研究生科技英语阅读课后答案(全)
研究生科技英语阅读课后习题close原文
第1章Is GM Food Safe To Eat ?Traditional plant breeding involves crossing varietiesof the same species in w ays they could crossnaturally. For example, disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these properties. This type of natural gene exchan ge is safe and fairly predictable.Genetic engineering ( GE) involves exchanging genes between unrelated spe cies that cannotnaturally exchange genes with each other. GE can involve the exchange of genes betweenvastly different species —e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into t omatoes. It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene, even when it is in maize DNA1, will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin —but what other effects may ithave in this alien environment? We are alread y seeing this problem —adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow — but it also gives them arthritis andmakes them cross-eyed, which was entirely unpredictable.It will be obvious, for example, that the gene for human intelligence will n ot have the sameeffect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA — but what side-effect would ithave? In other words, is GM food2 safe to ? The answer is th at nobody knows becauselong-term tests have not been carried out.Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatorybodies with results of their own safety tests. Monsanto’s3 s oya beans were apparently fed tofish for 10 weeks before being approved. Th ere was no requirement for independent testing,for long-term testing, for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to childre n or allergic4 people.The current position of the UK Government is that"There is no evidence of l ong-term dangersfrom GM foods."In the US, the American Food and Drug Adminis tration5 is currently beingprosecuted for covering up research that suggeste d possible risks from GM foods.第二章A consistent all-over tan may be impossible to achieve because some body areas are much more resistant to tanning than others, a study has found.Researchers - funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC) - at the University of Edinburgh say the results explain why some holidaymakers find it so hard to achieve an even tan all over their body.The findings, published in the journal Experimental Dermatology, show that the buttock is much more resistant to sunshine but surprisingly when it does go red it tans less well than other areas.It was also found that people with no freckles tanned more easily than those without freckling.The study represents the first time that the depth of a person's tan, and not just skin redness, has been quantified.Scientists carried out the study to try and solve the puzzle of why different types of skin cancer tend to be found indifferent parts of the body, given that they are all caused by exposure to sunshine.The team aimed to identify whether this is linked to variations in the way different parts of the body develop a tan.The team analysed the skin of 100 volunteers, who were exposed to six dose of UVB on two areas of their body their back and their buttock.The volunteers were given an injection to minimise the rush of blood that naturally occurs after the skin is exposed to sunlight within the first 24 hours. Researchers say this redness is often confused with the start of tanning, but in fact is the skin's signal that it has been damaged.After seven days, the volunteers' skin was analysed to find what colour remained after the redness had died down.This colour recognised as a suntan comes from the skin's production of melanin, a defence that blocks the skin absorbing too much harmful UVB radiation.Jonathan Rees, Professor of Dermatology at the University of Edinburgh, who led the study said: "One A consistentall-over tan may be impossible to achieve because some body areas are much more resistant to tanning than others, a study has found.第三章New findings from the Monell Center reveal that weight gain of formula-fed infants is influenced by the type of formula the infant is consuming. The findings have implications related to the infant's risk for the development of obesity, diabetes and other diseases later in life. "Events early in life have long-term consequences on health and one of the most significant influences is early growth rate," said study lead author Julie Mennella, Ph.D., a developmental psychobiologist at Monell. "We already know that formula-fed babies gain more weight than breast-fed babies. But we didn't know whether this was true for all types of formula."While most infant formulas are cow's milk-based, other choices include soy-based and protein hydrolysate（水解物）-based formulas. Protein hydrolysate formulas containpre-digested proteins and typically are fed to infantswho cannot tolerate the intact（完整的，原封不动的）proteins in other formulas.In adults, pre-digested proteins are believed to act in the intestine（肠）to initiate（创始，发起）the end of a meal, thus leading to smaller meals and intake of fewer calories. Based on this, the authors hypothesize that infants who were feeding protein hydrolysate formulas would eat less and have an altered growth pattern relative to infants feeding cow's milk-based formula.In the study, published online in the journal Pediatrics, infants whose parents had already decided to bottle-feed were randomly assigned at two weeks of age to feed either a cow's milk-based formula (35 infants) or a protein hydrolysate formula (24 infants) for seven monthes . Both formulas contained the same amount of calories, but the hydrolysate formula had more protein, including greater amounts of small peptides（多肽类，缩氨酸）and free amino acids.Infants were weighed once each month in the laboratory , where they also were videotapedconsuming a meal of the assigned formula. The meal continued until the infant signaled that s/he was full. Over the seven months of the study, the protein hydrolysate infants gained weight at a slower rate than infants fed cow milk formula. Linear growth, or length, did not differ between the two groups, demonstrating that the differences in growth were specifically attributable to weight."All formulas are not alike," said Mennella. "These two formulas have the same amount of calories, but differ considerably in terms of how they influence infant growth."When the data were compared to national norms for breast-fed infants, the rate of weight gain of protein hydrolysate infants was comparable to the breast milk standards; in contrast, infants fed cow's milk formula gained weight at a greater rate than the same breast milk standards.Analysis of the laboratory meal reveals the infants fed the protein hydrolysate formula consumed less formula during the meal."One of the reasons the protein hydrolysate infants had similar growth patterns to breast-fed infants, who are the gold standard, is that they consumed less formula during a feed as compared to infants fed cow's milk formula" said Mennella. "The next question to ask is: Why do infants on cow's milk formula overfed ?"The findings highlight the need to understand the long-term influences of infant formula composition on feeding behavior, growth, and metabolic health. Future studies will utilize measures of energy metabolism and expenditure（支出，花费）to examine how the individual formulas influence growth, and how each differs from breastfeeding.第四章NASA is planning a one-way mission to Mars in a programme called ‘Hundred Years Starship’ in which, a manned spacecraft will take astronauts to Mars and leave them there forever.NASA Ames Director Pete Worden revealed that one of NASA’s main research centres, Ames Research Centre, has received 1 million dollars funding to start work on the project.Washington State University researchers had said that while technically feasible, a manned mission to Mars and back is unlikely to lift off anytime soon and so, a mannedone-way mission to Mars would not only cut the costs by several fold, but also mark the beginning of long-term human colonization of the planet.Mars is by far the most promising for sustained colonization and development because it is similar in many respects to Earth and, crucially, possesses a moderate surface gravity, an atmosphere, abundant water and carbon dioxide, together with a range of essential minerals.