中科院遗传所博士研究生入学测验试题

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中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题3.doc

中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题3.doc

中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题(2002 年 3 月)PAPER ONEPART II STRUCTURE &VOCABULARY (15 points, 25 minutes)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.16.Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no but to report him to the local police.A.timeB. changeC. authorityD.alternative17.Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to _______ regret.A.teem withB. brim withC. come withD. look with18.There is only one difference between and old man and a young one: the young one has a gloriousfuture before him and the old one has a ________ future behind him.A・ splendid B・ conspicuousC・ uproarious D. imminent19- That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only necessity.A.within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of20.A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or express the emotion that it __________ in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A.reflectsB. retainsC. rousesD. radiates21. ________ the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10 minutes or until most of thewater has evaporated.A.Turn offB. Turn overC. Turn downD. Turn up22.Banks shall be unable to ________ , or claim relief against the first 15% of any loan or bankrupted debt left with them.A.write offB. put asideC. shrink fromD. come cover23-1 am to inform you, that you may, if you wish, attend the inquiry, and at the inspectors discretion sate your case ___________ or through an entrusted representative.A. in personB. in depthC. in secretD. in excess24.In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by"being _________ J being open to all kinds of art.A. gratifyingB. predominatingC. excellingD. accommodating25.In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens ________ the 1 grade.A. leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances26.Desert plants _______ two categories according to the way they deal with the problem of surviving drought.A.break downB. fall intoC. differ inD. refer to27.In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roral of aircraft engines which _______ all other sounds.A.dwarfedB.diminishedC. drownedD. devastated28.Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not ______________ and should be avoided if possible.A.constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relative29.The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the of investigations.A.caseB. chaseC. causeD. course30.Since neither side was ready to __________ what was necessary for peace, hostility were resumed in 1980.A.precedeB.recedeC・ concede D. intercede31 • Such an __________ act of hostility can only lead to war.A.overtB. episodicC. ampleD. ultimate32._______ both in working life and everyday living to different sets of values, and expectationsplaces a severe strain on the individual.A. RecreationB. TransactionC. DisclosureD. Exposure33.It would then be replaced by an interim government, which would ______________ be replaced by a permanent government after four months.A. in stepB. in turnC. in practiceD. in haste34.Haven't I told you I don't want you keeping _______ with those awful riding about bicycle boys?A. companyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place35.Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price ofSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C, and D.Indicate which of the four partrs is incorrectly used by drawing a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.36.The auctioneer must know fair accurately the current market values of the goodsA B Che is selling.D37.Children are among the most frequent victims of violent, dmg・related crimes thatoverriding majority since they are at heavy demand in the market, c 44. Retailers offered Ddeep discounts and extra hours this weekend in B C (he bid toDlureshoppers.45. The amendments A A B Chave nothing doing with the cost of acquiring the drugs.D38.A large collection of contemporary photographs, including some taken by MaryA Bare on display at the meseum.C D39.There is much in our life which we do not control and we are not even responsible for.A B C D40.Capital inflows w订1 also tend to increase the international value of the dollar, A Bmake it more difficult to sell U.S. exports.C D41.It can be argued that the problems, even something as fundamental as theA Bever-increased world population, have been caused by technological advanceC D42.It takes lhe mosl cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist theA B Ctemptation to revenge as subjected to uncivilized behavio匚D43.Wh订e experts in basic science are important, skilled talents should be theA Bof the laws on patent, trademark and copyright have enhancedBprotection of intellectual property rights and made them confonn to WTO rules. C DPART m CLOSE TEST (15 points, 15 minutes)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have undergone change. One of the more obvious 46 has occurred in the roles that women 47 • Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena, 48 maintaining their family roles of nurturing and their family roles of nurturing and creating a(n) 49 that is a haven for all family members. 50 many women experience strain from trying to “do it alf\ they often enjoy the increased 51 that can result from playing multiple roles. As womens roles have changed, changing expectations about merTs roles have become more 52 • Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility 53 the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men's roles, however, is in the emotional 54 of family life. Men are increasing 55 to meet the emotional needs of their families, 56 their wives.In fact, expectations about the emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on 57 marriage has changed over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emotional side of the relationship, and the importance of sharing in the "emotion work,,58 to nourish marriages and other family relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent, 59 both partners nurture each other, and encourage and promote each other. We are thus seeing marriages in which merTs and women's roles are becoming increasingly more 6() •46. A. incidents B・C・ results D. effects47. A. take B. do C. playD show48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D.Nevertheless51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent53. A. as B. of C. from D. for54. A. section B・ constituent C. domain D・ point55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted56. A. not to mention B. as well as C. including D. especially57. A. how B. what C- why D. if58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because60. A. pleasant.important C. similar D. manageablePART IV READING COMPREHENSION (30 points, 60 minutes)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passagecarefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneThe man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1833 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who, during the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheeler. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex Liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca-Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant; a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Company, and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M・ Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a batch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886-a year in which, as contemporary Coca-Cola officials like to point out, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and France unveiled the Statue of Liberty-Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he called Coca-Cola- It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had taken out the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other oils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his flowing bookkeeper's script, presently devised a label, on which "Coca-Cola" was written in the fashion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less as a refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose headache could be traced to over-indulgence.On a morning late in 1886, one such victim of the night before dragged himself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a dollop of Coca-Cola. Druggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water, but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to the fresh-water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up almost at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.61.What does the passage tell us about John Sty th Pemberton?A.He was highly respected by Atlantans.B.He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C.He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D.He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.62.Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton's Company?A.Skills to make French wine.B.Talent for drawing pictures.C.An acute sense of smell.D.Ability to work with numbers.63.Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?A.He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes's.B.He brought a quite profitable product into being.C.He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.D・ He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution.64.One modification made of French Wine Coca formula wased beer bottles were chosen as containers.B.the amount of caffeine in it was increased.C.it was blended with oils instead of water.D.Cola nut extract was added to taste.65.According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially forA.the young as a soft drink・B.a replacement of French Wine Coca.C.the relief of a hangover.D・ a cure for the common headache.66.The last paragraph mainly tellsA.the complaint against the lazy shop-assistant.B.a real test of Coca-cola as a headache cure.C・ the mediocre service of the drugstore.D.a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-Cola.Passage TwoBetween 1833 and 1837, the publishers of a "penny press" proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handling of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances.The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; human interest stories overshadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social land economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached.This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York Sim in 1833. The Sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speechreports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the Sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New Yrok daily newspapers combined when the Sim first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald(1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day's