王佐良《欧洲文化入门》章节题库(中世纪时代)【圣才出品】

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(完整版)自考《欧洲文化入门试卷及答案练习题》

课程《欧洲文化入门》考试时间 120 分钟日期年月日姓名学号学院班级Ⅰ.Read the following unfinished statements or questionas carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have choosen in the corresponding spcae on the answer sheet. (40 points, 2 point for each)1.———— was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. PythagorasB. DemocritusC. AristotleD. Diogenes2. Which of the following figures was regarded as “the master of those who know”byDante?A. PlatoB. SocratesC. AristotleD. Cicero3.________ was called “the greatest historian that ever lived”by Macaulay.A. ThucydidesB. HerodotusC. SocratesD. Aristotle4. The first king to unite the Hebrews was a warrior-famer name________ .A. MosesB. JoshuaC. SaulD. David5. Who issued the Edict of Milan in 313,whick granted religious freedom to all and madeChristianity legal?A. DomitianB. ValerianC. ConstantineD. Theodosius6. The ancestors of the Jews are called Hebrews which mean ________ .A. wanderersB. travelersC. tradersD. merchants7. In the latter part of the fourth century the ________ swept into Europe from centralAsia.A. TurkishB. HunsC. AthensD. Roman8. Apart from being a place of worship, the ________ was a place for recreation and thecenter of trade and community activity.A. bridgeB. church buildingC. villageD. subway9. For two centuries beginning from the late fifteenth century,________ was the goldencity which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars,artists and sculptors.A. MilanB. FlorenceC. VeniceD. the papal states10. which of the following figures knows “how to make beauty yield meaning and meaningyield beauty”?.A. BoccaccioB. ShakespeareC. RaphaelD. Petrarch11. ________ is recognized as the father of the modern European novel and has had greatimpact on world literature.A. Don QuixoteB. hamletC. Gargantua and PantagruelD. Utopia12. The English poet Alexander Pope once wrote:Nature and Nature’laws lay hid innight.God said, “let________ be”, and all was light.A. CopernicusB. KeplerC. NewtonD. Einstein13. It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Francis Bacon in Englandand with ________ in France.A. CorneilleB. LockeC. RousseauD. Descartes14. The great contribution of St.Jerome was ________.A. the building of monasteriesB. the translation of Old and New Testaments into LatinC. the setting up of the church systemD. none of the above15. Which of the following is not true about Dante?A. Dante was a great Italian poet.B. Dante wrote BeowulfC. Dante wrote his masterpiece in ItalianD. Dante was a great political thinker16. Scientists in the 17th century,such ans Galileo and Newton,attached great importanceto ________ .A. deductive reasoningB. classical authorityC. direct observation and experimentD. humanist learning17. Which of the following is not true about Aristotle?A. In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of science meet.B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic,politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects.18. ________ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain andemotional upheaval. .A. SophistsB. CynicsC. ScepticsD. Epicureans19. ________ is said to have told the king of Syracuse: “Give me a place to stand, andI will move the world.”A. ArchimedesB. AristotleC. PlatoD. Euclid20. In The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs,________ put forward his theory that the sun,not the earth, is the center of the universe.A. KeplerB. GalileoC. NewtonD. CopernicusⅡ.In the following part there are two columns.The left hand column consists of a list of names. The right hand column consists of a list of titles, names of organizations,works or remarks in the right hand column and put the number a or b or c etc. in the bracket on the test paper.(10 points, 1 point each)21.St.Jerome [ ] (a)Latin version of Bible22.Dante [ ] (b)The City of God23.Aristophanes [ ] (c)The Canterbury Tales24.Virgil [ ] (d)Aeneid25.Constantine [ ] (e)Last Supper26.Augustine [ ] (f)Virgin Mary27.Chaucer [ ] (g)Edict of Milan28.Leonardo da Vinci [ ] (h)Frogs29.Raphael [ ] (i)The Divine Comedy30.Homer [ ] (j)OdysseyⅢ.Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following question. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the test paper.(20 points, 2 points each)31.Among many elements which constitute European culture, what are the two major ones?32.What are the four schools of philosophers who often argued with each other in the4th century B.C.in Greece?33.What gave birth to Christianity?34.What does the Old Testament mainly deal with?35.What classes were the people of weatern Europe under feudalism mainly divided into?36.Why did the Crusades go on about 200 years? the two men who made great efforts to promote learning in the Middle Ages.38.Which period does Renaissance refer to in the European history?39.List tow most famous pictures painted by Leonardo da Vinci.40.Who established oil colour on canvas as the typical medium of the pictorial traditionin western art?IV.Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the test paper in around 40 words.(20 points, 5points each)41.Athens’democrach42.Beowulf43.John Locke44.OdysseyV.Write Between 100-120 Words on the following topic in the corresponding space on the test paper.(10 points)45.What is Baconian philosophical system and the different between inductie method (推理法)and deductive method(演绎法)?课程《欧洲文化入门》答案Ⅰ.1-10: A, C, A, C, C, A, B, B, B, D11-20: A, C, D, B, B, C, B, D, A, DⅡ. 21a,22i,23h,24d,25g,26b,27c,28e,29f,30jⅢ.31.The major elements are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.32.The four schools of philosophers are Cynics,the Sceptics,the Epicureans and theStoics.33.It was the Jewish tradition that gave birth to Christianity.34.The Old Testment is about God and the Laws of God.35.people of western Europe under feudalism were mainly divided into threeclasses:clergy,lords and peasants.36.In 1071 the armies of the Turkish Moslems occupied Palestine, killing many Christainpilgrims and even selling many others as slaves, which roused great indignation among Christains in western Europe and resulted in the crusades lasting on about 200 years.37.They are Charlemagne and Alfred the Great.38.Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.39.Mona Lisa and Last Supper are Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous pictures.40.It was the great Venetian painter Titian.IV41.Athens was a democracy. Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”,butby“the whole people”the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens, and citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father.42.Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from thecollective efforts of oral literature. The story is set in Denmard of Sweden and tells how the hero, Beowulf, defeats the monster Grendel and Grendel’s mother, a sea monster,but eventually receives his own death in fighting with a fire dragon.43.John Locke was a great English empiricist and an outstanding political philosopher,whose writing on economics, politics and religion expressed the ideas of the time.44.Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home islandof Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope.V.45.The answer as follows:1.The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over theforces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2.He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately beblended with is as in Scholasticism.3.Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particularfacts or individual cases to a general conclusion. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from the general to the specific.4.In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of naturalworld. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.。

