关闭角Angle of roll 侧倾角Angle of steering lock 最大转向角Angle of twist 扭转角Angular acceleration 角加速度Angular clearance 拔模斜度Angularity of connecting rod 连杆倾斜角Angular moment 转矩Angular momentum 角动量Angular wheel 圆锥齿轮Animal oil 动物油Anneal 退火Annealing 退火（作用）Annual average daily traffic 年平均日交通量Annual survey 年度检验Annular seat 环形座Annular spring 环形弹簧Annulus （行星齿轮系的）内齿环Ante-chamber 预燃室Antenna 天线Antibacklash spring 消隙弹簧Anti-blocking brake 防抱死制动器Anticorrosion 抗蚀性Anticorrosive oil 防锈油Antidazzle screen 遮阳板Antidazzle switch 变光开关Antidetonant 抗爆剂Anti-freezer 防冻器；防冻液Antifreezing solution 防冻液Antifriction alloy 耐磨合金Antifriction bearing 滚动轴承Antiknock gasoline 抗爆汽油Anti-knock nature 抗爆性Antiknock value 抗爆值Anti-lock brake sensor防抱死制动传感器Anti-lock brake system 防抱死制动系统Antioxidant 抗氧燃料Anti-rattle spring 防震弹簧Antiroll bar 防侧摆杆Antirust grease 防锈脂Antiscale agent 防垢剂Antiskid tread 防滑轮胎纹Antiskid tyre 防滑轮胎Anti-spatter compound 防溅剂Anti-squat 抗后坐Antiwear hydraulic oil搞磨液压油Aperture 孔，口，缝隙，孔径Apex 反射点；顶点，顶部；填充胶条Apex seal （转子）顶端密封垫片Appearance 外观，外形Appearance test 外观检验Application force 作用力Approach angle 接近角Apron 挡板；拖板箱Apron control 拖板控制Aquaplaning 水层效应；漂滑现象Aqueous ingredients 含水量Arbo(u)r 轴，心轴；芯骨Arbo(u)r press 手扳压床，矫正机Arc 电弧Arc welding 电弧焊Areometer 液体比重计Arm 臂Armature 电枢Armature changed type starter 电枢移动式起动机Armature core 电枢铁芯Armature reaction 电枢反应Armature shaft 电枢轴Armature spindle 电枢轴Armature terminal 电枢输出端接线柱Armature tester 电枢测试装置Armature winding 电枢绕组Arm of wheel 轮辐Armored motor car 装甲车Arm rest 肘靠Arm shaft 臂轴Arm support 肘靠Arm winker 臂式方向指示器Arrangement of camshaft 凸轮轴装置Articulated bus 铰接客车Articulated cross shaft 铰接式横轴Articulated jack 铰接式千斤顶Articulated joint 关节接合Articulated sixwheeler 铰接式六轮汽车Articulated utility carrier 铰接式通用载运车Articulation piece 铰接件Artificial gasoline 人造汽油Asbest(os) 石棉Asbestos-copper gasket 铜石棉衬垫Ash content 灰分，灰分量Ash tray 烟灰盘Aspect concrete pavement 沥青混凝土路面Asphalt distribution truck沥青洒布车Assembly 装配，总成Assembly belt 装配传送带Assembly conveyor 装配传送线Assembly drawing 装配图Assembly jig 装配夹具Assembly part 装配零件Assembly shop 装配车间Assist grip （副驾驶）扶手Asymmetrical beam 非对称光Asymmetric low beam headlamp 不对称近光束前照灯Asymptotic stability 渐近稳定性Atmospheric electricity 天电，大气电Atmospheric moisture 大气温度Atmospheric pressure compensating 气压补偿Atomising installation 喷雾装置Atomization 喷雾Atomizer 喷雾器Atomizer orifice 喷雾器喷嘴Atomizing chamber 雾化室Atomizing disc 雾化盘Attachment face 安装面Attendance 保养Audible warning (horn)control 音响警告（喇叭）操纵件Austenite 奥氏体Austenite steel 奥氏体钢Authorized maximum towed mass 允许最大拖挂质量Autobahn(德) 高速公路Autobicycle 摩托车，机器脚踏车Auto-body 汽车车身Autocorrelation 自相关Autocorrelation coefficient 自相关系数Autocorrelation function 自相关函数Autodrive 自动定速驾驶器Autolevelizer 自动水平调节器Autolift 举车器Automatic 自动的Automatic advance of ignition 自动提前点火Automatically advanced distributor 自动提前分电器Automatically timed magneto 自动正时磁电机Automatic antenna control 自动天线操纵杆Automatic braking system 自动制动系Automatic circuit breaker 自动断路器Automatic circulation 自动循环Automatic clutch 自动离合器Automatic control 自动操纵Automatic door closing device 自动关门装置Automatic door tell-tale 显示门未闭好的警报灯Automatic engine stop tell-tale 发动机自动停机警报灯Automatic gear change 自动换档Automatic gearbox indicator 变速器自动指示器Automatic jet control valve 自动喷孔控制阀Automatic level control 自动调平控制Automatic lubrication 自动润滑Automatic lubricator 自动润滑器Automatic mechanical transmission 自动换档机械式变速器Automatic mixture control 混合气浓度自动控制Automatic overdrive gear transmission 超越式自动变速器Automatic spark advancer 自动提前点火装置Automatic spark extinguisher 自动火花消除器Automatic starter 自动起动机Automatic steering 自动转向Automatic steering effect 自动转向(回位)效应Automatic switch 自动开关Automatic timing control 自动正时控制Automatic traffic control 自动交通管制Automatic transmission 自动变速器Automatic valve 自动阀门Automation 自动化Automobile 汽车Automobile fuel 汽车燃料Automobile styling 汽车造型Automotive body 汽车车身Automotive engineer 汽车工程师Automotive industry 汽车工业Automotive polish 汽车抛光剂Automotive trim 汽车内饰Automotive upholstery 汽车内饰件Autothermic piston 防热变形的活塞Auxiliary air valve 辅助空气阀Auxiliary box 分动箱Auxiliary brake 辅助制动器Auxiliary braking system 辅助制动系Auxiliary bulb 辅助灯泡Auxiliary combustion chamber 