语言学作业参考答案
(完整版)语言学练习题及答案
练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ə ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ]15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English wordA. [r∧b ]B. [ læ b ]C. [məsta:∫]D. [lmæp]18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 178820. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. PhonemeC. AllophoneD. Sound1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]” , they are similar phones which belong to phonetics. T6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /. F8. ‘peak’is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’ is unaspirated phonetically[ p=]. T9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /. F10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /, which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme. T.语义学练习1._______ is not included in Leech’s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning2. Among Leech’s seven typ es of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to _____. A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ____. A. meaning B. reference C. concept D. sense4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of __ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. Converse5. The pair of words “same” and “different” are _____.A. gradable oppositesB.converse oppositesC. hyponymsD.contradictory6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultC. +animate, - male, +human, - adultD. +animate, - male, +human, +adult8. ______is the implied meaning, similar to “implication” and “implicature”. E.g. When we mention about “women”, we’ll think of her soft warm manner.A. DenotationB. Affective meaningC. Reflected meaningD. Connotation9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is_ __A. word, sentenceB. the objectC. conceptD. symbol10. A linguistic is interested in ___A. What is said.B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics.C. What is grammaticalD. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. Lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip” ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy14. The words “railway” and “railroad” are ___A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synomyms differing in styles15. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called__A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?A. single/marriesB. lend/borrowC. hot/coldD. old/young17. The name of “Morning Star”, “Evening Star” and “Venus” is one of the example that different words or name may refer to the same ____A. denotation B. connotation C. reference D. sense18. When we analyze the words “thrifty, economical, stingy”they are synonyms but they have different______A. stylistic meaningB. denotative meaningC. affective meaningD. collocational meaning20. “Seeing those pictures reminds him of his childhood.” The und erlined part in the sentence is_A. agent caseB. object caseC. instrument caseD. benefactive case1. Is reference tied to a particular time and place? T2. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ? F3. Can different expressions have the same referent? T4. Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? F1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T2. In most cases, “sense” and “meaning” are different terms for the same thing. T3. Every word has its own sense. F4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the same sense. T5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and the objective world. T6. A: He married a blonde heiress. B: He married a blondeThe relation between these two sentences is entailment. F?7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that between connotation and denotation. T8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate, e.g. ‘bus’. T9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. FVI. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word.Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one of the three components of _______(2) . According to Chomsky’s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammarMost language utterances（话语）depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic________(9)6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar--the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky’s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest.10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.词汇练习1. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ______.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. SynonymsD. co-hyponyms2. The semantic components of the word “woman” can be expressed as ______.A. +animate, +human, +male, -adultB. +animate, +human, -male, -adultC. +animate, +human, +male, +adultD. +animate, +human, -male, +adult3. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “desk and furniture”?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy4. The words “dog” and “read” are called ______because they can occur unattached.A. derivational morphemesB. bound morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. free morphemes?9. Some morphemes have more than one invariable form , such as “dog→dogs”, “cat→cats”“mouse→mice”,which are called_____.A. bound morphemeB. allomorphC. free morphemeD. minimal morpheme10. In English n. v. a. and adv. make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are also called _____.A. closed class words B. conventional words C. open class words D. compounds11. ______ can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. AffixesD. Roots12. The word “bookish” contains two _____.A. phonemesB. morphsC. morphemesD. allomorphs13. ____ morpheme are those that cannot be used independently but have tobe combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix14. ______ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the partof speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SufficesC. RootsD. Affixes15. The words “make, bus” are called ______.A. derived morphemesB. inflected morph.C. bound morphD. free morpheme16. Which is variable word?A. fromB. untilC. workD. and17. Which processes of lexical change does the Chinese word “国务院”experienced?A. BlendingB. AbbreviationC. BorrowingD. Back-formation18. Which word is created through the process of acronym?A. adB. editC. AIDSD. Bobo19. The word “math” is formed through ___.A. back formationB. clippingC. BlendingD. derivation20. ______ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. A. Affix B. Inflection C. Allomorph D. Morphologysyntax练习1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with “was”. We are taking about ____inside the sentence.A. Syntactic relationsB. paradigmatic relationsC. Linear relationsD. Government2. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called______ .A. Lexicon B. morphology C. Syntax D. semantics3. What does ‘IC’ stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ?A. Inferential ConnectiveB. Inflectional ComponentC. Immediate ConstituentD. Implicative Communication4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence “She broke the window with a stone yesterday”, where is the first cut?Draw a tree diagram of this sentence.A. between stone and yesterdayB. between she and brokeC. between broke and the windowD. between window and with5. ____ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, case) and verb (tense, aspect, etc.).A. Phonology B. Word classes C. Grammatical categories D. Functions of words6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English ?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice7. ____ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories.A. ConcordB. Immediate constituentC. Syntagmatic relationsD. Government8. ____ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form.A. BloomfieldB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Sussure9. The phrase “boys and girls ” is a(n) _____.A. subordinate endocentric constructionB. coordinate endocentric constructionC. subordinate exocentric constructionD. coordinate exocentric construction10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to _____.A. study real ‘facts’ in daily settingsB. tells people how to speak appropriatelyC. tell people what is right in language useD. Look for ‘the universal grammar’11. What is the full form of LAD? B. Language acquisition device12. A speaker’s actual utterance in Chomsky’s terminology is called _____.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding that language is a form of ____; while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of ____. A. knowing, doing B. knowing, thinking C. thinking, doing D. doing, knowing 14．F. de Saussure is a(n) _____ linguist .C. Swiss15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?A. ExocentricB. EndocentricC. CoordinateD. Subordinate16. “You sit down” is transformed into “Sit down”. Which transformational rule is used according to TG Grammar ? A. Copying B. Addition C. Reordering D. Deletion17. L. Bloomfield is a famous _____ structural linguist.C. American18. In ______ , Noam Chomsky published his famous book “Syntactic Structure”.B.195719. “A fish is swimming in the pond” is transformed into “There is a fish swimming in the pond”. Which transformational rule is used. A. Copying B. Reordering C. Addition D. Deletion20.The phrase “the man about whom I’ve been talking.” belong to the ______Construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC. subordinateD. exocentric1．Traditional grammar involves a great deal of gender, number and case. T2. “I’m a teacher.” “He studies English.” describe the form of gov ernment.3. “Langue” is much more stable than “parole”. T4. When we mentioned about the usage of a “树”，it is signified; and the sound /shu:/ is signifier, the relationship among them is arbitrary. T5. The sentence “ If the weather is nice, we’ll go out.” is settled at the base paradigmatic relation.F6. Sassure proposed the linguistic study considered in itself. T7. Rheme contributes much more great than theme. F8. IC analysis is used to analyze the semantic feature of the sentence. F12. “He came back very late last night.” The underlying structure is endocentric one. T13. Wh en we mention about “phonetic”and “lexicon components”, they belong to deep structure category. F14. The abstract meaning and ambiguity of the sentence can be analyzed by deep structure. T15. Systemic – functional grammar wanted to link the function with structure of the language.16.By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. F17. The open-class words include prepositions. F18. “The boy smiled” has an exocen tric structure. T19. The IC Analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”. T20. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.21. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language. F6语用练习1. According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _____ studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters of a listener.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Sociolinguistics2. There are ______deixis in the sentence “ she has sold it here yesterday. ”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 63. We can do things with words ---- this is the main idea of ______.A. the Speech Act TheoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics4. _____refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act5. _____ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “I’ll declare Mr. Williams election tomorrow.”B. “Good morning!”C. “could you open the window?”D. “I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ”6. A: Let’s get something to kids. B: Okey , but not I-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S.In the conversation B violets the _____.A: Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relevance Maxim D. Clarity Maxim 7. A: I really like the dinner. B: I’m vegetarian. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity8. A: How are you? B: I’m dead. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity9. A: Would you like a cocktail? It’s my own invention.B: Well, m mm uh it’s not that we don’t drink. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity10. A: Are you going to Steve’s barbecue?B: A barbecue is an outdoor party.There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity11. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaningnot in isolation, but in _____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context12. To analyze the following sentences ______ is Performative.A. You congratulate me.B. I envy you.C. I command you to put out that cigarette.D. I warned you not to go.13. _____ act expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech act14. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is? B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.A. quantityB. qualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity15. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren’t they? Speaker B violates the maxim of _____.A. qualityB. quantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity16. A: This bag is a little bit heavy. B: Let me help you. What is the illocutionary act of speaker A?A. This bag is heavy.B. I don’t want to carry it away.C. Could you help me with this bag?D. I’m very happy about it.17. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isn’t it? B: The pattern is nice.What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe?A. QualityB. QuantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity18. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in the late 50’s of the 20th century. A. John Austin19. One of the contributions ____ has made is his classification of illocutionary acts. John Austin20. Cooperative principle was found by _____. A. Paul Grice21. According to Austin’s Speech Act theory, the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning is called ___ A. Perlocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. indirect speech. 22. A(n )”_____” means that some sentences, in the utterance and the seeming performance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly.A. direct speech actB. indirect speech actC. illocutionary actD. utterance23. The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication.A. speech act theoryB. CP theory.C. communicative competenceD. linguistic competence24. According to Austin, Speech Acts fall into ______ general categories.A. fourB. twoC. threeD. five25. _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. A. Pragmatics B. pragmatism C. phonology D. Practicalism26. Once the notion of _______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contentC. formD. context27. ____ act theory is an important in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpokenC. SoundD. Speech28. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic29. Of the three acts, Pragmatists are more interested in the _______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above30. The maxim of quality requires, do not say what you believe to be _____.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly31. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above32. Pragmatics is a study ofA. language learningB. language acquisitionC. language planningD. language in use33. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in the fact that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ that which is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above34. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes ______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance35. The part of the response to the speech acted by the hearer is _____.A. LocutionB. IllocutionC. PerlocutionD. Direct action36. _____ may perform an act but lay stress on describing the action.A. Speech Act TheoryB. PerlocutionC. PerformativeD. Constative37. A: Good luck to you! B: Thank you. What politeness principle does speaker A observe?A. Generosity maximB. Tact maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim38. “What a marvelous dinner you cooked!”What politeness maxim does the speaker of the utterance observe?A. Sympathy maximB. Approbation maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim39. “I swear I have never seen the man before.” This sentence is a ____.A. performativeB. ConstativeC. indirect speechD. procedure40. Conversational Implicature can be___.A. CalculabilityB. CancellabilityC. Non-ConventionalityD. all of above1. Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice. F2. Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T3. “We can do things with words” ----this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory. T4. “I hereby declare war ” is the typical utterance of “speech act theory”. T5. At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types: constatives and performatives. T6. “Locution” means the speaker’s intention. F7. “Perlocution” is used to bring effects on the hearer. T8. “Can you pass me the salt, please? ” is a question, but it is a direct speech act. F9. In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation of utterances. T10. “Pragmatics “ is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T11. “In Semantics” the sentence meaning should be studied. T12.“ In pragmatics ” the utterance meaning should be studied. T13. The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as speaking. F14. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. T15. “What’s that?” that is a location deixis. FPragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning.16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. communication17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. PragmaticsIf semantics is the study of __1D__that comes from ‘purely linguistic knowledge’ pragmatics concerns all the ‘__2A__of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and __3_C_world’. So pragmatics is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in__4_B_.a) aspects b) semantics c) social d) meaningSemantics and __1_C_are complementary to__2A__ —hence ‘complementarism’. According to Morris’s trichotomy , __3__ is the study of ‘the formal relation of signs to one another’, __4__ is the study of ‘the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable ’,and pragmatics is the study of ‘the relation of signs to__D5__’.a) Each other b) Pragmatics c) semantics d) interpreters e) syntax。
（完整版）语言学练习题（含答案）
（完整版）语言学练习题（含答案）判断题1.Interlanguage is neither the native language nor the second language.(T)2.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routesof second language learning: acquisition and learning. (T)3.There are two interacting factors in determining language transfer insecond language learning. (F)4.Three important characteristics of interlanguage: systemacticity ,permeability and fossilization. (T)5.Intrinsic motivation:learners learn a second language for externalpurposes. (F)6.Neurolinguistics is the study of two related areas: language disordersand the relationship between the brain and language. (T)7.The brain is divided two sections: the higher section called the brainstem and the lower section called the cerebrum. (F)8.An interesting fact about these two hemispheres is that eachhemisphere controls the opposite half of the body in terms of muscle movement and sensation. (T)9.Most right-handed individuals are said to be right lateralized forlanguage. (F)10.C T scanning uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images thattake the form of a series of brain slices. (T)11.1 Right hear advantage shows the right hemisphere is not superior forprocessing all sounds, but only for those that are linguistic in nature, thus providing evidence in support of view that the left side of the brain is specialized for language and that's where language centers reside. （f）12.2 Evidence in support of lateralization for language in left hemispherecomes from researches in Dichotic listening tasks（t）13.3interpersonal communications is the process of using languagewithin the individual to facilitate one’s own thought and aid the formulation and manipulation of concepts. （t）14.4 Linguistic lateralization is hemispheric specialization or dominancefor language. （t）15.5 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used tostudy how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different sounds in the right or left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.（f）16.6 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used tostudy how the brain controls hearing and language, withwhich subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different soundsin the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.（t）17.7 Input refers to the language which a learner bears and receives andfrom which he or she can learn. （f）18.8 Fossilization ，a process that sometimes occurs in language learningin which incorrect linguistic features (such as the accent of a grammatical pattern) become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target language.（f）19.9 The different languages have a similar level of complexity anddetail, and reflect general abstract properties of the common linguistic system is called Universal Grammar . （t）20.10 Acculturation a process of adapting to the culture and valuesystem of the second language community.（t）21.I n socialinguistic studies,speakers are not regarded as members ofsocial groups (F)22.n ew words maybe coined from already existing words by substractingan affix thought to be part of the old world (T)23.a ll languages make a distinction between the subject and directobject,which can be illustrated in word order (T)24.I t has been noticed that in many communities belanguage used bythe older generation differs from that used by the elder generation in certain ways (F)25.A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languagesand it isn’t used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading(F)26.I t is interesting to know that the language used by men and womenhave some special features of others (F)27.I t is an obvious facts that people who claim to be speakers of thesame language don’t speak the language in the different manner (T)28.A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living (T)29.F usion refers to this type of grammatication in which words developinto affixes (T)30.H istorical linguistics,as a branch of linguistics is mainly coverned withboth the description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time (T)选择题Chapter 71.Which one is not right about Blenging?(b)A:disco-discotheque B:brunch-breakfast+luchC:B2B-Business-to-Business D:videophone-video+cellphone2.Semantic changes contains three processes ,which one is ture?(a)A:namely widening ,narrowing and shift in meaningB:semantic broadening ,narrowing and semantic dispearing C:semantic shift ,narrowing and semantic lossingD:namely widening ,narrowing and not shift in meaning3.Science and technology influence English language in these aspects(d) A:space travelB:compnter and internet languageC:ecdogyD:above of all/doc/6712907809.html,nguage changes can be found at different linguistic levels,such as in the A:phonology and morphologyB:syntax and lexiconC:semantic component of the grammarD:ABC5,Morphological and syntactic change contianA:addition or loss of affixesB:change of word ordenC:change in regation ruleD:abrove of allChapter 81.Which is not Halliday's social variables that determine the register? (D) A:field of discourseB:tenor of discourseC:mode of discouseD:ethnic dialect2.Which is not dialectal varieties?(C)A:regional dialect and idiolectB:language and genderC:registerD:ethnic dialect3.To some extent,language especially the structure of its lexicon,refects___of a sociey.(C)A:physical B:social environmentC:both AandB D:social phenomenon4.____,refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.(D)A:Social-class dialect B:sociolectC:A andB D:A or B5.Two languages are used side by side with each having a ____role to play;and language switching occurs when the situation ____.