48个英语音标卡-2
英语国际音标表最新版48个-最新的音标表
英语国际音标表最新版48个-最新的音标表国际音标是国际上使用的描述语言音素的符号系统。
最新的英语国际音标表使用48个符号来表示英语语音中所有音素及其变音的细节。
本文将为读者详细介绍这些符号及其含义。
元音：1. /i/ - 长尖音 i（bee）、短尖音ɪ（bit）2. /ɛ/ - 开前不圆唇短音ɛ（bet）3. /æ/ - 前开不圆唇短音æ（bat）4. /ə/ - 中央元音/中性元音ə（a bracket）5. /ʌ/ - 中央不圆唇短音ʌ（cut）6. /u/ - 长圆唇音u（too）、短圆唇音ʊ（book）7. /ɔ/ - 开后圆唇短音ɔ（bought）、开后不圆唇短音ɒ（lot）8. /ɑ/ - 开后不圆唇音ɑ（father）9. /eɪ/ - 长开前音dʒeɪ（day）10. /aɪ/ - 长开前不圆唇音aɪ（hi）11. /ɔɪ/ - 开后圆唇滑音ɔɪ（boy）12. /aʊ/ - 长开后不圆唇音aʊ（now）13. /ɪə/ - 前不圆唇短音转开口ɪə（near）14. /eə/ - 长开前不圆唇短音转开口eə（hare）15. /ʊə/ - 缩短前音转开口ʊə（tour）辅音：16. /p/ - 爆破音p（pat）17. /b/ - 浊辅音b（bat）18. /t/ - 爆破音t（top）19. /d/ - 浊辅音d（dock）20. /k/ - 爆破音k（cup）21. /g/ - 浊辅音g（gap）22. /f/ - 非激音唇齿音f（fan）23. /v/ - 非激音唇齿浊音v（vat）24. /θ/ - 后齿齿擦音θ（thin）25. /ð/ - 后齿齿擦浊音ð（then）26. /s/ - 前齿齿擦音s（sat）27. /z/ - 前齿齿擦浊音z（zip）28. /ʃ/ - 前后混淆唇齿音ʃ（she）29. /ʒ/ - 前后混淆唇齿浊音ʒ（measure）30. /h/ - 喉塞音h（hat）31. /m/ - 鼻音m（mat）32. /n/ - 鼻音n（net）33. /ŋ/ - 后鼻音ŋ（song）34. /l/ - 前齿舌音l（llama）35. /r/ - 卷舌音r（rat）36. /j/ - 半元音j (yet)37. /w/ - 半元音 w（wet）复合音：38. /tʃ/ - 前齿齿擦塞擦音tʃ（chair）39. /dʒ/ - 前齿齿擦浊塞擦音dʒ（judge）40. /hw/ - hv转换发音hw（why）其他符号：41. /ˌ/ - 重音符号ˌ（comma）42. /ˈ/ - 重音符号ˈ（stress）43. /ː/ - 超长音符号ː（long）44. /ˑ/ - 短音符号ˑ（half-length）45. /w/ - 声门关音 w （excited）46. /j/ - 声门开音 j （yes）47. /ʔ/ - 喉塞音ʔ（uh-oh）48. /x/ - 摩擦塞音 x（loch）以上就是最新的英语国际音标表所包含的48个符号及其含义。
(完整版)英语国际音标表最新版(48个)
英语国际音标表（48个）元音（20个）轻辅音/p/颇/t/特/k/克/f/佛/θ/四（咬舌音）/s/四浊辅音/b/伯/d/得/g/个/v/勿/ð/字（咬舌音）/z/自轻辅音/ʃ/是/h/和/ts/差（ci）/tʃ/迟/tr/缺长元音/ɑ:/啊（长音）/ɔ:/喔（长音）/ɜ:/额（长音）/i:/一（长音）/u:/屋（长音）短元音/ʌ/阿/ɒ/哦/ə/额/ɪ/一/ʊ/屋/e/挨/æ/挨双元音/eɪ/和拼音的“ei”一样/aɪ/挨/ɔɪ/外/ɪə/一而/eə/挨而/ʊə/勿而/əʊ/欧/aʊ/袄英语音标及字母组合对照1.元音:1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie ei （eo ey i）three tree green tea meat he she me piece receive ceiling 2) [ I ]发音字母i y e ui u asit picture miss many twenty happy defect decide delicious 3) [ æ ] 发音字母abag hand happy hat map bad black back glad flag man 4) [e] 字母组合ea e a(ue,u,ie,ai,ei,ay)head bread pleasure elephant sell lesson yes many any 5) [ɜ:] 字母组合ir ur ear er orgirl shirt skirt turn burn murder learn earn earthterm her nerd serve work worm work world6) [ə] 字母组合er or ou ar o a e uteacher leader remember doctor actor author delicious gracious dollar together tomorrow around account ago elephant banana Canada Japan men listen Saturday7) [a:] 字母组合ar acar farm arm garden fast class last glass plant aunt calm 8) [ ʌ ] 发音字母u o ou ooup supper lunch come mother trouble rough blood flood 9) [ɔ: ]字母组合al or au our arsmall wall talk short more lord horse author caughtautumn four mourn court bought warm quarter10) [ɒ]发音字母o a ouhot lost lot fox box mop hop loss want wash watch 11) [u:] 字母组合oo o ufood moon room broom doom goose tooth shoe do two true truth blue full prude12) [ʊ] 字母组合oo ou u olook good foot book wood should couldput full bull pull push woman wolf13) [ei] 发音字母a ay ea ai eyname cake late gate plane April play say may waygreat break rain paint plain they grey14) [ai] 发音字母i ybike fine find die nine light night high my try fly eye 15) [aʊ] 字母组合ou owhouse out ground count sound loud around mouseflower down now cow how town16) [əʊ] 发音字母o ow oahome cold go know low below grow show boat coat goal 17) [ ɔɪ ] 字母组合oy oiboy toy joy oil soil voice choice18) [iə] 字母组合eer earbeer deer ear near here fierce idea19) [eə]字母组合ear air erepear bear chair air fair there where care20) [ʊə]字母组合ourtour2.辅音音素：辅音音素/p/ 双唇紧闭，然后快速张开，让气流冲出口腔，发出爆破音，但声带不振动。
最新-英语国际音标表(48个)word版-绝对准确!-最新音标表
英语音标（48个）1英语国际音标表（48个）一、元音（20个）二、辅音（28个）/i:/嘴唇微微张开，舌尖抵下齿，嘴角向两边张开，流露出微笑的表情，与字母E发音相同。
/i/嘴唇微微张开，舌尖抵下齿，舌前部提高，嘴形扁平。
/æ/ 嘴张大，嘴角尽量拉向两边，成扁平形，舌尖抵下齿。
/e/嘴形扁平，舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起。
/ə:/嘴形扁平，上下齿微开，舌身平放，舌中部稍抬起。
/ə/嘴唇微微张开，舌身平放，舌中部稍抬起，口腔自然放松发声。
/ɑ:/口腔打开，嘴张大，舌身放平，舌尖不抵下齿，下巴放低，放松发音。