副燃烧室Auxiliary device 辅助装置Auxiliary exhaust 辅助排气,辅机排气Auxiliary field 辅助磁场Auxiliary filter 辅助过滤器Auxiliary frame 副车架Auxiliary fuel pump 副油泵Auxiliary headlamp 辅助前照灯Auxiliary transmission 副变速器Auxiliary valve 辅助阀Average cruising range 平均行驶范围Average speed 平均速度Awning 篷布,帐篷Awning pipe 篷杆Axial gas turbine 轴流式燃气轮机Axial pitch 轴向节距Axial thrust 轴向推力Axial water inlet 轴向进水口Axial whirl 轴向涡流Axis of rotation 旋转轴Axis pin 销轴Axis system 坐标系Axle 轴;车轴Axle bracket 轴架Axle distance 轴距Axle drive bevel pinion 主动锥齿轮Axle housing 桥壳Axle housing straightener 桥壳校直器Axle load 轴载荷Axle shaft 驱动轴,半轴Axle shaft gear 半轴齿轮,驱动轴齿轮Axle steer 轴转向Axle tube 半轴套管,轴管Axle wrench 轴盖扳手B Baby car 微型小客车Baby truck 小型货车Back axle (汽车)后车轴Backbone frame 脊骨形底架Backbone tubular chassis 管状脊背底盘Backbone-type frame 中央梁式车架Backfire 回火,逆火Backfire check valve 防逆火单向阀Back gear 倒档Backing-off lathe 铲齿车床Backing-up lamp 倒车灯Back kick (发动机起动时)逆转Backlash 齿隙;侧向间隙Backlash adjusting screw 齿隙调节螺钉Backlash spring 消隙弹簧Back light 后窗玻璃Back mirror 后视镜Back noise 背景噪声Back panel 后围板Back plate (美) 制动底板;离合器盖Back pressure 背压,反压力Back pressure valve 背压阀Back rest 座椅靠背Back shaft 后轴Back scanner 后方障碍警报器Backspray 后溅Back squab 靠垫Back-up buzzer 倒车报警器Back-up light 倒车灯Back wall 后围Bad conductor 不良导体Bad land 崎岖地Baffle plate 隔板,导流板Baggage car 搬运车,行李车Bainite 贝氏体Bakelite 胶木;酚醛塑料Bakelite seal 胶木水封Baking 烤干Baking enamel 烘干瓷漆Balance 平衡Balance patch 平衡补片Balancer 平衡器;配重Balance shaft 平衡轴Balance weight 平衡重,平衡配量Balancing 平衡的Balancing machine 平衡机Balancing of mass 质量平衡Balancing patch 平衡片Balancing weight 平衡重Bald tire 花纹已磨光的轮胎Baling machine 包装机Ball and socket gear shifting 球座式换档装置Ball and trunion universal joint 球销式万向节Ballast resistor 附加电阻Ball bearing 球轴承Ball circuit screw 循环球螺杆Ball cup 球座Ball gear shift lever 环座式换档杆Ball cup 球座Ball gear shift lever 环座式换档杆Ball joint 球形接头Ball joint dust cover 球接头防尘套Ball knob for control lever 控制杆球头钮Ball-nut type steering gear 循环球式转向器Ballon tire 低压轮胎Ball pin 球头销Ball pivot 钢球支枢Ball race 球轴承座圈Ball retainer 轴承滚珠保持架Ball socket 球座,球窝Ball spline rzeppa universal joint 滚动花键球笼式万向节Ball stud 球头销Ball stud adjusting plug 球销调整旋塞Ball thrust bearing 推力球轴承Ball trunion 钢球支枢Ball valve 球(形)阀Ball yoke 球叉Band brake 带式制动器Band track 履带Band track chain (履带)防滑链Band type damper 板式阻尼器[减震器]Banisters 扶手Banjo (type) axle housing 整体式桥壳Bar 巴(压强单位);棒,条状物Bar iron 钢条,扁铁Barium carbonate 碳酸钡Barometer 气压计Barometric regulator 气压调节器Barrier 障碍物Base circle 基圆Bastard file 粗锉刀Batch manufacturing 批量生产Bath lubrication 油浴式润滑Bathtub type combustion chamber 浴缸式燃烧室Battery 蓄电池Battery box 蓄电池箱Battery car 电瓶车Battery cell 蓄电池单元Battery cell tester 蓄电池试验器Battery charger 充电机Battery charging condition indicator 蓄电池充电状况指示器Battery compartment 蓄电池箱Battery cover 蓄电池盖Battery cradle 蓄电池架Battery filling cap 蓄电池注液盖Battery ignition 蓄电池点火Battery plate 蓄电池极板Battery plug 电源接头Battery socket 电源插头Battery support 蓄电池托架Battery terminal 蓄电池接线柱Battery tray 蓄电池座盘Baulk ring 同步齿环Baume scale 波美比重计算尺Bayonet-coupled buld 卡口灯泡Bead 胎圈,胎缘Bead base 胎圈底部Bead core 胎圈芯Bead fit pressure 胎圈密合压力Bead heel 胎踵Beading machine 弯边路,卷边机Bead ring 钢丝圈Bead ring fracture 钢丝圈断裂Bead ring wrapper 钢丝圈缠绕布Bead roughness 胎圈凹凸不平Bead seat 胎圈座Bead toe 胎趾Bead width 胎圈宽度Bead wire core 胎缘钢丝芯Beam 梁,光束Beam adjusting disk plate 调光座盘Beam center 光束中心,亮区Beam of light (前照灯)光束Bearing 轴承Bearing bush 轴承套Bearing cap 轴承盖Bearing face 支承面Bearing friction 轴承摩擦Bearing lining machine 轴承浇铸机Bearing metal 轴承合金,轴瓦Bearing pressure 支承压力,轴承压力Bearing puller 轴承拆卸器Bearing retainer 轴承保持架Bearing spacer 轴承隔圈Bearing steel 轴承钢Bell crank 曲柄Bell frame 钟形架Bell housing 钟形外壳Bellows 风箱;波纹管Bellows thermostat 波纹管式节温器Bellows type pneumatic suspension 风箱式空气悬架Bellow type container 波纹管式容器Belt 皮带；(轮胎)带束层Belt conveyor 传送带Belt drive 皮带传动Belt drive fan 皮带驱动风扇Belt fastener 传动带接头Belt pulley 皮带轮Belt stretching device 传动带拉紧装置Belt tension 传动带张力Bench seat 长凳车座Bench test 台架试验Bending 弯曲Bending moment 弯矩Bending strength 抗弯强度Bending tester 弯曲试验机Bendix-type starter 惯性接合式起动机Bend of road 道路弯度Bend of spring 弹簧拱度Bent socket wrench 弯形套简扳手Bevel gear 锥齿轮Bevel gear lapping machine 锥齿轮研磨机Bevel gear wheel 大锥齿轮Bias 斜交,斜角Bias