(0174)《欧洲文化入门》网上作业题及答案

[0174]《欧洲文化入门》第一批[论述题]1.The Bible2. Renaissance参考答案：[判断题]12. Throughout his life, Peter Paul Rubens did 1,204 paintings and 300 drawings, something that is unprecedented in the history of art.参考答案：正确[判断题]14. Black Humor is a kind of desperate humor. It is the laughter at tragic things. Man's fate is decided by comprehensible powers. We can't do anything about it, therefore we may as well laugh.参考答案：错误[判断题]10. Baroque art, flourished first in Spain was characterized by Dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color.参考答案：错误[判断题]15. Expressionist art is marked by the expression of reality by means of distortion to communicate one's inner vision. The artists of this school used bright colors to bring out their pessimistic views on life.参考答案：正确[判断题]7. The Gothic style started in France, quickly spread through all parts of western Europe and flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 17th .参考答案：错误[判断题]6. Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancient times and eventually was crowned " Emperor of the Romans” by himself in 800.参考答案：错误[判断题]5. The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really an encyclopedia: history, literature, philosophy and record of great minds.参考答案：正确[判断题]4. Roman law eventually became the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries.参考答案：正确[判断题]3. Venus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920.参考答案：错误[判断题]2. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.参考答案：正确[判断题]1. Homer's epics described the events of Homer's own time.参考答案：错误[判断题]13. Marxism was linked to a great intellectual tradition extending into the 18th century French Enlightenment, German post-Kantian philosophy, English classical political economy, andearly 18th century European socialism.参考答案：错误[判断题]9. It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Francis Bacon in England and wi th RenéDescartes in France.参考答案：正确[判断题]8. In the period of Renaissance, where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, in France it was literature and in England it was philosophy and drama.参考答案：正确[判断题]11. Christopher Columbus was discoverer of the New World and the American continent was named after him.参考答案：错误第二批[论述题]1.John Lock2.Lugwig von Beethoven参考答案：[单选题]1. Two major elements in European culture are ____.A：the Greek and RomanB：the Judaism and ChristianityC：the Greco-RomanD：both A and B参考答案：D[单选题]2. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy. A：UripidesB：AristophanesC：SophoclesD：Aeschylus参考答案：B[单选题]3. In _____ the West Roman Empire ended when the last emperor of the West was deposed by the Goths.A：27 B.CB：395C：476D：1453参考答案：C[单选题]4. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1611. A：The SeptuagintB：The VulgateC：Wycliff’s versionD：Authorized version参考答案：D[单选题]5. ____ in a few hundred years were to grow into the nations known as England, France, Spain, Italy and Germany.A：Germanic tribesB：The HunsC：The Anglo-SaxonsD： The Visigoths参考答案：A[单选题]6. Dante Alighieri's masterpiece , _____, is one of the landmarks of world literature. A： Song of RolandB：the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C：BeowulfD： the Divine Comedy参考答案：D[单选题]7. After the 16-century Reformation, _____ came into being.A：ChristianityB：CalvinC：LutheranD：Protestantism参考答案：D[单选题]8. ____ was the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West.A：Nikolai GogolB：Ivan Sergeyevich TurgenevC：Fyodor DostoyevskyD： Count Leo Tolstoy参考答案：B[单选题]9. _____ was made up of many facets, such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, etc.A：RealismB：NaturalismC：ModernismD：Impressionism参考答案：C[单选题]10.Sholokhov established an international reputation for his monumental novel of Cossack life, _____ , written between 1925 and 1940.A： My ApprenticeshipB： The StrangerC：The Quiet DonD：Remembrance of Things Past参考答案：C第三批[论述题]1. Church of England（英国国教）2. The Spirit of Laws（《法意》）3. Aristotle（亚里士多德）4. Beowulf （《贝奥武夫》）5. the Authorized or King James version of the Bible（ "钦定圣经”）参考答案：第四批[论述题]1. Francesco Petrarch （彼特拉克）2. John Locke （洛克）3. Black Humour（黑色幽默）4. Cubism （立体派）参考答案：第五批[论述题]Marxism参考答案：[判断题]10. The term " Angry Young Man” came to be widely used only after the publication of John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger (1956).参考答案：正确[判断题]9. Samuel Beckett's masterpiece was a play called Waiting for Godot (1952), which was remembered as one of the most famous Absurd Drama.参考答案：正确[判断题]8. Sholokhov established an international reputation for his monumental novel of Cossack life, The Quiet Don, written between 1925 and 1940.参考答案：正确[判断题]7. T.S. Eliot's long poem the Waste Land is his major contribution to English poetry. 参考答案：正确[判断题]6. Dubliners by James Joyce is considered his most mature work and the single best fiction ever written since the beginning of the 20th century.参考答案：错误[判断题]5. In Freudian system, Id is the container of the instinctual urges.参考答案：正确[判断题]4. Realism was made up of many facets, such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, etc.参考答案：错误[判断题]3. The term " impressionism” was taken directly from the title of Manet's Impressionism: Sunrise (1872).参考答案：错误[判断题]2.Diogenes is chiefly noted for his doctrine that " man is the measure of all th ings.”参考答案：错误[判断题]1. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.参考答案：正确第六批[判断题]10. Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 is a choral symphony, choosing as a text for the finale Shiller's Ode to Joy.参考答案：正确[判断题]9. Delacroix was among the first ones in European art history to comment in his art on the events of the day.参考答案：正确[判断题]8. Goya was among the first ones in European art history to comment in his art on the events of the day.参考答案：正确[判断题]7. The publication of Mickiewicz's Sonnets from the Crimea _____ is uaually taken as the beginning of Romanticism in Polish literature.参考答案：错误[判断题]6. Pushkin stood in the van of the Romantic movement in Russia, Eugene Onegin is generally recognized as his masterpiece.参考答案：正确[判断题]5. In 1798, Songs of Experience , a volume of poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge, made literary history.参考答案：错误[判断题]4. Romanticism, which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, started from the ideas of Rousseau, in France and from the Storm and Stress movement in Germany. 参考答案：正确[判断题]3. Nikolai Gogol was the first master of fiction in Russia to leave romantic conventions and go to life for his subjects.参考答案：正确[判断题]2. Zola defined the theory of realism and illustrated it in his great work entitled the Human Comedy参考答案：错误[判断题]1. In Europe, the realist movement arose in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France.参考答案：正确[论述题]1.Dadaism2. The Human Comedy参考答案：。

