外文翻译中英文-镁薄板合金成形的可锻性和可成形性的加工技术
制造工程与技术(热加工)英文版14 Forging of Metals
Chapter 14 Forging of Metals（金属的锻造/锻压）•14.1 Introduction•14.2 Open-Die Forging•14.3 Impression-Die and Closed-Die Forging•14.4 Related Forging Operations•14.5 Rotary Swaging•14.6 Forging-Die Design•14.7 Die Materials and Lubrication•14.8 Forgeability•14.9 Forging Machines•14.10 Forging Practice and Process Capabilities •14.11 Die Manufacturing Methods; Die Failures •14.12 The Economics of Forging14.1 Introduction•Forging（锻造/锻压）–A workpiece is shaped (formed) by compressive forces applied through various dies（模具）and tools（工具）.•one of the oldest metal working processes –4000bc •trationally be performed with a hammer（锤）and anvil（砧/平砧）•mostly require a set of dies and such equipment as a press（压力机）or a forging hammer（锤锻机）.•Typical forged products:–bolts （螺栓）–rivets （铆钉）–connecting rods （连杆）–gears （齿轮）–shaft （轴）–hand tool （手工具）–structural components （结构组件）discrete partsForging （锻件）(a)Source : Forging Industry Association.预锻件终锻件近净形/近成品形状净形/最终形状锻造齿净形挤出花键净形bevel gear （伞齿轮）ForgingFigure 14.1 (b) Landing-gear（起落架/着陆装置）components for the C5A and C5B transport aircraft, made by forging. Source: Wyman-Gordon Company.typical forged partsFigure 14.1 (c) general view of a 445 MN (50,000 ton) hydraulic press. Source: Wyman-Gordon Company.Hydraulic Press （液压机）Forging Process （锻压/锻造工艺）Forging Process-2锻造在制坯中的应用•一般机器或机械上的金属零件的传统生产过程是：冶炼——制坯——切削加工——热处理。
EN 10025-3
English version
Hot rolled products of structural steels
Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for normalized/normalized rolled weldable fine grain
structural steels
英文版
结构钢热轧产品
第3部分：DIN EN 10025-2标准可焊接细晶粒结构钢热轧产品技术 交付条件
Produits lamines a chaud en aciers de construction - Partie 3: Conditions techniques de livraison pour les aciers de construction soudable a grains fins a t'etat normalise/laminage normalise
有关这些国家标准的最新列表和文献资料可以向管理中心或任何CEN成员申请获得。
The European Standards exist in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CQI-27第二版中英文-工艺表G-铝金属模具
Metal Chemistry 金属化学
B2.4 B2.5
Chemistry 化学 Chemistry 化学
C2.4 C2.5
A2.4
Chemistry 化学
B2.6
Metal Temperature 铝水温度
C2.6
A2.5
Chemistry 化学
B2.7
Inoculation 接种
Tube Traceability 管的可追溯性
Nodularity Control for ductile iron
球墨铸铁的球化控制
Extraction 取出
C7.7 C7.8 C7.9
A6.2
Shot Blast 抛丸清理
B7.1
A6.3
Trimming/Grinding Operation 修边/磨削操作
C2.7
A2.6
Metal Temperature 铝水温度
B2.8
Carbon Raiser 积碳器
C2.8
A2.7
Cast Iron Inoculation 铸铁接种
3.0 Magnesium Treatment 镁处理 3.0
A2.8
Carbon Raiser 积碳器
B3.1
Treatment Ladle 浇包
Cored Wire Magnesium Treatment 芯线镁处理
A3.10
Magnesium Reaction Time 镁反应时间
4.0 Metal Control 金属控制
A3.11
Chemistry Control 化学控制
A3.12
Cored Wire Magnesium Treatment 芯线镁处理
机械加工工艺制造工程与技术外文文献翻译
外文献翻译摘自: 《制造工程与技术（机加工）》（英文版）《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining》机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版页P560—564美s. 卡尔帕基安(Serope kalpakjian)s.r 施密德(Steven R.Schmid) 著原文：20.9 MACHINABILITYThe machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors:1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part;2、Tool life obtained;3、Force and power requirements;4、Chip control.Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone.Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness aregenerally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below.20.9.1 Machinability Of SteelsBecause steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels.Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels.Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing increased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish. Note that soft steels can be difficult to machine, with built-up edge formation and poor surface finish. The second effect is that increased hardness causes the formation of short chips instead ofcontinuous stringy ones, thereby improving machinability.Leaded Steels. A high percentage of lead in steels solidifies at the tip of manganese sulfide inclusions. In non-resulfurized grades of steel, lead takes the form of dispersed fine particles. Lead is insoluble in iron, copper, and aluminum and their alloys. Because of its low shear strength, therefore, lead acts as a solid lubricant (Section 32.11) and is smeared over the tool-chip interface during cutting. This behavior has been verified by the presence of high concentrations of lead on the tool-side face of chips when machining leaded steels.When the temperature is sufficiently high-for instance, at high cutting speeds and feeds (Section 20.6)—the lead melts directly in front of the tool, acting as a liquid lubricant. In addition to this effect, lead lowers the shear stress in the primary shear zone, reducing cutting forces and power consumption. Lead can be used in every grade of steel, such as 10xx, 11xx, 12xx, 41xx, etc. Leaded steels are identified by the letter L between the second and third numerals (for example, 10L45). (Note that in stainless steels, similar use of the letter L means “low carbon,” a condition that improves their corrosion resistance.)However, because lead is a well-known toxin and a pollutant, there are serious environmental concerns about its use in steels (estimated at 4500 tons of lead consumption every year in the production of steels).Consequently, there is a continuing trend toward eliminating the use of lead in steels (lead-free steels). Bismuth and tin are now being investigated as possible substitutes for lead in steels.Calcium-Deoxidized Steels. An important development is calcium-deoxidized steels, in which oxide flakes of calcium silicates (CaSo) are formed. These flakes, in turn, reduce the strength of the secondary shear zone, decreasing tool-chip interface and wear. Temperature is correspondingly reduced. Consequently, these steels produce less crater wear, especially at high cutting speeds.Stainless Steels. Austenitic (300 series) steels are generally difficult to machine. Chatter can be s problem, necessitating machine tools with high stiffness. However, ferritic stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability. Martensitic (400 series) steels are abrasive, tend to form a built-up edge, and require tool materials with high hot hardness and crater-wear resistance. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are strong and abrasive, requiring hard and abrasion-resistant tool materials.The Effects of Other Elements in Steels on Machinability. The presence of aluminum and silicon in steels is always harmful because these elements combine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and abrasive. These compounds increase tool wear and reduce machinability. It is essential to produce and use cleansteels.Carbon and manganese have various effects on the machinability of steels, depending on their composition. Plain low-carbon steels (less than 0.15% C) can produce poor surface finish by forming a built-up edge. Cast steels are more abrasive, although their machinability is similar to that of wrought steels. Tool and die steels are very difficult to machine and usually require annealing prior to machining. Machinability of most steels is improved by cold working, which hardens the material and reduces the tendency for built-up edge formation.Other alloying elements, such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, which improve the properties of