belted tire 带束斜交轮胎Bias fabric 斜经帘布Bias ratio 差速器锁止系数Bicycle 自行车Bicycle tire 自行车轮胎Big end (连杆)大头Big end bearing 大端轴承Bimetal 双金属,复合钢材Bimetal fuel ga(u)ge 双金属油量计Bimetallic oil pressure indicator 双金属式油压指示器Bimetallic oil pressure sensor 双金属式油压传感器Bimetal strip 双金属带Bimetal thermostat 双金属式节温器Binary alloy 二元合金Binary fuel 二元燃料Binding (车身)压条Binding end cap 压条封盖Binding screw 紧固螺钉Biotechnology 生物工艺学Bite 切削刀;腐蚀Bitone horn 双音喇叭Black nut 粗制螺母Blackout 防空灯火管制Black-out lamp 防空灯Black smoke 黑烟Blade 叶片Blade angles 叶片角Blade socket 片式插座Blade spacing 叶片间距Blade terminal 接线片;片式插头Bleeder 泄放器[阀,管];排放,放油[气] Bleeder cap 放气螺钉帽Bleeder connection 放泄接头Bleeder hose 放泄软管Bleeder tube 放气[油]管Bleeding 放气,抽气Bleed screw 排气螺塞Blind crack 细微裂纹Blind hole 不通孔,盲孔Blind rivet 盲孔铆钉Blinker 闪光信号灯Blinker bulh 闪光灯泡Blinker unit 闪光报警器Blister (内外轮胎内部)气泡Block ga(u)ge 块规Blow back (内燃机的)回爆Blow by (活塞环)漏气Blowby gas 漏气Blower 鼓风机Blow-fed engine 增压发动机Blowing torch 喷灯Blowoff cock 放泄旋塞Blowout 爆(胎)Blowout magneto 喷弧式磁电机Blowout of tire 轮胎爆破Blowtorch 喷灯;焊枪Blueprint 蓝图Blue smoke 蓝烟Bluff body 钝体(汽车造型)Blunt nose 钝头型(汽车造型)Boarding ladder 登车梯Body 身;车身Body accessories 车身附件Body-chassis frame construction 非承载式车身Body dent 车身凹坑Body frame 车身骨架Body insulation 车身隔热层Body lighting 车身照明Body panel 车身板件Body shell 车身本体Body side rack 车身侧架Body skeleton 车身骨架Body skirt 车身裙部Body stake 车身栅柱Body understructure 车身底架,车身底部构件Bodywork 车身制造Bogie unit 中后轴平衡悬挂Bolster 支承板;横梁;鞍座Bolster end cover 梁端盖板Bolster trailer 鞍座式挂车Bolster truck 鞍座式货车Bolster-type 鞍座式的Bolt 螺栓Bolt strap 螺柱连锁片Bond 粘接Bonded type lining 铸入式衬面Bond strap 搭铁线Bone 骨架Bonnet 发动机罩Bonnet prop 机罩支柱Bonnet side piece 发动机罩侧板Bonnet unlocking handle 发动机罩开锁把手Boost 增压Booster 增压器Booster pump增压泵Boot (汽车后部)行李箱;胎垫;皮套;防尘罩Borax 硼砂;四硼酸钠Bore 缸径;孔径Boring 钻孔,镗孔Boring machine 镗床;镗孔机Bottom dead center 下止点Bounce (簧上质量)跳动Bourdon tube pressure ga(u)ge 弹簧管式压力表Bowden cable 拉线Box body 箱式车身Box spanner 套简扳手Box truck 仓栅式货车Box-type frame 箱状车架Box wrench 套简扳手Brace 支柱;斜柱;支架;(货箱)定位拉条Bracket 支架;托架Braided wire 编织电线Brake 制动;制动器Brake action 制动作用Brake adjuster 制动调节器Brake and clutch reliner 制动器与离合器衬片拆换机Brake backing plate 制动器底板Brake band 制动带Brake band lining 制动带衬层Brake bleeding 制动器放气Brake booster 制动加力器Brake bottom plate 制动底板Brake cable 制动拉索Brake cable conduit 制动拉索管Brake caliper 制动钳Brake caliper plate yoke 制动钳板臂Brake cam 制动凸轮Brake camshaft 制动器凸轮轴Brake chamber 制动气室Blake chamber diaphragm 制动室膜片Brake chatter 制动颤振Brake clearance 制动间隙Brake compensating device 制动器均力装置Brake control 制动控制Brake control rod 制动控制杆Brake cross shaft 制动拉杆横轴Brake cylinder 制动缸Brake disc 制动盘Brake disc shield 制动盘护罩Brake distance 制动距离Brake drum 制动鼓Brake drum liner 制动鼓衬套Brake equalizer 制动器前后平衡装置Brake equalizer shaft 制动器平衡轴Brake fluid 制动液;刹车油Brake fluid reservoir 制动液贮存箱Brake flushing 制动器冲洗Brake force 制动力Brake gear 制动装置Brake hand control 手制动器控制杆Brake handle 制动手把Brake hop 制动跳跃,脱闸Brake horse power 制动马力Brake hose 制动软管Brake hysteresis 制动器滞后Brake judder 颤振Brake lamp 制动灯Brake lever 制动杆，制动手柄，制动踏板Brake lining 制动摩擦片Brake lining glue 制动摩擦片粘胶Brake lining grinding machine 制动器衬片研磨机Brake linkage 制动拉杆系统Brake master cylinder 制动主缸Brake noise 制动噪声Brake oil 制动油Brake operating valve 制动器操纵阀Brake pad 制动衬块；摩擦块Brake pad back plate 制动衬块［摩擦块］背板Brake pedal 制动踏板Brake pipe 制动管Brake pull rod 制动拉杆Brake quadrant 制动扇形齿轮板Brake ragging 制动拉杆系统Brake relining machine 铆制动蹄片机Brake rod 制动杆Brake shoe 制动蹄Brake shoe abutment 制动蹄支承座Brake shoe actuating camshaft 制动蹄促动凸轮轴Brake shoe carrier 制动蹄片座Brake shoe clearance 制动蹄间隙Brake shoe grinder 制动蹄片磨削装置Brake shoe holddown kit 制动蹄安装成套工具Brake shoe lining 制动蹄摩擦片Brake shoe link 制动蹄导板Brake shoe return spring 制动蹄回位弹簧Brake specific emission （制动）比排放量Brake stop 制动停车Brake system application time 制动机构滞后时间Brake tension rod 制动拉杆Brake tester 制动试验台Brake valve 制动阀Braking adhesion coefficient 制动附着系数Braking deviation 制动跑偏Braking distance 制动距离Braking drag 制动拖滞Braking efficiency factor 制动器效能因数Braking effort 制动力Braking equipment 制动装备Braking failure 制动失效Braking force 制动力Braking force coefficient 制动力系数Braking force distribution rate 制动力分配率Braking hop 制动跳动（间断离开地面）Braking jackknifing 制动折叠Braking