西方文论

分工如下：

杨燕琴 1、2页

杨馥菲 3、4页

陈莹影 5、6页

麦海莹 7、8页

吴兰英 9、10页

邓冠增 11、12页

林秋敏 13、14页

吴悦殷 15页

虽然有中译本的电子文档，但是希望大家在翻译的时候最后不要全部照搬原文，自己斟酌参考，谢谢啦！

Gay,lesbian and queer theories

Lesbian and gay theories originate,like feminist and Black criticism,not academic institutions, but in the radical movements of the 1960s.The birth of the Gay Liberation Movement can be traced to the Stonewall Riot in New York in 1969 when occupants of a gay bar resisted a police raid. The event had a radicalizing effect on Homosexual Rights groups throughout the United States and Europe.

Gay Liberation in the 1970s had two main goals:to resist persecution and discrimination against a sexual minority,and to encourage gay people themselves to develop a pride in their sexual identities.The movement utilized two main strategies: consciousness-raising,

Borrowed from Black and women's movements,and "coming out" -publicly affirming gay identity-which is unique to gay communities whose oppression partly lies in their social invisibility.Gay Liberation activists saw themselves as part of a more general move towards the liberalization of sexual attitudes in the 1960s,but in

Particular challenged the homophobic prejudices and repressive character of mainstream heterosexual society.

More recently,gay and lesbian activists have employed the term "heterosexism" to refer to the prevailing social organization of sexuality which privileges and mandates heterosexuality so as to invalidate and suppress homosexual relations.Whereas "homophobia-the irrational fear of hatred of same-sex love implies an individualized and pathological condition,"heterosexism" designates an unequal social and political power relation,and has arguably proved the more useful theoretical term in lesbian and gay theories.It clearly owes a debt to the feminist concept of sexism:the unequal social organization of

gender,and in this respect has been of more importance to lesbian feminist theory than to gay theory which developed in overlapping but distinct ways in the 1970s

And 1980s.

GAY THEORY AND CRITICISM

The diversity of gay and bisexual research since the 1970s reflects the efforts to reclaim literary texts,cultural phenomena,and historical narratives which had remained hidden from critical attention.At the same time (largely as a product of psychoanalysis and feminism) there has been an explosion in the diversity of strategies for exploiting these materials.While there have been a number of attempts to provide explanatory models which posit defining moments in the history of sexuality (Bray,1988;Cohen,1989) ,this research generally concludes that past constructions of sexuality cannot be exhaustively understood,either in their own terms,or in ours.For many critics the past offers alien constructions of sexuality,in a contrasting relation to the

present,rather than possible identifications or celebratory moments.Jonathan Katz(1994)draws such a lesson from his history of sodomitical sin:

Our own contemporary social organization of sex is as historically specific as past social-sexual forms.Studying the

past,seeing the essential differences between past and present social forms of sex,we may gain a fresh perspective on our own sex as socially mad,not naturally given.

A shared interest in recent gay and historicist

studies(Cohen,Katz,Trumbach)has been the construction of sexuality in a network of power relations,exercised both Through the regulatory practices of church and state and the less overt yet manifold ways in which Western culture has circumscribed interpersonal relations.

Two main influences on gay theory have been Freud and Michel Foucault.Already in the nineteenth and early twentieth century,detailed psychological case-studies appeared to complicate and infinitely expand the range of sexualities.Karl Heinrich Ulrichs published twelve volumes on homosexuality between 1864 and 1879(the term was first used by Benkert in 1869);Krafft-Ebing's Pyschopathia Sexualis (in its 1903 edition) included 238 case histories (see Weeks,1985).Such works were important for Freud in exploding the motion that heterosexuality was safely grounded in nature.In Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality,for instance,he noted that it was not a self-evident fact that men should find a sexual interest in women.Psychoanalytic theory therefore appeared to promise a new