steels, generally reduce machinability. The effect of boron is negligible. Gaseous elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen can have particularly detrimental effects on the properties of steel. Oxygen has been shown to have a strong effect on the aspect ratio of the manganese sulfide inclusions; the higher the oxygen content, the lower the aspect ratio and the higher the machinability.In selecting various elements to improve machinability, we should consider the possible detrimental effects of these elements on the properties and strength of the machined part in service. At elevated temperatures, for example, lead causes embrittlement of steels(liquid-metal embrittlement, hot shortness; see Section 1.4.3), althoughat room temperature it has no effect on mechanical properties.Sulfur can severely reduce the hot workability of steels, because of the formation of iron sulfide, unless sufficient manganese is present to prevent such formation. At room temperature, the mechanical properties of resulfurized steels depend on the orientation of the deformed manganese sulfide inclusions (anisotropy). Rephosphorized steels are significantly less ductile, and are produced solely to improve machinability.20.9.2 Machinability of Various Other MetalsAluminum is generally very easy to machine, although the softer grades tend to form a built-up edge, resulting in poor surface finish. High cutting speeds, high rake angles, and high relief angles are recommended. Wrought aluminum alloys with high silicon content and cast aluminum alloys may be abrasive; they require harder tool materials. Dimensional tolerance control may be a problem in machining aluminum, since it has a high thermal coefficient of expansion and a relatively low elastic modulus.Beryllium is similar to cast irons. Because it is more abrasive and toxic, though, it requires machining in a controlled environment.Cast gray irons are generally machinable but are. Free carbides in castings reduce their machinability and cause tool chipping or fracture,necessitating tools with high toughness. Nodular and malleable irons are machinable with hard tool materials.Cobalt-based alloys are abrasive and highly work-hardening. They require sharp, abrasion-resistant tool materials and low feeds and speeds.Wrought copper can be difficult to machine because of built-up edge formation, although cast copper alloys are easy to machine. Brasses are easy to machine, especially with the addition pf lead (leadedfree-machining brass). Bronzes are more difficult to machine than brass.Magnesium is very easy to machine, with good surface finish and prolonged tool life. However care should be exercised because of its high rate of oxidation and the danger of fire (the element is pyrophoric).Molybdenum is ductile and work-hardening, so it can produce poor surface finish. Sharp tools are necessary.Nickel-based alloys are work-hardening, abrasive, and strong at high temperatures. Their machinability is similar to that of stainless steels.Tantalum is very work-hardening, ductile, and soft. It produces a poor surface finish; tool wear is high.Titanium and its alloys have poor thermal conductivity (indeed, the lowest of all metals), causing significant temperature rise and built-upedge; they can be difficult to machine.Tungsten is brittle, strong, and very abrasive, so its machinability is low, although it greatly improves at elevated temperatures.Zirconium has good machinability. It requires a coolant-type cutting fluid, however, because of the explosion and fire.20.9.3 Machinability of Various MaterialsGraphite is abrasive; it requires hard, abrasion-resistant, sharp tools.Thermoplastics generally have low thermal conductivity, low elastic modulus, and low softening temperature. Consequently, machining them requires tools with positive rake angles (to reduce cutting forces), large relief angles, small depths of cut and feed, relatively high speeds, andproper support of the workpiece. Tools should be sharp.External cooling of the cutting zone may be necessary to keep the chips from becoming “gummy” and sticking to the tools. Cooling can usually be achieved with a jet of air, vapor mist, or water-soluble oils. Residual stresses may develop during machining. To relieve these stresses, machined parts can be annealed for a period of time at temperatures ranging from C︒315), and then175to F︒160(F︒80to C︒cooled slowly and uniformly to room temperature.Thermosetting plastics are brittle and sensitive to thermal gradients during cutting. Their machinability is generally similar to that of thermoplastics.Because of the fibers present, reinforced plastics are very abrasive and are difficult to machine. Fiber tearing, pulling, and edge delamination are significant problems; they can lead to severe reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the component. Furthermore, machining of these materials requires careful removal of machining debris to avoid contact with and inhaling of the fibers.The machinability of ceramics has improved steadily with the development of nanoceramics (Section 8.2.5) and with the selection of appropriate processing parameters, such as ductile-regime cutting (Section 22.4.2).Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, depending on the properties of the individual components, i.e., reinforcing or whiskers, as well as the matrix material.20.9.4 Thermally Assisted MachiningMetals and alloys that are difficult to machine at room temperature can be machined more easily at elevated temperatures. In thermally assisted machining (hot machining), the source of heat—a torch, induction coil, high-energy beam (such as laser or electron beam), orplasma arc—is forces, (b) increased tool life, (c) use of inexpensive cutting-tool materials, (d) higher material-removal rates, and (e) reduced tendency for vibration and chatter.It may be difficult to heat and maintain a uniform temperature distribution within the workpiece. Also, the original microstructure of the workpiece may be adversely affected by elevated temperatures. Most applications of hot machining are in the turning of high-strength metals and alloys, although experiments are in progress to machine ceramics such as silicon nitride.SUMMARYMachinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life, force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability of materials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure, but also on proper selection and control of process variables.译文：20.9 可机加工性一种材料的可机加工性通常以四种因素的方式定义：1、分的表面光洁性和表面完整性。
热成形钢英语