line 制动管［线］路Braking nose dive 制动点头Braking power 制动功率Braking skid 制动滑移Braking stiffness 制动刚度Braking stiffness coefficient 制动刚度系数Braking system 制动系Braking system hysteresis 制动系滞后Braking time 制动时间Braking torque 制动力矩Braking trace 制动轨迹Braking vapour lock制动气阻Braking work 制动功Branch pipe 歧管Brass 黄铜Brazing 钎焊，铜焊Break away 侧滑Break bulk cargo carrier 厢式零担运输车Breakdown lorry 修理车Breakdown truck 抢修工程车Breaker 断电器；（轮胎）缓冲层Breaker cam 断电器凸轮Breakerless ignition system 无触点点火系统Breaker plate 断电器板Breaker point 断电器触点Breaker point gap 断电器触点间隙Breaker strip 缓冲胶片Breaking load 破坏负荷Breaking stength 断裂强度Breather 通风装置Breather tube 通气管Breathing mask 防毒面具C Cab （公用，出租）汽车；驾驶室；化油器Cab assembly support 驾驶总成支座Cab-behind engine bus 长头式客车Cab body 驾驶室本体Cab closure 驾驶室隔板Cab guard 驾驶室防护板Cable 缆索；电缆Cable car 缆车Cable clip 缆索夹Cable conduit 缆索管道；电缆管道Cable laying equipment 电缆敷设设备Cable reel trailer 电缆卷筒挂车Cable shoe 电缆终端套管Cable support 缆索托架Cable terminal 电缆接头Cab lock tell-tale 驾驶室锁止警报灯Cab over 平头型（卡车）Cab over engine 平头驾驶室Cab-over-engine truck 平头式货车Cab-over-engine bus 平头式客车Cab over type body 平头型车身Cabriolet 活顶轿车Cab seat 司机座Cab tire 汽车轮胎Cab type body 箱形车身Cab warning 汽车（车内）报警器Cadmium plating 镀镉Cage 保持架Calcium carbide 碳货钙，电石Calibrated dial 校准刻度盘Calibration 校正；标定Caliper 卡钳，卡尺，圆规；制动钳Caliper disc brake 钳盘式制动器Caliper ga(u)ge 卡规Caliper plate 制动钳板Caliper rule 卡尺Caliper type brake 钳盘式制动器Calorie 卡（热量单位）Calorific value 发热量，热值Cam 凸轮Cam and lever type steering gear 蜗杆曲柄销式转向机构Cam and piston type hydraulic damper 凸轮活塞型液力减振器Cam angle 凸轮转角Cam bearer 凸轮支座Camber 车轮外倾Camber angle 车轮外倾角Cambered axle 有外倾车轮的轮轴Camber ga(u)ge （汽车前轮）外倾角测定器Camber of spring 板弹簧拱度Camber stiffness 外倾刚度Camber stiffness coefficient 外倾刚度系数Camber thrust 外倾推力Cam bowl 凸轮滚轮Cam brake 凸轮张开式制动器Cam controlled slide 凸轮控制滑块Cam disc 盘形凸轮Cam-driven fuel pump 凸轮驱动燃油泵Cam grinding 凸轮磨削Cam-ground piston 椭圆形活塞Camion 重型载货汽车，军用卡车Cam lobe crest 凸轮凸脊Cam of double lift 双级凸轮Camouflage 伪装，迷彩Camouflage net 伪装网Camp stool 折椅Cam ring 凸轮环；（叶片泵的）定子Cam roller 凸轮滚轮Camshaft 凸轮轴Cam shaft bearing 凸轮轴轴承Camshaft phasing gear 凸轮轴正时齿轮Camshaft sprocket 凸轮轴链轮Camshaft thrust washer 凸轮轴止推垫圈Camshaft timing gear 凸轮轴正时齿轮Camshaft turning lathe 凸轮轴车床Can 罐；罩，金属管壳Canibalize 汽车拆件拼装Canopy 顶盖；顶篷Canopy express truck 有篷的载货汽车Canopy top 盖式车顶Cantilever spring 悬臂弹簧Canvased light van 帆布篷轻型货车Canvas top 帆布车顶Cap 帽；盖Capacitor type flasher 电容式闪光器Capacity 容量Capacity factor （液力变矩器）能容系数Capacity of storage battery 蓄电池容量Capacity of tank 油箱容量Cape chisel 扁尖凿Cap nut 盖螺母Cap packing 盖衬垫Cap screw 有头螺灯Capstan 主动轴，主动轮；纹盘，起锚机Capstan nut 槽形螺母，带孔螺母Capstan winch 绞盘Capsule 囊；小容器；膜盒；膜片式传感器Car 汽车；轿车Caravan 大篷车；车队Car barn 车库Car body 车身Carbon 碳，积碳Carbon brush 碳刷Carbon brush holder 碳刷架Carbon deposit 积碳；碳质沉淀物Carbon dioxide 二氧货碳Carbon electrode 碳精电极Carbon fibre 碳纤维Carbonisation 碳化作用Carbonitriding 碳氨共渗；气体氰化Carbonization 碳化，渗碳；干馏Carbonized silicon 碳货硅，金刚砂Carbonized tungsten 一氧化碳Carbon pile regulator 碳堆式调节器Carbon-pile type current regulator 碳堆式电流调节器Carbon remover 除积碳器Carbon scraper 积碳刮除器Carbon steel 碳钢Carburet(t)er 化油器，汽化器Carburetion 汽化Carburetted air 增碳空气Carburetter air funnel 化油器空气进气喉管Carburetter body 化油器体Carburetter choke 化油器阻风门Carburetter engine 化油器式发动机Carburetter flange 化油器突缘Carburetter pipe wrench 化油器管扳手Carburizing by gas 气体渗碳Carcass 胎体，骨架Car container 汽车用集装箱Car cooler 汽车冷气设备Cardan 万向接头Cardan drive 万向节传动Cardan joint 万向节Cardan shaft 万向节传动轴Car floor 汽车底板Car ga(u)ge 汽车标准［规格，尺寸］Cargo floor 货箱底板Cargo gear （货物）装卸设备Cargo handling 货物装卸Cargo hatch 货舱口Cargo liner 定期运货汽车Car gondola 活底高边货车，无盖货车Cargo room 货舱Cargo truck 载货卡车Car heater 汽车暖风装置Car industry 汽车工业Car lift 举车器Car polish 汽车抛光腊Carport 敞开的汽画间；停车场Car radio 汽车收音机Carrige 车辆，铁路客车；刀架，溜板，滑动架Car trim 汽车装饰件Car trunk 汽车行李箱Car washer 洗车装置Car wax 车蜡Cascade 级联；串联Cascade control 级联控制Case-hardened steel 表面硬化钢Case hardening 表面硬化Case hardening steel 渗碳钢Casing 外壳Castellated nut 槽式螺母Caster (美) 主销后倾，主销后倾距；脚轮Caster angle 主销后倾角Caster camber ga(u)ge 主销后倾和前轮外倾角测量仪Caster effect of steering 主销后倾的转向效应Casting 铸件；铸造Casting machine of cylinders 缸套浇铸机Casting mo(u)ld 铸型Casting wheel 铸造车轮Cast iron 铸铁Cast iron liner 