success founded the Philadelphia Public Ledger(1836) and the Baltimore Sun(1837). The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.67.What does the first paragraph say about the "penny press?"A.It was known for its depth news reporting.B.It had an involvement with some political parties.C.It depended on the business community for survival.D.It aimed at pleasing the general public・68.In its early days, a penny paper oftenA.paid much attention to political issues.B.provided stories that hit the public taste.C.offered penetrating editorials on various issues.D.covered important news with inaccuracy.69.As the reader ship was growing more diverse, the penny paperA.improved its contentB.changed its writing style.C.developed a more sensational style.D.became a tool for political parties.70.The underlined word "ventures^ in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced byA.editors.B.reporters.C.newspapers.panies.71.What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore SunlA.They turned out to be failures.B.They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.C.They were also founded by Benjamin Day.D.They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.72.This passage is probably taken from a book onA.the work ethics of the American media.B.the techniques in news reporting・C.the history of sensationalism in American media.D.the impact of mass media on American society.Passage ThreeForget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs-a room of one's own. The writer she had in mind wasn't at work on a novel in cyberspace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of trancey, chiming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark Amerika-his legally adopted name; don't ask him about his birth name-composed much of his novel Grammatron. But Grammatron isn't just a story. It,s an online narrative () that uses the capabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicated knots. In the four years it took to produce-it was completed in 1997-each new advance in computer software became another potential story device. “I became sort ofdependent on the industry:jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper.“ThaFs unusal for a writer, because if you just write on paper the "technology" is pretty stable二Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi-mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual "4city^ in cyberspace where visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic. The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron 9s 1,000-plus text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reach the next screen, just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and there's a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is some sense the story you make.Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. "I tell them not to get caught up in mere plot J he says. Some avant-garde writers-Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino- have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author^ control. "But what makes the Net so exciting/7says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, randomly generated links, 3-D modeling, animation.” That room of one's own is turning into a fun house.73.The passage is mainly to tellA.differences between conventional and modern novels.B.how Mark Amerika composed his novel Grammatron.C・ common features of all modem electronic novels.D.why Mark Amerika took on a new way of writing.74.Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities of a writer?A.Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.B.It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.C.Modem writers will get nowhere without a word processor.D.It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.75.As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because itA.provides potentials for the story development.B.is one of the novels at (g ).C.can be downloaded free of charge.D.boasts of the best among cyber stories.76.By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark Amerika meant thatA. he could not help but set his Grammatron and others in Industrial Revolution.B・ conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technology.C.much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependent.D.he couldn't care less about new advance in computer software.77.As the passage shows, Grammatron makes it possible for readers toA.adapt the story for a video version.B.“walk in,,the story and interact with it.C.develop the plots within the author's control.D.steal the show and become the main character.78.Amerika told his students not toA.immerse themselves only in creating the plot.B.be captivated by the plot alone while reading. C・ be lagged far behind in the plot development.D.let their plot get lost in the on-going story.Passage FourIn 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading a much smallerboy out of a Liverpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2, away from his mother, who was shopping, and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroad track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, smearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before leaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train. The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went off to watch cartoons.Today the boys are 18-year-old men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release-probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English jsutice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sloss decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For the rest of their lives, Venables and Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English media outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts or the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks are also prohibited.In the U.S., which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. "Wele clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world/9 says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in the U.S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U.S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts, which, for example, ban all video cameras.But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim's family is enraged, as are the ever eager British tabloids. "What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?97asks Bulger's mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials next door. Says conservative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins: Tt almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a passport to a completely new life:'79.What (Kcurred as told at the beginning of the passage?A.2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in play.B.James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.C.Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.D.A little kid was murdered by two older boys.80.According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert ThompsonA.have been treated as juvenile delinquents.B.have been held in protective custody for their murder game.C・ were caught while watching cartoons eight years ago.D.have already served out their 10 years in prison・81.The British justice system is afraid that the two young men wouldA.hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general public.B.be doomed to become social outcasts after release.C.still remain dangerous and destructive if set free.D.be inclined to commit a recurring crime.82.According to the British courts, after their return to society, the two adults will beA.banned from any kind of press interview.B.kept under constant surveillance by police.C.shielded from being identified as killers.D.ordered to report to police their whereabouts.83.From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Venables or Thompson wouldA・ have no freedom to go wherever he wants.B.serve a life imprisonment for the crime.C.be forbidden to join many of his relatives.D.no doubt receive massive publicity in the U.S.84.As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells thatA.it is controversial as it goes without precedent.B.the British media are sure to do the contrary.C.Bulger^s family would enter all apeal against it.D.Conservatives obviously conflict with Liberals.Passage FiveCan the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor's office? The Silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online "virtual visits',between doctors at three big local medical groups and about 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees wont have to skip work to tend to minor ailments or to follow up on chronic conditions. "With our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your docotr in your hometown can be a big chunk of time," says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.Doctors aren't clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time on the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so, according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue. "We are not stupid^ says Stirling Somers, executive director of the Silicon Valley employers group. "Doctors getting paid is a critical piece in getting this to work.” In the pilot program, physicians will get $20 per online consultation, about what they get for a simple office visit.Doctors also fear they'll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what's needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Cal if.-based start-up. Healinx's "Smart Symptom Wizard" questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctor's office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require a stethoscope to discover what's wrong- and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor's groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor's visits offer a “very narrow" sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic.The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet's record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experiment is "a huge roll of the dice for Helainx/5 notes Michael Barrent, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits” succeed, expect some HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren't satisfied, firgure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.85.The Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose ofA. rewarding their employees.B. gratifying the local hospitals.C.boosting worker productivity.D. testing a sophisticated technology.86.What can be learned about the on-line doctors' visits?A.They are a quite promising business-B.They are funded by the local government.C.They are welcomed by all the patients.D.They are very much under experimentation.87.Of the following people, who are not involved in the program?A・ Cisco System employees. B. Advice nurses in the clinic.C.Doctors at three local hospitals.D. Oracle executives.88.According to Paragraph 2, doctors are。