/ ʌ/嘴唇微微张开伸向两边，舌尖轻触下齿，舌后部稍微抬起。
/u:/嘴形小而圆，微微外突，舌头尽量外缩。
/u/嘴唇张开略向前突，嘴形稍收圆并放松些，舌头后缩。
/ɔ:/嘴唇收的小而圆，并向前突出，舌身往后缩。
/ɔ/口腔打开，嘴张大，舌头向后缩，双唇稍收圆。
双元音/eɪ/由[e]和[i]两个单音组成，[e]重读，[i]轻读，口型由半开到合。
字母A就发这个音。
/aɪ/由两个单音组成，前音重读后音轻读，口型由开到合。
与字母I的发音相同。
/ɔɪ/由[כ]和[i]两个单音组成，前重读后轻读，双唇由圆到扁，口型从开到合，/aʊ/由[a]和[u]两个单音组成，[a]重读，[u]轻读，口型由大到小。
/əʊ/由[ə]和[u]两个单音组成，发音也是一个过程，口型由半开到小，与字母O的发音是相同的。
/ɪə/ 由[i]和[ə]两个单音组成，[i]重读，[ə]轻读，双唇始终是半开的。
/eə/由[e]和[ə]两个单音组成，前重后轻，舌尖抵下齿，双唇半开。
/ʊə/两个单音组成，[u]重读，[ə]轻读，双唇由收圆到半开。
辅音音素/p/双唇紧闭，然后快速张开，让气流冲出口腔，发出爆破音，但声带不振动。
/b/双唇紧闭，然后快速张开，让气流冲出口腔，发出爆破音，但声带需振动。
/ t/舌尖抵上齿龈，憋住气，然后突然弹开舌尖，让气流从口腔中喷出，但声带不振动。
英语国际音标表(48个)
英语国际音标表（48个）元音（20个）长元音/ɑ:/ /ɔ:/ / ə:/ /i:/ /U:/短元音/ ʌ/ /ɔ/ /ə/ /ɪ/ /ʊ/ /e/ /æ/ 双元音/eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ//ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə//əʊ/ /aʊ/辅音（28个）轻辅音/p/ / t/ / k/ /f/ /θ//s/浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/轻辅音/ʃ/ / h/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/浊辅音/ʒ/ / r/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/鼻音/m/ /n/ /ŋ/半元音/ j/ / w/ 边音/ ǀ/元音（20个）/i:/ -- e 如：he me she we-- ea 如：meal sea reach dream mean breathe-- ee 如：feet 脚free 自由keep 保持need 需要wheel-- i 如：police 警察policeman 警察(男)policewoman 女警察kilo 千/ə:/ --er 如：her 她的term 学期certainly 当然person 人身--ir 如：bird 鸟first 首先girl 女孩shirt 裙子thirteen 十三-- ur 如：turn 翻转Thursday 星期四hurt 伤害church 教堂disturb 打扰/ɔ:/-- or 如：born 出生form 形状short 短的sport 运动fork 餐叉pork 猪肉--ore 如：more 更多的score 记录before 以前-- oor 如：door 门floor 地板door 门-- our 如：fourth 第四your 你的course 课程-- al 如：call 呼叫tall 高的also 同样/u:/ -- u 如：blue 蓝色June 六月ruler 尺子-- o 如：move 移动who 谁whose 谁的-- oo 如：broom 扫除food 食物moon 月亮room 房间/a:/ -- “a在n前”如：france 法国answer 符合banana 香蕉-- “a在s前”如：ask 要求class 班级last 最后-- ar 如：arm 臂far 远hard 硬的--“a在th前”如：father 父亲-- au 如：aunt 伯母-- al 如：half 一半/i/ -- i 如：bring 带来did 做fifth 第五ill 病的吗-- e 如：English 英语/ə/ -- a 如：away 离开woman 妇女-- e 如：student 学生broken 被打碎的-- o 如：welcome 欢迎today 今天-- er 如：over 在...时matter 事情-- o(u)r 如：forget 忘记colour 颜色/ɔ/-- o 如：dog 狗long 长的stop 停止--“a在w后” 如：wash 冲洗watch 手表what 什么/u/ -- u 如：full 满的put 摆放-- oo 如：book 书foot 脚good 好的-- ou(l) 如：could would 总是/ ʌ/-- u 如：nut 坚果sun 太阳duck 鸭truck 卡车-- “o在m前” 如：come 来到some 一些-- “o在n前” 如：front 前面month 月份son 儿子monkey 猴子-- ou 如：touch 触摸-- “o在th前”如：another 别的brother 同事mother 母亲nothing 毫不/e/ -- e 如：bell 钟铃best 最好的-- ea 如：head 头health 健康-- a 如：any 一些many 许多/æ/ -- a 如：back 在后的bad 坏的hand 手/ei/ -- a 如：date 日期face 脸page 页-- ai 如：train 培养pain 疼痛-- ay 如：may 五月say 说stay 停留-- eigh 如：eight 八eighth 第八/ai/ -- i 如：side 旁边outside 外部tiger 虎-- ie 如：die 死亡lie 说谎tie 领带-- igh 如：light 轻的night 夜right 正确的-- y 如：by 在…旁my 我的why 为什么/ɔɪ/ -- oi 如：toilet 厕所-- oy 如：boy 男孩enjoy 喜爱/əʊ/-- o 如：hope 希望nose 鼻子ago 以前--“o在ld前” 如：cold 冷的hold 拿住-- “o在st前” 如：most 最多的post 邮寄-- oa 如：boat 小船road 路-- ow 如：row (一)行)grow 生长/au/-- ou 如：about 关于house 房屋-- ow 如：brown 褐色down 在下面/iə/-- ea 如：idea 主意really 真正地-- ere 如：here 这里-- eer 如：beer 啤酒steer 驾驶pioneer 先驱者-- ear 如：ear 耳朵dear 亲爱的hear 听见/e i/-- air 如：air 空气chair 椅子hair 头发-- are 如：careful 仔细的parent 父母亲-- ear 如：pear 梨子wear 穿戴-- eir 如：their 他(她、它)们的theirs 他们的东西-- ere 如：there 在那里where 在哪里/ʊə/-- ure 如：sure 确信的辅音（28个）轻辅音/p/ / t/ / k/ /f/ /θ//s/ 浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ 轻辅音/ʃ/ / h/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/浊辅音/ʒ/ / r/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/鼻音/m/ /n/ /ŋ/半元音/ j/ / w/ / ǀ//p/ ----- p 如：pen 钢笔picture 画jeep 吉普车----- pp 如：apple 苹果happy 快乐的/b/ ----- b 如：bike 自行车bus 公共汽车book 书/t/ ----- t 如：ten 十too 也boat 小船----- tt 如：better 较好的letter 信matter 事情/d/---- d 如：desk 书桌down 向下bird 鸟---- dd 如：middle 中间suddenly 突然地/ k/---- k 如：cake 饼糕thank 谢谢clock 钟---- ck 如：back 在后pick 镐,摘truck 卡车---- ch 如：school学校stomachache 胃痛/g/ ---- g 