铸铁缸套Castle nut 槽顶螺母Cast steel 铸钢Cast steel spoke wheel辐条式铸钢轮辋Catalyst 催化剂，触媒Catalytic converter 催化转化器Catalytic cracking 催化裂化Catalytic postcombustion 催化后燃烧Caterpillar drive 履带驱动Cat's eye 小型反光镜Cattle transport truck 牲畜运输车Caution plate （汽车或机器上的）标牌C-clamp C形夹Ceiling lamp 顶灯Cell connector 电池连接条Cell cover 电池盖Cellophane 玻璃纸；胶膜Cement 水泥；黏结剂Cementation 渗碳Cementation flux 渗碳剂Cemented carbide tool 硬质合金刀具Cemented steel 渗碳钢Center bearing 中心轴承Center bolt 中心螺栓Center brake 中央制动器Center console 中央控制台Center drill 中心孔钻Center electrode 中心电极Center ga(u)ge 定中心规Center gear （行星齿轮机构的）中心轮，太阳轮Center hole grinder 中心孔磨床Centering ball （万向节）定心钢球Centering device 定中心装置Centering machine 打中心孔机Center lathe 普通车床Centerless grinding machine 无心磨床Center of air pressure 风压中心Center of gravity 重心Center of gyration 回转中心Center of mass 质量中心Center of oscillation 振荡中心Center of tire contact 轮胎接地中心Center pillar 中柱Center pole 中心极；中心柱Center post 中柱Centrifugal clutch 离心式离合器Centrifugal force 离心力。
汽车运行材料英语作文
汽车运行材料英语作文Title: Materials Used in Automobiles。
In the realm of automotive engineering, the selectionof materials plays a pivotal role in shaping the performance, safety, and sustainability of vehicles. Fromthe chassis to the interior, each component demands careful consideration regarding its material composition to meetthe rigorous demands of modern automobiles. Let's delveinto the various materials employed in the construction and operation of vehicles.1. Steel: Traditional steel remains a fundamental material in automotive manufacturing due to its exceptional strength and affordability. High-strength steel variants, such as boron steel and advanced high-strength steel (AHSS), are utilized in critical structural components like the chassis, providing robustness while ensuring safety in case of collisions.2. Aluminum: With its lightweight nature and notable strength-to-weight ratio, aluminum has gained prominence in the automotive industry. It is commonly employed in parts like body panels, engine blocks, and suspension components, contributing to improved fuel efficiency and handling characteristics.3. Plastics and Polymers: Plastics offer versatility and cost-effectiveness, making them prevalent in various automotive applications. From interior trim components to exterior body parts, plastics and polymers provide designers with ample freedom in achieving aesthetic appeal while meeting functional requirements.4. Composite Materials: Composite materials, such as carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP), are prized for their exceptional strength and lightweight properties. They find application in high-performance vehicles and racing cars, where minimizing weight without compromising structural integrity is paramount.5. Glass: Automotive glass serves both functional andaesthetic purposes, providing visibility, protection fromthe elements, and enhancing the vehicle's aesthetics. Tempered glass is commonly used for side windows and rear windshields, while laminated glass, known for its shatter-resistant properties, is utilized for the front windshield.6. Rubber: Rubber components, including tires, seals, and gaskets, are indispensable for ensuring optimal vehicle performance and safety. Tires, in particular, undergo extensive research and development to enhance grip, durability, and fuel efficiency, reflecting their critical role in vehicle dynamics.7. Ceramics: While less common than other materials, ceramics find niche applications in high-performancebraking systems and engine components. Ceramic brake rotors, for instance, offer superior heat dissipation and wear resistance, contributing to enhanced braking performanceand longevity.8. Electronic Materials: With the increasingintegration of electronics in modern vehicles, electronicmaterials like semiconductors, conductive metals, and insulating polymers are essential for powering and controlling various systems, ranging from engine management to infotainment.9. Recycled and Sustainable Materials: The automotive industry is