王佐良《欧洲文化入门》课后习题详解(第17世纪)【圣才出品】

第5章第17世纪Questions for Revision:1. What were Galileo’s contributions to modern science?Key: Galileo is the greatest name in physics in the 17th century. He has made contributions to the world:(1) He was the first to apply telescope to the study of the skies. He even made a telescope for himself and used it to observe the stars;(2) In 1609 he announced a series of astronomical discoveries which caught the attention of the whole of Europe. With the help of telescope, e proved that Ptolemy’s system would not work and that Copernicus’s hypothesis had been right;(3) Galileo discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics and the law of inertia;(4) Galileo was the first to establish the law of falling bodies;(5) He invented thermometer.2. How did Kepler’s laws clarify and amend Copernican theory?Key: Copernicus heliocentric theory was put forward only as a hypothesis. It was Kepler who supported him scientifically. Kepler is best known for his discovery of the three laws of planetary motion, the three laws being called Kepler’s lawspublished in 1609 and 1619. They may be stated as follows:(1) Each planet moves in an ellipse, not a perfect circle, with the sun at one focus;(2) Each planet moves more rapidly when near the sun than farther from it;(3) The distance of each planet from the sun bears a definite relation to the time period the planet took to complete a revolution around the sun. This law was reduced to a mathematical formula: the square of the period of revolution of a planet about the sun is proportional to the cube of the mean distance of the planet from the sun.Kepler’s laws supported, clarified and amended the Copernican system and turned the system from a general description of the sun and the planets into a precise mathematical formula/ these three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation.3. Why Newton is generally considered to be the greatest scientist that ever lived? Key: Newton has made great contributions to history of science:(1) As a mathematician, he invented calculus;(2) In optics, he discovered that while light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum;(3) Most important of all, he discovered the law of the universal gravitation. According to this law, everybody attracts every other with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to thesquare of the distance between them. To put it simply, the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force which is called gravitation. The law of gravitation is considered to be one of the most important discoveries in the history of science and had not been questioned until Einstein discovered the law of relativity;(4) Newton’s influence was not limited to the physical universe. His analytical method, the way he approached natural laws by observation, experiment and calculation, began to be applied to human society, to all branches of knowledge and thought. Thus he was generally considered to be the greatest scientist that ever lived.4. Why do we say that Bacon was a founder of modern philosophy?Key: Bacon was regarded as the founder of modern philosophy:The whole basis of his philosophy was practical. He held the philosophy should be kept separate from theology instead of being blended with it as the Scholasticism; Bacon maintained that it was crucial to supply mankind with a scientific method of inquiry into nature. He rejected the traditional deductive method and founded modern inductive method;To exert any great advancement in science, bacon held that we must begin anew. The fresh start required the mind to overcome all the preconceptions, all prejudices, all the assumption, to sweep away all the fallacies and false beliefs, in a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the naturalworld.This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.5. What were the major differences between Locke’s concept of “social contract” and Hobbes’s?Key: (1) Hobbes’s concept of “social contract” is as follows. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contrast, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return, men attain peace and security. In his theory, the powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only by the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided. And the sovereign is not a party himself to the social contract. The subjects of the sovereign cannot either change the form of the government or repudiate the authority of the sovereign. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.(2) Locke tried to show the rational foundation of political society and government. He emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail. For him, absolute monarchy was contrary to the original social contract and dangerous to liberty. For him, the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract.(3) Although both Hobbes and Locke used the term “social contract”, they differ fundamentally. First, Hobbes argued that men enter into a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other.Locke argued that men are equal and that individuals surrender their rights to one man, the sovereign whose power is absolute. Locke argued that the individuals surrender their rights to the community as a whole. According to him, by majority vote a representative is chosen, but his power is not absolute. If he fails to implement the people’s will, the people have the right to overthrow him.6. How did Locke justify rebellion against government?Key: Locke believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If the ruler substitutes his arbitrary will for the laws and shows no regard for people’s wills, in a word, if he violates the social contract, the government is effectively dissolved. If the government is dissolved. Rebellion is justified. As to who is to judge when circumstance render rebellion legitimate, Locke replied, “The people shall be the judge.”7. What is the theme of John Milton’s Paradise Lost?Key: The theme of Milton’s Paradise Lost is the fall of men: man’s disobedience and the loss thereupon of the Paradise, with its prime cause-Satan. In this epic poem, the evil, rebellious, courageous, heroic and tragic Satan is the most successfully portrayed character and is different from the traditional image.8. What is Descartes’s method of Cartesian doubt? What is its significance? Key: Descartes employed methodic doubt with a view to discovering whether therewas an indubitable truth. And he expressed this truth in this famous motto: “I doubt, therefore I think: I think, therefore I am.” This Cartesian doubt is the most important point in his philosophy. According to Descartes, “I think therefore I am” makes mind more certain than matter. He believed that is thinking is one that doubts, understands, conceives, affirms, denies, wills, imagines, and feels. Doubting is thinking, thinking is the essence of mind. So he concluded that knowledge of things that we conceive very clearly and distinctly are true, and that knowledge of things must be by the mind. As to the senses, he believed that they are not dependable.9. Who was the most well-known writer in the 17th century French literature? Say something about one of his major works.Key: Corneille, Racine and Moliere were the most well-known writers in the 17th century French literature. Corneille’s masterpiece was Le Cid which shows the intense conflict between love and duty. One of the representative tragedies of Racine is Phaedra which tells the story of the overwhelming passion of Phaedra for her stepson. The theme of the play is the conflict of passion with reason. Tartuffe is one of Moliere’s best known comedies. In this play, he exposes religious hypocrisy.10. What are some of the characteristics of Baroque art?Key: Baroque art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherland in the North. It was。