(A)A:different,changesB:similar,changesC:different,unchangingD:similar,unchangingChapter 91.which is not the component of culture ?/doc/6712907809.html,nguageB.ideasC.beliefD.soil2.in a word,language expressA.factsB.events which represent similar world knowledge by its peopleC.peoples' attitudes.beliefsD.cultural reality3.any linguistic sign may simultaneously have aA.denotativeB.connotativeC.iconicD.denotative,connotative,or iconic kind of meanings4.what's the meaning of"a lucky dog"in english?A.a clever boyB.a smart ladC.a lucky personD.a silent person5.traditionally,curture contact consists of three forms.which is wrong belowA.acquisitionB.acculturationC.assimilationD.amalgamation Chapter 101.The interavtionist view holds that language as a result of the complex interplay between the___A__of a child and the __A__in which he grows .A: human chracteristics environmentB: chracteristics environmentC: language acquisition placeD: gift place2.The atypical language development includes__A___A: hearing impairment mental retardationB: autism stutteringC: aphasia dyslexia dysgraphiaD: Both A ,B and C3.Children's language learning is not complete by the time when they enter school at the age of _C__A: 3 or 4 B: 4 or 5C: 5 or 6 D: 6or 7Chapter 111.A distinction was made between ( ) and ( ).The former would facilitate target language learning,the later would interfere. < A >A positive transfer negative transferB negative transfer positive transferC contrastive analysis error analysisD error analysis contrastive analysis2.( ) are learners' consious,goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to cahieve desierable learning efficiency. < A >A Learning strategiesB Cognitive strategiesC Metacognitive strategiesD Affect strategies/doc/6712907809.html,nguage acquisition device(LAD) came from( ). < D >A John B.WatsonB B.F. SkinnerC S.D. KrashenD ChomskyChapter 121.____is the study of two related areas:language disorders and the relationship between the brainand language.A.neurolinguisticsB.linguisticsC.neuronsD.modern linguistics2.Psycholingusitics is the study of _____and mental activityassociated with the use of languageA.psychobiologyB.psychological statesC.physical statesD.biological states3._____uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images that the form of a series of brainslices.A.PETB.MRIC.CT scanningD.fMRI4.The brain is divided into two sections:the lower section called the____and the higher sectioncalled____.A.brain stem,cerebrumB.brain stem,neuronsC.cerebrum,brain stemD.cerebrum,neurons5.Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called_____.A.Wernicke's aphasiaB.Broca'saphasiaC.Acquires dyslexiaD.fluent aphasia填空题第七章1.In addition to the borrowed affixes,some lexical forms become grammaticalized over time,this process is called______________2.Generally speaking,there are mainly two possible ways of lexical changes: ________and ________,which often reflects the introduction of new objects and notions in social practices.3.New words may be coined from already existing words by "subtracting"an affix thought t be part of the old word ,such words are thus called____________.4.Over the time many words remain in use,but their meanings have changed,three mainly processes of semantic change,___________,____________, ____________.5.While the "_________"and "__________ "do seem to account for some linguistic changes,it may not be explanatory enough to account for other changes.KEYS:1.grammaticalization2.the addition and loss of words3.back-formation4.widening, narrowing, shift5.theory of least effort, economy of memory第八章1·-------is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society,between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. 答案Sociolinguistics 2·The social group that is singled out for any special study is called th e ----------.答案speech community 3A------------is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.答案regional dialect4he Ttype of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a---------.答案register5A-------is a special language variety thatmixes or blends languages ang it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.答案pidgin 第九章1. anguage and culture,intrinsically interdependent on each other,have_through history (evolved together)2. ulture reflects a total way of life of a people in a_(community)3.in a word,_expreses culture reality (language)4.culture differences are also evident in the way_ and compliments are expressed (gratitude)/doc/6712907809.html,nguage as the_of culture is tightly intertwined with culture (keystone) 第十章1 ( ) refers to a child’s acquisition of his mother tongue.2 Generally speaking, there are mainly three different theories concerning how language is learned,namely the behaviorist,the interactionist ,( ) views.3 All child language acquisition theories talk about the roles of twofactors to different degrees the age ang ( ).4 Lexical contrast and ( ) theories are also proposed to explain how children acquire their vocabulary or lexicon.5 The atypical language development includes hearing impairment,mental retardation, autism,stuttering,( ),dyslexia,dysgraphia.答案：/doc/6712907809.html,nguage acquisition2.the innatist3.the linguistic environment4.prototype5.aphasia第十一章1.（）refers to the systematic study of how one person acquiresa second language subsequent to his native language (NL or L1) .2.Contrastive analysis compares the ( ) cross these twolanguages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter .3.In addition, because of its association with an outdated modellanguage description (structuralism) and the increasingly discredited learning theory (behaviorism) , the once predominant contrastive analysis was gradually replaced by ( ).4.The interlingual errors mainly result from （）interferenceat different levels such as phonological , lexical , grammatical ordiscoursal , etc .5.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routesof second language learning : acquisition and （）。
国开2023春《语言学概论》形考任务1-3+大作业参考答案
国开2023春《语言学概论》形考任务1-3+终考任务参考答案形考任务一考查知识：绪论、第一章、第二章；权重：15%一、判断正误(每题5分，共50分)1.语言学的研究对象是人类的自然语言。
判断题(5分)5分 A.对 B.错2.语言是人类最重要的交际工具。
判断题(5分)5分 A.对 B.错3.语言的本质属性是社会性。
判断题(5分)5分 A.对 B.错4.音节是最小的语音单位。
判断题(5分)5分 A.对 B.错5.元音和辅音最本质的区别是声带振动与否。
判断题(5分)5分 A.对 B.错6.洪堡特是布拉格学派的代表人物。
判断题(5分)5分 A.对 B.错7.语言是一种自然现象，也是一种生理现象。
判断题(5分)5分 A.对 B.错8.语言单位在语流中产生的相互关系就是组合关系。
判断题(5分)5分 A.对 B.错9.肺是人类发音器官中最主要的动力提供源。
判断题(5分)5分 A.对 B.错10.按照共鸣器的形状不同，元音可分为舌面元音和舌尖元音。
判断题(5分)5分 A.对 B.错二、单项选择(每题5分，共50分)11.()被称为现代语言学之父。
单选题 (5 分) 5 分A.韩礼德B.布龙菲尔德C.索绪尔D.乔姆斯基12.以下关于语言和言语区别的说法，不正确的是()。
单选题(5分)5分A.社会性和个人性B.有限性和无限性C.长期性和短期性D.稳定性和变易性13.语言变体的类型中不包括()。
单选题(5分)5分A.社会变体B.地域变体C.风格变体D.自然变体14.音位是从()角度划分出来的最小语言单位。
单选题 (5 分) 5 分A.物理属性B.生理属性C.心理属性D.社会属性15.国际音标是以()为基础构成的，通常把它放在方括号中，与一半字母相区别。
单选题(5分)5分A.拉丁字母B.罗马字母C.拼音字母D.英文字母16.语言符号与其他符号的区别不包括( )。
单选题(5分)5分A.线条性B.单一性C.层级性D.历史传承性17.关于功能语言学派，下列说法不正确的是( )。
(完整版)语言学课后练习参考答案
胡壮麟语言学复习及答案Chapter I Introductionl.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8 .F 9.T 10.F11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F19.F 20.FI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. T2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. F3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. F4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. T5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. T6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. F7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. T8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. F9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. T10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. F11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. T12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. T13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. T14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. T15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. T16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. F17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.T18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some pointin time. F 19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the writtenlanguage. F20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.F II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary25. syntax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive30. scientific (or systematic)21. Chomsky defines “ competence ” as the ideal user ' s k _____________ of the rules of his language.22. ______________________________ Langue refers to the a linguistic system shared by all the membersof a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. _________ D is one of the design features of human language which refers tothe pheno 广告网址n that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a _________ vocal symbols used for humancommunication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s ________________ .26. Humancapacity for language has a g _______ basis, but the details of languagehave to be taught and learned.27. P __ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a linguistics.29. Language is p _________ in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s __ study of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.D31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ____________________________ .A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ___________ .A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable 34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, becauseA. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a __ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36.Saussure took a (n) __________ view of language, while Chomsky looks atlanguage from a _______ point of view.A. sociological …psychologicalC. applied …pragmatic37. According to F. de Saussure, ___ refersshared by all the members of a speechcommunity.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connectionbetween _________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediateB. psychological … sociological D.semantic and linguistic to the abstract linguistic system44.situations of the speaker. This feature is called ________ ,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to thenext through ___ , rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and B IV. Define the following terms:Competence58 Performance 59. Langue 60 Parole V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples forillustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of humanlanguage? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance ?68. Saussure 's distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky ' s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why? I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T6.F7.T8.F 9.T 10.F 11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F17.T 18.F 41. Linguistics Pragmatics42. Phonology 43. Syntax45. PsycholinguisticsMorphology 49.SemanticsLinguistics 52.Arbitrariness46. Language 47. Phonetics 50. Sociolinguistics 53 Productivity 54. 48. 51. Applied Displacement 55.Duality56. Design Features 57.19.F 20.FII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with theletter given:21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary25. syntax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive30. scientific (or systematic)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.DIV. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific studyof language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used incommunication is called phonology.43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to formsentences is called syntax. .44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society iscalled sociolinguistics.