increasingly embracing recycled and sustainable materials to mitigate environmental impact. Recycled plastics, bio-based composites, and eco-friendly upholstery materials are examples of initiatives aimed at reducing carbon footprint throughout the vehicle's lifecycle.In conclusion, the diverse array of materials utilized in automobiles reflects the intricate balance between performance, safety, cost-efficiency, and environmental sustainability. As automotive technology continues to evolve, the quest for innovative materials and manufacturing techniques remains pivotal in shaping the future of mobility.。
印度汽车市场介绍
大众、雷诺日产在建
产量数据为2008财年产量
宁波精成车业有限公司
Source: ACMA, CRIS, SIAM, industry interviews
10
主要乘用车OEM布局
现有 规划 产能（万辆）
95 120
>150
25 10 30
印度主要乘用车OEM基本布局在三个区 域：新德里(Delhi)、浦那(Pune)、钦奈 (Chennai)。
数据来源：Global Insight
宁波精成车业有限公司
6
印度汽车市场总体概况
乘用车占印度汽车市场的主体，2008年占比约66%（2009年预计将达69%），其次是轻型商用车 （LCV），约占23%，这两部分市场总计约占整个汽车市场的89%。根据Global Insight的预测，这一 比例还将继续攀升并维持在90-91%左右。 乘用车、商用车销量历史及预测（千辆）
11月 72.00%
12月 68.59%
2009销量 160,441 176,088 206,797 165,539 171,623 176,436 185,266 192,724 212,975 210,605 207,500 197,711 2009产量 162,005 195,717 231,370 194,010 201,407 204,023 228,155 229,719 241,656 239,802 254,034 246,326 51.80% 146.44%
来源：印度储备银行，国际货币基金组织 印度、中国人口趋势（单位：百万）
印度25-54岁年龄的人口复合增长 率为2.2%，而中国仅为0.7%；目 前印度人口的平均年龄为28岁左右
复合增长率
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
AUTO INDUSTRYOn the canvas of the Indian economy, auto industry occupies a prominent place. Due to its deep forward and backward linkages with several key segments of the economy, automotive industry has a strong multiplier effect and is capable of being the driver of economic growth. A sound transportation system plays a pivotal role in the country's rapid economic and industrial development. The well-developed Indian automotive industry ably fulfils this catalytic role by producing a wide variety of vehicles: passenger cars, light, medium and heavy commercial vehicles, multi-utility vehicles such as jeeps, scooters, motorcycles,mopeds,three wheelers, tractors etc.The automotive sector is one of the core industries of the Indian economy, whose prospect is reflective of the economic resilience of the country. Continuous economic liberalization over the years by the government of India has resulted in making India as one of the prime business destination for many global automotive players. The automotive sector in India is growing at around18per cent per annum.The Indian automotive industry started its new journey from 1991 with delicensing of the sector and subsequent opening up for 100 per cent FDI through automatic route. Since then almost all the global majors have set up their facilities in India taking the production of vehicle from 2 million in 1991 to 9.7 million in 2006 (nearly 7 per cent of global automobiles production and2.4per cent of four wheeler production).The cumulative annual growth rate of production of the automotive industry from the year 2000-2001 to 2005-2006 was 17 per cent. The cumulative annual growth rate of exports during the period 2000-01 to 2005-06 was 32.92 per cent. The production of the automotive industry is expected to achieve a growth rate of over 20 per cent in 2006-07 and about 15 per cent in 2007-08. The export during the same period is expected to grow over20per cent.Advantage IndiaIndia holds huge potential in the automobile sector including the automobile component sector owing to its technological, cost and manpower advantage. Further, India has a well- developed, globally competitive Auto Ancillary Industry and established automobile testing and R&D centres. The country enjoys natural advantage and is among the lowest cost producers of steel in the world. The Indian automobile industry today boasts of being the largest three wheeler second largest two wheelers manufacturers in the world, world largest motorcycle manufacturer is in India, second largest tractor manufacturer in the world, fifth largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in