王佐良《欧洲文化入门》课后习题详解(启蒙运动时期)【圣才出品】

第6章启蒙运动时期Questions for Revision:1. When and where did the Enlightenment take place?Key: The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century.2. Why is the Enlightenment also called “the Age of Reason”?Key: The Enlightenment characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State. Therefore it is called the Age of Reason.3. What were Locke and Newton’s influence on the Enlightenment?Key: Locke and Newton were the two most important forerunners of the Enlightenment in the 17th cen tury. Locke’ materialist theory attributed the origin if ideas to sensations inscribed on the blank slate of mind. Newton’s theory of gravitation further demonstrated to the world that the universe was governed by laws that could be understood by human mind. Their theories fostered the belief in natural law and universal order and established confidence in human reason.4. Who were the philosophers?Key: The philosophers refer to these well-known French philosophers in the 18th century: Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau. They popularized and propagated new ideas for the general reading public and were the major force of the Enlightenment.5. Who wrote The Spirit of the Laws?Key: Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of the laws.6. What kind of book is Candide?Key: Candide is the most famous of Voltaire’s novel. It is a satire on the previous adventure novels of the age, an attack upon the claims of unlimited optimism. It is the story of a naive and innocent young man who becomes gradually disillusioned.7. In which book did Montesquieu discuss the separation of powers?Key: Both Montesquieu and Rousseau touched upon the separation of powers, Montesquieu in his The Spirit of the Laws and Rousseau in his The Social Contract8. What is Diderot famous for?Key: Di derot is the best known as the editor of the Encyclopédie.9. Was Pope a famous prose writer? Which movement of art and literature was heknown to represent?Key: Pope was not a famous prose writer but a great poet. He represented the rationalistic neoclassical movement in literature and has often been called the spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason,10. Who is the author of Gulliver’s Travels? What is the story about?Key: Jonathan Swift is the author of Gulliver’s Travels. It is a social and politica l prose satire, in the form of a book of travels. It tells the four voyages by Gulliver, an honest, blunt English ship’s captain, to Lilliput (a land of Pygmies), Brobdingnag (a land of giants), the flying island of Laputa, and finally to the land of the Houyhnhnms , a race of supremely intelligent horses, who are served by the Yahoos, reasonless and conscienceless beasts in the shape of men.11. Which book(s) was Defoe chiefly known for?Key: Defoe was chiefly known for his novel Robinson Crusoe.12. Wha t was Fielding’s major contribution to English literature? Name one of his novels.Key: Henry Fielding’s major contribution to English literature was his creation and development of modern novel—a new art from which is realistic, comic, unsentimental, showing contemporary life and manners. He was also the first person to approach the genre with a fully worked-out theory of the novel.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling is one of his novels.13. What is an epistolary novel?Key: An epistolary novel is a novel in which the stories are told in a series of letters.14. What is Dr. Johnson well known for?Key: Dr. Johnson is well known for being the editor of A Dictionary of the English Language, the first great English dictionary.15. What were the two periodicals to which Addison and Steele contributed essays? Key: The two periodicals to which Addison and Steele contributed essays were The Talter and The Spectator.16. Which essay was Lessing’s major contribution to aesthetic theory?Key: Lessing’s major contribution to aesthetic theory was his essay Laocoon.17. Are Faust and The Sorrows of Young Werther novels? Who wrote them? Key: Faust and The Sorrows of Young Werther were both written by Goethe. Faust is a tragedy chiefly in verse. The Sorrows of Young Werther is an epistolary novel.18. Which play by Schiller is widely known in China?Key: Schiller’s play Cabal and Love is widely known in China.19. Who first proposed the nebula hypothesis?Key: Kant was the first one to propose the nebular hypothesis.20. Give the full titles of Kant’s three most important critiques.Key: Kant’s three most important critiques are: Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, and Critique of Judgment.21. What are the major characteristics of Rococo Art?Key: Rococo art is characterizes by elaborate ornamentation imitating shell work and foliage and it has a curving and elastic pattern. It was luxurious, sensual and delicate, characterizing the taste of a pleasure class. It was not a style in fine arts, but a style in such minor arts as furniture, tapestries, clocks and ceiling chandeliers.22. Who were the three best-known composers of the “Viennese School”? Doyou know any of Mozart’s works?Key: The three best-known composers of the “Viennese School” are Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.。

王佐良《欧洲文化入门》章节题库(浪漫主义)【圣才出品】

第7章浪漫主义一、选择题1. The most frequently used genre in Romanticism was _____.A. novelB. dramaC. poetryD. prose【答案】C【解析】浪漫主义时期以诗歌为主，这期间诞生了很多著名的诗人，比如华兹华斯、济慈、雪莱等等。

2. Among the following writers, _____ represented the full flowering of German Romanticism.A. GoetheB. schillerC. Friedrich von SchelegelD. Heine【答案】D【解析】海涅代表着德国浪漫主义的全面发展。

3. _____ is not a lake poet.A. WordsworthB. ColeridgeC. SoutheyD. Keats【答案】D【解析】湖畔诗人分别是Wordsworth, Coleridge和Southey.4. Of the three young romantic poets, _____’s poem was called “Satanic”.A. ByronB. ShellyC. KeatsD. Blake【答案】A【解析】拜伦的诗歌以反革命为主，也被称为“Satanic”.5. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” is from the ending of _____.A. The French RevolutionB. Ode to the West WindC. Don JuanD. Ode to a Nightingale【答案】B【解析】这是来自于雪莱的西风颂里的名句，是诗的尾句。

6. Which of the following writer is a female writer?A. Victor HugoB. John KeatsC. George SandD. Mikhail Y. Lermontov【答案】C【解析】乔治·桑（George Sand）是法国女作家。