热成形钢英语Hot forming of steel is a crucial manufacturing process that plays a vital role in the production of a wide range of metal components and structures. This process involves the application of heat and pressure to reshape and transform steel into desired shapes and forms, making it an essential technique in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, construction, and manufacturing.The process of hot forming of steel typically involves heating the steel to a high temperature, usually above its recrystallization temperature, which can range from 900°C to 1250°C, depending on the specific steel grade. At these elevated temperatures, the steel becomes more malleable and easier to deform, allowing it to be shaped into complex geometries and intricate designs.One of the primary advantages of hot forming is its ability to produce parts with superior mechanical properties. The high-temperature deformation process can significantly improve the steel's strength, ductility, and overall performance characteristics. This is because the heat-induced recrystallization and grainrefinement processes that occur during hot forming can lead to the development of a more homogeneous and fine-grained microstructure, which enhances the material's resistance to deformation and failure.In addition to improved mechanical properties, hot forming also offers several other benefits. The process can be used to produce parts with complex shapes and geometries that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through other manufacturing methods, such as casting or machining. Hot forming also allows for the efficient utilization of material, as the high-temperature deformation can minimize material waste and reduce the need for extensive post-processing operations.The hot forming process can be carried out using a variety of techniques, including forging, rolling, and extrusion. Forging is a common method in which the steel is heated and then mechanically deformed using specialized tools or dies. Rolling, on the other hand, involves passing the heated steel through a series of rotating rolls to achieve the desired shape and thickness. Extrusion, in contrast, involves forcing the heated steel through a die to produce parts with a specific cross-sectional profile.Each of these hot forming techniques has its own unique advantages and is typically chosen based on the specific requirements of theapplication, such as the desired part geometry, production volume, and material properties.One of the key challenges in hot forming of steel is the management of heat and temperature during the process. Maintaining the appropriate temperature range is crucial, as excessive heat can lead to material degradation, while insufficient heat can result in incomplete deformation and poor part quality. To address this challenge, manufacturers often employ advanced heating and temperature control systems, as well as carefully designed tooling and process parameters.Another important aspect of hot forming is the consideration of residual stresses and distortion. The high-temperature deformation process can introduce internal stresses within the steel, which can lead to warping, cracking, or other undesirable deformations during or after the forming process. To mitigate these issues, manufacturers may employ various techniques, such as controlled cooling, stress relieving, or the use of specialized tooling designs.In recent years, the hot forming of steel has also seen advancements in the use of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided engineering (CAE) tools. These technologies allow for the simulation and optimization of the hot forming process, enabling manufacturers to predict and address potential issues before the actual productionstage. This helps to improve the overall efficiency and quality of the hot forming process, reducing the need for costly trial-and-error approaches.Furthermore, the hot forming of steel has also been influenced by the growing emphasis on sustainability and environmental responsibility in the manufacturing industry. Manufacturers are increasingly exploring ways to reduce energy consumption, minimize waste, and improve the overall environmental impact of the hot forming process. This has led to the development of more energy-efficient heating systems, the use of renewable energy sources, and the implementation of recycling and waste management strategies.In conclusion, the hot forming of steel is a crucial manufacturing process that plays a vital role in the production of a wide range of metal components and structures. With its ability to improve mechanical properties, enable complex geometries, and offer efficient material utilization, hot forming continues to be an essential technique in various industries. As the manufacturing landscape evolves, the hot forming of steel is also adapting to meet the challenges of sustainability, technological advancements, and the ever-changing demands of the market.。
镁合金板材轧制成型的研究进展_张丁非
镁合金板材轧制成型的研究进展Prog ress in the Research on Rolling Form ation ofM ag nesium A lloy Sheet张丁非1,戴庆伟1,胡耀波1,兰 伟2,方 霖1(1重庆大学材料科学与工程学院国家镁合金材料工程技术研究中心,重庆400030;2重庆科技学院,重庆401331)ZHA NG Ding-fei1,DAI Qing-w ei1,H U Yao-bo1,LAN Wei2,FANG Lin1(1Natio nal Research Center fo r M agnesium Alloy s,Co lleg e of M aterials Science andEngineering,Chongqing University,Chong qing400030,China;2Cho ng qingU niversity of Science and Technology,Cho ng qing401331,China)摘要:镁合金板材在变形镁合金中占有重要的地位,但其轧制成型工艺还不是很成熟。
分析了镁合金轧制成型的特点,论述了镁合金板材轧制成型的工艺,及异步轧制、等径角轧制、交叉棍轧制、累积叠轧等轧制方式对轧制成形性及板材组织性能的影响。
重点阐述了通过调整轧制工艺和选择轧制方式提高镁合金的轧制成形性。
指出了镁合金板材轧制中存在的问题和今后发展的方向。
关键词:镁合金;轧制方式;轧制工艺;轧制成型中图分类号:TG335.5 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1001-4381(2009)10-0085-06A bstract:M agnesium alloy sheet play s an im po rtant role in the w rought mag nesium allo y.H ow eve r, the processes of rolling fo rmatio n are unsatisfacto ry.The characteristics and pro cess of rolling fo rma-tion o f magnesium alloy sheet are analy zed.The effects of diffe rent ro lling w ay s,like asynchro nous, equal channel ang ular cro ss and accumulative rolling,on microstructure and properties are also dis-cussed.And adjusting the rolling process and selecting rolling w ay s to enhance magnesium alloy ro lled fo rmability are mainly dem onstrated.Finally the problem s,to gether with the future development of magnesium alloy sheet ro lling process,are pointed o ut.Key words:magnesium alloy;rolling w ay;ro lling process;fo rming rolling 镁合金作为最轻的结构合金,已经逐渐被应用到航空航天、汽车、摩托车、电子产品等领域,而对其力学性能的要求也越来越高。
材料成型工艺基础部分(中英文词汇对照)
材料成型工艺基础部分0 绪论金属材料：metal material (MR)高分子材料：high-molecular material 陶瓷材料：ceramic material复合材料：composition material成形工艺：formation technology1 铸造铸造工艺：casting technique铸件：foundry goods （casting）机器零件：machine part毛坯：blank力学性能：mechanical property砂型铸造：sand casting process型砂：foundry sand1.1 铸件成形理论基础合金：alloy铸造性能：casting property工艺性能：processing property 收缩性：constringency偏析性：aliquation氧化性：oxidizability吸气性：inspiratory铸件结构：casting structure使用性能：service performance浇不足：misrun冷隔：cold shut夹渣：cinder inclusion 粘砂：sand fusion缺陷：flaw, defect, falling流动性：flowing power 铸型：cast (foundry mold) 蓄热系数：thermal storage capacity浇注：pouring凝固：freezing收缩性：constringency逐层凝固：layer-by-layer freezing糊状凝固：mushy freezing结晶：crystal缩孔：shrinkage void缩松：shrinkage porosity顺序凝固：progressive solidification冷铁：iron chill补缩：feeding等温线法：constant temperature line method内接圆法：inscribed circle method铸造应力：casting stress变形：deforming裂纹：crack机械应力：mechanical stress热应力：heat stress相变应力：transformation stress气孔：blow hole 铸铁：ingot铸钢：cast steel非铁合金：nonferrous alloy灰铸铁：gray cast-iorn孕育处理：inoculation 球墨铸铁：spheroidal球化处理：sheroidisation可锻铸铁：ductile cast iron石墨：graphite蠕墨铸铁：vermicular cast iron热处理：heat processing熔炼：fusion metallurgy铜合金：copper alloy氢脆：hydrogen brittleness1.2 铸造方法（casting method）手工造型：hand moulding机器造型：machine moulding金属型：metal mold casting金属模：permanent mould压力铸造：press casting熔模铸造：investment moulding蜡膜：cere离心铸造：centrifugal casting低压铸造：casting under low pressure差压铸造：counter-pressure