如：good 好的girl 女孩bag 袋,包---- gg 如：egg 蛋--gu 如：guess 猜测/f/----- f 如：fine 美好的four 四,四个----- ff 如：office 办公室different 差异的----- ph 如：photo 光电的elephant 象/v/----- v 如：five 五have 有over 过去seven 七/s/----- s 如：yesterday 昨天yes 是------ ss 如：pass 经过less 更少的------ c 如：city 城市certainly 当然------ ce 如：face 脸piece 片/z/----- z 如：zero 零zoo 动物园----- s 如：is 是his 他的oranges 桔子----- se 如：nose 鼻子blouse 女衬衫/θ/-----th 如：thank 谢谢nothing 没有东西/ð/-----th 如：than 比then 然后/ʃ/-----sh 如：show 给…看shirt (男式)衬衫-----s 如：sure 确信的-----ch 如：machine 机器-----c(i) 如：delicious 美味的/ʒ/ ----- s 如：usually 通常/ h/----- h 如：hand 手head 头hill 小山home 家----- wh 如：who 谁whose 谁的/ r/---- r 如：red 红色的already 已经----- wr 如：wrong 错误的write 书写,/ts/-----ts 如：aunts starts parents------tes 如：gates minutes/dz/-----ds 如：hands needs roads ------des 如：grades rides/tʃ/-----ch 如：chair 椅子cheap 廉价的-----tch 如：catch 捉住watch 手表/dʒ/------ge 如：village 乡村dangerous 危险的---j 如：January 一月July 七月/tr/-----tr 如：train 列车truck 卡车/dr/------dr 如：dress 童装drive 驾驶/m/------ m 如：my map 地图am 是/n/------ n 如：ninth 第九find 找到----- kn 如：knife 刀子know 知道/ŋ/----- ng 如：bring 带来long 长的/j/----- y 如：yes 是you 你,你们/w/----- w 如：wall 墙壁well 好will 将要----- wh 如：what 什么when 什么时候/l/----- l 如：look 看floor 地板----- ll 如：bell 钟ball 球。
英语音标表(48个)-美英不同读法
英语音标（48个）英语国际音标表（48个）一、元音（20个）说明：/ɒ/是单元音后元音，这个音标在英式音标中的符号是/ɒ/，旧版的国际音标符号是/ɔ/，美式音标与之对应有符号[ɑ]。
所以，这个音标应该是英式读哦，美式读啊二、辅音（28个）就是平舌音和卷舌音的区别，类似的/ts/和/tʃ/一样。
说明：/s/ 和/ʃ/浊辅音半元音/j/ 也/w/ 我浊辅音边音/ǀ/ 了浊辅音L有两个读音.一是放在音标结尾发：呕,浊音tal；而是放在音标中发：了,浊音n有两个读音.一是放在音标结尾发：嗯,浊音；而是放在音标中发：呢,浊音26个字母发音：单元音/i:/ 嘴唇微微张开，舌尖抵下齿，嘴角向两边张开，流露出微笑的表情，与字母E发音相同。
/i/ 嘴唇微微张开，舌尖抵下齿，舌前部提高，嘴形扁平。
/æ/ 嘴张大，嘴角尽量拉向两边，成扁平形，舌尖抵下齿。
/e/ 嘴形扁平，舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起。
/ə:/ 嘴形扁平，上下齿微开，舌身平放，舌中部稍抬起。
/ə/ 嘴唇微微张开，舌身平放，舌中部稍抬起，口腔自然放松发声。
/ɑ:/ 口腔打开，嘴张大，舌身放平，舌尖不抵下齿，下巴放低，放松发音。
/ ʌ/ 嘴唇微微张开伸向两边，舌尖轻触下齿，舌后部稍微抬起。
/u:/ 嘴形小而圆，微微外突，舌头尽量外缩。
/u/ 嘴唇张开略向前突，嘴形稍收圆并放松些，舌头后缩。
/ɔ:/ 嘴唇收的小而圆，并向前突出，舌身往后缩。
/ɔ/ 口腔打开，嘴张大，舌头向后缩，双唇稍收圆。
双元音/eɪ/ 由[e]和[i]两个单音组成，[e]重读，[i]轻读，口型由半开到合。
字母A就发这个音。
/aɪ/ 由两个单音组成，前音重读后音轻读，口型由开到合。
与字母I的发音相同。
/ɔɪ/ 由[כ]和[i]两个单音组成，前重读后轻读，双唇由圆到扁，口型从开到合，/aʊ/ 由[a]和[u]两个单音组成，[a]重读，[u]轻读，口型由大到小。
/əʊ/ 由[ə]和[u]两个单音组成，发音也是一个过程，口型由半开到小，与字母O的发音是相同的。
48个英语音标2
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------48个英语音标248 个英语音标（国际音标） phonetics 元音 20 个单元音前元音 [i:] bee [i] big [e] bed [] bag 中元音 [ʌ] bus [ə:]bird [ə] worker 后元音 [u:] food [u] book [ɔ:] door [ɔ] not[a:] farm 双元音开合双元音 [ei] cake [ai] I [ɔi] boy [əu]home [au] cow 集中双元音 [iə] ear [ə] air [uə] tour 辅音28 个爆破音清辅音 [p] [t] [k] 浊辅音 [b] [d] [g]摩擦音清辅音 [f] [s] [ʃ] [] [h] 浊辅音 [v] [z] [ʒ] []破擦音清辅音 [tʃ] [tr] [ts] 浊辅音 [dʒ] [dr] [dz]鼻音（浊辅音） [m] [n] [ŋ] 舌则音（浊辅音） [l] [r]半元音（浊辅音） [w] [j] Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strengththat __1_ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by_2_ factors. But Dr Simonsohn speculated that an inability toconsider the big _3_ was leading decision-makers to be biasedby the daily samples of information they were working with._4_, he theorised that a judge _5_ of appearing too soft1 / 17_6_crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7_hehad already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. To __8__this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ____9___ ofan applicant should not depend on the few others___10____ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was____11____. He studied the results of 9, 323 MBA interviews _12_ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had _13_ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale _14_ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were _15_ used in conjunction with an applicant s scoreon the GMAT, a standardised exam which is _16_out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0. 