“One approach could be to send four astronauts initially, two on each of two space craft, each with a lander and sufficient supplies, to stake a single outpost on Mars. A one-way human mission to Mars would be the first step in establishing a permanent human presence on the planet,” said Dirk Schulze-Makuch, a Washington State University associate professor.Colleague Paul Davies, a physicist and cosmologist from Arizona State University, added that they aren’t suggesting that astronauts simply be abandoned on the Red Planet for the sake of science; in fact they propose aseries of missions over time, sufficient to support long-term colonization.The authors proposed that the astronauts would be re-supplied on a periodic basis from Earth with basic necessities, but otherwise would be expected to become increasingly proficient at harvesting and utilizing resources available on Mars.Eventually they envision that outpost would reach self-sufficiency, and then it could serve as a hub for a greatly expanded colonization programme.First, an appropriate site for the colony would be selected, preferentially associated with a cave or some other natural shelter, as well as other nearby resources, such as water, minerals and nutrients.“Ice caves would go a long way to solving the needs of a settlement for water and oxygen. Mars has no ozone shield and no magnetospheric shielding, and ice caves would also provide shelter from ionizing and ultraviolet radiation,” said Schulze-Makuch.The added that in addition to offering humanity a “lifeboat” in the event of a mega-catastrophe on Earth, a Mars colony would provide a platform for further scientific research.Schulze-Makuch and Davies acknowledge that such a project would require not only major international cooperation, but a return to the exploration spirit andrisk-taking ethos of the great period of the Earth’s exploration.“Informal surveys conducted after lectures and conference presentations on our proposal have repeatedly shown that many people are willing to volunteer for a one-way mission, both for reasons of scientific curiosity and in a spirit of adventure and human destiny,” they wrote第五章The latest comScore data reveals that during February 2010, 43 million videos were watched on Facebook – which is a 205 percent increase on the year. Last February only 14 million videos were watched via the site.Overall online video viewing in the UK has grown by 37 percent during the last 12 months – with 5.5 billion videos watched via websites during February 2010.Google properties, mainly driven by YouTube, were still the most popular online video destinations, recording1 2.5 billion video views during February 2010, which marked a 17 percent annual increase.The BBC websites ranked second with 140 million videos viewed across its web properties during February 2010, and was followed by Megavideo, which recorded 53 million video views - during the same month.Facebook came fourth in the list, closely followed by Microsoft’s collective web properties. Channel 4 came in sixth position with 39 million videos watched during February 2010 – which was a 76 percent increase on the year. And ITV came in eighth position recording 29 million video views – which was a 134% increase on the year. Blinkx, the popular video search engine experienced the second largest growth spurt2（急剧增长） , behind Facebook, increasing its video views by 205 per cent over the year. During February 2010, 29 million videos were viewed via the site.Sky came in 10th position, experiencing a 139 percent increase in video views, with 20 million videos watched via its sites during February 2010.The UK video market has grown substantially over the last year, with several aggregators（整合器，聚合器） entering the market, as well as the UK broadcasters increasing their own video presence. Channel 4, for instance, is concentrating on developing its own catch up service, 4oD, while signing syndication（辛迪加组织） deals with the likes of YouTube, and new players, likeSeeSaw3.第六章Holding a cell phone against your ear or storing it inyour pocket may be dangerous to your health. This explains a warning that cell phone manufacturers include in the small print that is often ignored when a new phone is purchased. Apple, for example, doesn’t want iPhones to come closer to you than 1.5 centimeters; Research InMotion, BlackBerry’s manufacturer, recommends 2.5 centimeters.If health issues arise from cell phone use, the possible effects are huge. Voice calls—Americans chat on cell phones 2.26 trillion(万亿) minutes annually—earn $109 billion for the wireless carriers.Devra Davis, an expert who has worked for the University of Pittsburgh, has published a book about cell phone radiation, “Disconnect”. The book surveys scientific research and concludes the question is not settled.Brain cancer is a concern that Ms. Davis examines. Over all, there has not been an increase in its incidence since cell phones arrived. But the average marks an increase in brain cancer in the 20-to 29 age group and a drop for the older population.“Most cancers have multiple causes,” she says, but she points to laboratory research that suggests low-energy radiation could damage cells that could possibly lead to cancer.Children are more vulnerable to radiation than adults, Ms. Davis and other scientists point out. Radiation that penetrates only five centimeters into the brain of an adult will reach much deeper into the brains of children because their skulls are thinner and their brains contain more absorptive fluid(易吸收的液体). “No studies have yet been completed on cell phone radiation and children,” she says. Henrry Lai, a research professor in the bioengineering department at the University of Washington, began laboratory radiation studies in 1980 and found that rats exposed to radiation had damaged DNA in their brains. Ms. Davis recommends using wired headsets or the phone’s speaker. “Children should text rather than call,” she said, “and pregnant women should keep phones away from the abdomen(腹部). ”第7章The complex fracture pattern created by the earthquake in Concepción (Chile) on 27 February 2010 was to a certain extent predictable（可预言的） . GPS observations from the years before the earthquake showed the pattern of stresses that had accumulated（累积的） through the plate movements during the past 175 years in this area. The stress distribution derived from theobservations correlates（关联） highly with thesubsequent fracture distribution. In all likelihoodthe tremor removed all the stress that had accumulated since the last earthquake in this region, which was observed by Charles Darwin in 1835. An earthquake of similar magnitude in this area is therefore unlikely in the near future. This result was presented by scientists of the GFZ German Centre for Geosciences (Helmholtz Association) in the latest edition of the scientific journal Nature (09 September 2010). "The Maule earthquake near Concepción, Chile, on the 27 Februar registered witha momentum3（势头，动量） magnitude of 8.8, makes it one of the largest earthquakes to have been recorded in its entirety via a modern network of space-geodetic and geophysical instruments on the ground," says Professor Onno Oncken, head of the Department "Geodynamics" at GFZ. "It thus offers a unique opportunity tocompare detailed4observations prior to the earthquake with those taken during and after it, and to re-evaluate hypotheses regarding the predictability of such events." Measurements using the satellite navigation system GPS showed that the seafloor of the Nazca plate in the Pacific Ocean does not slide evenly under the western boundaryof the South American continent. Rather, it appears from the GPS measurements that some parts of the ocean floor got locked with the subsurface（地下的） of the continent. In the gaps, however, the Nazca plate continued to push under South America. The resulting uneven5 stress pattern was released by the earthquake of the 27 February in such a way that, just like a zipper6, the locked patches were ruptured7（破裂的） one after the other. As a result, this seismic8gap（地震空白区） off the Chilean westcoast is now closed, one last gap remains9 in northern Chile. Here, the GFZ scientists set up a plate boundary observatory10,in order to make use of the entire range of geoscientific instruments to record the conditions before, during and after an earthquake- an important step in understanding the processes of plate tectonics（地质构造学）.Modern Earth science may still not be able to predict the location, time and magnitude of an earthquake. But the present study offers an optimistic perspective concerning the predictability of possible fracture patterns and magnitudes of expected earthquakes.