中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试试题

中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试试题

中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试试题(1)考试科目:动物学一、名词解释(每题3分,其中举例1分;共30分)1.后口动物2. 咽鳃裂3. 羊膜动物4. 鳞嵴5. 物种6. 口咽式呼吸7. 混合体腔8. 生物多样性9. 动物区系10. 同源器官二、填空题(每空0.5 分,共15分)1. 降河洄游入海的鱼类其体液渗透压需要完成由()转变为()。

(提示:填高或低)。

2. 粘孢子虫是渔业养殖中危害较大的病原体之一,其无性生殖方式是()生殖。

3. 华枝睾吸虫病是一种在我国较为流行的食源性寄生虫病。

其病原体的虫卵排入水体后被第一中间宿主螺吞食后逸出(),然后逐渐发育为胞蚴,()和();后者成熟后被释放到水体中,遇到第二中间宿主鱼或虾后侵入其体内发育为()。

4. 寡毛纲动物神经系统为()。

5. 水体中常见的浮游动物蚤状溞属于甲壳纲()亚纲。

6. 蚌和鳑鮍鱼是自然界生物间相互依存的典型实例;鱼将卵产于蚌的()中,蚌的()寄生于鱼的皮肤上。

7. 动物的肌肉组织是由()胚层发育分化而来。

8. 我国陆地动物区系分属于()届与( )届两大区系;现代动物区系的基本轮廓呈现于()初期。

9. 甲壳纲动物体节常分为()部和()部;具有()对附肢。

10. 藤壶是附着在海边岩石、船体上的一种常见生物,它隶属于()亚门。

11. 大多数鱼类身上被有鳞片,而鱼鳞主要分为3种,即硬鳞、()和()。

12. 环毛蚓的生殖系统为雌雄(),生殖时()受精。

13. 环节动物的循环系统属()式循环;节肢动物的循环系统是()式;两栖动物的循环方式为()和()的双循环。

14. 鸟类在繁殖期常各自占有一定的领域,不许其他鸟类(尤其是同种鸟类)侵入,称为()现象。

15. 棘皮动物的成虫呈()对称,其幼虫呈()对称。

三、问答题(共55分)1. 简述脊索动物的三大主要特征及脊索的出现在动物演化史上的意义。

(8分)2. 简述近年来动物系统分类学中三大学派的主要观点。

中国科学院研究生院

中国科学院研究生院

中国科学院研究生院
2008年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试卷
科目名称:遗传学
考生须知:
本试卷满分为100分,全部考试时间总计180分钟。

一、 名词解释(每小题4分,共20分)
1.组蛋白密码(histone code)
2.萤光素酶报告系统(luciferase reporter system)
3.中性学说(neutral theory)
4.染色质免疫共沉淀(chromatin immunoprecipitation, ChIP)
5.DNA芯片(DNA chip)
二、 论述题(每题20分,共80分)
1、免疫球蛋白具有显著的多样性,这种多样性甚至远超基因组中的所有基
因数目,请阐述免疫多样性产生的分子机制。

(20分)
2、RNAi技术是近年生物学领域的关键技术突破,请结合实例描述RNAi的
技术路线、目的和重要意义。

(20分)
3、转基因和基因敲除技术,结合模式生物的应用,对生物学研究有着重要
的意义,请描述这两项技术的技术路线,并就你所知举例说明这两项技术对生物学研究所作出的重要贡献。

(20分)
4、简单介绍你的硕士论文研究(或相当于硕士论文研究)的工作。

如果这
些工作涉及分子遗传学,请提出你深入研究的设想;如果你以前的工作与分子遗传学无关,也请你提出深入到分子水平的设想。

(20分)
科目名称:遗传学 第 1 页 共 1 页。

中科院考博试题特

中科院考博试题特

中科院多科考博试题中科院发育遗传所2002生物化学(博士)注:请将试卷写在答题纸上;不用抄题,但要写请题号;草稿纸上答题无效。

一、名次解释:(20分)二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。

(12分)三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断,你认为这种比较应采用什么原则?为什么?(12分)四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性,为什么?举例说明。

(12分)五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。

(12分)六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法,你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。

(12分)七、酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)的基本原理是什么?如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体?(12分)八、某一个蛋白,SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间,当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带,但分子量接近标准带13370处,请推断此蛋白质的结构?为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸?(8分)中科院发育遗传所2000-2001生物化学(博士)2000年博士研究生入学考试生物化学试题1.酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性,请描述并图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。

(20分)2.什么是DNA的半保留复制和半不连续复制?如何证明?真核细胞与原核细胞的DNA复制有何不同?(20分)3.概述可作为纯化依据的蛋白质性质及据此发展的方法。

(20分)4.简述酵解和发酵两个过程并说明两者的异同。

(15分)5.吃多了高蛋白食物为什么需要多喝水?(10分)6.在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用?如果有,其可能的生物学意义是什么?(5分)以下两题中任选一题(10分)7.概述植物或微生物细胞感应(应答)环境刺激因子(如养分缺乏、热、冷、干旱、强光等)的可能的生物化学过程模式。

最新中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所-博士研究生生物化学入学试题

最新中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所-博士研究生生物化学入学试题

中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所1996~2003博士研究生生物化学入学试题1996年1.请根据功能对蛋白质分类,并举例说明。

(10分)2.DNA的变性与蛋白质变性有何不同,理由是什么?(10分)3.列出你所知道的具有DNA外切酶活性的酶及它们在分子生物学研究中的应用。

(10分)4.举例说明蛋白质天然构象的信息存在于氨基酸顺序中。

(12分)5.以图示说明:(22分)a.真核生物基因表达的调节,指出哪些在细胞核中进行,哪些在胞质中进行。

b.哺乳动物的ATP循环,请解释为什么说ATP是“自然界的货币”。

6. 如何运用DNA序列分析方法确定DNA序列中与蛋白质结合的区域?(12分)7. 生物膜的不对称的拓扑结构是由什么维持的?它对生物膜的哪些功能是必需的?(12分)8. C3植物和C4植物有何差别?有人提出用基因工程手段将C3植物改造成C4植物,你觉得是否可行?为什么?(12分)1997年一、名词解释:(40分)1、蛋白质的去折叠与再折叠 5、RNA-酶2、差向异构体 6、抗体酶3、冈崎片段 7、Z-DNA4、信号肽 8、酮体二、何谓同工酶?试述同工酶分析的原理及应用。

(12分)三、简述生物膜流体镶嵌模型的要点。

什么是膜脂的多形性,非双脂层结构的生理意义是什么。

(12分)四、什么是反义RNA?举例说明它的理论和实践意义。

(12分)五、列举四种不同类型的PCR技术的原理及应用。

(12分)六、影响DNA变性和复性的条件是什么?如何根据DNA复性和反应动力学分离基因组中重复频率不同的序列?(12分)1998年一、名词解释:(40分)1.糖蛋白和蛋白聚糖2.多酶体系3.共价催化4.A、B和ZDNA5.糖异生6.非蛋白质性氨基酸7.蛋白质的四级结构8.离子泵9.逆转录转座子(retrotransposon)10.亲和层析二、哪种类型的蛋白质适用于系统学研究?为什么?比较在系统学研究中的依据蛋白质分析的技术和依据DNA分析的技术。