75 points or more higher than that of the one _17__ that, then the score for the next applicant would_18_ by an average of 0. 075 points. This might sound small, but to_19_the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been _20__. 1. A grants B submits C transmitsD dilivers 2. A minor B external C crucial D objective---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------3. A issue B vision C picture D moment4. A Above all BOn average C In principle D For example 5. A fond B fearfulC capableD thoughtless 6. A in B for C to D on 7. Aif B until C though D unless 8. A. test B. emphasize C.share D. promote 9. A. decision B. quality C. status D.success 10. A. found B. studied C. chosen D. identified11. A. otherwise B. defensible C. replaceable D. exceptional12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged 14.A. putB. gotC. tookD. gave 15. A. instead B.then C. ever D. rather 16. A. selected B. passed C.marked D. introduced 17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop 19. A achieve B undoC maintainD disregard 20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpful Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following fourtexts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C orD. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) PartB Directions: In the following text,some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each3 / 17of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, whichdo not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET1. （10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world,working both inside and outside academia. According to theWorld Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-sciencestudents worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since2019. Yet this enormous resource in not contributingenough to today s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools toeradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops toarificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social:the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity. (42) ____This is a shamethe communityshould be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence inthe real world. To paraphrase the great social scientistJoseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation withoutcreative destruction . Today , the social sciencesare largely focused on disciplinary problems and internalscholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords environmental changed or climate change have increased rapidly since 2004, (43) ____ When social scientists do tackle practical issues , their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example . And whether the community s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful. The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44) ____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today s economic climate. The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2019, would not have such a category , This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather , the complete opposite. (45) ____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems. [A] It could be5 / 17that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing inhighly specialized journals, and one that isproblem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such aspolicy briefs. [B] However, the numbers are stillsmall: in 2010, about 1, 600 of the 100, 000social-sciences papers published globally included one ofthese Keywords. [C] the idea is to forcesocial to integrate their work with other categories,including health and demographic change food