casting陶瓷型铸造：shaw process 1.3 铸造工艺设计浇注位置：pouring position分型面：mould joint活块：loose piece起模：patter drawing型芯：core型芯撑：chaplet工艺参数：processing parameter下芯：core setting合型：mould assembly冒口：casting head 尺寸公差：dimensional tolerance尺寸公差带：tolerance zone机械加工余量：machining allowance铸孔：core hole非标准：nonstandard label 收缩率：rate of contraction线收缩：linear contraction体收缩：volume contraction起模斜度：pattern draft铸造圆角：curvingof castings芯头：core register芯头间隙：clearance芯座：core print seat 分型线：joint line分模线：die parting line1.4 铸造结构工艺性加强筋：rib reinforcement撒砂：stuccoing内腔：entocoele2 金属塑性加工塑性加工：plastic working塑性：plastic property锻造：forge work冲压：punching轧制：rolling拉拔：drawing挤压：extruding细化晶粒：grain refinement热锻：hit-forging温锻：warm forging 2.1 金属塑性加工理论基础塑性变形：plastic yield加工硬化：work-hardening韧性：ductility回复温度：return temperature再结晶：recrystallize再结晶退火：full annealing冷变形：cold deformation热变性：heat denaturation锻造比：forging ratio镦粗：upset拔长：pull out纤维组织：fibrous tissue 锻造性能：forging property可锻性：forgeability变形抗力：resistance of deformation化学成分：chemical constitution热脆性：hot brittleness 冷脆性：cold-shortness变形速度：deformation velocity应力状态：stress condition变形温度：deformation temperature过热：overheating过烧：burning脱碳：carbon elimination始锻温度：initiation forging temperature终锻温度：final forging temperature2.2 金属塑性加工方法自由锻：flat-die hammer冲孔：jetting弯曲：bend弯曲半径：bending radius切割：cut扭转：twist rotation错移：offsetting锻接：percussion基本工序：basic process辅助工序：auxiliary process精整工序：finishing process模锻：contour forging锻模：forging die 胎膜锻：fetal membrane forging剪床：shearing machine冲床：backing-out punch冲裁：blanking弹性变形：elastic distortion塑性变形：plastic yield剪切变形：shearing deformation最小弯曲半径：minimum bending radius曲率：angularity弯裂：rupture 回弹：rebound辊轧：roll forming辊锻：roll forging斜轧：oblique rolling 横轧：transverse rolling辗压：tamping drum挤压：extruding拉拔：draft2.3 塑性加工工艺设计工艺规程：process specification锻件图：forging drawing敷料：dressing锻件余量：forging allowance锻件公差：forging tolerance 工夹具：clamping apparatus加热设备：firing equipment加热规范：heating schedule冷却规范：cooling schedule后续处理：after treatment分模面：die parting face冲孔连皮：punching the wad模锻斜度：draft angle圆角半径：radius of corner圆饼类锻件：circumcresent cake-like forging长轴类锻件：long axis-like forging2.4 锻件结构工艺性锥体：cone斜面：cant空间曲线：curve in space粗糙度：degree of roughness2.5 冲压件结构工艺性3 焊接焊接：welding铆接：riverting熔焊：fusion welding压焊：press welding 钎焊：braze welding3.1 焊接理论基础冶金：metallurgy电弧焊：arc welding气焊：acetylene welding电渣焊：electro-slag welding高能束焊：high energy welding电子焊：electronic welding激光焊：laser welding等离子焊：plasma welding 电弧：electric arc阳极区：anode region阴极区：negative polarity弧柱区：arc stream正接法：electrode negative method反接法：opposition method脱氧剂：deoxidizing agent焊缝：welded seam 焊缝区：weld zone熔合区：fusion area热影响区：heat-affected zone 脆性断裂：brittle fracture过热区：overheated zone正火区：normalized zone相变区：phase change zone焊接应力：welding stress收缩变形：contraction distortion角变形：angular deformation弯曲变形：bend deformation扭曲变形：warping deformation波浪变形：wave transformation反变形法：reversible deformation method刚性固定法：rigid fixing method预热：warming-up缓冷：slow cool焊后热处理：postweld heat treatment 矫形处理：shape-righting3.2 焊接方法埋弧焊：hidden arc welding气体保护焊：gas shielded arc welding氩弧焊：argon welding熔化极氩弧焊：consumable electrode argon welding钨极氩弧焊：argon tungsten-arc welding二氧化碳气体保护焊：CO2 gas shielded arc welding碳弧焊：carbon arc welding碳弧气刨：carbon arc air gouging电渣焊：electro-slag welding 高能焊：high grade energy welding等离子弧切割：plasma arc cutting (PAC)堆焊：bead weld电阻焊：resistance welding电焊：electric welding缝焊：seam welding压焊：press welding多点凸焊：multiple projection welding对焊：welding neck摩擦焊：friction welding扩散焊：diffusion welding硬钎料：brazing alloy软钎料：soft solder3.3 常用金属材料的焊接焊接性：weldability焊接方法：welding method焊接材料：welding material焊条：electrode焊剂：flux material碳素钢：carbon steel低碳钢：low carbon steel中碳钢：medium carbon steel高碳钢：high carbon steel低合金钢：lean alloy steel不锈钢：non-corrosive steel有色金属：nonferrous metal3.4 焊接工艺设计型材：sectional bar药皮：coating焊丝：soldering wire连续焊缝：continuous weld断续焊缝：intermittent weld应力集中：stress concentration焊接接头：soldered joint坡口：groove对接：abutting joint搭接：lap joint角接：corner joint 4 粉末冶金（power metallurgy）粉末冶金成品：finished power metallurgical product铁氧体：ferrite硬质合金：sintered-carbide高熔点金属：high-melting metal陶瓷：ceramic4.1 粉末冶金工艺理论基础压坯：pressed compact扩散：diffusion烧结：agglomeration固溶：solid solubility化合：combination4.2 粉末冶金的工艺流程制备：preparation预处理：anticipation还原法：reduction method电解法：electrolytic method雾化法：atomization松装密度：loose density 流动性：flowing power压缩性：compressibility筛分：screen separation 混合：compounding制粒：pelletization过烧：superburning欠烧：underburnt5 金属复合成型技术自蔓延焊接：SHS welding热等静压：HIP准热等静压：PHIP5.1 液态成型技术与固态成型技术的复合高压铸造：high-pressure casting电磁泵：magnetic-pump压射成型：injection molding柱塞：plunger piston冲头：drift pin凝固法：freezing method挤压法：extrusion method转向节：knuckle pivot制动器：arresting gear5.2 金属半凝固、半熔融成型技术凝固：freezing半熔融：semi-vitreous触变铸造：thixotropy casting触变锻造：thixotropy forging注射成型：injection molding5.3 其他金属成型新技术快速凝固：flash set非晶态：amorphous溢流法：press over system喷射沉积：ejecting deposit爆炸复合法：explosion cladding method扩散焊接：diffusion welding挤压：extruding轧制：roll down6 非金属材料成型技术6.1 高分子材料成型技术高分子材料：non-metal material耐腐蚀：resistant material绝缘：insulation老化：ageing耐热性：heat-durability粘弹性：viscoelasticity塑料：plastic material橡胶：rubber合成纤维：synthetic fibre涂料：covering material粘结剂：agglomerant 粘度：viscosity热塑性塑料：thermoplastic plastics热固性塑料：thermosetting plastic通用塑料：general-purpose plastics 工程塑料：engineering plastic薄膜：thin film增强塑料：reinforced plastics浇注塑料：pouring plastics注射塑料：injiection plastics挤出塑料：extrusion plastics吹塑塑料：blowing plastics模压塑料：die pressing plastics聚合物：ploymer semiconductor吸湿性：hygroscopic cargo定向作用：directional action生胶：green glue stock填料：carrier丁苯橡胶：SBR顺丁橡胶：BR 氯丁橡胶：CR丁腈橡胶：NBR硅橡胶：Q聚氨酯橡胶：U压延：calender硫化：sulfuration胶粘剂：adhesive胶接：glue joint刹车片：brake block零件修复：parts renewal蜂窝夹层：honeycomb core material6.2 工业陶瓷制品的成型技术干燥：drying坯料：blank润滑剂：anti-friction结合剂：binder热压铸：hot injiection moulding6.3 非金属材料成型技术的新进展热压烧结：hot pressed sintering7 复合材料的成型技术复合材料：composite material树脂：resin7.1 金属复合材料的成型技术硼纤维：boron fiber钛合金：titanium alloy碳纤维：carbon filter等离子喷涂：plasma spraying浸渍法：immersion method锭坯：ingot blank7.2 聚合物基复合材料的成型技术晶须：whisker缠绕成形：enwind forming湿法缠绕：wet method enwind 7.3 陶瓷复合材料成型技术料浆：slurry溶胶-凝胶法：sol-gel method化学气相沉积：chemical vapor deposition (CVD)原位：in situ8 材料成型方法的选择粉末冶金：powder metallurgy工程塑料：engineering plastics工程陶瓷：engineering ceramics。
材料成型工艺(双语)重点句子及翻译.
CH11. Material science is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials.材料科学是研究材料的结构和性能之间关系的学科。
2. The discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.材料科学是研究材料的结构和性能之间的关系的学科。
3.In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure-property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.而材料加工是在（充分理解）材料组织和性能关系的基础上，对材料的组织进行设计，以获得一系列预定的性能。
4.The structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components.材料的组织通常和内部成分的排列有关。
5. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus.性能是指材料的一种特性，这种特性就对某一特定的强加的刺激所作出发硬的大小和种类而言的CH31. Welding is essential for the manufacture of a range of engineering components, which may vary from very large structures such as ships and bridges to miniature components for microelectronic applications.焊接在很多工程零部件的生产中都是必需的，大到船舶、桥梁，小到微电子应用的微小零件。
铸造学专业英语词汇（20）