中科院中国科学院动物所遗传学2018年考博真题试卷

中科院中国科学院动物所遗传学2018年考博真题试卷











中国科学院
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目:动物所遗传学
注意:所有答案一律写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
ATAC-seq
细胞周期
分子标记
合成生物学
基因编辑
多能干细胞
二、简述题
1.转座子及其遗传效应15分
2正向遗传学和反向遗传学差异10分
3.细胞普系追踪原理跟方法
4.精准医疗
三、综述题
英国和日本科学家2012获诺贝尔奖,因为“体细胞重新编程具有多能性”,综述研究体细胞重新编程的意义及历史上的里程碑事件。20分

中科院博士考试样卷附答案

中科院博士考试样卷附答案

中国科学院研究生院英语B考试大纲笔试部分笔试部分由试卷一和试卷二构成。

试卷一包括:听力、英语知识运用与阅读理解两部分。

试卷二为书面表达部分。

时间总长共150分钟,满分100分。

试卷一(75分)第一部分:听力(20分)本部分考查考生理解英语口语、获取特定信息以及简要笔记的能力,由A、B两节组成。

A节:共10题,每题1分。

要求考生根据所听到的10段对话,从每题所给的4个选项中找出最佳答案。

每题有12-15秒答题时间。

每段对话的录音只播放一遍。

B节:共10题,每题1分。

要求考生根据所听到的3篇对话或独白简要回答10道有关该对话或独白的问题。

问题在试卷中印出但不在录音中读出。

录音材料只播放一遍。

本部分大约需要25分钟。

第二部分:英语知识运用与阅读理解(55分)本部分考查考生对用于一定语境中的词汇、表达方式和结构的掌握和理解书面英语的能力,由A、B和C三节组成。

A节:共15题,每题1分。

在1篇约300词的短文中留出15个空白,要求考生从短文后提供的30个词或表达式中选出最佳选项,使补足后的短文意义通顺,前后连贯,结构完整。

其中有11-12道题考查词汇和表达方式,3-4道题考查语法和语篇结构。

本节大约需要20分钟。

B节:共20题,每题1.5分,共30分。

考查考生理解总体和特定信息、猜词悟义、推断作者态度和意图的能力。

要求考生根据所提供的4篇文章(平均每篇约400词)的内容,从每题所给的4个选择项中选出最佳选项。

本节大约需要35分钟。

C节:共10题,每题1分。

考查考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。

要求考生根据2篇留有5段空白的文章(平均每篇约400词)的内容,在每篇文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进该文章中5个空白处的5段。

本节大约需要20分钟。

本部分总需时间约75分钟。

试卷二(25分)本部分考查考生英语书面表达的能力,由A、B两节组成。

A节:共1题,10分。

要求考生根据所提供的1篇长约450词的、有相当难度的文章写出1篇字数为120—150词的内容提要(约占原文的1/4-1/3)。

中国科学院遗传研究所试题

中国科学院遗传研究所试题

中国科学院遗传研究所2001年(普通遗传学试题)一、在遗传学中有许多运用数学方法进行研究的范例,孟德尔定律的发现与应用是这种方法学的典范。

请再举出至少二个例子说明数学方法的运用有助于阐明生物的遗传规律。

(20分)二、请根据你所掌握的普通遗传学的知识,说明在进化过程中新基因产生的机制。

(15分)三、在用X射线照射链孢霉的分生孢子后,如何检测和分析链孢霉的突变基因?(15分)四、有人调查100,000个新生婴儿,发现有12个新生儿表现某种相同的单基因突变,为了计算该突变基因的自发突变率,你认为调查者还需调查哪些材料和数据?如何计算?(15分)五、在小鼠中发现一个尾巴弯曲的基因突变,经过一系列的杂交试验,得到如下结果:杂交亲代子代雌雄雌(个体数)雄(个体数)1 2 3 4 56 正常弯曲弯曲正常弯曲弯曲弯曲正常正常正常弯曲弯曲弯曲(47),正常(0 )弯曲(28),正常(21)弯曲(51),正常(0 )弯曲(0 ),正常(39)弯曲(53),正常(0 )弯曲(44),正常(0 )弯曲(0 ),正常(40)弯曲(26),正常(31)弯曲(42),正常(0 )弯曲(0 ),正常(48)弯曲(42),正常(0 )弯曲(29),正常(22)请分析尾巴弯曲基因的遗传特性,并写出上述6个杂交中的亲代和子代的基因型。

(15分)六、请说明普通遗传学与分子遗传学在研究内容、研究方法和研究对象上的主要差别。

在普通遗传学中的哪些内容为分子遗传学的发展奠定了基础?(20分)中国科学院遗传研究所2002年(普通遗传学)1.目前遗传学研究已进入基因工程和功能基因组的新阶段。

请你各举一例说明在基因工程研究和功能基因组研究中普通遗传学的分析方法依然是重要的。

(20分)2.在一个火鸡养殖场的良种火鸡中,出现了遗传性白化症。

该场有11只健康而正常的种公禽,在检查它们的子代时,发现有4只产生过患白化症的火鸡。

为此养殖场将这4只种公禽与无亲缘关系的正常母禽杂交(一雄可与多雌交配),共得到342只幼火鸡,其中81只有白化症;它们全都是雌的。

2009年,2010年和2011年中科院遗传所生物化学考博真题

2009年,2010年和2011年中科院遗传所生物化学考博真题

2009年中国科学院遗传与发育生物研究所生物化学考博试题1. 某研究生得转基因植物,并得到了该转基因。

1.1 证明转基因至基因组?1.2 证明该基因转录成mRNA?1.3 证明该基因表达成蛋白质2. 三种蛋白质之间相互作用的方法。

3. 在细胞受到X-ray伤害是,P21基因相应P53蛋白3.1 P21基因与P53结合的最小启动子?3.2 为找到P21基因与P53结合区,证明体外能结合?3.3 在细胞内证明P53能与P21启动子结合?4. 在细胞发生凋亡时,凋亡抑制因子AAP1下调。

4.1 实验证明AAP1是否转录下降?4.2 实验证明AAP1稳定性下降?4.3 蛋白水平是否下调?若是,写出降解方法。

5. 某研究生得一cDNA,想研究其开放读码框架,问有几种读码框架?6. 激素加可刺激拟南芥生长,现有一研究生用诱变剂基因筛选的方法得到突变株x,用该激素处理不敏感,呈矮株。

6.1 有哪几种方法可克隆得到该基因?6.2 如何验证已得到正确的基因?6.3 X若编码转录因子,则说明为何突变为显性?7. 果蝇基因x编码蛋白X,蛋白X为一种重要受体家族,有研究生的缺失突变x纯合体,欲研究x在发育中的作用,但果蝇发育正常,表型正常,育性正常,试述x突变体表型、育性正常果蝇的原因,并证明其理由。