security, marineresearch and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; andinclusive, innovative and secure societies. [D]the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community,and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challengesand social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones. [E] Theseissues all have root causes in human behavior . all requirebehavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , forexample , is as much about changing consumption patterns andpromoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some areup in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding categoryfor social-science research and to integrate it withincross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on socialsciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education,non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; inmost European nations , it is about 15%. Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and thentranslate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10points) It is speculated that gardens arise from abasic need in the individuals who made them: the need forcreative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidencean impossible urge to create, express, fashion, andbeautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46)Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created bythe homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversityof styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamentalurges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.7 / 17One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a still point of the turning world, to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one s relation to one s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand. Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a liberated sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms. 46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression. 47. A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelt which is a distinctly animal need. 48. The gardens of the homeless which are in efffect homeless garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn t exist or was not discernible as such 49 . Mast of us give in to9 / 17a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in agarden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic 50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature thatfully justifies the use of the word garden, though in aliberated sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.Section III Writing Part A 51. Directions: Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in yourcollege, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming Englishspeech contest. You should include the details youthink necessary. You should write neatly on theANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the endof the e-mail. Use Li Ming instead. Do not write theaddress. (10 points) Part B 52. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawingbriefly. 2) interpret its intended meaning , and 3) give your comments. You should write neatly onthe ANSWER SHEET. (20points) 2019年全国研究生入学考试英语一答案 1. A(grants) 2. B(external)3. C（picture）4. D(for example)5. B(fearful)6. D(on)7. A(if)8. A(test)9.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------D(success) 10. C(chosen) 11. A(otherwise) 12.C(conducted) 13. B(rated) 14. C(took) 15.B(then) 16. C(marked) 17. D(before) 18.D(drop) 19. B(undo) 20. A(necessary) Text 1 21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[B] insensitivity to fashion. 