王佐良《欧洲文化入门》课后习题详解-第1~10章【圣才出品】

王佐良《欧洲⽂化⼊门》课后习题详解-第1~10章【圣才出品】第1章希腊罗马⽂化Greek CultureQuestions for Revision:1. What are the major elements in European culture?Key: There are two main elements—the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2. What were the main features of ancient Greek society?Key: In Greek society, only adult male citizen had real power and the citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. Slaves worked for their masters. The exploitation was a serious social problem. The Greeks loved sports. They often took part in the contests of sports in Olympus Mount, thus Olympic Games came into being.3. What did Homer do? Why is he important in the history of European literature? Key: He depicted the great Greek men who lived in the period 1200-1100B.C. and wars happening at that time. As an author of epics, he employed fine literary language to describe wars and men, even though they were dull. He stood in the peak of Greek literature and exerted a great influence on his followers.4. Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of them write?Key: Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece.Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persians, Agamemnon.Sophocles: Oedipus the King, Electra, Antigone.Euripides: Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women.5. Were there historians then? Who were they? What did each of them write about? Key: Yes, there are. They were Herodotus and Thucydides. Herodotus wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. Thucydides wrote about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse.6. Would you say that philosophy was highly developed then? Who were the major philosophers?Key: No, I wouldn’t. Because those philosophical ideas were only idealism or simple materialism or metaphysics. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the major philosophers at that time.7. Did Socrates write any book? How then do we know about him? What distinguished his philosophy?Key: No, he didn’t. We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of himin the famous Dialogues written by Plato. He considered that philosophy rested with the dissect of oneself and virtue was high worth of life. His method of argument, by questions and answers, was known as the dialectical method.8. Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?Key: (1) Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, and goodness.(2) We should not look at the things which are not seen: for the things which are not seen eternal. Because he emphasized the importance of “ideas” and believed that “thought” had created the world, people call him an idealist.9. In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato? What are some of Aristotle’s works that are still influential today? Key: (1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.(2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric.10. Who were some of the other philosophers active in that period? Does the word“Epicurean” in its modern sense convey the true meaning of the philosophy of the ancient Epicureans? What were their views on pleasure?Key: (1) They were Heracleitue, Democritus, Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus and Zeno.(2) No, it doesn’t. The ancient Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest worth of life, but by pleasure they meant, not sensual enjoyment but that attained by the practice of virtue. But this idea was misled by modern people, in their sense, the word “Epicurean” has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living.11. Say something about Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture. What was themost famous Greek temple? Is it still there?Key: (1) Along with the formation of Greek civilization, Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture got many great achievements. Greeks put into works of art the things they admired and worshiped, the scientific rules they discovered. Greek art evolved from the archaic period to the classical period which marked its maturity.(2) The most famous temple was the Acropolis at Athens.(3) Yes, it is still there.12. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Key: (1) A Freudian term “Oedipus Complex” of 19th century originating from a Greek tragedy in which king Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother.(2) In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which havethemselves become classics: Byron’s Isle of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.(3) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Roman Culture1. What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference between them?Key:(1) The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t, excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2. Explain Pax Romana.Key: In the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent in theNorth and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.3. What contribution did the Romans make to the rule of law?Key: In Roman’s earliest stage, only a number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure when the rules were put into writing in the middle of the third century B.C. It marked a victory for the plebeians. There was further development of law under the emperors until it was codified, eventually to become the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries.4. Who were the important prose writers in ancient Rome? What does “Ciceronian” mean? Did Cicero write that kind of rhetorical prose all the time? Key: (1) Marcus Tullius Cicero and Julius Caesar were two important prose writers.(2) Ciceronian means Cicero’s eloquent oratorical manner of writing, which has had an enormous influence on the development of European prose.(3) No, he didn’t. Because Cicero appears as a different man with a different style, far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate.5. Give an example of the terse style of Julius Caesar’s prose.Key: An example: I came, I saw, I conquered (models of succinct Latin).。

王佐良《欧洲文化入门》课后习题详解(文艺复兴和宗教改革)【圣才出品】

第4章文艺复兴和宗教改革Questions for Revision:1. What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?Key: Because of its geographical position, foreign trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was an essential factor for the flowering of art and literature.For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century, Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors. There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas. And to spread the new ideas, libraries and academies were founded. In the 15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.2. What are the main elements of humanism? How are these elements reflected in art and literature during the Italian Renaissance?Key: Humanist is the essence of Renaissance. Humanists in renaissance believed that human beings had rights to pursue wealth and pleasure and they admires the beauty of human body. This belief ran counter to the medieval ascetical idea of poverty and stoicism, and shifted man’s interest from Christianity to humanity,from religion to philosophy, from heaven to earth, from the beauty of God to the beauty of human in all its joy, senses and feeling.The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature during the Italian Renaissance in the literature works of Boccaccio and Petrarch and in the art of Giotto, Brunelleschi, Donatello, Giorgione, da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, etc. In their works they did not stress death and other world but call on man to live and work for the present.3. Why do we look upon Petrarch as the father of modern poetry?Key: Petrarch was a prominent figure of his time, a great figure in Italian literature and one of the great humanists during the Renaissance. He has written numerous lyrics, sonnets and canzonets. Petrarch rejected medieval country conventions and sang for true love and earthly happiness in his sonnets. Later sonnets became a very important literary form of poetry in Europe and a lot of poets, such as Shakespeare, Spencer, and Mrs. Browning, were indebted to him. Thus we look upon him as the father of modern poetry.4. How did Italian Renaissance .art and architecture break away from medieval tradition?Key: The Italian Renaissance art and architecture radically broke away from the medieval methods of representing the visible world. Compared with the latter, the former has the following distinct features:(1) Art broke away from the domination of church and artist who used to be craftsmen commissioned by the church became a separate strata doing noble and creative works;(2) Themes of painting and architecture changed from purely celestial realm focusing on the stories of the Bible, of God and Mary to an appreciation of all aspects of nature and man;(3) The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles of ancient civilization into their works;(4) Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.5. In what way was Da Vinci important during the Renaissance?Key: Leonardo da Vinci was a man of many talents, a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. He was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist all in one. As an artist, he was very important. He has left to the world famous works such as Last Supper and Mona Lisa. Then his excellent use of contrast between light and darkness showed him as an excellent painter. Most important of all, da Vinci had profound understanding of art. In his 5000 notebooks, he put down his observations of life and his sketch drawing. In his painting he stressed the expression of emotional states. His understandings of art exerted great influence upon painters of his own generation and generations to follow. He was also very important in the science of medicine. During his life he dissected morethan thirty corpses and was a great anatomist in Italy. He placed art in the service of anatomy as a science based on extensive research.6. What are the doctrines of Martin Luther? What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?Key: In Reformation began in 1517, Martin Luther put forth the following doctrines:(1) He rejected the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic church and replace it with absolute of the Bible. People can communicate with God directly instead of through the church;(2) He opposed the purchase of indulgences and called for institutional reform of the church;(3) advocated translating the whole Bible into vernaculars and made the Bible accessible to every man;(4) He preached love and ideals of equality, and he was a fighter for democracy and nationalism, a humanist who helped to build a competent educational system in Germany. The Reformation was significant in the European civilization. Before Reformation, Europe was essentially feudal and medieval. In all aspects of politics, economy and spirit, it was under the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire. But after the Reformation things were different. In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken. In religion, Protestantism brought different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church. In language, the dominant position ofLatin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of Bible into vernacular. In spirit, absolute obedience became out-mode and the spirit of quest, debate, was ushered in by the reformists. In word, after the reformation Europe was to take a new course of development, a scientific revolution was to be under way and capitalism was to set in with its dynamic economic principles.7. What was Counter-Reformation? Who were the Jesuits? Are they still active now? Key: The counter the Reformation and to bring back its vitality, the Roman Catholic Church mustered their forces to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements. In time, the Roman Catholic Church did re-establish itself as a dynamic force in European affairs. This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation. The seed-bed for this Catholic reformation was Spain with the Spanish monarchy establishing the inquisition to carry out cruel suppression of heresy and unorthodoxy. Ignatius, a Spaniard who devoted his life to defending the Roman Catholic Church, and his followers called them the Jesuits members of the Society of Jesus. Today the Society of Jesus is still active with a membership of 31,000, having institutions in various parts of the world.8. What did French Renaissance writers propose in their writings?Key: (1) The French Renaissance writer Rabelais expressed his ideas in Gargantua and Pantagruel that the only rule of the house was “Do As Thou Wilt”—to follow our natural instinct;(2) Ronsard held that man of letters should write in a style that was clear and free from useless rhetoric;(3) The Essais of Montaigne records his views on life, death and his skepticism towards knowledge, in simple, straightforward style, his famous motto is “What do I know?”9. Why did England come later than other countries during the Renaissance? In what way was English Renaissance different from that of other countries? Who were the major figures and what were their contributions?Key: Because of the War of Roses within the country and its weak and unimportant position in world trade, Renaissance came later in England than other European countries. Compared with the Renaissance in other countries, the Renaissance in England has the following features:(1) It came later; but when it did come, it was to produce some towering figures in English literature and the world literature;(2) The Renaissance in England found its finest expression in drama, crowned by Shakespeare;(3) The Renaissance in England enjoyed a period of political and religious stability under the reign of Elizabeth I.The major figures of this period were William Shakespeare, Edmund Spencer, Sir Thomas more, Francis Bacon, and etc. Shakespeare has contributed to the world a legacy of literature heritage by turning out so many outstanding plays and poems.。