8. 通过药物诱变得到a序列,通过T载体插入得到b 和c序列。

8.1 证明a序列和b序列是同一序列,而c序列是另外的序列?8.2 系统研究受a基因编码的A蛋白正调控的X蛋白的方法1、谈谈你对缺陷血红蛋白有关疾病的致病分子机制的认识。

(15 分)2、谈谈你对蛋白质变性的认识?为什么说十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)是蛋白质的变形剂?(15 分)3、论述糖脂代谢途径的相互关系。

(15 分)4、真核生物的基因组及基因比原核生物复杂,体现在哪几方面?(20 分)5、逆转座子的类型和意义。

(15 分)6、随着人类基因组计划的完成,单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotidepolymorphism, SNP)的筛选及检测成为核酸研究的焦点之一。

中科院遗传与发育所专业课试题

中科院遗传与发育所专业课试题

读书破万卷下笔如有神中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所博士研究生生物化学入学试题1999年一、用中文解释下列名词(每题2分,共20分)1.Corepressor2.Elongation factor3.Molecular folding4.Transduction5.Regulon6.Inclusion body7.Chaperonin8.Antisense RNA9.Oncogene 10.Reverse transcriptase二、是非题(每题1分,共10分)1.Ribozyme是一种核糖核酸酶,其本质是蛋白质2.终止因子是在模板上,识别转录或蛋白质合成过程中的终止位置所需的成分3.操纵基因是基因组的一部分,它可调节基因的转译水平4.增强子是能增强临近基因转录水平的调节序列,它的作用与它所处位置及方向无关5.双关密码子是能被表达成一种以上氨基酸的核苷酸三联体6. 子是在DNA分子上,与拓扑异构酶结合的那个位置,可使DNA双螺旋解旋7.SDS-PAGE是根据蛋白质分子极性大小来对它们进行分离的一种电泳技术8.等点聚焦是根据蛋白质的核质比来对它们进行分离的一种技术9.离子交换层析是按生物大分子表面电荷的多寡和排布来对它们进行分离的技术10. 层析是根据生物大分子本身活力的高低来对它们进行分离的技术三、问答题(共70分)1.图解说明真核生物基因转录过程及主要影响因素(20分)2.简述转译过程中,遗传信息是如何传递给蛋白质的(20分)3.说明核酸杂交技术的基本原理、分类及应用(15分)4.生物技术包括哪几大主要领域,并简述它们的主要研究内容(15分)2000年一、请解释下列名词,并写出它们的英文术词:1 基因家族2 持家基因3 同形异位盒4 基因沉默5 功能基因组学6 信号肽7 信号传递8 细胞编程性死亡二、限制性内切酶是如何发现的?限制性内切酶可分成几类?如何使用限制内切酶进行分子生物学的研究?三、请分别列出用于蛋白质和核酸的电泳分析和分离的技术,并说明这些技术与蛋白质和核酸的性质的关系。

中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所博士研究生遗传学入学试题

中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所博士研究生遗传学入学试题

三、 转座(transposition)与易位(translocation)有什么不同?它们各自有哪些类型?对于基因组的进化各有哪些意义?(20分)
四、 简述你所从事过的一项最主要研究工作。如果给你以足够的研究条件,以及3-4年的时间,你将如何进一步深化你的研究工作?(20分)
五、 负调控在生命活动中有重要的意义,除经典的操纵子模型以外,近年来还发现有泛素(ubiquitin)介导的蛋白质降解机制和micro RNA(miRNA)介导的转录和翻译抑制机制,请从后两者中任选一种举例说明其作用机制与生物学意义。(20分)
4、如果两种生物基因组DNA在四种碱基的比率上有显著差异,那么预期在它们编码的tRNA、rRNA和mRNA上是否也会在四种碱基的比率上呈现同样的差异?(8分)
二、在一牛群中,外观正常的双亲产生一头矮生的雄犊。请你提出可能导致这种矮生的各种原因,并根据每种原因提出相应的调查研究的提纲(注意整个调查研究工作必须在两个月内完成)。(20分)
blot 表明ABC 蛋白在sab 突变体细胞中高水平富集。
根据上述结果,简要回答下述问题(第1-4 小题,答案请勿超过50 个字;第5
小题请勿超过200 字):
(1) 该研究生可能通过什么方法制备了抗原(即用于制作抗体用的ABC 蛋白)?
(2) 请解释为什么部分ABC 突变蛋白(即赖氨酸突变为甘氨酸后)会定位在细
(abc)。遗传分C 基因,
发现ABC基因编码一个转录因子。DNA测序分析发现在abc突变体中,一个单碱基的突
变导致了在一个富含碱性氨基酸的区段(5 个连续的赖氨酸或精氨酸)中的一个赖氨酸
突变为甘氨酸。
该研究生制备了抗ABC 蛋白的多克隆抗体。通过原位免疫荧光技术,该研究生发

中国科学院2000-2004年博士入学部分考题18份

中国科学院2000-2004年博士入学部分考题18份
五、思考题(20分):
你支持还是反对克隆人?理由是什么?如何避免克隆技术被滥用?
中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2000-2001年细胞生物学(博士)
2000年
一、 名词解释(每词3分,共30分)
1. 着丝粒 6. 核骨架
2. 微管 7. 核糖体
3. 溶酶体 8. 细胞的程序死亡
8.细胞编程性死亡又称细胞凋亡是细胞的一种基本生命现象,请阐述细胞凋亡的生物学意义及主要生物化学特征。
2001年博士学位研究生入学考试
生物化学试题
1.请阐明蛋白质间最重要的原子相互作用。(15分)
2. 蛋白质的测活是蛋白纯化过程中的重要组成部分,可以从哪些方面来考虑建立一个快速、简便、定量的测活方法。(15分)
二、真核生物的基因表达控制(control of gene expression)和信号传导(signal transduction)有密切的关系,请举出一个你熟悉的例子分别说明这两个概念的含义及其联系。
三、目前已经有一些现成的软件用来预测基因组全序列中的基因。为了设计这些软件,你觉得哪些关于基因和基因组的分子遗传学知识是必须的?请说明理由。
9、二酰基甘油是蛋白激酶C的( )。
10、常染色质的英文是( )。
三、论述题(每题10分,共20分):
1、细胞凋亡的生物学意义
2、磷脂酰肌醇信号通路
四、综合题 (每题10分,共20分):
1、给你一株动物体细胞,你如何验证该株细胞的发育全能性?
2、如何研究一个基因在细胞及发育中的功能?
中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2003年遗传学(博士)
一、今年是DNA双螺旋模型发表五十周年。请回答以下问题(20分):

博士研究生入学试题参考答案

博士研究生入学试题参考答案

中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所博士研究生生物化学入学试题2003年一、名词解释(每题5分,共30分)1、寡糖与多糖由2~20个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的糖类物质,有的结构非常复杂。