第八章UC Irvine researchers have discovered that circadian rhythms — the internal body clock — regulate fat metabolism. This helps explain why people burn fat more efficiently at certain times of day and could lead to new pharmaceuticals for obesity, diabetes and energy-related illnesses.The study was headed by Paolo Sassone-Corsi, Donald Bren Professor and chair of pharmacology. A leading expert on circadian rhythms, he discovered many of the key molecular switches governing these biological processes. He and his colleagues found that one of these, a protein called PER2, directly controls PPAR-gamma, a protein essential for lipid metabolism. Since circadian proteins are activated by 24-hour, light-dark patterns, PER2 turns on and off PPAR-gamma’s metabolic capabilities at regular intervals.“What surprised us most, though, is that PER2 targets one specific amino acid on the surface of the PPAR-gamma molecule,” Sassone-Corsi said. “This kind of specificity is very rare in cell biology, which makes it exciting, because it presents us with a singular target for drug development.”Daniele Piomelli, Louise Turner Arnold Chair in Neurosciences at UCI, and Todd Leff, associate professor of pathology at Wayne State University in Detroit, collaborated on the study, which appears this monthin Cell Metabolism.Twenty-four-hour circadian rhythms regulate fundamental biological and physiological processes in almost all organisms. They anticipate environmental changes and adapt certain bodily functions to the appropriate time of day. Disruption of these cycles can profoundly influence human health and has been linked to obesity, diabetes, insomnia, depression, heart disease and cancer.Last year, Sassone-Corsi helped discover that proteins involved with circadian rhythms and metabolism are intrinsically linked and dependent upon each other to ensure that cells operate properly and remain healthy. Rajesh H. Amin and James G. Granneman of Wayne State University and UCI’s Benedetto Grimaldi, Marina Maria Bellet, Sayako Katada, Giuseppe Astarita and Jun Hirayama contributed to the current study, supported by the National Institutes of Health.9单元A UFOA UFO is the reported sighting of an object or light seen in the sky or on land,whose appearance,trajectory(轨迹), actions,motions,lights,and colors do not have a logical,conventional,or natural explanation,and which cannot be explained,not only by the original witness,but by scientists or technical experts who try to make acommon sense identification after examining the evidence.UFOs (sometimes called flying saucers) became widely discussed only after the first widely publicized U.S.sighting in 1947.Many thousands of such observations have since been reported worldwide.At least 90 percent of UFO sightings can be identified as conventional objects,although time-consuming investigations are often necessary for such identification.The objects most often mistaken for UFOs are bright planets and stars,aircraft,birds,balloons,kites,aerial flares,peculiar clouds,meteors,and satellites.The remaining sightings most likely can be attributed to other mistaken sightings or to inaccurate reporting,hoaxes(恶作剧),or delusions,although to disprove all claims made about UFOs is impossible.From 1947 to 1969 the U.S.Air Force investigated UFOs as a possible threat to national security.A total of 12,618 reports was received,of which 701 reports,or 5.6 percent,were listed as unexplained.The air force concluded that “no UFO reported,investigated,and evaluated by the Air Force has ever given any indication of threat to ournational security.” Since 1969 no agency of the ernment has had any active program of UFO investigation.In 1997 the U.S.Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) admitted that the itary had deceived the American public in an effort to hide information about high-altitude spy planes.These planes,the Lockheed U-2A(美国头号军火商洛克西德-马丁公司(Lockheed Martin)生产的侦察机) and the Lockheed SR-71,accounted for over half of the UFO reports during the late 1950s and 1960s.Some persons nevertheless believe that UFOs are extraterrestrial spacecraft,even though no scientifically valid evidence supports that belief.The possibility of extraterrestrial civilizations is not the stumbling block; most scientists grant that intelligent life may well exist elsewhere in the universe.A fully convincing UFO photograph of a craftlike object has yet to be taken,however,and the scientific method(科学方法论) requires that highly speculative explanations should not be adopted unless all of the more ordinary explanations can be ruled out.UFO enthusiasts persist,however,and some persons even claim to have been abducted and taken aboard UFOs.No one has produced scientifically acceptable proof of these claims.10单元dreamsScientists think it will be possible to record people's dreams and then interpret them, according to a new report.They claim to have developed a system which allows them to record higher level brain activity.Dr Moran Cerf told the journal Nature: "We would like to read people's dreams."Previously the only way to access people's dreams is for psychologists to ask about them after the event and try to interpret them.Dr Cerf hopes to eventually compare people's memories of their dreams with an electronic visualisation of their brain activity.He told the BBC: "There's no clear answer as to why humans dream. And one of the questions we would like to answer is when do we actually create this dream?"The scientist believes his latest research shows that certain neurons or individual brain cells are linked with specific objects or concepts.He found that a particular neuron lit up when a volunteer thought about Marilyn Monroe.If a database was built up identifying various neurons with concepts, objects and people it would allow them to "read the subject's minds", according to Dr Cerf.However, Dr Roderick Oner, a clinical psychologist and dream expert, said that this kind of visualisation would be of limited help when it came to interpreting the "complex dream narrative".In addition to get a detailed picture of individual neurons su bjects had to have electrodes implanted deep in the brain u sing surgery.The Nature researchers used data from patients who had el ectrodes implanted to monitor and treat them for brain seizu res.However, Dr Cerf said he hoped that it would be possible at a later stage to monitor people without invasive surgery.He said it would be "wonderful" to be able to read the minds of coma patients who are unable to communicate.。
科技英语阅读答案
科技英语阅读答案【篇一：科技英语阅读答案unit 4】(robots)part i est readingreading 1section a pre-reading taskwarm-up questions: work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1. how does a qb work?qb has a speaker, microphone, camera, and video screen. it connects to the internet over wi-fi. you control it from your computer in a web browser, using a headset and screen. if you have a camera you can show live video of yourself, or you can show a still picture on bad hair days.2. is driving a qb difficult? is there a hand-held control device i can use with my computer to control the anybot?its pretty easy. you use the 4 arrow keys to make it turn, go forward or back. its built-in guidance system takes care of the rest by avoiding furniture and people, and gliding straight through doorways. all the time you’re seeing real-time video from the robot’s head, so you know where you are. most people get used to it in a few minutes.not necessary, all you need is your keyboard.3. is a wi-fi network in the home or business needed?yes. you should have 802.11g access points for best results. you should use encryption – wpa2 is easiest. we find meraki business-class access points work well and are affordable and easy to set up. they have long-range and outdoor models too.4. what kind of sensors does the anybot have, and what is the resolution on the anybot camera?two cameras, 3 microphones, lidar, a 3-axis gyroscope and encoders on the wheels. the main camera is 5 megapixels.5. how do you control or drive the anybot?you should control or drive it through a web browser. you dont need any special equipment, but you’ll sound better with a headset.section c post-reading taskreading comprehension1. directions: work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.part 1 (paras. 1-5): brief introduction to the qbpara. 1: the appearance and advantages of the qb.para. 2: the fields in which the qb will be applied.para. 3: the composition of the qb.para. 4: useful designing makes the qb mobile and height-adjustable.para. 5: the qb is designed for those who expect to be in contact at all times and in allplaces without sacrificing presence.part 2 (paras. 