《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案

欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides)6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 .7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana~答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop1) Probably around 1200 ., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century .￥A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writingin Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century ., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 ., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development：答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters ofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.》B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman cultureA. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.…B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 ., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 ., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.·6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：（2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand-by the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.、4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianityother religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.；2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 . By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was b ased on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.^7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章…1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle ages,In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic—1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history. 3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe wasa Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.—4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages:答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus.of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:#A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written i n vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.—C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of the.Church. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious;copying and translating ancient books, the Church Fath ers’ philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.【2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther —名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.}论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498. 4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture~答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.—2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon…5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best representative of French neoclassici sm is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. Classicism~Classicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not consciousof being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. 2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.!3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began to take shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system:答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion..Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from thegeneral to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract】1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the AmericanRevolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.|B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hobbes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.B. Secondly, Hobbes argued that individuals surrender their rights to one man, the sovereign whose power is absolute.）Locke argued that the individuals surrender their rights to the community as a whole. According to him, by majority vote a representative is chosen, but his power not absolute. If he fails to implement the people’s will, the people have the right to overthrow him.4. What is the great significance of the English Revolution1、It was the first time that capitalism has defeated absolute monarchy in history.2、The English Revolution marked that the modern times are approaching.3、After the English Revolution the constitutional monarchy has come into being as well as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Right established the supremacy of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England. The Bill of Rights limited the Sovereign’s power in certain important directions.6. What are the characteristics of French classicism1) In the French classical literature, man was viewed as a social being consciously and willingly subject to discipline.2) Rationalism was believed to be able to discover the best principles of human conduct and the universal principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism.(3) French classicism was fond of using classical forms, classical themes and values.第六章填空题：1. ________was the first of the great French men of letters associated with the Enlightenment Montesquieu2. The theory of the separation of powers was put forward by Montesquieu in his work _________. The Spirit of the Laws.。

王佐良《欧洲文化入门》章节题库(文艺复兴与宗教改革)【圣才出品】

第4章文艺复兴与宗教改革一、选择题1. Which of the following is not true about Aristotle?A. The great humanist and the great man of science meet.B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic, politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects.【答案】B【解析】斯多葛学派的创立人是Zeno.2. Which of the following statements is true about the Roman Empire?A. The Roman Empire had never been divided.B. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395 A. D.C. The Roman Empire was later called Byzantium.D. The Roman Empire was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century.【答案】B【解析】罗马帝国于公元395年分裂为东罗马和西罗马。

3. The Bible has been regarded as _____.A. a religious bookB. literatureC. record of great mindsD. all of the above【答案】D【解析】圣经既是文学著作，又是宗教书籍和伟人智慧的记录。

4. The Catholic Church should be characterized as _____.A. a loosely organized religious institutionB. a highly centralized European organizationC. a highly centralized and disciplined international organizationD. a highly centralized and disciplined western organization. 【答案】C【解析】天主教是高度集中和严格的国际组织。

王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解

目录分析
1.1复习笔记
1.2课后习题详解
2.1复习笔记
2.2课后习题详解
3.1复习笔记
3.2课后习题详解
4.1复习笔记
4.2课后习题详解
5.1复习笔记
5.2课后习题详解
6.1复习笔记
6.2课后习题详解
第7章浪漫主义
第8章马克思主义和达尔文主义
9.1复习笔记
9.2课后习题详解
10.1复习笔记
10.2课后习题详解
作者介绍
这是《王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解》的读书笔记模板，暂无该书作者的介绍。
读书笔记
这是《王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的心得。
精彩摘录
这是《王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的精彩内容摘录。
王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 目录分析 05 读书笔记
目录
02 内容摘要作者介绍 06 精彩摘录
思维导图
关键字分析思维导图
王佐良
章节
文化
精华
现实主义
内容
浪漫主义
习题
知识
笔记笔记
时代
文化
复习
圣经
习题
罗马
第章
达尔文主义
内容摘要
本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精华。每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。3．解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。本书对王佐良主编的《欧洲文化入门》课后思考题进行了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。

王佐良《欧洲文化入门》课后习题详解(中世纪时代)【圣才出品】

第3章中世纪时代Questions for revision:1. What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire? Key: After the Roman Empire lost its predominance, a great many Germanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England, France, Italy, and Germany in its place. These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions. The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion. Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste. There was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds years.2. What were the cultural characteristics of the period from 500 to 1007.Key: Above all, the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.3. Who was Charles Martel?Key: Charles Martel was a Frankish ruler who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their services in 732.4. What was the relationship between lord and vassal?Key: Lords granted parts of their lands known as fiefs to vassals. In return, the vassals promised to fight for the lords.5. Into what three groups were people divided under feudalism?Key: Under feudalism, people of their Western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords, and peasants.6. What was the difference between a serf and a free man?Key: A serf had no land and no freedom. He was bond to the land where he had been born. A free man was a peasant who usually was a worker who made the ploughs, shod the horses, and made harnesses for oxen and horses.7. What is the importance of the using of vernacular languages in Medieval literature?Key: In the Middle Ages, some “national epics” were written in vernacular language—the language of various national states that came into being at that period, and some monks advocated translating the Bible in vernacular. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.8. In what ways did Gothic art differ from Romanesque art?Key: (1) Although Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, it was given directions by a different aesthetic and philosophical spirit and reflected a much more ordered feudal society with full confidence.(2) Romanesque architecture is characterized by massiveness, solidity, and monumentality with an overall blocky appearance. Sculpture and painting, primary in churches, developed a wonderful unity with architecture. Both arts often are imbued with symbolism and allegory. They are not based on natural forms but use deliberate distortions for expressive impact.(3) Gothic cathedrals soared high, their windows, arched and towers reaching heavenward, flinging their passion against the sky. They were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sculptures more lifelike than any since ancient Rome.9. What was the merit which Charlemagne and Alfred the Great share?Key: Both Charlemagne and Alfred the Great contributed greatly to the European culture. Both of them encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. The scholars in Alfred the Great’s monasteries translated the Latin works into the vernacular. Thus both helped preserve the ancient classics and culture.。