the world and third largest car market in Asia.Investment OpportunitiesEstablishing Research and Development CentresEstablishing Engineering CentresPassenger Car SegmentTwo Wheeler SegmentHeavy truck SegmentProductionOne of the largest industries in India, automotive industry has been witnessing impressive growth during the last two decades. Abolition of licensing in 1991, permitting automatic approval and successive liberalization of the sector over the years have led to overall development of the automobile industry. The freeing of the industry from restrictive environment, on the one hand, helped it to restructure, absorb new technologies, align itself to global developments and realize its potential and on the other hand, this has significantly increased industry's contribution to overall industrial growth in the country. The automobile industry witnessed a growth of 19.35 percent in April- July 2006 when compared to April-July2005.Automobile Production TrendsCategory2005-062006-07 (In Nos)Passenger Cars10461331238032Utility Vehicles196506222111MPVs6666184707Total Passenger Vehicles13093001544850M&HCVs219295294266LCVs171788225734Total Commercial Vehicles391083520000Three Wheelers434423556124Scooters1021013943974Motorcycles62076907112225Mopeds379994379987Electric Two Wheelers-7982Total Two Wheelers76086978444168Grand Total974350311065142Source: Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers(SIAM)Domestic SalesThe cumulative growth of the Passenger Vehicles segment during April-May 2007 was 11.61 per cent. Passenger cars grew by 10.84 percent, Utility Vehicles (UVs)by 12.20 per cent and Multi Purpose Vehicles (MPVs) by 21.93 percent in April-May 2007 compared to the same period last year.In April-May 2007, the Commercial Vehicles (CVs) segment grew by 3.61 per cent over the same period in 2006. Light Commercial Vehicles recorded a growth of 18.80 per cent; however,Medium& Heavy Commercial Vehicles witnessed a fall by6.14percent.Three Wheelers sales fell by 5.32percent with sales of both Goods Carriers decreasing by - 8.99percent and Passenger Carriers by 2.77 percent during the period.Two Wheeler market also registered a negative growth of 8.02 percent during April-May 2007 over April-May 2006. Though Scooters, Mopeds and Electric Two Wheelers grew by 17.78 percent, 25.53 percent and 101.54 percent respectively, motorcycles, which is the main segment in this category,registered a decline of 13.20percent.Automobile Domestic Sales TrendSource:Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers(SIAM)ExportsAutomobile exports continued to register growth at 18.52 percent during April-May 2007 over the same period last year.Commercial vehicles exports increased by 28.24 percent, Three wheelers exports grew by 45.17 per cent and two wheelers exports grew by 21.86 per cent. However, passenger vehicles exports registered a decline of 9.03 percent, with all its sub-segments registering negative growth.Automobile Export TrendsCategory2005-062006-07 (No.of Vehicles)Source:Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers(SIAM)Auto Components IndustryS urge in automobile industry since the nineties has led to robust growth of the auto component sector in the country. In tandem with the industry trends, the Indian component sector has shown great advances in recent years in terms of growth, spread, absorption of new technologies and flexibility. Indian auto component industry has seen major growth with the arrival of world vehicle manufacturers from Japan, Korea, US and Europe. Today, India is emerging as one of the key auto components center in Asia and is expected to play a significant role in the global automotive supply chain in the near future.T he auto parts industry has emerged as one of India's fastest growing manufacturing sectors and a globally competitive one. The auto components industry in India is dominated by around 500 key players, which contribute more than 85 percent of India's production. The industry