铸造学专业英语词汇(20)热加工，热作 hot working热接点 hot junction热浸镀金法 hot dip metal coating热绝缘 heat insulation热均衡 thermal balance热扩散 temperature diffusivity热量 calorific value热量计 calorimeter热量均衡 heat balance热裂 heat checking热裂 hot tear热裂 hot tear crack热裂(铸疵) hot crack热敏感 heat reactive热敏感性 heat-reactivity热凝性 thermosetting热膨胀 thermal expansion热膨胀计 dilatometer热膨胀计 thermal dilatometer热熔模型 heat-disposable pattern热升降率 thermal gradient热室压铸机 hot chamber die casting machine 热收缩 thermal contraction热塑性 thermoplasticity热铁 wrought iron热铁，工业用纯铁 ingot iron热透气性 hot permeability热匣法 hot box process热匣砂心吹制机 hot box core blower 热匣粘结剂 hot box binder热效率 thermal efficiency热循环 thermal cycle热应力 thermal stress热硬结性树脂 thermosetting resin热硬黏结剂 hot hardening binder热震 heat shock热震 thermal shock热震阻力 resistance to thermal shocks 热铸裂(铸疵) hot casting crack人工干燥(木材) artificial seasoning人工砂 artificial sand人工时效 artificial ageing人工通风 artifical ventiation人造固体燃料 artificial solid fuel人造石墨 artificial graphite韧化 patenting韧性 toughness韧性试验 toughness test日本铸造协会 j.f.s.容积配料 dosage by volume容器 container容许~差 allowable error""容许食?" permissible dust emission"容许重?" allowable limit溶混性 miscibility溶胶 sol溶解度 solubility溶解度曲线 solubility curve溶体化热处理 solution heat treatment 溶液 solution溶质 solute熔成菱镁石 fused magnesite熔点 melting point熔点，软化点 fusion point熔钢液面控制 steel level control熔刮 gouging熔锅 melting pot熔锅上涂料 pot dressing熔化 melting熔化，炉次，熔化液 melt熔化比 melting ratio熔化带 melting zone熔化范围 melting range熔化能量 melting capacity熔化期 melt down熔化期 smelting period熔化器具 melting tool熔化潜热 latent heat of fusion熔化设备 melting unit熔化速率 melting rate熔化速率 melting speed熔化温度 melting temperature熔化状况 melting conditions熔剂，助熔剂 flux-covering熔接，焊接，锻接 welding熔接条，焊条，电焊条 welding rod熔接性，焊接性，锻接性 weldability熔接应力 welding stress熔接硬面法，加焊硬面法 hard facing熔接状态，焊接状态 as-welded熔结块，煤渣 clinker熔解期熔化期 melting down熔解损失熔化损失 melting loss熔炼，冶炼 smelting熔炼工，冶炼厂 smelter熔炼领班 head melter熔欠炉加料 cupola charge熔欠炉加料机 cupola charging machine 熔入型模(感应电炉) consumable former 熔砂，烧毁铸砂 fritted sand熔失型(感应电炉) lost former熔态金属 molten metal熔铁，铁水 molten iron熔铁炉，冲天炉 cupola furnace(cupola) 熔铁炉，冲天炉 cupola，cupola furance 熔铁炉榇 cupola lining熔铁炉出铁槽 cupola runner trough熔铁炉捣榇 cupola stamping lining熔铁炉点火器 cupola lighter熔铁炉点火器 cupola torch熔铁炉工 cupola tender熔铁炉鼓风机 cupola blower熔铁炉火星罩 cupola spark arrester熔铁炉集尘器 cupola dust arrester熔铁炉控制设备 cupola control equipment 熔铁炉炉壳 cupola shell熔铁炉炉体 cupola body熔铁炉炉砖 cupola brick熔铁炉体 cupola shaft熔铁炉烟囱 cupola stack熔铁炉展性铸铁 cupola malleable iron熔析，液化作用 liquation熔消模型 expendable pattern熔消模型材料 expendable pattern materials 熔液静化 kill the melt熔液漏出 leak-out熔渣 slag熔渣水泥 slag cement熔渣针孔(铸疵) slag pinhole熔锥 fusible cone熔锥 melting cone熔锥 seger's cone熔锥号数 seger's number融砂，熔砂 fused sand融砂，熔砂 fusion of sand揉合 knead揉合机 kneader揉合机 kneading mill揉砂机 sand inclusion肉厚感度 section sensitivity铷(rb)(稀金属元素) rubidium蠕虫状石墨 vermicular graphite乳化作用 emulsification软钢 mild steel软钢 soft steel软焊，锡焊 soldering软焊料，锡焊料 solder软化处理 softening软化点 sagging point软化点 vitrification point软化试验(耐火材料) squatting test软化退火 soft annealing软化退火 softening anneal软水剂，软水器 softener软铸铁 soft cast iron瑞典生铁 swedish iron锐锯机 saw sharpener润滑性 lubricating property撒粉袋 dust bag撒粉袋 dusting撒克管形进模口，撒克管形浇口 saxophone gate 洒水熔铁炉 water shower cupola塞杆 stopper rod塞进器，加磷器 phosphorizer塞孔浇池 plugged pouring basin塞头(浇桶) stopper end塞头浇池 stoppered pouring basin塞头式浇桶 bottom pouring stopper ladle塞罩法 plunging method三班工作 three-shift operation三倍周波电炉 triple frequency funace三层砂箱 three-part flask。
镀铝镁锌钢板 英文介绍
镀铝镁锌钢板英文介绍English Answer：Galvalume steel is a hot-dip coated steel sheet, whichis coated with aluminum, zinc, and magnesium alloy on the surface. The coating composition is 55% aluminum, 43.5% zinc, and 1.5% silicon. Galvalume steel has the advantagesof both aluminum and zinc. It has good corrosion resistance, heat resistance, and paintability. It is widely used in construction, automotive, and other industries.The aluminum-zinc coating of Galvalume steel forms a dense and stable protective layer on the surface of thesteel sheet, which can effectively prevent the steel sheet from being corroded by the atmosphere and other corrosive media. The aluminum-zinc coating has good heat resistance and can withstand high temperatures up to 315°C without peeling or cracking. The aluminum-zinc coating has good paintability and can be painted with various paints to achieve different colors and decorative effects.Galvalume steel is widely used in construction, automotive, and other industries. In construction, Galvalume steel is mainly used for roofing, wall cladding, and other building materials. In the automotive industry, Galvalume steel is mainly used for car bodies, exhaust pipes, and other components.Chinese Answer：镀铝镁锌钢板是一种热镀涂层钢板，在其表面涂覆铝、锌、镁合金。
镁行业常用术语中英文对照
熔剂的反应机理镁合金的熔点不高,热容量较小,在空气中加热时,氧化快,在过热时,易燃烧,在熔融状态下无熔剂保护时,则可猛烈燃烧。
因此镁合金在熔炼过程中必须始终在熔剂和保护气氛下进行。
同时，在转移镁合金及浇注成型过程中，各种工具也需要进行洗涤和保护，这些都要涉及到熔剂。
其实熔剂的基本作用是在熔体表面形成—化学抑制层来防止熔体氧化，并去除熔体中的固态和气态的非金属夹杂物。
要选择比镁氧化亲和性更强的物质来做镁合金熔剂，最好是用碱金属和碱土金属的氯化盐和氟化盐。
镁合金熔剂主要由MgCl2、KCl、CaF2、BaCl2等氯盐及氟盐的混合物组成，它们按一定比例混匀，使熔剂的熔点、密度、黏度及表面性能均较好的满足使用要求。
其中MgCl2是起主要作用的成分，对镁熔体具有良好的覆盖作用及一定精炼能力。
主要表现在以下几个方面：1、MgCl2熔点为981K ，易与其他盐混合形成低熔点盐类混合物，迅速地铺展成一层连续、致密的熔剂层。
2、MgCl2能很好地湿润熔体表面的MgO，并将其包覆后转移到熔剂中去，消除了由MgO 所产生的绝热作用，使Mg在氧化中产生的热量能较快地通过熔剂层散出。
避免镁合金熔体表面温度急剧上升。
3、MgCl2有很大的吸湿性，裸露在空气中很快受潮，与空气中的氧及水气反应生成HCl、Cl2、H2等。
其反应如下：2MgCl2+O2=2MgO+2Cl2 MgCl2+H2O=MgO+2HCl反应生成的Cl2和HCl能迅速的和Mg反应生成MgCl22HCl+Mg= MgCl2+H2↑Mg+Cl2= MgCl2这样HCl、Cl2、H2等保护气氛及MgCl2薄层覆盖均能有效地阻止Mg与O和H2O的作用，防止氧化，抑制燃烧。
4、MgCl2具有化学造渣的作用，形成的产物MgCl2·5 MgO能从熔体中沉淀出来。
MgCl2 + 5 MgO= MgCl2·5 MgO往MgCl2中加入KCl、NaCl能够显著降低熔剂的熔点，密度，黏度，提高熔剂稳定性。
镁合金半固态射出成形技术介绍
半固態射出成形技術第一節 觸變成形技術(一)背景觸變成形主要發展里程如所示。
Dow Chemical早在1977年開始就嘗試 將半固態的概念應用在鎂合金上，經過十餘年的研究，於1988年製作出300噸 雛型機。
1900年Dow Chemical 與另外五家公司聯合成立Thixomat公司，負責 技術的商品化及授權，以及應用技術的研發，1991年獲得觸變成形設備及製程 的美國專利，之後陸續取得26國專利。
目前Thixomat授權生產觸變成形機的 公司僅限於日本製鋼所(JSW)及加拿大Husky兩家，JSW的機型包括75、220、450、650、及850噸，1998年夏天已推出1600噸機器；Husky剛取得授權不久，初期 預定開發90、225、500、及900噸等機種。
1997年為止全世界用於實際生產之 機器約65台，估計1998年底可達100台。
現有客戶三十餘家，分佈在日本、 美國、加拿大、瑞典、德國、新加坡、韓國、台灣等地，其中九成以上的客戶 原本是從事塑膠射出成形。
另一方面，美國能源部自1997年3月起展開一個400萬美金，為期三年的 計畫，支持Thixomat與Alcoa、Husky以及美國三大汽車廠合作研究鋁合金的 觸變成形，目標產品包括汽車用厚肉(8~10mm)結構件及薄殼(<1mm)連結件，未來 可能進一步擴及金屬基複合材料(metal-matrix composites)的成形技術。
(二)技術簡介觸變成形是由塑膠射出成形衍生應用在金屬的成形製程，米粒大小的金屬 顆粒原料在氬氣保護的料斗進入料管，經螺桿旋轉磨擦及料管外加熱器提供 熱量，溫度逐漸升高至其固相線溫度(solid us temperature)以上，形成部分 熔融狀態，此時螺桿同時計量後退將半固態黏漿推擠到蓄料區，待蓄儲存的黏漿 達到所需的量後，螺桿停止轉動，高速射出系統驅動桿往前推送黏漿進入模穴。
待工件完全凝固後射出單元後退，螺桿進行下一循環的剪切輸送計量，夾模單元 則開模頂出，同時進行清除廢料及噴離型劑等動作。
加工工艺标准规范中英文对照范文
GB/T 780—1979 汽油发动机化油器出口凸缘尺寸Carbureters for automobile engines--Dimensions of outlet flanges2 GB/T 983-1995 不锈钢焊条Stainless steel covered electrodes3 GB/T 984—1985 堆焊焊条Covered electrodes for hardfacing4 GB/T 985-1988 气焊、手工电弧焊及气体保护焊焊缝坡口的基本形式与尺寸Basic forms and sizes of weld grooves for gas welding manual arc welding and gas—Shielded arc welding5 GB/T 986-1988 埋弧焊焊缝坡口的基本形式和尺寸Basic forms and sizes of weld grooves for submerged arc welding6 GB/T 1173—1995 铸造铝合金Casting aluminium alloys7 GB/T 1174—1992 铸造轴承合金cast bearing metals8 GB/T 1176—1987 铸造铜合金技术条件Specification for cast copper alloys9 GB/T 1177-1991 铸造镁合金Casting magnesium alloys10 GB/T 1348-1988 球墨铸铁件Spheroidal graphite iron castings11 GB/T 1954-1980 铬镍奥氏体不锈钢焊缝铁素体含量测量方法Determination of the weldign seam iron element contentin chromium，nickel austenitic stainless steel12 GB/T 2100-1980 不锈耐酸钢铸件技术条件Stainless acid—resistant steel castings--Specifications13 GB/T 2649-1989 焊接接头机械性能试验取样方法Methods of sampling for mechanical properties tests of welded joint14 GB/T 2650-1989 焊接接头冲击试验方法Method of impact test for welded joint15 GB/T 2651-1989 焊接接头拉伸试验方法Method of tensile test for welded