(完整版)欧洲文化入门参考资料

欧洲文化入门参考资料这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。

学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。

英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。

如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。

而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。

《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲一、课程基本信息1、课程英文名称：European Culture: An Introduction2、课程类别：专业限选课程3、课程学时：32学时4、学分：25、先修课程：《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》6、适用专业：英语7、大纲执笔：英语专业教研室8、大纲审批：外语系学术委员会9、制定(修订)时间：2005二、课程的目的与任务：本课程为专业选修课程，旨在通过该课程的学习，学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识，以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养，并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识，从而更好地了解和学习英语，提高文学欣赏水平。

三、课程的基本要求：本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生，全部用英语授课。

了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络；了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等；了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物；将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较；学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。

四、教学内容、要求及学时分配：希腊、罗马文化基督教及其《圣经》中世纪文艺复兴与宗教改革十七世纪启蒙运动浪漫主义马克思主义与达尔文学说现实主义现代主义及其它五、考试考核办法：笔试六、教材及参考书：(一)教材：《欧洲文化入门》王佐良编著，外语教学与研究出版社。

王佐良《欧洲文化入门》章节题库(希腊罗马文化)【圣才出品】

第1章希腊罗马文化一、选择题1. _____ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval.A. SophistsB. CynicsC. SkepticsD. Epicureans【答案】D【解析】伊壁鸠鲁认为人生中最好的就是快乐，没有痛苦和情绪的波动。

2. _____ is said to have told the king of Syracuse: “Give me a plac e to stand, and I will move the world.”A. ArchimedesB. AristotleC. PlatoD. Euclid【答案】A【解析】阿基米德告诉锡拉丘兹国王：“给我一个支点，我将能撬动整个地球。

”3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northern tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in _____.A. 395B. 27C. 1453D. 476【答案】D【解析】西罗马帝国最终于476年灭亡。

4. The City of God was written by _____, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought.A. JesusB. AugustineC. Thomas AquinasD. Martin Luther【答案】B【解析】《上帝之城》是奥古斯丁的杰作。

C中，托马斯·阿奎纳所撰写的最知名著作是《神学大全》（Summa Theologica）。

马丁·路德是16世纪欧洲宗教改革倡导者，基督教新教路德宗创始人。

欧洲文化入门总复习题

欧洲文化入门总复习题欧洲文化入门复习题（2、3章）一：选择（51’）1:Hebrew---Israelite---Jew Jew---Jewish---Judaism Judaism---Christianity2:Pentateuch(摩西五经)：Genesis(创世纪)、Exodus(出埃及记)、Leviticus(利未记)、Numbers(民数计)、Deuteronomy(申命记) 3：The fall of man: Adam and Eve、the Garden of Eden4: Noah’s Ark5:Moses(a famous Hebrew leader) 、Exodus、40 years、the mountainous Sinai、Ten Commandments6:While in Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues(大会堂) to practise their religion.7:如今有多少犹太人？15 million8:Jesus 出生地：那瑟勒死亡地：耶路撒冷郊外髑髅地·各各地Baptism: 30 years、John baptist9:Diocletian destroyed、Constantine and the Edict of Milan in 133、Theodosius official10: the new testament(新约)：the birth、teaching、death （The Crucifixion耶稣被钉十字架）、resurrection of Jesus 11：现代英语两大宝库：the English Bible and Shakespeare12:228 years13:the Code of Chivalry：to protect the week, to fight for church, to be loyal to his lord, to respect women of noble birth.14:half civilized Germanic tribes: Visigoths, the Franks, the Angle and Saxons, the Vandals15:Feudalism(封建主义) the Manor(庄园) serfs(农奴) Charles Martel in 732. 16:After 1054, the Roman Catholic church andEastern Orthodox church17:three groups in feudalism: clergy(牧师最高) lords peasants(农民最低)18：the crusades(十字军) 8 times 200 yearsBy 1291, the moslems had taken over the last Christain stronghold.19:Emperor of the Romans(神圣罗马皇帝): Charlemagne(查理曼大帝)20:Alfred the Great(Anglo-Saxdon) contributed to medieval European culture21:real scientific progress began in the 12th and 13th centuries.Roger bacon(a monk) is an advocate of scientific research.Opus maius, and encyclopedia（自然哲学总则）22:National Epics: Beowulf(Anglo-saxon/英国) Song of Roland(French/法国) 荷马史诗代表作Iliad(伊利亚特）和Odysse （奥德赛）Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里乔叟) and the Canterbury tales(坎特伯雷故事)23：Romanesque(罗马建筑) Gothic(哥特式建筑)：stained glass windows are the Holy Scriptures24:哲学三杰（苏格拉底，柏拉图，亚里士多德）顺序不能打乱二：简答（6道）1:Two Major Elements in European CultureEuropean culture is made up of many elements, which have gone through changes over the centuries. Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are: the Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element. However, there has been a complex interplay between the two, which adds to the richness of the culture.2:Why should Chinese students of English bother about European culture?Well, English culture is a part of European culture and language cannot be learned without some knowledge of the culture Behind it.Further, European culture itself is a part of world culture. Some knowledge of it is necessary to us as citizens of the world, particularly when our country is going ahead with modernization and taking an active part in world affairs.3：Ten Commandments(摩西十诫)1）You shall have no other gods before me.除了我以外，你不可有别的神。

王佐良《欧洲文化入门》章节题库(现实主义)【圣才出品】

第9章现实主义一、选择题1. Who said “A novel is a mirror walking along the road” as early as 1830?A. StendhalB. BalzacC. FlaubertD. Maupassant【答案】A【解析】这是斯汤达的名言，意思是说小说可以反映现实。