22. According toCline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to [D] shop fortheir garments more frequently. 23. The word indictment (Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation. 24. Which of the following can beinferred from the lase paragraph [D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing 25. What is thesubject of the text [C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry. Text 2 26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that behavioural ads help advertisers to: [B]lower their operational costs 27. The industry(Line 6, Para. 3) refers to: [A] online advertisers 28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default [C]will not benefit consumers 29. which of thefollowing is ture according to Paragraph. 6 [A] DNT maynot serve its intended purpose 30. The author’ s11 / 17attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[D] skepticism Text3 31 [B] our faith inscience and technology 32 [A] a sustained species33 [D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive 34[C] draw onour experience from the past 35 [C]TheEver-bright Prospects of Mankind Text 436. [C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law37. [C] States legitimate role in immigration enforcement.38. [D] stood in favor of the states 39. [A] outweighs that held by the states 40. [B] Justicesintended to check the power of the Administrstion.41. [E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior .all require behavioral change and social innovations , as wellas technological development . Stemming climate change , forexample , is as much about changing consumption patterns andpromoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.42. [F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seemreluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some areup in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding categoryfor social-science research and to integrate it withincross-cutting topics of sustainable development .43. [B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------1, 600 of the 100, 000 social-sciences papers publishedglobally included one of these keywords. 44. [G]During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciencesand the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education,non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; inmost European nations , it is about 15%. 45. [C]the idea is to force social scientists to integrate their workwith other categories, including health and demographicchange food security, marine research and the bio-economy,clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative andsecure societies. 46. 然而, 令人震惊的是, 当人们看到又无家可归者建造的花园照片时, 由于风格的多样性, 所有这些花园显示了超越了装饰与创造性表现的其它各种各样的基本诉求.47. 尽管可能有点简陋, 但这一神圣和平之地明显象征着人类需求,就好比外壳明显象征着动物需求. 48. 那些无家可归者的花园实际上是无家可归的家园, 同花园被引入了城市, 在那儿,它们之前即不存在也未曾像这样可以被辨识. 49 . 我们中的大部分人屈服于道德败坏, 在某些心理状态下我们通常归咎于道德败坏,直到有一天我们发现自己身处花园, 压迫感奇迹般地消失了. 50. 尽管在某种被解放的意义上, 但正是这种含蓄13 / 17或明显的对大自然的引用认可了使用花园一词来描述这些被合成的建筑。
48个-英语国际音标表
英语国际音标表（48个）元音（20个）长元音/ɑ://ɔ:// ɜ://i://U:/短元音/ ʌ//ɒ//ə//ɪ//ʊ//e/ /eɪ//aɪ//ɔɪ/双元音/ɪə//eə//ʊə//əʊ//aʊ/辅音（28个）轻辅音/p// t// k//f//θ//s/浊辅音/b//d/ /g//v//ð/ /z/ 轻辅音/ʃ// h//ts//tʃ//tr/浊辅音/ʒ// r/ /dz/ /dʒ//dr/鼻音/m//n/ /ŋ/半元音/ j// w/边音/ ǀ/英语音标及字母组合对照1.