has very deep forward and backward linkages with almost every other engineering manufacturing sector of the economy. It supports industries like automobiles, machine tools, steel, aluminum, rubber, plastics, electrical, electronics, forgings and machining.India has also emerged as an outsourcing hub for auto parts for international companies such as Ford,General Motors,Daimler Chrysler, Fiat, Volkswagon,and Toyota.India enjoys cost advantage with regard to castings and forgings. The manufacturing costs in India are 25 to 30 percent lower than its western counterparts. India's competitive advantage does not come from costs alone,but from its full service supply capability.To encourage the smooth growth of the industry, the Government of India has allowed automatic approval for foreign equity investment up to 100 percent of manufacture of auto components. Further, the engineering export promotion council under the aegis of Ministryof Commerce and Industry, Government of India, over the years has been engaged in promoting exports of engineering goods including auto parts. Besides, the Automotive Component Manufacturers' Association of India (ACMA) represents the Indian auto component industry. The association is engaged in promoting trade, technology upgradation,quality enhancement,and collection and dissemination of information.The vital statistics pertaining to the auto components sector during 2004-05 and 2005-06 are outlined below:Indicators 2004-052005-06Output3654045500Exports62379127Employment5,00,000persons5,00,000personsExports of auto-componentsIndia is being preferred as low cost country by various global OEMs for sourcing auto components for their worldwide production. As a result of this, Indian auto component industry's export scenario has changed. Now, 75 per cent of its export is directed to OEM and rest is feeding the after sales market overseas. while auto component exports grew by 40 per cent in 2004-05 to a level of US$ 1.4 billion, it registered a growth rate of 46 per cent in 2005-06 and crossed US$ 2 billion mark. A high growth of over 40 per cent is expected to materialize in 2006-07 as well. Total export was of the order of Rs. 6237 crore during the year2004-05and Rs. 9127crore during the year 2005-06.Policy InitiativesAutomobile Policy2002The Automobile Policy 2002 seeks to make India an international hub for manufacturing small affordable passenger cars and a key centre for manufacturing tractors and two- wheelers for sales world wide.Foreign Direct InvestmentThe Indian auto industry with a turnover of US$ 12 billion and the auto parts industry with a turnover of US$3billion offer excellent scope for FDI.Automatic approval for foreign equity investment upto 100 per cent ofmanufacture of automobiles and component is permitted.The automobile industry is delicensedImport of components is freely allowedAutomotive Mission Plan2016The Government of India is drawing up an Automotive Mission Plan 2016 (AMP 2016) that aims to make India a global automotive hub. To maintain the high rate of growth of the automotive industry and to retain the attractiveness of Indian market and further enhancing the competitiveness of Indian companies, the Government has prepared the mentioned ten-year Automotive Mission Plan. The idea is to draw a futuristic plan of action with full participation of the stakeholders and to implement it in mission mode to meet the challenges coming in the way of growth of industry. Through this Automotive Mission Plan, Government also wants to provide a level playing field to the players in the sector and to lay a predictable future direction of growth to enable the manufacturers in making a more informed investment decision.Major players in the automobile sectorTataMahindraA shok LeylandB ajajHero HondaDaimler ChryslerSuzukiFordFiatHyundaiGeneral MotorsVolvoYamahaMazdaUseful Web LinksSociety for Indian Automobile ManufacturersDepartment of Heavy IndustriesAutomotive Component Manufacturers Association of India。