可分初生寡糖和次生寡糖两类。

多糖也称聚糖,是由很多个单糖单位构成的糖类物质,单糖数目一般多于20个,多糖属于非还原糖,不呈现变旋现象,无甜味,一般不能结晶。

2、端粒酶它是一种含有RNA链的逆转录酶,能以所含的RNA为模版来合成DNA端粒结构。

通常端粒酶含有约150个碱基的RNA链,其中含1个半拷贝的端粒重复单位的模版。

3、酮体由乙酰-CoA转化成的乙酰乙酸、D-β-羟丁酸和丙酮,这三个化合物统称酮体。

4、生糖氨基酸与生酮氨基酸凡能形成丙酮酸、α-酮戊二酸、琥珀酸和草酰乙酸的氨基酸都称为生糖氨基酸,而分解过程中转变为乙酸乙酰-CoA,乙酸乙酰-CoA可在动物的肝脏中可转变为乙酰乙酸、D-β-羟丁酸的这类氨基酸为生酮氨基酸,主要有苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸和色氨酸。

5、终止子与终止因子提供转录终止信号的DNA序列称为终止子,而协助RNA聚合酶识别终止子的辅助因子(蛋白质)则称为终止因子。

6、分子伴侣(molecular chaperone)一种通过抑制新生肽链不恰当的聚集并排除与其他蛋白质不合理的结合,从而协助多肽链正确折叠的蛋白质。

二、以下问答题任选7题回答(每题10分,共70分)1、简述关于生物膜运输的分子机制的几种主要假设以及他们间的相互关系。

2、蛋白质磷酸化和去磷酸化的生物学意义是什么?3、请解释酶促反应的前馈和反馈(feedforward和feedback)及其意义。

4、什么机制保证了DNA复制的准确性?5、神经和肌肉等细胞活动的直接提供者是ATP。

然而,ATP在细胞中的含量很低,在哺乳动物肌肉中仅为3~8mmol/kg。

问:是否存在其他贮能物质,又是怎样“运作”的呢?6、为什么C4植物即使在大气CO2浓度很低的时候光合作用效率仍很高?7、逆转座子广泛存在于真核生物基因组中,简述它的生物学意义并说明原因。

最新中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所博士研究生~生物化学入学试题

最新中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所博士研究生~生物化学入学试题

中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所博士研究生生物化学入学试题1996年1.请根据功能对蛋白质分类,并举例说明。

(10分)2.DNA的变性与蛋白质变性有何不同,理由是什么?(10分)3.列出你所知道的具有DNA外切酶活性的酶及它们在分子生物学研究中的应用。

(10分)4.举例说明蛋白质天然构象的信息存在于氨基酸顺序中。

(12分)5.以图示说明:(22分)a.真核生物基因表达的调节,指出哪些在细胞核中进行,哪些在胞质中进行。

b.哺乳动物的ATP循环,请解释为什么说ATP是“自然界的货币”。

6. 如何运用DNA序列分析方法确定DNA序列中与蛋白质结合的区域?(12分)7. 生物膜的不对称的拓扑结构是由什么维持的?它对生物膜的哪些功能是必需的?(12分)8. C3植物和C4植物有何差别?有人提出用基因工程手段将C3植物改造成C4植物,你觉得是否可行?为什么?(12分)1997年一、名词解释:(40分)1、蛋白质的去折叠与再折叠5、RNA-酶2、差向异构体6、抗体酶3、冈崎片段7、Z-DNA4、信号肽8、酮体二、何谓同工酶?试述同工酶分析的原理及应用。

(12分)三、简述生物膜流体镶嵌模型的要点。

什么是膜脂的多形性,非双脂层结构的生理意义是什么。

(12分)四、什么是反义RNA?举例说明它的理论和实践意义。

(12分)五、列举四种不同类型的PCR技术的原理及应用。

(12分)六、影响DNA变性和复性的条件是什么?如何根据DNA复性和反应动力学分离基因组中重复频率不同的序列?(12分)1998年一、名词解释:(40分)1.糖蛋白和蛋白聚糖2.多酶体系3.共价催化4.A、B和ZDNA5.糖异生6.非蛋白质性氨基酸7.蛋白质的四级结构8.离子泵9.逆转录转座子(retrotransposon)10.亲和层析二、哪种类型的蛋白质适用于系统学研究?为什么?比较在系统学研究中的依据蛋白质分析的技术和依据DNA分析的技术。

(15分)三、阐明核酸变性的特点及此特点为分子生物学研究提供的实验方法及可能解决的问题。

中科院遗传所03-07遗传学考博试题(含有整理答案,详细)

中科院遗传所03-07遗传学考博试题(含有整理答案,详细)