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers tothe application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It meansthat there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makespossible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties ofhuman language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication57. Competence: Chomskydefines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by allthe members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, because elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are.The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them withexamples.1) ArbitrarinessAs mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number.The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before.Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.3) DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds,which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of languagecan be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This dualityof structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk aboutanything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality oreven comes near to possessing it.4) DisplacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5) Cultural transmissionHuman beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmitted.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and adiachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.65. Whydoes modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary,not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language.Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposesFinally, the spoken form is the mediumthrough which we acquire our mother tongue.66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguistFerdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.67. How do you understand competence and performance?American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950 ' s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user ' s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentencesthat are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker ' s knowledge of his mothertongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomskybelieves that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.68. Saussure 's distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky' s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?Although Saussure 's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, becausethere are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements “ photo ” and “ copy” in “ photocopy ” are non-motivated, but thecompound is not arbitrary.Chapter 2 ：Phonology l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19T 20. TI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.T2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. F3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.F4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. F5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.T6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of theamount of information conveyed. T7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. F8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. F9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. T10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.F11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which theconsonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. F12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. T13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.F14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. F15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.F16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories. F17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see ifsubstituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. T18. Whentwo different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast. F19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. T20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over asequence of two or more phonemic segments. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with theletter given: 21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation 31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentence21. A __ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speechsounds.22．A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce thespeech sounds and how they differ.23. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, theyare all b _______ sounds.24．Of all the speech organs, the t ________ is the most flexible, and is responsiblefor varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation orin terms of p ___ of articulation.26．Whenthe obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s .<![endif]>27．S _______ features are the phonemic features that occur above the levelof the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular languageare called s _______ rules.29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with thediacritics is called n ________ transcription.30． When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather thanthe word in isolation, they are collectively known as i _______ .31． P ____ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguisticcommunication.32． The articulatory apparatus of a humanbeing are contained in three importantcavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o _________ cavity and the nasal cavity.33． T ____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates ofvibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <![endif]>34． Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s ________________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark thechoice that can best complete the statement:35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41. C 42.C 43.D 44.D35． Of all the speech organs, the _____ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36． The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37． _________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38． The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “ copying ” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones __________ .A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39． Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ____________________ .B. in complementary distributionC. the allophones40． The sound /f/ is ________________A. in phonemic contrast D. minimal pair A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricative fricative41.A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments are called ___________ .A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstractunit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44． The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic55. tone 56. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples forillustration if necessary:57.Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing? 58.What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels? 59.What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics? 60.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning. 61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not? I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F8 .F 9.T 10.F 11.F12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F19 T 20. T II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with theletter given:21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. D. voiceless labiodental environments are called the ___ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemes allophones<![endif]>IV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme48. international phonetic alphabet49. intonation50. phonetics phonetics52. acoustic phonetics53. phone D. 47.allophone 51. auditory 54. phonemic contrastplace26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation 31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark thechoice that can best complete the statement:35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41. C 42.C 43.D 44.DIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic mediumof language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages51. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's pointof view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.52. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.53. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning. 54. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.55. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.56. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.。
新编简明语言学作业以及答案
1 Which of the following modes of study emphasizes the correct and standard usage of language选择一项：a. synchronicb. prescriptivec. diachronicd. descriptive正确答案是：prescriptive2 Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,选择一项：a. cultural transmissionb. flexibilityc. displacementd. duality题目3An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the "best authors" for language usage.选择一项：对错题目4General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.选择一项：对错正确的答案是“对”。
\题目5Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between_________ and meanings.选择一项：a. senseb. objectsc. ideasd. sounds题目6正确获得分中的分标记题目题干The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s____.答案：反馈g正确答案是：syntax题目7正确获得分中的分标记题目题干According to Chomsky, ________ is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language.选择一项：a. competenceb. parolec. performanced. langue反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：competence题目8正确获得分中的分标记题目题干Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.选择一项：对错反馈Tg正确的答案是“对”。
语言学习题答案
1. Q: What is the scope of linguistics?The scope of linguistics can be illustrated as:1) General linguistics: the study of language as whole. It deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.2) Phonetics: the study of sounds used in communication.3) Phonology: the study about how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.4) Morphology: the study of the way in which symbols/morphemes are arranged to form words.5) Syntax: the study of the rules about the combination of words to form permisible sentences.6) Semantics: the study of meaning.7) Pragmatics: the study of meaning in the context of use.And the Interdisciplinary branches.1) Sociolinguistics2) Psycholingu istics ……………2. Q: What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways: firstly, modern linguistics is descriptive, it describes the language as it is; while traditional grammar is prescriptive, it prescribes the way language should be used. Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Then, modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a latin-based framework.3. Q: What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment.A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.4. Q:Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule and the deletion rule? 1) Sequential rules form the letters as ―k, h ,l ,j‖ into all possible words in English. We might order them as: blik, klib, bilk, kilb. without other orders. So it indicates that there are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. One special sequential rule that……2) Assimilation rule: it assimilates one sound to another by copying a feather of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example: ―illegal‖, inlegal3) Deletion rule: It can be stated as: delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant. for example: ―designation‖,the [g] represented by the letter ―g‖ is pronounced, while in the word ―sign‖. /g/ sound is deleted, because it is followed by and ended with the nasal consonant /n/.5. Q: What are the major types of synonyms in English?There are five types of synonyms in English. They are dialectal synonyms--synonyms used in different regional dialects; stylistics synonyms –synonyms differing in style; synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning; collocational synonyms; semantically different synonyms.6. Q: Explain with examples ―H omonymy‖, ―P olysemy‖, and ―H yponymy‖?Homonymy (定义) … . It includes homophones(定义) (piece\peace) , homographs (定义) (bow v.