joint16 GB/T 2652-1989 焊缝及熔敷金属拉伸试验方法Method of tensile tests for weld and deposited metal17 GB/T 2653-1989 焊接接头弯曲及压扁试验方法Methods of bend and compression tests for welded joint18 GB/T 2654—1989 焊接接头及堆焊金属硬度试验方法Methods of hardness tests for welded joint and surfacing metal19 GB/T 2655—1989 焊接接头应变时效敏感性试验方法Method of strain—age sensibillity test for welded joint20 GB/T 2656-1981 焊缝金属和焊接接头的疲劳试验法Weld beads metal and welds--Fatigue tests21 GB/T 2684-1981 铸造用原砂及混合料试验方法Foundry sands and sand mixtures for casting——Method of testing22 GB/T 3180—1982 中锰抗磨球墨铸铁件技术条件Specification for medium manganese wear-resistant spheroidal iron castings23 GB/T 3375—1994 焊接术语Welding terminology24 GB/T 3669-1983 铝及铝合金焊条Coated electrodes for aluminium and aluminium alloys25 GB/T 3670-1995 铜及铜合金焊条Coated electrodes for copper and copper alloys26 GB/T 3731-1983 涂料焊条效率、金属回收率和熔敷系数的测定Covered electrodes-—Determination of the efficiency，metal recovery and deposition coefficient27 GB/T 3934—1983 普通螺纹量规Gauges for general purpose screw threads28 GB/T 3965—1995 熔敷金属中扩散氢测定方法Methods for determination of diffusible hydrogen in deposited metal29 GB/T 4675。
材控专业英语-3.Principles_of_plastic_forming
在处于热加工温度和恒应变率的奥氏体变形期间，得 到的应力-应变曲线如图3.1所示。
3.1.1 Dynamic structural changes
Fig 3.1 Equivalent stress/equivalent tensile strain curves obtained From torsion tests on low-alloy steels (AISI 1540) of initial grain size 110μm
3.1 Physical metallurgy of hot working
The structural changes taking place within the material result in an increasing dislocation density with strain until in austenitic steels and nickel-and copper-base alloys a critical strain （εc）is reached when the stored energy is sufficiently high to cause dynamic recrystallization. 材料内结构的变化产生应变，导致位错密度增加。在奥氏 体钢和镍基、铜基合金中，当储存能量足够高时会发生动 态再结晶，材料达到临界应变εc ，这时位错密度不再增加。 长句变短句，注意其中的意思连贯
为了在商业制作过程中应用这些原理，我们需要回答两个 主要的问题：a 变形之后再结晶需要多久才能发生？b 再结 晶和长大之后的晶粒尺寸是多y of hot working
The answers determine the structure of the material entering the next and subsequent passes and hence influence the flow stress of the material and the working forces required. Eventually they determine the structure and properties of the hot worked products. 答案决定了材料进行下一步以及随后过程的组织，并影响 了材料的流动应力和需要的作用力。最终影响了热加工产 品的结构和性能。
冶金学名词(中英文对照)
冶金学名词2 有色金属加工09.02.031冷粗轧cold rough rolling09.02.032中轧intermediate rolling09.02.033精轧finish rolling09.02.034叠轧pack rolling09.02.035箔材轧制foil rolling09.02.036型材轧制profile rolling09.02.037棒材轧制bar rolling09.02.038管材轧制tube rolling09.02.039压下量draft, reduction包覆cladding轧制道次pass轧制程序rolling schedule宽展spread前滑forward slip后滑backward slip轧制力roll separating force , roll force变形速度deformation speed轧制速度rolling speed轧制力矩rolling torque附加摩擦additional friction torque力矩空转力矩idling torque包套挤压capsule extrusion填充挤压filling extrusion穿孔挤压piercing extrusionsegment die extrusion组合模挤压舌型模挤tongue type die extrusion 压牵引挤压pulling extrusion挤压锭extrusion billet挤压力extruding force挤压工艺extrusion process挤压比extrusion ration挤压速度extrusion speed流出速度flow velocity梯温加热taper heating压余discard缩尾extrusion defect成层lamination挤压效应extrusion effect实心圆锭solid billet空心圆锭hollow billet挤压淬火quenching on run-out table圆角半径fillet radius冲孔连皮punching wad拔模斜度draft毛边槽gutter锻锤hammer平衡锁扣counterlock锻模forging die模膛imprassionsemi-solid forming半固态成形辊压成形roll forming旋压spinning冲压stamping高速成形high speed formingsuperplastic forming 超塑性成形09.03 精整与处理精整finishing外表处理surface treatment热处理heat treatment卷coil开卷decoiling , unwinding旋转矫直rotary straightening斜辊矫直cross roll straightening多斜辊矫直multi cross roll straightening二斜辊矫直two cross roll straightening转毂矫直rotary nave straightening外表化学处理surface chemical treatment外表电化学处理sureface electrochemicat treatmenl外表物理处理sureface physical treatment化学预处理chemical conditioning化学转化处理chemical conversion treatment阳极氧化膜anodic oxide film电泳electrophoresis电泳沉积electrophoretic deposition 电泳涂层electrophoretic coating压平预清洗precleaning连续清洗continuous cleaning连续脱脂continuous degreasing 化学涂层chemical coating化学氧化chemical oxidation涂辊coating roll挂料辊pick up roll初涂prime coating精涂finish coating底漆prime coat面漆top coat初涂固化prime coat curing精涂固化finish coat curing空气急冷air quenching水急冷water quenching燃烧incineration溶剂气体solvent固化curing涂层卷coated coilplate solution treatment 厚板固溶处理再结晶温度recrystallization temperature 退火时间annealing time变形程度extent of deformation变形温度deformation temperature临界变形critical deformation低温退火low-temperature annealing固溶处理温度solution treatment temperature共晶温度eutectic temperature晶粒尺寸grain size晶粒长大grain growth淬火介质qunching medium时效ageing时效温度ageing temperature时效硬化age hardening时效软化age softening设备与控制扁锭铣面机slab-milling machine单面铣床one-side milling machine热粗轧＋热精轧机组hot roughing + hot finishing rolling line热粗轧＋热连轧机组hot roughing + hot tandem rolling line四辊可逆式热粗轧机four-high reversing hot roughing mill四辊可逆式热精轧机four-high non-reversing hot finishing mill集成化测量系统integrated measuring system厚度自动控制系统auomatic gauge control system过程自动控制系统automatic process control system断面凸度控制系统cross-sectional crown control system温度自动控制系统automatic temperature control system连铸连轧机组continuous casting and rolling line板带连铸连轧机组sheet & strip continuous casting and rolling line棒线材连铸连轧机组rod & bar continuous casting and rolling铸轧机casting and rolling mill超薄高速型铸轧机ultrathin strip cast and rolling mill无机架二辊铸轧机twin-roll caster without stand温轧机warm rolling mill三机架温连轧机three-stand warm tandem mill 冷轧机cold rolling millHC轧机high crown millVC轧机variable crown millUC轧机universal crown control mill FFC轧机flexible flatness control mill CVC轧机continuously variable crownmill机rolling mill铝箔精轧机aluminium foil finishing mill铝箔粗中轧机aluminium foilrough-intermediate rolling mill铝箔中精轧机aluminium foil intermediate finishing mill工作辊辊式清辊器roll-type work roll wiper在线板形检测装置on-line flatness inspection init空气轴承板形辊air bearing measuring roll动态板形辊dynamic shape roll压电式实芯板形辊solid measuring roll with magneto-elastic transducers09.04. 063带卷自动对中装置automatic coil centering unit轧制过程控制系统rolling process control system炉台车式退pallet-type annealing furnace 火炉盐浴炉salt bath furnacebright annealing furnace光亮退火炉vacuum annealing furnace真空退火炉bell-type annealing furnace 钟罩式退火炉air float heat-treating furnace 气垫式热处理炉纵切机组slitting linerotary trimmer切边圆盘剪high speed slitting line高速纵切机组卷对卷纵coil-to-coil slitting line切机组横切机组cut-to-length line厚切机heavy gauge slitter纵横联合slitting and cut-to-length line剪切机组拉伸弯曲矫直机组stretching-bendingstraightener应加上：纯拉伸机组厚板拉伸矫直机plate stretching machine涂层机组coating line铝箔合卷机aluminium foil doubler 铝箔分卷机aluminium foil separator挤压机extrusion press正向挤压机direct extrusion press反向挤压机indirect extrusion press单动油压挤压机single-action hydraulic extrusion press双动油压挤压机double-action hydraulic extrusion press卧式挤压horizontal extrusion press炉heating furnaceinduction heating furnace感应加热炉热剥皮机hot scalping machinedie oven模具加热炉轧管机tube rolling mill三辊热轧three-high tube hot rolling mill 轧管机two-high tube cold rolling mill 二辊式冷轧管机多辊式冷muti-roll tube cold rolling mill 轧管机pre-cleaning line预清洗机组酸洗槽pickling tank碱洗槽alkaline cleaning tank中与槽neutralizing tank脱脂槽degreasing tank转化槽conversion tank钝化槽passivating tank着色槽coloring tank单链拉伸机single chain drawbanch双链拉伸机double chain drawbanch 液压拉伸机hydraulic drawing machine倒立式圆盘拉伸机inverted block type drawing machineV形槽盘拉机V-groove block drawing machine内螺纹管成形机inner spiral tube forming machine井式退火炉pit annealing furnace感应退火炉induction annealing furnace淬火炉quenching furnace立式淬火炉vertical quenching furnace卧式淬火炉horizontal quenching furnace 井式淬火pit quenching furnace自由锻造液压机hydraulic hand forging machine模锻液压机hydraulic forging press多向模锻液压机hydraulic multicored forging press专用模锻水压机hydraulic speciality forging press铝型材氧化着色机组aluminium profiles anodizing line立吊式阳极氧化机组vertical profiles anodizing line静电粉末喷涂机组electrostatic powder spraying line电泳涂层机组electrophoretic coating line氟碳喷涂机组fluorocarbon spraying line彩色喷涂机组color spraying line。