元音:1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie ei （eo ey i）three tree green sheep meet beef see seekeat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean please he she me piece receive ceiling2) [ I ]发音字母i y e ui u asit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss myth many twenty happy dictionary defect decide3) [ æ ] 发音字母abag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man4) [e] 字母组合ea e a （ue,u,ie,ai,ei,ay）head bread pleasure elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes many any 5) [ε:] 字母组合ir ur ear er orgirl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger learn earn earth heard term her nerd serve work worm world 6) [ε] 字母组合er or ou ar o a e uteacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder doctor actor mayor author tractor delicious gracious pleasure familiar collar dollar together tomorrow today Saturday7) [a:] 字母组合ar acar farm card arm garden fast class last glass plant8) [ ʌ ] 发音字母u o ouup supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus come mother dose brother love above trouble rough flourish 9) [ɔ: ]字母组合al or au our ar oosmall wall talk tall hall ball call walk short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store author caught autumn four mourn court bought warm quarrel quarter 10) [ ɔ ] ([ɒ])发音字母o a ouhot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar notwant wash watch11) [u:] 字母组合oo o ufood moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth shoe do two true truth blue full prude12) [u] 字母组合oo ou u olook good foot book wood should could put full bull pull push woman wolf13) [ei] 发音字母a ay ea ai eyname cake late gate plane April play say may way great break rain paint plain they grey14) [ai] 发音字母i ybike fine find die nine light night high my try fly 15) [au] 字母组合ou owhouse out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse flower down now cow how town16) [εu] 发音字母o ow oahome cold go no phone host ghost know low below grow blow show flow boat coat goal17) [ ɔɪ ] 字母组合oy oiboy toy joy oil soil voice choice18) [iε] 字母组合eer earbeer deer ear near here fierce idea19) [ ɛə ] ([eə])字母组合ear air erepear bear chair air fair there where care20) [uε] [auə]字母组合our owerhour tour flower shower。
英语音素表48音标表
英语音素表48音标表(总7页)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除英语音素表一、元音:前元音[i:] [i] [e] [æ]1单元音: 中元音[:] [] []后元音[:] [] [a:] [u:] [u]2双元音合口双元音 [ai] [ei] [i] [au] [u]集中双元音[i] [ε] [u]二、辅音: 爆破音 [b] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g]摩擦音 [f] [v] [s] [z] [∫] [Ʒ] [θ] [ð] [r] [h]破擦音 [tſ] [dƷ] [ts] [dz] [tr] [dr]鼻音 [m] [n] [ŋ]舌边音 [l]半元音 [w] [j][ei] name plane Jane baby cake 1-01在闭音节中[æ]bag dad hat mapblack back1-02e 在开音节中[i:]he thesemeChinese1-03 在闭音节中[e]bed letpendeskyes egg1-04i 在开音节中[ai] bike flydrive1-05time nice kite在闭音节中[i] fish bigdrink sitmilkswim1-06o 在开音节中[u]thoseclose gohoehomeno1-07 在闭音节中[]clocknot boxshopsock1-08u 在开音节中[ju:]studentexcusedutyTuesday1-09 在闭音节中[]读音例词编号a []China another womanbreakfast2-01[i]orange comradevillage cabbage2-02e []hundred student openmoment2-03[i]chicken pocket beginchildren2-04i []/[i]holiday beautifulfamily animal2-05 [ai] exercise satellite2-06o []second tonightsomebody welcome2-07 [u] also zero photo2-08u[] autumn difficult2-09[ju(:)] popular读音例词编号a在[w]音后面[] want what watch wash quality3-01a在f n sk ph sp ss st th前[α:]after plantgraph askgrasp glassfast father3-02i在-nd -ld和gh前[ai] find childlight high3-03o在-st -ld前[ou] mostpostcard old cold3-04o在m n v th前[] comemonkey love mother3-05[α:]car farm dark sharpener 4-01 [:] warm quarter towards 4-02oror在[w]音后面[:]forty morningshort4-03 [:]word workerworse4-04er ir ur [:][ε] care dare hare 5-01ere [i] here mere 5-02 ire [ai] fire hire wire 5-03 ore [:] more score before 5-04 ure [ju]读音例词编号ai/ay [ei] afraid rainwait day play6-01air [ε] air hair chair pair repair6-02al[:] small ball talk wall all6-03al在f m前[:l] always alsosalt almost6-04[α:]half calm 6-05au/aw [:] autumn daughter draw6-06ea [i:]teach easycheap please6-07[e]heavy breadsweaterweather6-08 [ei] break great6-09ear [i]hear dear nearclear year6-10 [ε]bear pearwear swear6-11 [:]earth learnearly6-12ee [i:] jeep week green three6-13eer [i] pioneer deer