\ bow n.) and complete homonyms (定义) (scale n.\scale v.) .Polysemy means that the same one word may have more that one meaning. For example: ―table‖, has at least seven meanings.Hyponymy means that the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. For example: ―furniture‖ is super-ordinate, its hyponyms are bed, table, desk, dresser, wardrobe, settee……7. Q: How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belong?There are three types oppositions in meaning. They are gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and relational opposites.―north\south‖, ―wide\narrow‖ and ―poor\rich‖ belong to gradable antonyms; ―vacant\occupied‖ and ―literate\illiterate‖ belong to complementary antonyms; ―above\below‖, ―doctor\patient‖ and ―father\daughter‖ belong to relational opposites.8. Q: How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ? The meaning of a sentence is abstract, and de-contextualized, that of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The meaning of an utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.Difference: Sentence meaning includes locutionary act, but it doesn’t include illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.9. Q: According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example?They are locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. For example: someone utters ―you‖ ―have‖ ―door‖ ―open‖! The locutionary act expresses what the words literally mean. The illocutionary act expresses the speaker’s intention: asking someone to close the door. T he hearer gets the speaker’s message and sees that the speaker means to tell him to close the door, and then the hearer closes the door. Therefore, the utterance gets the effect of losing the door. And this is the perlocutionary act.10. Q: What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?They are the maxim of quantity(具体说明其内容)…the maxim of quality…the maxim of relation…and the maxim of manner….For example:A: When is J erry’s birthday party?B: Sometime next month.So, B doesn’t wish to tell you when J erry’s birthday party is going to be held.A: Would you like to attend our traveling at weekend?B: I’m afraid I have got an invitation at weekend.So, B doesn’t want to attend your traveling.A: Shall we get something for our brother?B: Yes. But I veto G-U-N.So, B doesn’t want their brother to know they are talking about getting them a gun.11. Q: Cite with examples the changes in English Language?1) s ound change: ―mouse‖[mu:s]—[maus];2) morphological change: greenen—green;3) syntactic change: you can speak, can’t you?You speak, speak not you ?4) lexical change: wot—to know, ASPCA, math—mathematics;5) semantic change: ―silly‖ means hap py in old E nglish, but today it means foolish; ―aunt‖ means father’s sister before, but today it also means mother’s sister.12. Q: What are the main social dialects? How do they jointly determine idiolect?They are Gender variation, Age variation, Ethnic dialect, Stylistic variation, Register. Idiolectal variation is determined by many factors. The different backgrounds of different people influence their choice of linguistic forms, and the linguistic features of the language they use reveal their indentities.13. Q: What peticuliar features does a Pidgin have?Any dialects have native speakers, except pidgin.Two parties didn’t know each other, so in order to do trade, they have to use pidgin. Withmore understandings of each other’s cultures, less peopl e would use pidgin.14. Q: Among the language acquisition theories, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why?There are three language acquisition theories, they are the behaviorist view, the innatist view and the interactionist view.I tend to the behaviorist much more, in my opinion, to do is better than doing nothing, practice and intimation are the best way to learn a language. For the innatist, sedulity can make up every natural facultiy, and for the interactionist, not everyone can go aboard to have a language environment, at home, there are still many scholarships study different languages well.15. Q: What is Language Acquisition?It refers to the child’s acqu isition of his mother tongue, it means how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.16. Q: What is Language Acquisition Devices?It also known as LAD, it claims that human beings are biologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking . it was des cribed as an imaginary ―black box‖ existing somewhere in the human brain, the ―black box‖ is said to contain principles that are universal to all human languages.17. Q:What is the Critical Period Hypothesis?The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.18. Q: What is Register?Language varies as its function varies, it differs in different situations, it is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.19. Q: What is Idiolect?Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.20. Q: What is Pidgin?Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.21. Q: What is Creole?It is originally a Pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. That is, when a pidgin come to be adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, then the pidgin language is called a Creole.22. Q: What is CP?It is stand of the cooperative Principle. ….It requires that the speaker and the hearer should make conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which the speaker and the hearer are engaged.23. Q: What is Homonymy?It refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.It includes Homophones, Homograghs, Complete Homonyms.24. Q: What is Polysemy?It means that the same one word having more than one meaning.25. Q: What is Sense?It is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the meaning in the dictionary. It does not refer to any particular individual that exists in the real word, but applies to any individual that meets the features described in the definition.26.Q: What is Syntax?It is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.。
语言学概论语言学概论形成性考核作业及参考答案
语言学概论语言学概论形成性考核作业及参考答案语言学概论作业1导言、第一章、第二章一、名词解释1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的‚亲属‛关系和历史发展的，叫历时语言学。
2、语言——语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。
就语言本身的结构来说，语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统。
3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式，词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。
任何符号都是由声音和意义两方面构成的。
4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置，其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句子。
5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系。
所谓‚社会‛，就是指生活在一个共同的地域中，说同一种语言，有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。
语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面，语言在人们的使用中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。
二、填空1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三个学派。
2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。
3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。
4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声音，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。
5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。
6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。
7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。
8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。
9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。
西南大学《语言学概论》网上作业及参考答案
1：[单选题]1、汉语中"北平→北京”、"德律风→电话”，产生词语替换的原因是（）A：社会的因素B：语言系统内部的因素C：前者是语言系统内部因素，后者是社会因素D：前者是社会因素，后者是语言系统内部因素参考答案：D2：[单选题]2、《庄子》里"匠石运斤成风”中的"匠石”，现代汉语说"名叫做石的工匠”。
这个差别所反映的汉语语法发展事实属于（）A：组合规则的发展B：聚合规则的发展C：结构关系的变化D：语法范畴的变化参考答案：A3：[单选题]3、"拖拉机”一词是（）A：意译词B：仿译词C：借词D：方言词参考答案：A4：[单选题]4、"洋泾浜”（）A：可以作为母语为学习B：没有人把它作为母语来学习C：可以作为第一语言进行交际D：不可以用作书面语形式参考答案：B5：[单选题]5、重庆话和上海话的差异，主要体现在（）A：语音B：词汇C：语法D：语义参考答案：A6：[多选题]6、现代汉语中"老师”和"老人”中的"老”是（）A：都是语素B：都不是语素C：是同一个语素D：是不同的语素E：前者不是语素，后者是语素参考答案：AD7：[多选题]7、"鸡”、"几”两个字的日译汉音分别是kei和ki。
从中可以看出（）A：两个字原先同音B：两个字原先不同音C：两个字原来的声母跟普通话相同D：两个字原来的声母跟普通话不同E：古代借词对研究语音发展有价值参考答案：DE8：[多选题]8、世界上独立形成的古老的文字体系有（）A：用拉丁字母作为文字符号的文字B：中美洲的马雅文C：用阿拉伯字母作为文字符号的文字D：古埃及的圣书字E：汉字参考答案：BDE9：[判断题]9、听觉语音学是从生理属性方面去研究语音的参考答案：错误10：[判断题]10、渐变性和不平衡性是语言发展的两大特点参考答案：正确1：[单选题]1、下列说法（)是正确的。
《语言学概论》作业
《语言学概论》作业《语言学概论》作业第一批次作业答案1、汉语拼音方案中21个声母之间的关系是（）。
A：聚合关系B：组合关系C：语法关系D：语义关系选择答案：A2、按照语言间的亲属关系对语言进行分类，称之为语言的( )。
A：形态分类B：结构分类C：功能分类D：谱系分类选择答案：D3、英语foot的复数变为feet，所采用的语法手段是( )。
A：加词尾B：加词缀C：变换重音的位置D：内部曲折选择答案：D4、"笔”"钢笔”在词义上的关系是（）。
A：同义关系B：反义关系C：上下义关系D：组成关系选择答案：C5、下列各组中全属于复合词的一组是（）。
A：大学、人民、（英）reader B：劳动、阿姨、（英）railwayC：瓶子、老虎、（英）unhappyD：道路、材料、（英）classroom 选择答案：D6、汉语"紧张”和"松弛”的词义（）A：是对立关系B：是重叠关系C：有时对立，有时重叠D：既有反义又有同义的因素E：无同义的因素选择答案：AD7、元音音质的不同取决于（）A：开口度的大小B：发音体整动的频率C：舌位的前后D：嘴唇的圆展E：发音部位和发音方法选择答案：ACD8、下列说法错误的有（）A：语音演变规律只在一定时期起作用B：语法发展中的类推作用是无限的，可推而广之，无一例外。
C：古代汉语中的浊塞音声母在现代汉语中已经消失了D：随着旧事物的消失，表示它们的词语也会随之消失E：词语的替换全部取决于语言系统内部的原因选择答案：BCE9、[a]、[A]、[?]是汉语普通话中同一音位的三个自由变体。
选择答案：错误10、汉字与汉语的音节是对应的，一个字记录一个音节，一个音节只用一个汉字记录。
选择答案：错误第二批次作业答案1.汉语中“北平→北京”、“德律风→电话”，产生词语替换的原因是（D ）A：社会的因素B：语言系统内部的因素C：前者是语言系统内部因素，后者是社会因素D：前者是社会因素，后者是语言系统内部因素《庄子》里“匠石运斤成风”中的“匠石”，现代汉语说“名叫做石的工匠”。
语言学 全部习题+答案
第三章MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False：1.Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology，so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4.The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5.Bound morphemes include two types：roots and affixes.6.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number，tense，degree，and case.7.The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem，which can be a bound root，a free morpheme，or a derived form itself.8.Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word，not the meaning of it.9.There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore，words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10.Phonetically，the stress of a compound always falls on the first element，while the second element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given：11.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12.The affix “-ish” in the word ‘boyish’ conveys a g____ meaning.13.B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word.14.Affixes are of two types：inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.15.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16.A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18.The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.19.In terms of morphemic analysis，d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20.A s______ can be a bound root，a free morpheme，or a derived form itself to whicha derivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement：21The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a（n）______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phraseD. None of the above23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem，but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is_______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root IV. Define the following terms：31.morphology 32.inflectional morphology 33.derivational morphology34.morpheme 35.freemorpheme 36.bound morpheme37.root 38.affix 39.prefix40.suffix 41.derivation poundingV. Answer the following questions：43.What are the main features of the English compounds？44.Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Suggested AnswersI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.l.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.TII. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given.11.Morpheme 12.grammatical13.Bound 14.derivative15.Derivative 16.suffix pounding 18.morphological19.derivation 20.stemIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.2l.D 22.D 23.B 24.B 25.C 26.C 27.D 28.A 29.B 30.CIV. Define the following terms.31.Morphology：Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32.Inflectional morphology：The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33.Derivational morphology：Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.34.Morpheme：It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35.Free morpheme：Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.36.Bound morpheme：Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word.37.Root：A root is often seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it bears clear，definite meaning；it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38.Affix：Affixes are of two types：inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories，while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39.Prefix：Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word. Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem，but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40.Suffix：Suffixes are added to the end of the stems；they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41.Derivation：Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.pounding：Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Answer the following questions.43.What are the main features of the English compounds？Orthographically a compound can be written as one word，two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically，the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically，the meaning of a compound is idiomatic，not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically，the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.44.Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes：They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves，for example，“book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes：They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning，such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types：inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-”in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”，while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.Unit I Some Preliminaries about LanguageI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.3. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole4. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies thecombinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.5. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to formwords is called morphology.6. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories tolanguage teaching and learning7 Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’sunderlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete8 Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, thecommunication way used by the deaf-mute is not language9 By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language10 language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary11. There is universal agreement about the origin of language.12. Pet dogs can speak human languages.13. All human infants can speak some language.14. By creativity we mean the creative use of language as often practiced by poets.15. With different cultures there will be different languages.16. Not all uses of language are meant to convey new information.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ ofthe rules of his language.2. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.3 The description of a language as it change through time is a ________study4 .Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.5 .The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of wordsinto permissible sentences in languages is called s________.6 Language ,broadly speaking, is a means of _________communication7 language has many functions. we can use language to talk about itself. This function is________8 Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises whileperforming heavy work has been called the ___________theory9 One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ___________over writing10 D_________ is one of the design features of human language whichrefers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lowerlevel of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningfulunits.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actuallyuse, it is said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic2 .Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness3. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable4 The function of the sentence“water boil at 100 degrees centigrade”A interrogativeB directiveC informativeD performative5. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative6 language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols for human __________.A contactB communicationC relationD community7 languages is _______A instinctiveB non-instinctiveC staticD geneticallytransmitted8 A linguist regards the change in language and language use as _______A unnaturalB something to be fearedC naturalD abnormal9 which of the following words is entirely arbitraryA treeB crashC typewriterD bang10. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing,because ___________.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount ofinformation conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongueD. All of the aboveIV. Define the following terms:1. Linguistics2. Phonology3. Syntax4 Design features 5. Psycholinguistics 6. Language 7. Phonetics 8. Morphology 9.paroleV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbolsused for human communication. Explain it in detail.2. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them withexamples.3. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic studyand a diachronic study?4. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language asprimary, not the written?5. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?6. There is a well-known story in the Bible that reflects the importance oflanguage in human society. According to the Old Testament, mankindspoke only one language until Nimrod began to build a tower that was to reach heaven. The Lord said, “Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language, and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand each other’s speech.”ASK:(1) What if there were no language?(2) What if there were only one language the world over?(3) What can we learn from this Bible story?7. Not only are many languages dying today, many dialects are alsodisappearing from the planet. For example, according to a report once circulated on the Internet, many parents discourage their children from speaking their local dialect. They would rather their children took hold of every chance to learn English, because the latter will give them an edge in future competition.ASK:(1) What measures do you suggest for protecting dialects as well aslanguages?(2) Do you think that someday people all over the world will speak only onelanguage, or someday no dialect will exist?8. Can our pets learn human languages? Why or why not?9. What role does body language play in language communication?Unit I Some Preliminaries aboutLanguageAnswer:I.Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:l. T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6T 7 T 8F 9 T 10F 11. F 12.F 13.F 14. F 15. F 16. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Knowledge2. Abstract3. Diachronic linguistics4. Arbitrary5. Syntax 6 verbal7 metalingual function 8 yo-he ho 9 speech10 DualityIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.l. C 2.D 3.C 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.DI V. Define the following terms:1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study oflanguage.2. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used incommunication is called phonology.3. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to formsentences is called syntax. .4 Design features: it referred to the defining properties of human languagethat tell the difference between human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. 5. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings ofmind is called psycholinguistics.6. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used forhuman communication.7. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguisticcommunication is called phonetics.8. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged toform words is called morphology.9. Parole: it referred to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible.Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocalsymbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, becauseElements of language are com­ bined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same ob­ject in the world.This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are justSymbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by conven­ tion. Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term “communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their commu­ nicative needs.2. What are the design features of human language? Illustratethem with examples.1) ArbitrarinessAs mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no nec­ essary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer tothe same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con­struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.3) DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or dou­ ble articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.4) DisplacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5) Cultural transmissionHuman beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but thedetails of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically trans­ mitted.3. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study;the de­ scription of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.4. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of languageas primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ­ ten form and most writing systems are derived fromThe spoken form of lan­ guage. Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposes finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.5. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinct, ion between langue, and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.6.(1) What if there were no language?Omit.(2) What if there were only one language the world over?Omit.(3) What can we learn from this Bible story?Language is powerful as a tool of human communication.7.(1) What measures do you suggest for protecting dialects as well as languages?Omit.(2) Do you think that someday people all over the world will speak only one language, or someday nodialect will exist?Omit.8. Can our pets learn human languages? Why or why not?No. They are genetically not endowed with the capacity.9. What role does body language play in language communication?Omit.。
714 《语言学》作业参考答案