遗传学2007一、一个学生用转基因技术研究一个基因的功能。

该学生共得到30个独立的转基因株系,其中29个株系的表型与预测的功能基本吻合。

但其中一个株系的情况很特殊,在连续三代自交后代中无法获得任何纯合的转基因株系。

此外,转基因杂合体(其基因型已准确的确认)的自交后代中,仅出现杂合体和野生型(即不含有转基因的个体)两种群体,其比例大致为 2:1,但没有纯合体后代。

请解释该株系表型的遗传学基础,并通过实验验证你的解释。

答:该同学在对该株系转基因的过程中可能插入到一个重要的基因,该基因的失活可能会造成植株的致死。

假设我们研究的基因为A ,插入失活的基因为B 。

那么该同学获得的杂合转基因植株的基因型可能为AaBb 。

自交后代的基因型为:AABB 、AaBb 、aabb 。

其中aabb 是致死的,因此转基因杂合体的自交后代中,仅出现杂合体和野生型两种群体,其比例约为2:1。

实验方案:I 、扩增插入位点的旁临序列,在网上的相关数据库进行比对,看看是否是植株生长过程中重要的基因。

如果有相关报道是一个重要的基因,可以通过在正常植株中把该基因干扰掉,观察植株是否致死,如果致死,则证明所作的猜测是正确的。

II 、也可以通过遗传学的方法间接证明。

将该转基因株系中的杂合株和正常转基因株系中的隐性纯合株杂交,如图:就能够得到杂合型和纯合型,并且比例接近1:1。

如果是这样的结果,也可间接证明转基因过程中突变掉了一个与植株发育相关的重要的基因,导致无法得到纯合的转基因株系。

(转基因过程中除了插入到基因中造成突变,还有其他的如单碱基的突变造成基因突变?)该题目考查了转基因过程中出现的问题该如何解释,需要掌握转基因的原理、过程。

题干也给出了我们在研究某基因的功能的时候可以利用转基因的方法。

AaBb × aaBB AaBB aaBb P :二、一个学生用某一材料的基因组DNA(genomic DNA)为模版,通过PCR 扩增克隆了一个基因。

中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所 分子遗传学考博部分试题

中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所 分子遗传学考博部分试题

中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所
中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所
硕士研究生分子遗传学入学试题
1996年
注意:(1)答题必须简明扼要;如有必要,可以图示辅助说明。
(2)答题时可以不必抄题,但须注明题目序号。
一、 名词解释(每小题2分,共30分)
operon)?与衰减子(attenuator)?原核生物的氨基酸合成通常具有这两种调控系统,其生物学意义何在?
八、 某一显花植物的隐性矮秆突变体是由于基因缺陷造成的。试设计一可操作的实验方案克隆它的野生型基因(10分)
U C A G
二十、
真核生物中有三种依赖于DNA聚合酶,即RNA聚合酶Ⅰ、RNA聚合酶Ⅱ与RNA聚合酶Ⅲ。其中,RNA聚合酶主要负责tRNA及S小分子rRNA的合成。然而,58S小分子rRNA的合成却是由合成18S、28S大分子rRNA的RNA聚合酶Ⅰ完成。为什么?
二十一、 基因表达调控可以发生在诸如转录、翻译等许多不同的层次上。请简要说明发生在DNA水平上的基因表达调控方式。(10分)
7.gene, pseudogene 8,a-complementation
9.cot1/2 10,.consensus sequence
11,isoschizomer 12,C value paradox
(1)、哪条链是转录的模板链?(2)、写出该五个氨基酸残基的多肽。(10分)(可以查所附密码表)
六、 DNA复制和蛋白质合成均要求高度的忠实性。请问他们各有何机制保证其合成的忠实性?(10分)
七、 何为可阻遏操纵元(repressible
十三、 生物体合成DNA的忠实性要比起合成蛋白质的忠实性高出至少一个数量级。试解释导致这种差异的分子机理。其生物学意义何在?(10分)
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中科院遗传所博士研究生入学测验试题————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:一九九六年分子遗传学一、请说明高等动植物的基因工程与大肠杆菌基因工程的异同。

什么是当前真核生物基因工程的前沿?你认为目前动植物基因工程进一步发展的瓶颈是什么?(20分)二、在遗传学的发展中模式生物的应用起了重要的作用,请用一种你最熟悉的模式生物,较为系统地阐述应用该模式生物进行研究对分子遗传学的贡献。

(15分)三、从突变产生的机制看能否实现定向突变?试从离体和活体两种情况予以说明。

(15分)四、什么是基因组大小与C值的矛盾?造成这种矛盾的因素有哪些?如何估计真核生物基因组的基因数目?在进化过程中自然选择是否作用于基因组的大小,请阐述你的观点。

(15分)五、水稻黄矮病毒含有负链RNA基因组,在完成对该病毒核衣壳蛋白基因(N)序列测定的基础上,将N的编码序列置于水稻Actl基因(是一种组成性表达的基因)的启动子下游,通过基因枪方法导入一个水稻的粳稻品种,研究结果表明转基因的水稻植株在攻毒试验中表现出对黄矮病毒的抗性。

请你进一步设计实验,证明以下两点:1.转基因水稻的抗性确实是由于N基因导入水稻基因组表达的结果,而不是在转化过程中由于突变造成的;2.转基因水稻的抗性是由于N基因的转录产物造成的,而不是该基因的翻译产物造成的。

(20分)六、限制性核酸内切酶在分子遗传学中广泛地用于各类研究,请具体地说明限制性内切酶在研究工作中的应用范围。

(15分)1997年博士研究生入学试题分子遗传学(A卷)一、在通过测序获得一个基因组克隆的DNA序列后,怎样才能了解该序列可能具有的基因功能,请提出你的研究方案。

(20分)二、请简单介绍你的硕士论文研究(或相当于硕士论文研究)的工作。

如果这些工作涉及分子遗传学,请提出你深入研究的设想;如果你以前的工作与分子遗传学无关,也请你提出深入到分子水平的设想。

(20分)三、请指出目前阶段基因工程技术的局限性,并分析这些局限性的原因(你可以在人类基因冶疗,动物基因工程和植物基因工程三个方面任选一个来回答,也可以都回答)。

(20分)四、请说明基因组计划与生物技术的关系。

(20分)五、请说明真核生物染色体的结构和组成在分子水平上的特征。

(20分)1997年博士研究生入学试题分子遗传学(B卷)一、请简单介绍你的硕士论文研究(或相当于硕士论文研究)的工作。

如果这些工作涉及分子遗传学,请提出你深入研究的设想,如果你以前的工作与分子遗传学无关,也请你提出深入到分子水平的设想。

(20分)二、请说明真核生物染色体的结构和组成在分子水平上的特征。

(20分)三、目前在遗传图谱和物理图谱的研究中使用哪些分子标记?请说明每种标记的性质和特征。

(20分)四、在与遗传学有关的许多研究工作中都需要使用核酸的分子杂交技术,请举出这些研究工作及相应的分子杂交技术(至少三个),并尽你的可能,给以较具体的说明(如原理,关键技术和存在的问题等)。

(20分)五、请介绍人工产生突变的各种方法,并举实例说明突变在分子遗传学研究中的重要作用。

(20分)1998年博士学位研究生入学考试试题分子遗传学 A卷? ,B卷?注:A卷考生可从六题中选五题回答,每题满分为20分;B卷考生可从六题中选四题回答,每题满分为25分。

一、什么是DNA的半保留复制和半不连续复制?它们是如何被证明的?真核生物染色体的DNA复制与大肠杆菌的DNA复制有哪些不同?请具体说明。

二、在分子遗传学的研究中,被克隆的基因有两种不同的形式,genomic基因和cDNA基因,请问在这二者之间可能会有哪些不同?为什么?从方法学的角度看,在基因的结构与功能的研究中,二者各有什么作用?可以举例说明。

三、什么是基因转录水平上的顺式调控成分与反式调控因子?它们与近代遗传学中的基因概念“顺反子”有何差异或联系?如何鉴定一个基因表达的顺式调控成分与反式调控因子?最好能举例说明。

四、在基因组研究中应用哪些分子标记?请说明这些标记的生物化学性质和遗传学特征。

并进一步回答以下两个问题:1、为什么在比较基因组研究中常用RFLP标记,而不用其他标记?2、为什么在个体、品系和品种的鉴别中一般不用RFLP标记?五、在人类中线粒体DNA是母系遗传的,Y染色体是父系遗传的,因此有人说通过对线粒体DNA的研究可以追溯到人类共同的祖先母亲?夏娃,通过对Y染色体DNA的研究可以追溯到人类共同的祖先父亲?亚当。