beer6-14ei/ey [ei] eight neighbourthey6-15eu/ew在 j l r 后[ju:]new fewnewspaper6-16 [u:]flew brewjewelry6-17ie/[s]音后拼写为ei [i:] piece field receive seize6-18oa [ou] coat Joan boat goal6-19oar/oor [:] roar boarddoor floor6-20oi/oy [i] noise pointboy toilet6-21oo [u:]broom foodtooth school6-22 [u]book lookcook footgood6-23ou/ow [au]flower housecount down6-24 [u]know rowthrow though6-25 []youngcountryenough6-26 [u:]group yousoup through6-27our[:]course yourfour6-28 [au] our hour ours6-29 [:] journey6-30uiui 在j l r s后[ju:i]fluid suicidetuition6-31 [u:] juice fruit suit6-32 Gentiles[b] bike bus bag 9-01 [/] bomb tomb lamb climb 9-02cc在e前或在i/y前[k]cake picturecoat music9-03 [s]face decidecinema9-04ch []much chick richteacher9-05 [k]schoolheadachechemistry9-06 [] machine 9-Chicago 07-ck [k] cock pocket black knock9-08d [d] doctor bread hand day9-09-dge [] bridge fridge 9-10dr- [dr] children driver drink9-11f [f] five four breakfast9-12gg在e i/y前[] bag gardon go9-13 []orange largeGerman9-14-ghgh- [f]cough enoughrough9-15 []sorghumspaghetti ghost9-16gu- -gue[]guess leaguedialogue guitar9-17 [w]languageanguishpenguin9-18h [h]hot head househand9-19 [/]hour honesthonor9-20j [] jeep jar jokejoin July9-21k [k] kind bike skate make week9-22kn- [n] knife know knock9-23l [l] life milk school tall9-24m [m] monkey come tomato9-25-mn [m] autumn column solemn9-26nn在[k] [g]音前[n]not shine tennote9-27 [ŋ]uncle thankhungry9-28-ng [ŋ] morning young wrong9-29p [p] paper plane pig ship pen9-30ph [f] elephant photo telephone9-31-q/-que [k] Iraq cheque 9-32qu- [kw] quality quite quarter9-33r [r] red rubber ruler 9-34s在音节开头或清辅音前在元音字母间或浊辅音前[s] sit sleep desk9-35 [z] music husband9-36sc- [sk]scarlet scoutScotland9-37 [s] muscle science9-38sh [] she fish shirt wash9-39t在通常情况下在弱读字母ia ie io前[t] ten letter meet9-40 [] patient nation9-41tch [] watch catch match9-42th在通常情况下在冠词代词介词连词中在词尾-the -ther中[θ]thin thirtymethod9-43 [ð]the these withthan9-44。
48个国际音标表--完整
48个国际音标表[i:] [i] [ǝ:] [ǝ] [O:] [O] [u:] [u] [A:] [V] [Q] [e] [ai] [ei] [ɔi] [iǝ] [εǝ] [uǝ] [ǝu] [au][p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v] [s] [z] [T] [D] [S] [Z] [tS] [dZ] [tr] [dr] [ts] [dz] [m] [n] [N] [h] [r] [l] [w] [j]英语国际音标共48个，其中20个元音，20个辅音，3个鼻音，2个半元音，3个似拼音元音12个单元音长元音 [i:] [ǝ:] [O:] [u:] [A:]短元音 [i] [ǝ] [O] [u] [V] [Q] [e]8个双元音: [ai] [ei] [ɔi] [iǝ] [εǝ] [uǝ] [ǝu] [au]1.合口双元音：其第二组成部分为［i］或［u］：［ei］［ai］［ɔi］［au］［ǝu］2.集中双元音：其第二组成部分为［ǝ］：［iǝ］［εǝ］［uǝ］辅音10对清辅音 [p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [T] [S] [tS] [tr] [ts]浊辅音 [b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [D] [Z] [dZ] [dr] [dz]3个鼻音 [m] [n] [N]3个似拼音 [h] [r] [l]2个半元音 [w] [j]巧记48个国际音标单元音共十二，四二六前中后。
双元音也好背，合口集中八个整。
辅音共计二十八，八对一清又七浊，四个连对也包括。
有气无声清辅音，有声无气浊辅音，发音特点应掌握。
关于语音的几个概念:AHD表示美语发音,The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language（简称AHD）KK音标是一套用于标注美式发音的符号系统, 这是一套最常用的也是最权威的注音法，从此人们把美语标准发音惯称为KK音标。
英语国际音标表(48个)word版
一、元音（一）、单元音1、前元音[ i: ] [ i ] [ e ] [ æ ]1）、[i:] 发音字母组合:ee ea e ie ei （eo ey i）音标特征:前元音舌位高不圆唇长元音发音要诀:舌前部抬得最高，牙齿近乎全合。
舌尖抵下齿。
舌前部向硬颚尽量抬起,但比汉语普通话“i”音稍低, 没有摩擦。
嘴唇向两旁伸开,成扁平行. 做微笑状,发[ i: ]长音。
注意:“:”是长音符号,长元音往往比它相应的短元音长两倍以上。
eat [ i:t ] 吃tea [ ti: ]茶peach [ pi:tʃ ]桃he [ hi:]他she [ ʃi: ]她beef [ bi:f ] 牛肉2）、[ i ] 发音字母组合: i y e ui u a音标特征: 前元音半高音扁平唇短元音发音要诀: 舌前部比[i:]稍低,比[e]高，舌尖抵下齿,嘴唇扁平分开。
牙床也开得稍大一些比[ i:]稍宽,比[ e ]窄。
上下齿之间的距离大约可以容纳一个小指尖。
使下颚稍稍下垂,舌前部也随之稍稍下降,即可发出短促[ i ]音。
fish [ fiʃ ] 鱼gym [ dʒim ] 健身房kid [ kid ] 小孩fifth [ fifθ ] 第五3）、[ æ ] 发音字母组合: a音标特征: 前元音低舌音不圆唇短元音发音要诀: 舌前部最低，双唇向两旁平伸,成扁平行牙床开的最大。
软颚升起, 唇自然开放上下齿之间的距离大约相当于一个食指加中指。
bag [ [bæg] ]包fan [ fæn ] 风扇math [ mæθ ]数学jacket [ 'dʒækit ] 夹克衫rabbit [ 'ræbit ] 兔子apple [ 'æpl ]苹果4）、[e] 发音字母组合:ea e a （ue,u,ie,ai,ei,ay）音标特征:前元音半高音不圆唇短元音发音要诀:舌尖抵下齿, 舌前部稍抬起, 舌后接近硬颚, 比[ i:] 低。