热成形加工名词解释
热成形加工是一种通过加热金属材料，使其变得更容易塑性变形，然后通过一定形式的成形加工来制造产品的加工方法。
以下是热成形加工中常用的一些名词解释：
1. 热轧（Hot Rolling）：热轧是指将钢坯等金属材料在高温下进行轧制，以改变其形状和尺寸的过程。
这种加工方法可以使金属材料的晶粒细化，并提高材料的硬度和强度。
2. 热挤压（Hot Extrusion）：热挤压是指将金属材料加热到一定温度后，将其置于模具内，施加一定的压力，使其产生塑性变形，从而获得所需的形状和尺寸的过程。
3. 热锻（Hot Forging）：热锻是指将金属材料加热到一定温度后，将其置于模具内，施加一定的压力，使其发生塑性变形，从而获得所需的形状和尺寸的过程。
热锻可以提高材料的强度和韧性，同时也可以改善材料的组织结构。
4. 热处理（Heat Treatment）：热处理是指将金属材料加热到一定温度后，进行冷却或保温等处理，以改变其力学性能和组织结构的过程。
常见的热处理方法包括退火、正火、淬火、回火等。
5. 熔铸（Casting）：熔铸是指将金属材料加热到液态后，通过浇铸成
型的过程。
这种加工方法可以制造出各种形状和尺寸的金属件。
以上是热成形加工中常用的一些名词解释。
在选择加工方法时，需要考虑材料的性质和加工要求，选取最适合的加工方法来制造产品。
镁合金半固态成型用模具
镁合金半固态成型用模具英文回答：Magnesium alloy semi-solid forming molds are essential tools in the manufacturing process of semi-solid forming of magnesium alloys. These molds are designed to shape the semi-solid magnesium alloy into the desired form and dimensions. The use of such molds ensures consistent and accurate production of magnesium alloy components.In the semi-solid forming process, the magnesium alloy is heated to a specific temperature range where it becomes partially solid and partially liquid. This semi-solid state allows for better flow and filling of the mold cavity, resulting in improved part quality and reduced defects. The molds used in this process are typically made from high-strength materials such as tool steel or H13 steel to withstand the high temperature and pressure involved.One important consideration in the design of magnesiumalloy semi-solid forming molds is the thermal management. The molds need to be able to rapidly cool down the semi-solid magnesium alloy to solidify it and facilitate easy ejection from the mold cavity. This is achieved by incorporating cooling channels within the mold structure. These channels allow for the circulation of a cooling medium, such as water or oil, to remove heat from the mold surface and accelerate the solidification process.Another factor to consider in the design of these molds is the surface finish. The mold cavity needs to have a smooth and uniform surface to ensure proper flow of the semi-solid magnesium alloy and to minimize the occurrence of defects such as porosity or shrinkage. This can be achieved through various surface treatments, such as polishing or coating, to enhance the mold surface quality.Additionally, the mold design should take into account the ease of maintenance and repair. Since the semi-solid forming process involves high temperatures and pressures, the molds are subjected to wear and tear over time. Therefore, it is important to design the molds in a waythat allows for easy disassembly and replacement of worn-out components. This not only reduces downtime but also prolongs the lifespan of the molds.中文回答：镁合金半固态成型用模具是镁合金半固态成型制造过程中的关键工具。
金属镁冶炼术语中英文对照
纯镁(锭) 料镁比 原料 回收 还原周期 还原炉 还原罐 还原时间 精炼 除渣 曲颈瓶/还原罐 回转窑 粗镁 半焦/兰炭 硅热法工艺 矿渣 冶炼厂/企业 光谱仪 技术改造 竖窑 蒸气喷射泵 余热 余热锅炉 成品率
Hale Waihona Puke pure magnesium （ingot） ratio of raw material to rough magnesium raw materials recycle reduction cycle reduction furnace reduction pot/retort reduction time refinery remove slag retort rotary kiln rough magnesium semi-coke silicon thermal process slag smelter spectromete technical reconstruction upright kiln vapor ejection pump waste heat waste heat boiler yield （rate）
原镁冶炼专业术语 时间：2009-10-11 dolomite 75% ferro silicon briquette briquette machine calcine calcined dolomite capacity/production capacity carnallite casting coal coal gas coal gas generator coal gas station coated powder coke coke gas combustion continuous casting crystallized magnesium deformed magnesium alloy emission ferro silicon fluorite flux foundry full production rates fume & dust furnace inner structure greenhouse effect heat-storage combustion lime limewater magnesite magnesium alloy magnesium content magnesium crown magnesium vapor mechanical stirring mechanical vacuum pump oxidation Pidgeon process plasma spectrometer pollution production cost productivity 白云石 75硅铁 球团 压球机 焙烧 煅白 生产能力 光卤石 铸造 煤 煤气 煤气发生炉 煤气站 涂层粉末 焦炭 焦炉煤气 燃烧 连续铸造/连铸 结晶镁 变形镁合金 污染物排放 硅铁 萤石 熔剂 铸造厂 满负荷生产 烟尘,粉尘 炉内部结构 温室效应 蓄热燃烧（技术） 石灰 石灰水 菱镁矿 镁合金 镁含量 结晶体（冠状物） 镁蒸汽 机械搅拌 机械真空泵 氧化 皮江法工艺 等离子光谱仪 污染 生产成本 生产率
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镁薄板合金成形的可锻性和可成形性的加工技术摘要金属成型和金属成形机床的新发展，显示了镁薄片具有优秀的模铸性能，如果工艺是在高温下传导。
对镁薄片成型的相应的机械性能的估价，已经在各种各样的温度和应变率的条件下进行的单轴向拉力的测试。
镁合金az31b、az61b的拉深测试和m1在200-250温度范围之间都有很好可成形性，除温度之外，已经研究出的极限拉延比也影响模铸的速度。
产生的结果得出有可能由镁薄片合金混合物代替传统的铝和钢薄片的结论。
⒈引言为了减少燃料消耗、一般已经有的成就是减少汽车构造的重量的，增加重量轻的物资的使用，在这个条件下、镁合金具有对工商企业集团有特殊的使用价值，因为他们的密度低，只有1.74 g／cm3。
不久的将来镁合金将成为汽车零件模铸的主要地材料。
模具铸件技术允许放弃制造过程中复杂的几何结构。
然而，这个部分的机械性能经常不能满足机械性能的必要条件，（例如耐久强度和延性）。
一种有希望能替换的材料，毫无疑问是将模铸工艺带进简便化，那部分对机械性能和细粒的微观结构有利的没有气孔的制造技术。
然而、一种广泛被应用的模铸技术在镁合金的成型的工艺中受到了限制，模铸技术和适当的工艺参数的不完善而不得不应用（2,3）。
镁薄板金属部件的应用对汽车车身的构造提供一个很大的潜力。
通常、汽车的车身完全由板料冲压和表现大约25%飞行器质量组成。
所以，镁薄片替代传统的材料应用，将导致重量减轻的实质。
⒉镁薄片的塑料性质镁合金在室温下显示出可成形性的极限，这个六方晶体和孪晶体的倾向是唯一的允许有限的形变。
那不同地定向微晶在独立基础滑动平面显示出畸形，导致一个相互的滑动障碍（４、５）。
通过应用的温度完善可以对模铸品质进行可观的改善！在200 -225温度范围里的可成型性的提高具有很好的可观性（依靠合金成分）见文献《６》的研究。
在棱形滑动面的六方形结构的热活化性中发现了这个效果，见文献《７》。
2.1成型温度对流动应力的影响一种对镁薄片畸形性质要求的测定的详细研究的金属的特征值同样各向异性或流动曲线见《８、９》。
因为在这个领域里的系统研究表明对各种各样的镁合金的温度和应变率的可塑性的大量的调查涉及金属成型和金属成形机床的原理的影响不是可利用的（ifum）。
图1；显示镁金属az31b在不同温度的流动曲线、显然那应力和可能的拉紧力，大量地依靠在那成型温度上。
在2008c以上温度范围内流动应力的减少随温度的变化而的变化。
3 镁合金的拉深为了要研究镁薄片在不同的成型温度的可模锻性，在IFUM与圆筒形工具系统中进行拉深测试，图3显示在50c的温度的拉深测试的结果。
然而那az31b在低点b01：45可能的拉深比率（拉深：30mm）合金az61b和m1显示早的破裂，使用b01：6的拉深比率，AZ31 B 显示与AZ61 B 和 M 1 类似的破裂，这些测试确定镁合金的可模锻的低点温度。
然而，调查结果显示镁合金在高温的情况下有非常好的模锻性。
发现在2008c温度下az31b的成型温度具有最大bo的拉深比率，az61b 和m1显示铝合金b0的最大价值提高到2：20：2.25.，AlMg4.5 Mn0.4 的比较显示铝合金在室温下非常容易模锻,镁合金的增加的拉深比率在低点温度与提高温度的比较，结果表明从可拉长的测试显示那应力比率在镁合金的机械道具的重要的影响力。
参考文献。
[1] H. Kehler et al., Partikelversta¨rkte Leichtmetalle, Metall Band, 49,Heft 3, 1995.[2] E. Doege, K. Dro¨der, St. Janssen, Leichtbau mit Magnesiumknetlegierungen— Blechumformung und Pra¨zisionsschmieden TechnischerMg-Legierungen, Werkstattstechnik, Band 88, Heft 11/12,1998.[3] E. Doege, K. Dro¨der, F.P. Hamm, Sheet Metal Forming ofMagnesium Alloys, Proceedings of the IMA-Conference on MagnesiumMetallurgy, Clermont-Ferrand, France, October 1996.[4] H.J. Bargel, G. Schulze, Werkstoffkunde, VDI-Verlag GmbH,Du¨sseldorf, 1988.[5] C.S. Roberts, Magnesium and Its Alloys, Wiley, New York, 1960.[6] G. Siebel, in: Beck (Ed.), Technology of Magnesium and Its Alloys,Hughes, London, 1940.[7] N.N.: Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, Ullmann’s Encyclopediaof Industrial Chemistry, Reprint of Articles from 5th Edition, VCH,Weinheim, 1990.[8] E. Doege, K. Dro¨der, Processing of magnesium sheet metals by deepdrawing and stretch forming, Mat. Tech. 7–8 (1997)19–23.[9] E. Doege, K. Dro¨der, St. Janssen, Umformen von Magnesiumwerkstoffen,DGM-Fortbildungsseminar, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Oktober1998, pp. 28–30.