2. Stendhal’s masterpiece is _____.A. The Charterhouse of ParmaB. The Human ComedyC. Madame BovaryD. The Necklace【答案】A【解析】司汤达，是十九世纪法国杰出的批判现实主义作家。

代表著作为《巴马修道院》（1839年）。

3. _____ is often called the first French realist and a model not only to French authors,but to Americans and Russians as well.A. StendhalB. BalzacC. FlaubertD. Zora【答案】C【解析】福楼拜被称为第一个法国现实主义者，他不仅是法国作家的模范，而且是美国及俄国的模范代表。

4. _____ was the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West.A. GogolB. TurgenevC. DostoyevskyD. T olstoy【答案】B【解析】屠格涅夫是第一个获得西方认可的俄国作家。

5. There is hardly a European novel of the twentieth century that has not, in some way, been influenced by the tradition _____ established.A. GogolB. TurgenevC. DostoyevskyD. T olstoy【答案】C【解析】陀思妥耶夫斯基创立的传统几乎影响了20世纪的所有小说。

王佐良《欧洲文化入门》章节题库(启蒙运动时期)【圣才出品】

第6章启蒙运动时期一、选择题1. Who were considered as people by the ancient Athens?A. Women citizensB. AdultsC. Adult male citizensD. Foreigners and children【答案】C【解析】古代雅典人提倡民主，然而他们的民主只针对成年的男性公民，妇女、小孩、奴隶以及外国人是没有民主的。

2. Which of the following is true about Dialogues?A. Dialogues is a book written by Socrates.B. Dialogues is a record of life of Plato.C. Dialogues is a record of Socrates written by Plato.D. Dialogues i s a record of Socrates’s sayings by his followers.【答案】C【解析】《对话录》由柏拉图所著，当中的许多篇都是以苏格拉底为主角。

3. The great deed that David performed was ____.A. he took the Hebrews back to CanaanB. he killed Goliath, the philistine giantC. he went to the top of the mountain in Sinai to receive message from (~dD. none of the above【答案】B【解析】大卫：犹大和以色列的第二任国王，据旧约记载，他杀死了腓力斯巨人歌利亚，并且接替索尔任国王，他是许多赞美诗的据说的作者。

4. In the early days of Christianity, it was a religion of _____.A. the richB. the poorC. the ruling classD. all people【答案】B【解析】早期的基督教是穷人的宗教。

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第3章中世纪时代
一、选择题
1. Socrates was _____.
A. the teacher of Aristotle
B. the student of Plato
C. the teacher of Plato
D. the student of Aristotle
【答案】C
【解析】苏格拉底是柏拉图的老师。

2. One of the contributions the Romans made to European culture was _____.
A. the Roman empire
B. the slave system
C. the production of the great epic writer
D. the Roman law
【答案】D
【解析】罗马人对欧洲文化所做的贡献之一是罗马法律。

3. The Book of Daniel describes _____.
A. the struggle of the Jews against the Syrian rule
B. the prisoners in Babylon
C. the story of Noah’s Ark
D. the rule of King Solomon
【答案】A
【解析】《丹尼尔之书》描述了犹太人为反抗叙利亚人的统治而进行的斗争。

4. The Old Testament was originally written in _____.
A. Hebrew
B. Aramaic dialect
C. Greek
D. Latin
【答案】A
【解析】旧约原著于希伯来地区。

5. Which of the following is not included in the Code of Chivalry?
A. Loyalty to his lord.
B. Fighting for the church.
C. Protection of the people.
D. Respect for women of noble birth.
【答案】C
【解析】骑士精神包括：忠于领主，为教会而战，尊重身份高贵的女士。

6. The goal of the Crusades was _____.
A. to re-control Jerusalem
B. to open path to Byzantine
C. to regain the Holy land—Palestine
D. to open trade route to the east
【答案】C
【解析】十字军东征的目的是夺回圣城——巴勒斯坦。

7. The essence of Renaissance philosophy was _____.
A. the emphasis on the greatness of man
B. the glorification of God
C. the emphasis on the giving up of worldly pleasure
D. the importance of wealth
【答案】A
【解析】文艺复兴的哲学本质是对人的伟大性的肯定。

8. Leonardo da Vinci, in his lifetime, put down his observation in notebooks running up to _____ volumes.
A. 1, 000
B. 5, 000
C. 3, 000
D. 4, 000
【答案】B
【解析】达芬奇的观察著作长达5000卷。

9. “Knowledge is power” is one of the quotations from _____.
A. John Locke
B. Francis Bacon
C. Isaac Newton
D. Gottfried Wilhelm yon Leibniz
【答案】B
【解析】“知识就是力量”这句话来源于培根。

10. The most important point in Descartes’ philosophy is _____.
A. I think therefore I am
B. I use my senses therefore I am
C. I doubt therefore I am
D. None of the above
【答案】A
【解析】笛卡尔哲学最重要的是“我思故我在”。

11. The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were _____.
A. Voltaire and Rousseau
B. Diderot and Montesquieu
C. John Locke and Isaac Newton
D. None of the above
【答案】C
【解析】启蒙运动作重要的先驱是洛克和牛顿。

12. Which of the following remarks was made by Rousseau?
A. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.
B. The thirst after happiness is never extinguished in the heart of man.
C. Love truth, but pardon error.
D. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else. 【答案】B
【解析】A是美国《独立宣言》中的话；C来源于伏尔泰；D来源于法国的《人权宣言》。

13. Romanticism was a movement in Europe _____.
A. in the late 19th century and early 20th century
B. in the 19th century
C. in the late 17th century and early 18th century
D. in the late 18th century and early 19th century
【答案】D
【解析】浪漫主义始于18世纪晚期，结束于19世纪初。

14. The two most important works of Victor Hugo’s are _____.
A. Atala and Rene
B. Ivanhoe and The Heart of Mid-lothian
C. Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables
D. Eugene Onegin and Boris Godunov
【答案】C
【解析】雨果最重要的2部作品分别是《巴黎圣母院》和《悲惨世界》；D是Pushkin的作品。

15. The man who applied Darwin’s evolution to society was_____.
A. Yah Fu
B. Thomas Huxley
C. Alfred Russel Wallace
D. Herbert Spencer
【答案】D
【解析】把达尔文的进化论应用于社会中的是赫伯特-斯宾塞。

16. According to Marx, the most important thing about Feuerbach was _____.
A. he proclaimed materialism
B. he supported Hegel
C. he supported the utopian socialists
D. he put forward the idea of class struggle
【答案】A。