请你提出较为具体的技术路线。

如你不同意上述看法,也请提出自己的设想和技术路线。

六、如何证明在转基因的动植物中导入的外源基因在宿主染色体上的整合?如果导入外源基因的功能是在研究之中的,你如何证明在转基因动植物中表现的新性状是外源基因决定的?你可以任选某种动物或植物举例说明。

1999年博士学位研究生入学考试试题分子遗传学注: A卷考生可以六题中选五道题回答,每题满分为20分,B卷考生可以六题中选四道题回答,每题满分为25分。

一、请简单介绍DNA双螺旋结构的变性、复性、构象和超螺旋化。

并回答以下二个问题:1. 在活体条件下,DNA的变性、复性、构象和超螺旋化与DNA复制及基因表达有何关系?(最好能举例说明)2. 在离体条件下,如何利用DNA的变性复性进行分子遗传学研究?二、rRNA基因、tRNA基因与一般的编码蛋白质的基因在结构组成和转录上有哪些不同的特征?为什么rRNA基因可以用于系统发育和分子进化的研究?在实验室中是如何运用rRNA基因进行分子进化研究的?三、有哪些研究说明真核生物基因组的稳定性只是相对的?请举一例较详尽地说明真核生物基因组流动性的分子机制。

四、在未知基因产物的情况下,如何从高等动物或植物中克隆一个行使某种可观察的功能的基因?请就你所了解的一篇文献上的实例对有关的技术路线进行剖析,并说明该研究成功的技术关键。

五、在普通遗传学和细胞遗传学中提到的各种现象,概念和假设中,已有不少在分子遗传学中被进一步阐明,请举例说明。

请问在普通遗传学和细胞遗传学中,我们对哪些重要的现象、概念或假设的理解,迄今仍未上升到分子水平?六、在真核生物的基因中哪些区段的序列、哪些核苷酸的变异会显著地影响该基因编码和蛋白质的功能?为什么?这些变异是如何影响蛋白质的功能的?可以举例说明。

2000年博士研究生入学考试分子遗传学试题(A卷考生回答下列五题,每题20分;B卷考生可任选四题回答,每题25分)一、“一个基因一个蛋白”的假说是如何提出来的?从今天的观点看该假说有哪些问题?应该如何表述才比较确切?最好能举实例说明。

二、在真核生物的基因工程中,有时会出现这样的情况:通过Southern分析证明了携带外源基因的载体已整合到转化受体的基因组中,但是在转基因受体的当代或后代个体中未能检测出该外源基因的表型。

请问有哪些原因会导致这种负的结果?如何分析才能判断该基因不产生表型的原因?三、目前有哪些电泳技术可用于DNA的分析?请说明这些技术是如何推动分子遗传学研究的。

四、南京大学孙乃恩等编著的《分子遗传学》是1990年出版的高等学校试用教材,迄今已过去10年了,如果要对该著进行修改补充,你觉得有哪些研究进展的内容是必须补充的?有哪些内容是可以基本上不变的?请说明你的理由。

一、五、我国是一个历史悠久的大国,在北京周口店曾发现五十万年前的“北京人”头盖骨化石,在长江流域多次发现6000年至8000年前墓葬中的稻谷。

为了证明“北京人”就是现代中国人的祖先,墓葬中的稻谷就是现代的水稻品种的原始材料,你觉得有没有必要提供遗传学的证据?为什么?请你任选上述二个问题中的一个,提出你设计的研究方案。

博士学位研究生2001年入学考试分子遗传学试题(A卷考生必须回答下列五题,每题20分;B卷考生任选四题回答,每题25分)一、 Crick在1958年提出了中心法则,请对以下四个方面进行论述:1. 中心法则对分子遗传学研究的理论意义和指导作用;2. 中心法则的修正;3. 中心法则面临的挑战;4. 你对中心法则的看法。

二、目前已被阐明基因组全序列的生物有哪些?请在这些生物中选择你最熟悉的一种,提出如何用分子遗传学的方法来揭示该基因组中序列已知、但功能未知的某个基因的功能。

三、请解释以下概念:操纵子、诱导物、阻遏物、正调控、负调控。

并详细地说明乳糖操纵子和色氨酸操纵子的调控机理。

四、请举出5种不同的基因文库,说明文库的载体组成、性质、特点和应用范围,并用实例说明。

五、就你所熟悉的一种生物的基因工程,提出使异源基因高表达的具体策略,可以举例说明。

分子遗传学2002年博士入学考题注:1、A卷考生必须回答下列5题,每题20分。

B、卷考生任选四题回答,每题25分。

一、请举出细胞中的各种RNA分子的名称、特征和功能。

如何从RNA出发开展功能基因组的研究。

二、真和生物的基因表达控制(control of gene expression)和信号传导(signal transduction)有密切的关系,请举出一个你熟悉的例子分别说明这两个概念的含义及其联系。

三、目前已经有一些现成的软件用来预测基因组全序列中的基因。

为了设计这些软件,你觉得哪些关于基因和基因组的分子遗传学知识是必须的?请说明理由。

四、在真核生物中转座子可以分为几种类型?请分述每种类型的结构和特征。

如何利用转座子进行分子遗传学的研究和功能基因组的研究。

五、自从克隆的多利羊诞生以来,报界经常传播所谓克隆动物的缺陷,有一种说法是克隆动物会早衰,有人推测早衰的原因可能是:(1)被克隆的体细胞核的染色体端粒变短或(2)被克隆的体细胞核的基因表达程序已经处在发育上成熟的阶段。

现在请你从染色体DNA复制的角度作支持第(1)种可能的阐述,并从基因表达调控的角度做反对第(2)中可能的阐述。

中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所博士研究生遗传学入学试题2003年一、今年是DNA双螺旋模型发表五十周年。

请回答以下问题(20分):1、在双链DNA分子中A+T/G+C是否等于A+C/G+T ?(4分)2、DNA双链的两条链中是否含有相同的遗传信息?为什么?(4分)3、大肠杆菌的基因组DNA的长度约为1100微米。

请根据DNA模型估计其基因组的碱基对数目。

(4分)4、如果两种生物基因组DNA在四种碱基的比率上有显著差异,那么预期在它们编码的tRNA、rRNA和mRNA上是否也会在四种碱基的比率上呈现同样的差异?(8分)二、在一牛群中,外观正常的双亲产生一头矮生的雄犊。

请你提出可能导致这种矮生的各种原因,并根据每种原因提出相应的调查研究的提纲(注意整个调查研究工作必须在两个月内完成)。

(20分)三、请给出以下6种分子标记的中文全称、定义、检测方法及其在遗传分析中的特征。

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