6-11): the test drive of the qbpara. 6: the objective and planned procedure of the test drive. para. 7: the actual performance of the qb in completing the planned mission.para. 8: the built-in lidar system and the camera enable the qb move smoothly.para. 9: the qb’s laser-pointer eye turned out to be useful when greeting people.para. 10: a valuable lesson has been learned through the test drive: never drive outside therange of the wi-fi network.para. 11: the qb slips down along the ramp when the wi-fi connection drops.2. directions: work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1) what can a robot do in your daily life?they can move materials, parts, tools, or other specialized devices to perform a variety of tasks. nowadays, they are also capable of attending meetings for you.2) what does a robot look like?undoubtedly, different robots look differently. the qb just looks like a floor lamp mounted on a vacuum cleaner.3) can a robot be remotely controlled? how?yes, through a web browser.4) have you ever heard of the qb?5) have you seen any movies related to robots, do you believe that these robots will be created and applied in the real life?6) suppose that you were a businessman, how will you use it to bring customers in?7) do you desire to have a qb of your own?3. directions: read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the wordsyou’ve learned in the text.qb —anybots, inc.’s newly surrogate robot will be available to the public soon. despite its $15,000 price and its not-so-handsome appearance: it looks like a floor lamp on a cleaner, the company believes that its high-tech will appeal to a new generation of workers who’d like to be in contact without sacrificing ―presence‖. the qb has a speaker, microphone, camera, pointer, system and video screen. it connects to the browser, using a headset and screen. although the operator cannot be there if the operator has a camera he can show live video of himself, or he can show a still picture on bad hair days.vocabulary and structure1. directions: give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. use each word once.1) avoidance, traditionally considered a high level planning problem, can beeffectively distributed between different levels of control, allowing real-time robot operations in a complex environment. 2) it covers the higher level techniques of perspective projection, analyticalphotogrammetry, motion, image matching, consistent labeling, model matching, and knowledge-based vision systems.3) on large feet for stability.4) anthropomorphic series-actuated robot-arms.5) aspects of the performance of in-parallel-actuated robot-arms are compared and contrasted with those of series-actuated arms.6) we have experimented with the planner using several computer-simulated robots,including rigid objects with 3 dofs (in 2d work space) and 6 dofs (in 3d work space)7) the execution of a task, as regards to both physical activity and decision making.8) in the course of centuries, human being have constantly attempted to seek substitutes thatwould be able to mimic their behavior in the various instances of with the surrounding environment.9) by its usual meaning, the term automation a technology aimed at replacinghuman being with machines in a manufacturing process, as regard not only the execution of physical operations but also the intelligent processing of information on the status of 10) by virtue of its programmability, the industrial robot is a typical component of rigid automated systems and in flexible automated systems.2. directions: complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. change the form if necessary.1) this is significant because it is not obvious that the theory can be extended to include anaccount of quantifier scope without an appeal to additional representational levels. a full the work, but this reviewer would have liked some reassurance that one is possible.2) the values in the domain type.3) this paper shows how to compute linear and quadratic estimates to the variation of the4) we have constructed an in vitro movement system in which purified single action filamentslabeled with fluorescent phalloidin are observed to myosin filaments fixed to a glass surface.5) it did not for established companies to invest early in the disruptivetechnologies, because the margins tended to be much lower and the market was unproven.6) because their authors are interested in correlations between the properties of areas as such.7) they suggest that having an expressive face and indicating attention with movement both make8) (control group) or via telemedicine (telemedicine group) and were followed prospectively.9) unlabeled data are available with littlecost, it is therefore natural to ask the question that in addition to human labeled data, whether one can also take advantage of the unlabeled data in order to improve the effectiveness of a ofa machine-learned categorizer.10) burst are dropped.3. directions: reorder the disordered parts of sentences to make a complete sentence.1) given that robots generally lack muscles, they cant rely on muscle memory (the trick thatallows our bodies to become familiar over time with movements such as walking orbreathing) to help them more easily complete repetitive tasks.2) for autonomous robots, this can be a bit of a problem, since they may have toaccommodate changing terrain in real time or risk getting stuck or losing their balance.3) one way around this is to create a robot that can process information from a variety ofsensors positioned near its ―legs‖ and identify different patterns as it moves, a team of researchers report sunday in nature physics.4) some scientists rely on small neural circuits called central pattern generators (cpg) tocreate walking robots that are aware of their surroundings.5) some researchers are leading a project that has created a six-legged robot with one cpgthat can switch gaits depending upon the obstacles it encounters.4. directions: change the following sentences into the passive-voice ones.1) a novel twist is introduced on this traditional approach (by the new field of experimentalphilosophy).2) the search to understand people’s ordinary intuitions is continued (by experimentalphilosophers).3) this is accomplished by using the methods of contemporary cognitive science —experimental studies, statistical analyses, cognitive models, and so forth.4) just in the past year or so, this new approach has been being applied (by a number ofresearchers) to the study of intuitions about consciousness.5) how people think about the mind can be better understood by studying how people thinkabout three different types of abstract entities.discourse understanding1. g.2. f.3. e.4. d.5. c.reading 2section a pre-reading taskwarm-up questions: work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1. do you have any idea about the middle ages? and the dark ages in human history?【篇二：科技英语阅读答案unit 8】/p> unit 8 space explorationpart i est readingreading 1section a pre-reading taskwarm-up questions: work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1. how much do you know about the space?space is the boundless, three-dimensional extent in which objects and events occur and have relative position and direction.[1] physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of the boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. in mathematics one examines spaces with different numbers of dimensions and withdifferent underlying structures. the concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe although disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework.2. how do you understand the title “does god play dice”?the science of chaos is forcing scientists to rethink einsteins fundamental assumptions regarding the way the universe behaves. chaos theory has already shown that simple systems, obeying precise laws, can nevertheless act in a randommanner. perhaps god plays dice within a cosmic game of complete law and order. does god play dice? reveals a strange universe in which nothing may be as it seems. familiar geometric shapes such as circles and ellipses give way to infinitely complex structures known as fractals, the fluttering of a butterflys wings can change the weather, and the gravitational attraction of a creature in a distant galaxy can change the fate of the solar system.3. what is determinism?determinism (specifically causal determinism) is the concept that events within a given paradigm are bound by causality in such a way that any state (of an object or event) is, to some large degree, determined by prior states.4. how do you understand “the world must have seemed pretty arbitrary and random”?disasters such as floods or diseases must have seemed to happen without warning, or apparent reason. primitive people attributed such natural phenomena, to a pantheon of gods and goddesses, who behaved in a capricious and whimsical way. there was no way to predict what they would do, and the only hope was to win favor by gifts or actions. many people still partially subscribe to this belief, and try to make a pact with fortune.5. do you think we can predict absolutely what is going to happen?of course not. some disasters like may 12 earthquake have proved that “no living man all things can.”section c post-reading taskreading comprehension1. directions: work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.part 1 (para. 1): brief introduction to the topic.para. 1: brief introduction to the topic.part 2 (paras. 