《语言学》作业参考答案I. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.1. It assimilates one sound to another by "copying" a feature of a sequential phone, thus making the two phones similar.2. It is the base form of a word that can not further be analyzed without total loss of identity.3. sense: It is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form, the collection of allthe features of the linguistic form, it is abstract and decontextualized.reference: It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.4. Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by theaccepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.5. Garden path sentences are sentences that are initially interpreted with a different structurethan they actually have. It typically takes quite a long time to figure out what the other structure is if the first choice turns out to be incorrect. Sometimes people never figure it out. They have been "led up the garden path," fooled into thinking the sentence has a different structure than it has.6. Morphemes that can not occur alone and must appear with at least another morpheme.7. instrumental motivation: It occurs when people learn a foreign language for external goalssuch as passing exams, or furthering a career etc.Integrative motivation: drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target culture.8. It is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primarylevel are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.9. A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language.10. A complex sentence consists of one independent clause, and one or more dependent clauses.11. It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.12. It refers to the effect of the utterance.13. a tabooed word or expression14. the syntactic form they take as actual English sentences.15. Whenever a sentence is formed according to the rules of the internal gramar of a native speakerof a given language, it is grammatical. Grammaticality refers to the linguistic explanation of a phenomenon. It connects the native speaker's intuitive judgments about well-formedness to an explicit representation provided by the linguist.16. competence: the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his native language.performance: the actualrealization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.17. When two words such as pat and bat are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme,occurring in the same position, the two words are described as a minimal pair.18. It studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.19. a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanentpart of the way a person speaks or writes a language.20. a process to extend or elevate the meaning from its originally specific sense to a relatively general one.21. Language planning is the deliberate efforts to influence the behavior of others with respect to the acquisition, structure, or functional allocation of their language codes. Language planning is the factual realization of language policy.22. The general belief is that during childhood, there is a period when the human brain is most readyto 'receive' and learn a particular language. This period is referred to as the critical period.If a child does not acquire language during this period, for any one of a number of reasons, then he or she will have great difficulty learning language later on.23. A finite clause is a clause with a finite verb -- a verb that either expresses tense (for example,past or present) or that follows a helping verb such as can, should, or must...24. It has been observed that in some speech communities, two language s are used side by side witheach having a different role to play.II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.1. descriptive2. obstruction3. Morpheme4. argument, predicate5. Reference6. constatives7. stem 8. speech 9. non-verbal10. language 11.synchronic 12. intonation13. affixes 14. Polysemy 15. semantic16. utterance 17. proto-language 18. Register19. transfer 20. acquisition 21. duality22. Synchronic, diachronic 23. Narrow, broad 24. linear25. utterance 26. Sino-Tibetan, Indo-European 27. Register, idiolect28. pidgin, Creole 29. Interlanguage 30. Acqisition31. cognates 32. superordinateIII. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.1. B2. B3. B4. C5. C6. B7. A8. D9. D 10. B 11. D 12 B 13. C 14. B 15. A 16. C17. B 18. A 19. D 20. C 21. A 22. C 23. A 24. B25. A 26. A 27. C 28. B 29. C 30. A 31. C 32. CIV. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.1. F2. T3. F4. F5. F6. F7. F8. F9. T 10. T 11. T 12. T 13. F 14. F 15. T 16. T17. T 18. T 19. F 20. T 21. F 22. T 23. F 24. T25. F 26. F 27. T 28. F 29. F 30. T 31. F 32. TV. Answer the following questions.1. This is said when it is known to both A and B that B must have been in some particular place. But B did not answer A correctly. Thus B is withholding some of the information required at this stage of conversation and is thus flouting the maxim of quantity. The implicature that results is “B do not want to tell A where he has been.”2. special-ize, in-disput-able, individual-ist-ic, down-fall, un-except-ion-able-ness,un-gentle-man-li-ness3. The most important restrictions for phones to fall into the same phoneme are:○1 They must be in complementary distribution.○2 They must be phonetically similar.4. ( ( ( The girl ) ( ate ( the orange ) ) ). )5. Since "morpheme" is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression andcontent, it at the same time covers the grammatical and the semantic aspect of linguistic unit. A morpheme may overlap with a phoneme, such as "I", but usually not, as in "pig", in which the morpheme is the whole word, i.e. an independent, free morpheme, but the phonemes are /p/, /i/, and /g/.6. overgeneralization: The learner searches for a logical grammar of the TL that would cover everyaspect of the language, or seeks to find every aspect of existing grammars confirmed in the living language. In doing so, the learner draws on aspects of the target language already earned and overuses them. On the lexical level, for example, overgeneralization might mean that the learner chooses a nuclear verb like 'go' to function as a general word for movement instead of more specific verbs like 'fly', 'run', 'travel,' etc. On the morphological level an example of overgeneralization is overuse of regular verb inflection, resulting in the learner of English saying 'goed' instead of 'went'.native language transfer: Native language transfer is the use of the native language (or other language) information in the acquisition of a second language.simplification: Simplification is especially common at the beginning of acquisition and can appear on all linguistic levels. Morphological simplification could, for example, mean that the learner doesn't produce plural morphemes in noun phrases like 'two chicken' or 'many bird', because plural is already expressed by the numeral or the quantifier. Syntactic simplification could be that the learner concentrates on content words while excluding articles, prepositions and similar form words.An example of this is the way we formulated telegrams before the days of the fax: "Conference ends tomorrow home Sunday. Mother".7. As the relation between a signifier and its signified is arbitrary, the value of a sign cannotbe determined by itself. To know the identity of a sign, the linguist will have to know the signs it is used together with and those it is substitutable for. The former relation is know as syntagmatic and the latter paradigmatic.8. a. The boat / (which was) floated downstream / sank.b. While Mary was mending / the sock fell off her lap.c. (The daughter of the king)'s son admires himself.d. The florist / (whom was) sent the flowers / was pleased.e. The cotton / (which) clothing is made from / grows in Mississippi.f. They told the boy / that the girl met / the story.。
英语语言学教程参考答案
英语语言学教程参考答案在英语语言学教程中，我们深入探讨了语言学的多个方面，包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学和心理语言学等。
以下是一些常见问题及其参考答案的概述。
一、语音学1. 问题：什么是音素？答案：音素是语言中最小的音位单位，能够区分词义。
例如，在英语中，/p/和/b/是两个不同的音素，因为它们可以改变词义，如“pat”和“bat”。
2. 问题：什么是元音和辅音？答案：元音是气流在口腔中不受阻碍时发出的声音，如英语中的/i:/（长音“ee”）。
辅音则是气流在口腔或喉部受到部分或完全阻碍时发出的声音，如/p/、/t/、/k/。
二、语法学1. 问题：什么是句子成分？答案：句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等，它们共同构成句子的基本结构。
2. 问题：什么是时态和语态？答案：时态表示动作发生的时间，如过去时、现在时和将来时。
语态则表示动作的执行者和承受者之间的关系，如主动语态和被动语态。
三、语义学1. 问题：什么是词义？答案：词义是词在特定语境中所表达的意义。
它可以是直接的（字面意义）或隐喻的（比喻意义）。
2. 问题：什么是多义词和同形异义词？答案：多义词是一个词具有多个相关意义，如“bank”可以指银行或河岸。
同形异义词则是不同的词具有相同的拼写形式，但意义不同，如“bat”可以指球棒或蝙蝠。
四、语用学1. 问题：什么是言语行为？答案：言语行为是说话者通过语言实现的交际行为，如陈述、询问、请求、命令等。
2. 问题：什么是隐喻和转喻？答案：隐喻是一种将一个概念的属性应用到另一个概念上的修辞手法，如“时间是金钱”。
转喻则是用一个事物来代表与之相关的事物，如用“白宫”来指代美国政府。
五、社会语言学1. 问题：什么是方言和社会方言？答案：方言是某一地区或社会群体特有的语言变体。
社会方言是特定社会群体使用的语言形式，如青少年群体的俚语。
2. 问题：什么是语言变体和语言接触？答案：语言变体是语言在不同地区或社会群体中的不同表现形式。
2023西南大学[0126]《语言学概论》作业及答案
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单项选择题1、双语或多语现象一般出现在哪种语言现象中（）1洋泾浜2语言替换3语言联盟通用语进入方言层次2、英语、俄语、汉语相对应的语言的结构类型是（）4屈折语、屈折语、孤立语5屈折语、黏着语、孤立语6屈折语、孤立语、孤立语孤立语、屈折语、黏着语3、区分词类的最重要的依据是（）7句法功能8语言的类型特点9词形变化意义4、英语tooth→teeth采用的语法手段是( )10 F. 加词尾11词根内部音素的变化12加词缀变换重音的位置5、法语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语的母语是（）13古斯拉夫语14拉丁语15日耳曼语古希腊语6、随着语言的发展，印欧语系语言大多由"宾―动”型变成"动―宾”型，这是语法（）16聚合规则的发展17组合规则的发展18语法范畴的消长词类的发展7、汉语普通话声调的变化主要是（)19音长的变化20音质的变化21音高的变化音强的变化8、下列词语中都属于仿译词的一组是（）22玻璃、墨水、鸵鸟政策23蜜月、超市、泥足巨人24沙发、黑板、钢琴菠萝、面包、足球9、下列属于征候的是（)25交通红绿灯26乌云密布预示着下雨27烽火表示敌情性别标志10、黑话是一种特殊的（）28社会方言29地域方言30混合语民族语言11、将汉语普通话的[p][p'][m][f]分立为不同的音位，实际上是根据归纳音位的（）31以上都有32相似原则33互补原则对立原则12、下列语言单位中，属于自由词组的是（）34胸有成竹35智力投资36半斤八两守株待兔13、下列特征中，普通话辅音音位/t/ 具有的区别特征是（）。
37塞38塞擦39舌根送气14、随着语言的发展，印欧语系语言大多由“宾—动”型变成“动—宾”型，这是语法（）40词类的发展41组合规则的发展42聚合规则的发展语法范畴的消长15、一般说来，新词、古词、方言词、行业词和外来词等（）43属于一般词汇44属于基本词汇45有的属于基本词汇，有的属于一般词汇有时属于基本词汇，有时属于一般词汇16、根据语言的形态分类，汉语属于（）46孤立语47屈折语48粘着语多式综合语17、世界语(Esperanto)是（）49法国人设计的50德国人设计的51波兰人设计的美国人设计的18、构成反义词的一组词（）52必须属于同一意义领域53少数属于同一意义领域54多数属于同一意义领域不属于同一意义领域19、下列特征中，普通话辅音音位/t/ 具有的区别特征是（）。
语言学课后练习(附参考答案)
Chapter 1I. Define the following terms.1. design features2. diachronic3. arbitrariness4. competence5. parole6. prescriptive7. duality 8. performance 9. synchronic10. descriptive 11. displacement 12. langueII. Does the traffic light system have duality? Can you explain by drawing a simple graph?Answer:Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ calls.III. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial expression. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language? Answer:On the whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means “OK/YES” for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying “NO”. Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.IV. Why is the distinction between competence and performance important in linguistics? Do you think the line can be neatly drawn between them? How do you like the concept communicative competence?Answer:This is proposed by Chomsky in his formalist linguistic theories. It is sometimes hard to draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics think communicative competence may be a more revealing concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical pair---competence and performance.Chapter 2I. Define the following terms.1. phonetics2. consonant3. allophone4. vowel5. assimilation6. syllable7. intonation8. phonology 9. phoneme 10. toneII. Give the description of the following sound segments in English.1. [ð]2. [ʃ]3. [ŋ]4. [d]5. [p]6. [k]7. [l]8. [i]9. [u:] 10. [ɔ]Answers:1. [ð]: voiced dental fricative2. [ʃ]: voiceless postalveolar fricative3. [ŋ]: velar nasal4. [d]: voiced alveolar stop5. [p]: voiceless bilabial stop6. [k]: voiceless velar stop7. [l]: (alveolar) lateral 8. [i]: high front unrounded lax vowel9. [u:]: high back rounded tense vowel10. [ɔ]: low back rounded lax vowelIII. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.1. voiceless labiodental fricative2. voiced postalveolar fricative3. palatal approximant4. voiceless glottal fricative5. voiceless alveolar stop6. high-mid front unrounded vowel7. high central rounded vowel 8. low front rounded vowel9. low-mid back rounded vowel10. high back rounded tense vowelAnswers:1. [f]2. [Ʒ]3. [j]4. [h]5. [t]6. [e]7. [ʉ]8. [ɶ]9. [ɔ] 10. [u:]IV. To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?Answer:Phonetics is the branch of linguistics studying the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology is the study of sound systems that occur in a language and the patterns where they fall in. Minimal pairs, phonemes, allophones, free variation, complementary distribution, etc., are all to be investigated by a phonologist.Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it focuses on chaos. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. A phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds related with their semantic features, morphological features, and the way they are conceived and printed in the depth of the mind. Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign “accent”, to make up new words, to add theappropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tenses, to know what is and what is not a sound in one’s language. It focuses on order.V. The pronunciation of tell is [teɫ], but that of teller is [telə]. Discuss why the phoneme /l/ is realized as [ɫ] and [l] respectively in this situation.Answer:The word teller is formed by adding a suffix –er to the base word tell to form a new word. We are all familiar with the rule that governs the allophones of the phoneme /l/: when preceding a vowel, it is [l] and when following a vowel it is [ɫ]. However, in teller it has a vowel both before and after it, so how do we decide that it should be pronounced as [l], not [ɫ]?We notice that tell is a monosyllabic word while teller is disyllabic. In a polysyllabic word, we follow the Maximal Onset Principle (MOP) for the division of syllable. By MOP, the [l] must be placed in the onset position of the second syllable instead of the coda position of the first syllable. Thus, the phoneme [l] is realized as it should be before the vowel in the second syllable. The same is true with telling, falling, and many others. We can see from this that the phonological structure of a complex word is often different from its morphological structure, i.e. how the word is formed. In word-formation it is tell+-er while in syllablestructure it is [te+lə].Chapter 3I. Define the following terms.1. morpheme2. affix3. allomorph4. free morpheme5. derivation6. stem7. blending8. back-formation9. inflection 10. root 11. bound morpheme 12. acronym II. Complete the words with suitable negative prefixes.a. removable m. syllabicb. formal n. normalc. practicable o. workabled. sensible p. writtene. tangible q. usualf. logical r. thinkableg. regular s. humanh. proportionate t. relevanti. effective u. editablej. elastic v. mobilek. ductive w. legall. rational x. discreetAnswers:a.irremovable m. dissyllabicrmal n. abnormalc.impracticable o. unworkabled.insensible p. unwrittene.intangible q. unusualf.illogical r. unthinkableg.irregular s. inhumanh.disproportionate t. irrelevanti.ineffective u. uneditablej.inelastic v. immobilek.inductive w. illegall.irrational x. indiscreetIII. Morpheme is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content. Then is morpheme a grammaticalconcept or a semantic one? What is its relation to phoneme? Can amorpheme and a phoneme form an organic whole?Answer:Since morpheme is defined as the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical, that is, it is involved both in grammatical and semantic aspects.A single phoneme may represent a single morpheme, but they are not identical. For example, the phoneme /s/ in ‘looks’, ‘tapes’, ‘Frank’s’, ‘race’ is the same one, yet they represent different morphemes or even is not a morpheme individually. The phoneme /s/ in ‘looks’: the third-person singular present tense morpheme; the phoneme/s/ in ‘tapes’: the plural morpheme; the pho neme /s/ in ‘Frank’s’: the possessive case morpheme; the phoneme /s/ in ‘race’: is not a morpheme, for it has neither lexical meaning or grammatical meaning.Morphemes may also be represented by phonological structure other than a single phoneme. In other words, a morpheme may overlap with a phoneme, such as I, but usually not, as in pig, in which the morpheme is the whole word, i.e. an independent, free morpheme, but the phonemes are /p/, /i/ and /g/.Chapter 4I. Define the following terms.1. syntax2. constituent3. subordination4. endocentric5. category6. construction7. exocentric8. coordinateII. Put brackets around the immediate constituents in each sentence.1.I rode back when it was dark.2.The boy was crying.3.Shut the door.4.Open the door quickly.5. The happy teacher in that class was becoming away.6. He bought an old car with his first pay cheque.Answers:1.((I) ((rode) (back))) ((when) ((it) ((was) (dark)))).2.((The) (boy)) ((was) (crying)).3.(Shut) ((the) (door)).4.((Open) ((the) (door))) (quickly).5. ((The) (((happy) (teacher)) ((in) ((that) (class))))) ((was) ((becoming) (away))).6. (He) ((( bought) ((an) ((old) (car)))) ((with) ((his) ((first) ((pay)(cheque)))))).III. For each of the underlined constructions or word groups, do the following.—State whether it is headed or non-headed.—If headed, state its headword.—Name the type of constructions.e.g.: His son will be keenly competing.Answer: headed; headword—competing; verbal group(a) Ducks quack.(b) The ladder in the shed is long enough.(c) I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair.(d) Singing hymns is forbidden in some countries.(e) His handsome face appeared in the magazine.(f) A lady of great beauty came out.(g) He enjoys climbing high mountains.(h) The man nodded patiently.(i) A man roused by the insult drew his sword.Answers:(a) non-headed; independent clause(b) non-headed; prepositional phrase(c) headed; headword---damaged; adjectival group(d) headed; headword---singing; gerundial phrase(e) headed; headword---face; nominal group(f) non-headed; prepositional phrase(g) headed; headword---climbing; gerundial phrase(h) non-headed; independent clause(i) headed; headword---roused; adjectival phraseChapter 5 MeaningI. Define the following terms.1. conceptual meaning2. denotation3. connotation4. reference5. sense6. synonymy7. gradable antonymy 8. complementary antonymy9. converse antonymy 10. relational opposites11. hyponymy 12. superordinateII. Do the following according the requirements.(a) Write out the synonyms of the following words:youth; automobile; remember; purchase; vacation; big (b) Give the antonyms of the following words:dark; boy; hot; go; lend; male(c) Provide two or more related meanings for the following:bright; to glare; a deposit; planeAnswers:(a) youth: adolescent automobile: carremember: recall purchase: buyvacation: holidays big: large(b) dark: light boy: girlhot: cold go: comelend: borrow male: female(c) bright: a. shining; b. intelligentto glare: a. to shine intensely; b. to stare angrilya deposit: a. minerals in the earth; b. money in the bankplane: a. a flying vehicle; b. a flat surface。
语言学测试题及答案
语言学测试题及答案
1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？
A. 语言的起源
B. 语言的结构
C. 语言的使用
D. 语言的演变
答案：B
2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支？
A. 语音学
B. 句法学
C. 语义学
D. 心理学
答案：D
3. 请解释“语言”和“方言”的区别。
答案：语言是指具有独立语法和词汇系统的交流工具，通常与国家或民族相关联；方言则是语言内部的变体，通常与地域相关，但不具备独立的语法和词汇系统。
4. 什么是“音位”？
答案：音位是指语言中能够区分意义的最小语音单位。
5. 请列举三种语言的书写系统。
答案：汉字（汉语）、字母（英语）、西里尔字母（俄语）。
6. 以下哪个术语用于描述语言的演变？
A. 语言变化
B. 语言发展
C. 语言演化
D. 语言进化
答案：C
7. 什么是“词汇语义学”？
答案：词汇语义学是研究词汇意义及其变化的语言学分支。
8. 请解释“语法”。
答案：语法是一套规则，用于指导语言中单词的组合和排列，以形成意义完整的句子。
9. 什么是“社会语言学”？
答案：社会语言学是研究语言与社会结构、文化、身份和权力之间关系的学科。
10. 请列举两种语言的方言。
答案：普通话（汉语方言）、西班牙语（西班牙方言）。
语言学试题及答案
语言学试题及答案一、选择题1. 语言学是一门研究语言的科学，它主要关注语言的哪些方面？A. 语音和语法B. 词汇和语义C. 语音、语法、词汇和语义D. 语法和语用答案：C2. 下列哪个选项不属于语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语用学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C二、填空题4. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的物理表现形式。
答案：语音5. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的抽象系统，包括语法规则和词汇。
答案：语法6. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的最小意义单位。
答案：语素三、简答题7. 简述语言学的主要研究方法。
答案：语言学的主要研究方法包括观察法、实验法、调查法、统计法等。
观察法是通过观察语言现象来收集数据；实验法是在控制条件下进行语言实验以验证假设；调查法是通过问卷、访谈等方式收集语言使用情况；统计法是利用统计学原理分析语言数据。
8. 描述语言学和历史语言学的区别。
答案：描述语言学关注的是特定语言在某一特定时间点的状态，它试图描述和解释语言的结构和功能；而历史语言学关注的是语言随时间的变化和发展，研究语言的起源、演变以及不同语言之间的亲缘关系。
四、论述题9. 论述语言与文化之间的关系。
答案：语言与文化之间存在着密切的关系。
首先，语言是文化的载体，通过语言可以传递和保存文化信息。
其次，语言反映了文化的特点，不同文化背景下的语言会有不同的表达方式和词汇。
此外，语言的使用也受到文化规范和价值观的影响，例如礼貌用语、禁忌语等。
最后，语言的发展和变化也受到文化因素的影响，文化变迁往往伴随着语言的演变。
10. 分析语言的多样性对全球化的影响。
答案：语言的多样性对全球化有着复杂的影响。
一方面，语言多样性丰富了人类的文化生活，促进了不同文化之间的交流与理解。
另一方面，语言多样性也带来了沟通上的障碍，全球化进程中需要跨越语言障碍以实现信息的自由流通。
语言学题型试题及答案
语言学题型试题及答案1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？答案：语言学的主要研究对象是人类语言。
2. 请列举三种不同的语言类型。
答案：孤立语、黏着语、屈折语。
3. 什么是语音学？答案：语音学是研究人类语音产生、传播和感知的科学。
4. 请解释“语素”的概念。
答案：语素是最小的有音义结合的语言单位。
5. 什么是形态学？答案：形态学是研究词的内部结构和词与词之间关系的语言学分支。
6. 请描述句法学的主要研究内容。
答案：句法学主要研究句子的结构和句子成分之间的关系。
7. 语言的演变过程通常包括哪些阶段？答案：语言的演变过程通常包括语音变化、词汇变化、语法变化和语义变化。
8. 什么是社会语言学？答案：社会语言学是研究语言与社会因素之间关系的语言学分支。
9. 请解释“方言”的概念。
答案：方言是指在一定地理区域或社会群体中使用的具有共同特征的语言变体。
10. 什么是第二语言习得？答案：第二语言习得是指在母语习得之后，通过学习获得另一种语言的过程。
11. 请列举两种不同的语言教学法。
答案：沉浸式教学法、交际教学法。
12. 什么是语言接触？答案：语言接触是指不同语言或方言之间的相互影响和交流。
13. 请解释“语用学”的概念。
答案：语用学是研究语言在社会语境中使用和理解的语言学分支。
14. 什么是语言规划？答案：语言规划是指政府或组织为了特定目的而对语言的使用和发展进行规划和指导。
15. 请描述“语言死亡”的现象。
答案：语言死亡是指一种语言不再有使用者，逐渐消失的现象。
语言学概论作业答案(提交后显示答案)
语言学概论作业题：找找59、60题的答案，确定好后发我邮箱一下1、下列语言单位中，属于自由词组的是√此题回答正确1.A. 胸有成竹2.B. 智力投资2、下列特征中，普通话辅音音位/t/ 具有的区别特征是（）。
√此题回答正确1.A. 塞3、随着语言的发展，印欧语系语言大多由“宾—动”型变成“动—宾”型，这是语法（）√此题回答正确1.A. 词类的发展2.B. 组合规则的发展4、一般说来，新词、古词、方言词、行业词和外来词等√此题回答正确1.A. 属于一般词汇5、根据语言的形态分类，汉语属于（）√此题回答正确1.A. 孤立语6、世界语(Esperanto)是（）√此题回答正确1.A. 法国人设计的2.B. 德国人设计的3.C. 波兰人设计的7、以声音的高低来区别意义的语言单位叫√此题回答正确1.A. 时位2.B. 重位3.C. 调位8、英语tooth→teeth采用的语法手段是( ) √此题回答正确1.A. 加词尾2.B. 变换重音的位置3.C. 词根内部音素的变化9、从造字方法看，兼用表意表音两种方法的文字叫（）√此题回答正确1.A. 表意字2.B. 假借字3.C. 指事字4.D. 意音文10、现代汉语属于（）√此题回答正确1.A. 历时语言学2.B. 共时语言学11、成都话和上海话的差异，主要体现在（）√此题回答正确1.A. 语法2.B. 语音12、在汉词和英语的词汇中，借词占的比重（）√此题回答正确1.A. 汉语大于英语2.B. 英语大于汉语13、语言学的三大发源地是（）√此题回答正确1.A. 中国、印度、埃及2.B. 中国、埃及、古罗马3.C. 中国、印度、古希腊和古罗马14、“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约则谓之不宜”这句话是两千多年以前我国著名哲学家（）说的。
√此题回答正确1.A. 孔子2.B. 孟子3.C. 韩非子4.D. 荀子15、词是语言中（）√此题回答正确1.A. 最小的单位2.B. 音义结合的最小单位3.C. 能够独立运用的最小单位16、一种语言中的词汇和语法，（）√此题回答正确1.A. 前者是有限的，后者是无限的2.B. 前者是无限的，后者是有限的3.C. 都是无限的4.D. 都是有限的17、现代汉语的“着”、“了”、“过”也表示（）的语法范畴√此题回答正确1.A. 体18、法语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语的母语是（）√此题回答正确1.A. 日耳曼语2.B. 拉丁语19、“拖拉机”一词是（）√此题回答正确1.A. 仿译词2.B. 借词3.C. 方言词4.D. 意译词20、下列英语的读音中，包含有复辅音的是（）。
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Myth1 Language is only a means of communication.
If language is viewed only as a system of communication, then many species communicate. Humans also use systems other than language to relate to each other and to send and receive “messages,” like so-called body language. The question is whether the communication systems used by other species are at all like human linguistic knowledge, which is acquired by children with no instruction, and which is used creatively rather than in response to internal or external stimuli. So language should be defined as a system of vocal symbols used for human communication that can also talk about our thoughts, feelings and language itself.
Note: 有些同学从语言功能的角度对此论述进行批判，或者只是对语言的定义进行阐述，并非不正确，只是在论述的时候，简单的摘抄笔记或者书本的句子，并没有看到论点。
Myth 2 Language has a form-meaning correspondence.
Language is arbitrary which means there is no logic connection between the form and the meaning and they do not correspond to each other. The connection between for form and meaning is the conventionality. Note: 有些同学大概不理解form-meaning correspondence (语言与形式的对应关系), 所以在阐述的时候，没有讲到点上。
Myth3 The function of language is to exchange information.
The function of language is not confined to exchange information. The language also plays important role in establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationship in a a society, namely interpersonal function. Besides, language can be used to talk about itself, which makes the language self-reflexive.
Note: 同学们这道题基本上是4-5分，主要区别是5分的同学有稍微用自己的话进行整理和阐述语言功能不仅仅是交换信息。
Myth4 English is more difficult to learn than Chinese.
Any language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets, the acquisition of language, either the first or second, follows the same rules of language development and requires the same effort for the equivalent
language achievement. So the statement of English is more difficult to learn than Chinese or vice versa is a fallacy based on an individual’s subjective feeling rather than objective analysis of language development of human beings.
Note: 许多同学的论述从学习者的语言环境分析，并得出结论语言环境决定那个语言更容易学，论述方向不是完全错误，只是结论有点背离语言的学习发展过程。
Myth 5 Black English is not standard and should be reformed
There is no absolute standard or correctness concerning language use. Black English is just one type of English appears to be less socially acceptable than English widely used in the public such as school, media, etc. However, as a dialect based on English pidgins and creoles is the same complex entity a whole as any other language. Language exists in time and changes through time in its own course, which is not controlled or altered by human being’s activity and wishful interference. Note: 所有的语言从语言学角度上都是平等的。
语言的发展也是遵循自然的规律而不已人们的意志所转移。
所以同学们在论述时应该主要从这个点出发进行阐述。
总的来说，以上都是参考的答案，你们的分数也是一个参考意见，不必纠结于所谓的分数。
希望大家学习生活愉快！。