[10] L. Taylor, H.E. Boyer, in: E.A. Durand, et al. (Eds.), MetalsHandbook, 8th Edition, Vol. 4, American Society of Metals, Cleveland, OH, 1969.Sheet metal forming of magnesium wrought magnesium wrought alloys— formabilityand process technologyAbstractNew developments at the for Metal Forming and Metal Forming Machine Tools show that magnesium sheets possess excellent forming behavior, if the process is conducted at elevated temperatures. For the evaluation of mechanical properties relevant for forming of magnesium sheets, uni axial tensile tests have been carried out at various temperatures and strain rates.Deep drawing tests with magnesium alloys AZ31B, AZ61B, and M1 show very good formability in a temperature range between 200 and 2508C. Besides temperature, the influence of forming speed on limit drawing ratio has been investigated. The obtained results lead to the conclusion that it is possible to substitute conventional aluminum and steel sheets by using magnesium sheet metal wrought alloys.1. IntroductionIn order to reduce fuel consumption, general efforts have been made to decrease the weight of automobile constructions by an increased use of lightweight materials. In this framework, magnesium alloys are of special interest because of their low density of 1.74 g/cm3.Presently, magnesium alloys for the use as automobile parts are mainlyprocessed by die casting. The die casting technology allows the manufacturing of parts with complex geometry. However, the mechanical properties of these parts often do not meet the requirements concerning the mechanical properties (e.g. endurance strength and ductility). A promising alternative has to be seen in components that are manufactured by forming processes. The parts manufactured by this technology are characterized by advantageous mechanical properties and fine-grained microstructure without pores [1]. However, a widespread use of forming technologies for the processing of magnesium alloys is restricted because of insufficient knowledge about the forming technologies and suitable process parameters that have to be applied [2,3].Automotive body constructions offer a great potential for the application of magnesium sheet metal components.In general, the automotive body completely consists of sheet metal parts and represents a share of about 25% of the entire vehicle mass. Therefore, the substitution of conventional sheet materials by magnesium sheets would lead to essential weight savings in this application.2. Plastic material properties of magnesium sheetsMagnesium alloys show a limited formability at room temperature. This results from the fact that the hexagonal crystal structure and the low tendency to twinning only allow limited deformations. The differentlyorientated crystallites only show a deformation on the individual base slip plane, which leads to a mutual slip hindrance [4, 5]. A considerable improvement of the forming qualities can be achieved by applying temperature. The considerable increase in formability that occurs in the temperature range from 200 to2258C (depending on alloying composition) was investigated by Siebel [6]. The reason for this effect was found in the thermal activation of pyramid sliding planes in the hexagonal structure [7].2.1. Influence of forming temperature on flow stressA detailed evaluation of the deformation properties of magnesium sheets requires the determination of the material’s characteristic values like anisotropy or flow curves [8, 9].Because systematic investigations in this area are not available, extensive investigations concerning the influence of temperature and strain rate on plastic properties of various magnesium alloys were performed atInstitute for Metal Forming and Metal Forming Machine Tools (IFUM). Fig. 1 displays flow curves of magnesium sheet material AZ31B at different temperatures, determined in the uniaxial tensile test according to EN 10002, part 5.It is obvious that the stresses and possible strains largely depend on the forming temperature. The decrease of flow stresses in the temperature range above 2008C attributes to temperature-dependent relaxation.3. Deep drawing of magnesium alloysIn order to investigate the formability of magnesium sheets, deep drawing tests at different forming temperatures were carried out at IFUM with a cylindrical tool system.Fig. 3 shows the results of deep drawing tests at a temperature of 50C. Whereas the deep drawing of the alloy AZ31B using a low drawing ratio of b0 1:45 was possible (drawing depth: 30 mm), the alloys AZ61B and M1 showed early fracture. Using drawing ratio of b0 1:6, AZ31B showed fracture similar to AZ61B and M1. These tests confirm the low formability of magnesium alloys at low temperature.However, the investigated magnesium alloys show very good formability at higher temperature ，The maximum limit drawing ratio of b0 ; max 2:52 was detected for AZ31B at a forming temperature of 2008C. AZ61B and M1 show maximum values of approximately b0 ; max 2:20 up to 2.25. The values of the aluminum alloy AlMg4.5Mn0.4 are displayed for comparison. Due to the good formability of the aluminum alloy at room temperature, the increase in limit drawing ratio with rising temperature is low compared to the magnesium alloys.The results gained from the tensile tests showed the significant influence of strain rate on themechanical properties of magnesium alloys.[1] H. Kehler et al., Partikelversta¨rkte Leichtmetalle, Metall Band, 49, Heft 3, 1995.[2] E. Doege, K. Dro¨der, St. Janssen, Leichtbau mit Magnesiumknetlegierungen— Blechumformung und Pra¨zisionsschmieden TechnischerMg-Legierungen, Werkstattstechnik, Band 88, Heft 11/12,1998.[3] E. Doege, K. Dro¨der, F.P. Hamm, Sheet Metal Forming of Magnesium Alloys, Proceedings of the IMA-Conference on Magnesium Metallurgy, Clermont-Ferrand, France, October 1996.[4] H.J. Bargel, G. Schulze, Werkstoffkunde, VDI-Verlag GmbH,Du¨sseldorf, 1988.[5] C.S. Roberts, Magnesium and Its Alloys, Wiley, New York, 1960.[6] G. Siebel, in: Beck (Ed.), Technology of Magnesium and Its Alloys, Hughes, London, 1940.[7] N.N.: Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Reprint of Articles from 5th Edition, VCH, Weinheim, 1990.[8] E. Doege, K. Dro¨der, Processing of magnesium sheet metals by deep drawing and stretch forming, Mat. Tech. 7–8 (1997) 19–23.[9] E. Doege, K. Dro¨der, St. Janssen, Umformen vonMagnesiumwerkstoffen,DGM-Fortbildungsseminar, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Oktober1998, pp. 28–30.[10] L. Taylor, H.E. Boyer, in: E.A. Durand, et al. (Eds.), Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, Vol. 4, American Society of Metals,ol. 4, American Society of Metals,Cleveland, OH, 1969.[11] K. Siegert, et al., Superplastische Aluminiumbleche — Verarbeitung mit numerischen Pressen, Metall, 45 Jahrgang, Heft 4, 1991.[12] E.F. Emley, Principles of Magnesium Technology, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1966.[13] D. Schmoeckel, Temperaturgefu¨hrte Prozeßsteuerung beim Umformenvon Aluminiumblechen, EFB-Forschungsbericht, Nr. 55, 1994.[14] H. Beißwa¨nger, Warmziehen von Leichtmetallblechen, Mitteilung der Forschungsgesellschaft Blechverarbeitung, Nr. 27, 1950.[15] E. Kursetz, Die Anwendung von Wa¨rme bei der Herstellung von Blechformteilen aus Schwer Umformbaren Werkstoffen, Ba¨nder Bleche Rohre, Nr. 5, 1974.[16] O. Heuel, Optimierung der Werkzeugtemperatur Durch Richtige Auslegung und Installation der Temperiersysteme, Der Stahlformenbauer, Heft 1, 1992.11。