2-3): laplace’s idea of scientific determinism.para. 2: introduction to scientific determinismpara.3: the connotation of determinismpart 3 (paras. 4-5): planck’s quantum mechanicspara. 4: introduction to quantum mechanics.para. 5: the connotation of quantum mechanics.2. directions: work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1) do you think we can predict what will happen?sometimes yes, sometimes not. we can predict what will happen in principle.2) can you give list some regularities in the behavior of nature? (open)3) how do you understand “a scientific law is not a scientific law, if it only holds when somesupernatural being, decides to let things run, and not intervene”?in effect what he said was, that if at one time, we knew the positions and speeds of all the particlesin the universe, then we could calculate their behavior at any other time, in the past or future.4) how much do you know “quantum mechanics”?quantum mechanics is the study of the relationship between quanta and elementary particles.among other relationships the valence shell electrons and photons are quantized. quantummechanics is a fundamental branch of physics with wide applications in both experimental andtheoretical physics. quantum theory generalizes all classical theories, including mechanics,electromagnetism (except general relativity), and provides accurate descriptions for manypreviously unexplained phenomena such as black body radiation and stable electron orbits.theeffects of quantum mechanics are typically not observable on macroscopic scales, but becomeevident at the atomic and subatomic level.5) what has been a central tenet of science, ever since laplace’s time?the idea that the state of the universe at one time determines the state at all other times, has been acentral tenet of science, ever since laplace’s time.3. directions: read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words or phrases you’ve learned in th e text.newton’s theory of gravity to predict the motion of almostall expressed by laplace. in effect what he said was that if at one time, we knew the positions and speeds ofvocabulary and structure1. directions: give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. use each word on.them.2. directions: complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. change the form if necessary.1) most of the aud ience ueservedly subscribed to prof. tom’s proposal on space explorationin last lecture.在上次讲座里，多数听众毫无保留地赞同汤姆教授在空间探索方面的建议。
《科技英语》课后习题答案
Main Content: UNIT 1 MATHEMATICSI.Text OrganizationParts ParagraphsMain IdeasPart One Paras. 1-3 Game theory can be defined as the science ofstrategy which studies both pure conflicts(zero-sum games) and conflicts in cooperativeforms.Part Two Paras.4-11 There are two distinct types of strategic interdependence: sequential-move game and simultaneous-move game.Part Three Paras.12-19The typical examples of game theory are givenas the basic principles such as prisoners’dilemma, mixing moves, strategic moves,bargaining, concealing and revealinginformation.Part Four Para. 20 The research of game theory has succeeded inillustrating strategies in situations ofconflict and cooperation and it will focus onthe design of successful strategy in future. nguage PointsThe games it studies range from chess to child rearing and from tennis to takeovers. (Para.1)Paraphrase: The games it (game theory) studies extends from chess to child bringing-up and from tennis to handovers.range: v. to vary between limits, extend, run in a linee.g. (1) The price ranges from $ 30 to $ 80. (2) The boundary ranges from north to south.takeover: n. the act or an instance of assuming control or management of or responsibility for sth. 接收、接管e.g. The economy of Hongkong goes well after its takeover. Game theory was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John von Neumann. (Para.2)pioneer: v. to be a pioneer; to originate (course of action etc., followed later by others)e.g. The new treatment for cancer was pioneered by the experts of state hospital.pioneer: n. original investigator of subject or explorer or settler; initiator of enterprisee.g. The young generation was greatly motivated by the pioneers’exploits.That is, the participants were supposed to choose and implementtheir actions jointly. (Para.2)Paraphrase: That is, the players were expected to select and carry out their actions together.…he must anticipate and overcome resistance to his plans. (Para.3) anticipate: v. 1) to expect or realize beforehand; to foresee e.g. The experts are anticipating the negative effects of air pollution.anticipate: v. 2) to deal with or use before proper time 预支e.g. Ted was not used to saving monthly and he would always anticipate his income.The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies. (Para.4)Paraphrase: The key principal of a game is that player strategies are dependent on each other.essence: n.1) the quality which makes a thing what it is; the inner nature or most important quality of a thinge.g. The two things are the same in outward form but different in essence.essence: n. 2) extract obtained from a substance by taking out as much of the mass as possiblee.g. milk essence; essence of peppermint (椒薄荷、椒薄荷油) interdependence: n. the quality or fact of depending on each otherinter-为前缀，意为between each other, 类似的词还有interchange、intermarry、international、interview等。
西安电子科技大学研究生【专业英语】(科技英语)教材参考答案
V、练习参考答案练习1I、1、the（各项均为负。
)2、the; a （功率额定值是电阻器不会引起温度太大的上升而能安全地耗散的最大功率。
）3、an（这是均方根值伏特计。
）4、The; a（该设备的成功设计需要详细地了解性能指标。
）5、the; a; a（在氢原子的布尔模型中，一个电子绕一个质子以半径为R的圆周运转。
）6、the（电阻的单位是欧姆。
）7、an （这是一个h参数。
）8、/; /（图5－1画出了Oersted的实验。
）9、A; a; a（机器是能够传递力来完成某一确定目的的一种设备。
）10、/（水压机将在第14章加以考虑。
）11、the; the [/]（我们容易确定参数μ的值。
）12、/; the（根据式（2－1），我们得到以下的关系式。
）13、the; /（作者工作在位于阿林顿的得克萨斯大学。
）14、an（甚至当积分区间并不是无穷时，能够恰当地显示一个时函数的傅氏变换的仪器是多么重要啊！）II、1.Dr. Emmet graduated from Harvard University in 2001.2.Professor Li earned his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering Xi’an University ofTechnology in 1988.3.Now we shall turn to the discussion of local area networks.4.5.或is its mass per unit volume.6.An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.7.Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2).8.III、1.2.Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method.3.4.5.练习21. This circuit consists of a battery, an inductor and a capacitor.2. Compute the electric fields at points a, b, and c.3. This satellite is used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.5. Chapters 6, 7, and 8 deal with transmission lines.II、1. Its error is six parts in 1012.2. This computer stores four times more information than that one (does).3. The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be 20 times what it is.4. The voltage across this component is a few tenths of a volt.5. Now its internal pressure is one third what it was.III、2. Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used I CBO can be neglected.4. Figs. 1, 2, and 3 show this process in detail.练习3I、1. This new type of computer has many advantages over the general type.2. It is not difficult to solve this differential equation for the unknown quantity.3. Of these five new chapters, the first one deals with the basic principles of negative feedback.4. At this point/time, current differs in phase from voltage by 90o.5. By analyzing [By the analysis of] the parameters of the instrument, we can understand its performance.6. We will find out its average velocity over this distance.7. The science of electronics is too important in the world today.8. They solved this problem with great difficulty.II、1. For x＞1, there is no solution to this equation [this equation has no solution].2. Upon [On] substituting [substitution of] these values into [in] theequation, we obtained the following expression..3. This circuit is similar in operation to that of Fig. 1-10.4. This computer is very good in performance.5. These waves travel only in one direction.th of October.4. V6. Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used I CBO can be neglected.7.练习4I、1. The force acts perpendicular to the surface of the table.2. The three coefficients here remains to be determined.3. The two equations below will be often (frequently) used in later chapters/in the chapters which follow.4. Here we use two metal balls 10 cm apart.5. The output remains/stays constant/unchanged/fixed/unaltered/the same.6. All the textbooks available discuss this problem.7. Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applications.8. The answer to this problem looks correct.9. Two parallel wires a distance (of)δapart carry the current i.10. The problem now is how to measure the voltage across this component.11. These data will be sent to the computing center 2 kilometers away.12. Upon rearranging the equation above, we have [get, obtain] the following expression.13. These charges can interact with other charges present.14. Forces can be transmitted without contact, contrary to the common belief.15. This coefficient is typically 0.35.II、1. In this case, the input does not fall; nor [neither] does the output. […; the output does not fall, either.]but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.练习5I、k has the same unit as work (does).II、electrical engineering.III、R o.6. We must take the effect of temperature on [upon] semiconductors intoaccount.7. In this case, the variation of output with input is very small.8. This curve shows the dependence of distance on/upon speed.IV、练习6I、1. This image, it will be noticed, is a real image.2. This technical problem, we hope, will be solved soon.3. 210 is approximately 1000, a fact that we think is very useful in the study of digital electronics.4. A resistor of say 100 ohms should be used here.II、radars.III、1. In Section 1-2, the concept of force was introduced.2. As early as the 1940s, it was found that semiconductors are very useful.3. This result can also be arrived at in another way.4. At that time no use was made of this phenomenon/…, thisphenomenon was made no use of.5. This point will be dealt with in the next section.IV、1. This computer works than that one (does)/This computer is much better in performance than that one (is)..4. The greater the resistance, the longer time it takes for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage/…, the longer time is required for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.)5. The current as small as 0.1 A cannot produce enough heat.V、或：We can determine the weight of the body easily.6. The results obtained values. […are in agreement with the experimental values.]练习7I、1. It will take a few months to design this kind of aircraft with the help of a computer.2. It is left as a problem to [for] the reader to show that this expression holds.3. The program to be executed is stored in this unit.4. This valley acts as the foundation on which to build the dam.5. In this laboratory there are many kinds of instrument for students to choose from.6. Let t0 equal/be equal to zero.7. The farther away the target (is), the longer time it takes for the echo to return.8. For the series to converge, x must be less than 1.9. We find this concept very difficult to understand.10. This method makes it much easier to detect targets.11. This factor will affect the ability of a computer to store information.12. We have to find out how large to make r so as for the series to converge.13. This is a pen to draw pictures with.14. Elasticity is the tendency of a body to return to its original condition after being deformed.15. Ordinary matter is said to be electrically neutral.16.This property makes it possible for metals to be made into any shape.17. This table is unfit for a student to do experiments on.18. Now we consider what path of integration to take.II、of impurities to练习8I、1. The amplifier amplifies the received signals.2. Moving molecules have kinetic energy.3. Speed equals distance divided by time.4. V oltage equals/is equal to current multiplied by resistance.5. The resistance of air increases with the increased/increasing/an increase in speed.8. This book, properly used, will be of great help to the reader.9. Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of its energy.10. Given/Knowing time and speed, we/one can find out distance.11. Having studied this chapter, the student will understand/will have understood the principle of a computer.12. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.13. Several comsats were launched, all of them (being) high-altitude satellites.14. Called “the mother of all networks,” the Internet is a widely used international network.15. This force can be resolved into two components, one (being) horizontal and the other vertical.II、1.Let us construct/draw a circle with the origin as the center and ofradius R.2.This parameter should be measured with E grounded.3. With no resistance in the circuit, the current will increase indefinitely.4. With this in view, we have written this book.5. This paper introduces a new design method/technique, with emphasis on its principle.III、1.Let us consider designing a computer.2.We refer to these components as being passive.3.This involves taking the Fourier transform.4.On/Upon rearranging the above equations, we obtain the following setof equations.5.In using this equation, it does not matter which plane is considered asIV、1.2.3.4.5.练习9I、1. The problem was not solved until a completely different method was introduced.2. Nearly 100 years passed before the existence/presence of subatomic particles was confirmed by experiment/experimentally.3. The year this device was invented, World War II broke out.4. Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller particles.II、1. The relation that voltage is the product of current and resistance applies to all the dc circuits.2. The discovery that magnetism can produce current is extremely important in the field of electricity.3. An equation is an algebraic statement that two algebraic expressions are equal.4. There is evidence that no life exists on the moon.5. The question now arises whether the algorithm is of practical use.6. In this case there is no guarantee that the series is convergent.7. There is a growing/increasing awareness that these techniques/methods are very useful.8. One of/Among the most noteworthy achievements at that time was the realization that light consists of electromagnetic waves.10. Besides/In addition that the properties of the material should be included in the analytical model, we must take other factors into account.III、1.These features make it difficult for electronic counter-measure systemsto intercept, analyze and jam this kind of signals.2. The existence of and the ability to control these phenomena make those devices possible.3. The variation of/in the number of the filter’s teeth has a greater effect on the performance of its passband than the variation of/in its dimensions.4. Scalar detection will result in the loss of some phase information.5. Fig. 6 shows the schematic diagram of measuring scatter parameters by the natural parameter transformation method.练习10I、1. Now it remains to be determined when the series converges.2. It is clear from Dubamel’s Theorem that this limit exists.3. It follows from Maxwell’s hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electric field, a magnetic field is produced.4. It does not matter whether the magnet is moved in this case.5. Temperature determines in what direction the transfer of heat will take place.6. It is now a well-known fact that all matter consists of tiny particles.II、1. What a generator does is (to) change mechanical energy into electrical energy.2. What this chapter describes/What is described in this chapter is of great importance.3. Matter is what can occupy space.6. Magnitude, direction, and place of application are what we call the three elements of a force.7. These numbers constitute what is known as the real number system.8. In what follows, we shall acquaint ourselves with some basic concepts.III、1. An x-band wave-guide test system is shown in Fig.7. [或：Fig. 7 shows …].2. This method lowers the requirement for the hardware of a samplenetwork.3. On the basis of the above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial, a novel configuration results. [或：The above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial results in a novel configuration.]4. Finally, an analysis of packet loss probability is made by computer simulation.5. The sparse ratio of the resulting impedance matrix is as high as 40%.练习11I、1. The meter (that/which) we use to measure the voltage across a resistor is called a voltmeter.2. Computers are the most efficient assistants (that) man has ever had.3. Now this disease is no longer the serious problem (that) it once was.4. Radar can measure the time (that) it takes for the radio echo to return.5. We must calculate the distance (that/through which) the body is lifted.6. The direction (that/in which) a body moves is also very important.7. The number of times (that/by which) this particle vibrates per/a second is called/termed/named/known as/spoken of as/referred to as frequency.8. We equate these two ratios, from which the simplest formula follows/results.9. It is necessary to determine the time when/that/at which the y-component has decreased to zero.10.. The curve the y-coordinate of each point on which is zero is just the x-axis.II、1. The point at which the circle cuts the axis of reals is where α= ω.2. The force of gravity means the force with which the earth attracts a body.3. The surface of a picture tube upon which the electrons produce the picture is called the screen.4. The author would like to express thanks to the editors of the series of which this book is a part/to which this book belongs.5. This is a parallelogram of which the two given vectors are/form sides.6. The pressure is equal to the total force divided by the area over which it is exerted.7. The two elements of which water consists are hydrogen and oxygen.8. This depends on the efficiency with which electrons are produced.III、1. As the title indicates, this chapter will discuss nonlinear equations.2. As the name shows, a fluid is a substance which flows readily.3. This single force produces the same effect as is produced by those forces together.4. Now we are able to solve such differential equations as occur in physics.5. This function can be accomplished by using the full adder as was described in the previous section.6. These concepts enable us to understand a wide range of phenomena in electrostatics, or “static electricity,” as it is called.7. This current is, as predicted, very small,8. First let us consider the simplest circuit as shown on page 2.IV、1. This is a slightly higher value than we predicted.2. This reactor can produce more fuel than it consumes.3. Let us consider the case when the torque is zero.4. We must determine the values of currents and voltages after the switch closes.5. During the ten years since this book was first published, significant changes have taken place/have been seen in metal-making.V、of voice service.2. This paper presents a an 8098 microcontroller to series-communicate with a 386 personal computer.analysis is made of the effect of equalization parameters on equalization performance.]4. Each receiver channel in Fig. 1 contains an RF a an IF amplifier, an A/Detc.”的黑点重合在一起了）5. The larger the abnormal extent (is), the larger is the residual mismatch, with the curve going up.练习12I、1. be grounded;2. be carried;3. be raised;4. be;5. not try;6. be; be satisfied;7. be;8. be; was; have;10. were concentrated; 11. had been; 12. were moving; 13. is going to rain; 14. be; 15. leakII、1. Should anything abnormal happen, switch/turn off the power supply at once/immediately.2. Had electronic computers not been used, it would have taken them a long time to solve this problem.3. It is very important that all solutions (should) be checked in the original equation.6. We could also have used Theorem (6) to derive the result.7. The requirement that energy (should) be conserved must be satisfied.8. Everything here, be it a component or a device, is home-made.III、1. It was this scientist who/that discovered this phenomenon a century ago.medium.4. It is not clear yet under what conditions it is that this formula can be used.5. This property we call inertia.IV、1. The author is engaged in the teachingand recognition.2. Let P and Q be two Boolean permutations of the same order, and then their composition is a new Boolean permutation.3. Three algorithms are presented, which can remarkably reduce the time to raise the pen, thus raising the drawing efficiency.4. What this paper describes is of great interest to communications engineers.5. The minimum entropy technique for estimating the Doppler frequency rate is presented, which has the advantages over the classical techniques of high accuracy and a small amount of computation.练习13II、1. By electromagnetic force is meant the potential difference across the battery when there is no flow of current.2. In the table below/which follows are listed various parameters of familiar computers.3. An element cannot be decomposed, nor can it be broken up by chemical methods.4. Only when x = 8, does this equation hold/apply.5. Of particular importance/Especially important are the two concepts which follow.6. Such a set we call the mathematical system.7. Rarely does one know this function with precision.8. This interrelationship between electric and magnetic fields makes possible such things as the electromagnet and the electric motor.9. Not until 1818 was the diffraction of light interpreted/explained.10. By no means do electrons move from the positive terminal to the negative terminal in a wire.II、1. The effect of air resistance is discussed in Chapter 15, and the decrease in acceleration with altitude in Chapter 17.2. It is necessary to determine the charge on and the voltage across this capacitor.3. In this case, no standard is needed, but only a numerical convention.4. This voltage is greater than or equal to 0.4 volts.5. The cathode, when heated, emits electrons.6. Every body, whether accelerated or not, is considered (to be) in equilibrium.7. If necessary, the wire will be covered with some insulation.8. The transistor has its materials arranged p-n-p, hence the name pnp transistor.III、1. An initial analysis is made of the performance of the device.2. The magnetic field is the space around a magnet occupied by the magnetic lines of force.3. This leads to the battery voltage in the model of 500 mV.4. This graph shows the variation with frequency of the resistance of the resistor.5. This is responsible for the direct return to the atmosphere of more than half the water that falls on the land.6. The question now arises how these unknowns can be determined.7. It is necessary to determine the effect on the device of changing the ambient temperature.8. The assumption has been made that the pressure always remains constant during the test.IV、1. The simulation results show that both the schemes are easy to implement.2. The model and algorithm proposed in this paper are to a certain degree/extent superior in performance to the conventional BP algorithm.3. A new technique for estimating the frequency deviation is proposed which gives a high accuracy and requires a small amount of computation.4. Improvement of the accuracy of range alignment in ISAR imaging (by) using the super resolution technique5. Research on and the realization of DTMF in a Cipher Coder6. Analysis of the ability of a quartz flexibility accelerometer to resist bad environment练习14I、1.then; Next2.while3.of course4.However5.In general; while6.Hence7.In fact8.For instance9.but; However; namely [that is]10.InsteadII、It has been observed that bodies do not change their state of rest or motion until some other body forces them to do it. It is known form experiment that a body at rest tends to stay at rest unless a force is applied to make it move. A book lying on a table stays there unless a force is applied to move it. It is also known that any body, once (it is) in motion, will continue to move because of its inertia. To stop it a force must be applied by any other body.III、1. An analysis of the EMI spectrum at the input of the SMPS and its suppression2. Also, a quantitative expression for the effect of all these factors on the performance of the system3. This device can detect whether an IC functions properly or not/can detect the quality of an IC and4. In this way, the area of an antenna site may be reduced to one-third that of the conventional one.5. H and H’练习15I、Semiconductors are a substance whose conductivity lies/comes/is between that of conductors and that of non-conductors. Common examples are silicon and germanium./Silicon and germanium are intheir conductivity. Therefore/Thus/So/As a result, semiconductors are widely used for automaticallyII、ξ1 andη3.3. The features of this new algorithm are simplicity and objectivity.4. It deserves to be further studied which nonlinear function should be selected.5. The test of the system was conducted at a factory in Hong Kong with satisfactory results.练习16I、1．This paper presents a new temperature-measuring method, with emphasis on its basic principles.2. This point remains to be further studied.3. In the previous section, we dealt with the composition of a computer.4. It follows from this experiment that volume is inversely proportional to pressure.5. This statement has been verified.II、1. This new method has many advantages over those available/over the existing ones.2. The variation of pressure with temperature is obvious.3. We can determine the response of the device to frequency.4. This paper deals with the effect/influence/impact of EM waves on/upon human bodies.5. This paper presents initial researches on fluids.III、1. Two other parameters are also very important.2. This section introduces four additional/added kinds of instrument.3. A robot is a special kind of electronic device.4. We shall adopt a new set of parameters here.5. This technology has reached the advanced world level.6. Major theoretical developments in the 20th century are presented in this paper.IV、1. This cable has an approximate length of 20 meters/a length of approximately 20 meters.2. These pipes have an average length of slightly/a little/a bit under/less than 5 meters.3. Light has a speed through water of 224 million meters per second.4. Any other sea does not have as high a salt content as the Dead Sea (does).5. This force has a torque arm of zero.6. These forms have the advantage that it is easy to see how the results are affected by changing the angles.V、1. some distilled water2. the unknown substances3. man-made satellites4. amplitude-modulated signals5. chromium-plated steel6. the new racing cars7. freely falling bodies8. blue-lined paper9. an acute-angled triangle10. a wide-toothed sawVI、1. This method requires a much smaller amount of computation than that one (does).2. This device consumes much less energy that that one (does).3. We should use as simple a structure as possible.4. We have obtained satisfactory/satisfying results.5. Body A possesses more potential energy than body B.6. This fluorescent screen displays clearer pictures than that one.VII、1. …… because of fairly low conductivity of the skin.2. At temperatures greater than 80o C, …….3. At/For/With constant pressure, …….4. At/On/After the completion of all tests on the unit, …….5. For/With small values of ω, ……VIII、1. Operation beyond this hyperbola will result in diode power dissipation in excess of its maximum rating of 1W.2. Inclusion of the meter circuit in the feedback path minimizes the effects of diode nonlinearities on circuit performance.3. Differentiation of this equation gives the following expression.4. A temperature rise of 50o C/A rise in/of temperature by 50o C would damage the device.5. The large size of the resistor makes it possible to neglect it.6. Limited space allows only a brief discussion of quartz-crystal technology.IX、1. This fraction is rationalized by multiplying the numerator and denominator by the complex conjugate.2. The addition of two complex numbers is accomplished by separately adding the real and imaginary parts.3. The/Its solution is accomplished by first finding out I1.4. These three parameters are related by the following equation.5. V is related to t by Eq. (1–1).X、This paper presents a new design method, with emphasis on the guidelines of thought for its derivation. It has many advantages over those available [the existing ones]. Finally [Lastly], Its application is illustrated with an example.XI、1. Fig. 3 shows a transmission line with a length of I and a characteristic impedance of 500 Ω.2. Although there are many ways to produce random numbers, the procedure for producing them is quite complicated.3. As is known, when one reads a Chinese character, he or she does not consider every detail in it.4. The Hash algorithm is a scheme by which data of any length can be compressed into data of a fixed length.5. The number of times this value occurs in the observations is given in the first column.练习17I、1. （略）2. David J. Minot attended the University of California, Berkeley, CA. from 1994 – 1998. He earned the BS degree in botany there in 1998, and the M. Eng. Degree in electrical engineering from the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 2000. Since 2004 he has been working towards the Ph.D. degree in computer science at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.In 1998 he served as a teaching assistant at the University of California. From 2000 to 2001 he was with the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. His research interests concentrate on the development of software.II、This device can identify whether an IC functions properly or not and it can determine the type of an unknown chip. It can test as many as more than 700 kinds of IC. It is characterized by easy operation, high testing speed and great portability. Its price is only about one-third that of the imported product of its kind/the same kind.III、1. It is important how the transmitting antenna pattern is determined./What is important is how to determine the transmitting antenna pattern.2. δandδe can be obtained from Eqs. (3) and (4).3. There are two factors controlling the diffusive signal process: (1) the diffusive signal, which can bea brightness signal or a motion-matching signal; (2) the position of the diffusive signal, which determines where the diffusive process starts.4. The following concept is one of the basic principles on which the neural system is based.5. A method to increase the accuracy of range alignment by applying the forward-backward linear prediction is presented.练习18I、1. Frequency is defined as the rate at which something occurs./By frequency is meant the rate at which something happens.2. A thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature.3. Elasticity is defined as the tendency of an object to return to its original state after being deformed./By elasticity is meant the tendency ….4. An isosceles triangle is a triangle/one having two equal sides/having two sides equal in length/with two sides equal in length.5. An electron is a particle with a mass of 9.107×10– 18 gram.II、The wavelet theory has so unique an advantage that it has found wide applications in many fields of engineering. Since this is the development and improvement of the Fourier analysis, it can, in principle, be used [A development and improvement of the Fourier analysis, this theory can, in principle, be used] where the traditional Fourier analysis is applicable. What is more, better results may be obtained on account of the fact that this theory overcomes the shortcomings of the Fourier analysis.III、1. This method imposes few limitations on the kinds of engineering drawings.2. Because of the great difference in characteristic between these symbols, they are processed in different ways.3. For these reasons, it is desirable for a computer to separate the text from the image.4. These variations are so small that they can be neglected/so small as to be neglected.。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1、2、4、8、10)
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。
对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。
特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。
2022年考研英语阅读理解及答案解析信息科学类
2022年考研英语阅读理解及答案解析信息科学类A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so called digital dividethe division of the world into the info（information）rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize accessafter all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that weve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isnt the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only toolwe have. But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure （the basic structural foundations of a society）in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didnt have the capital to do so. And that is why Americas Second Wave infrastructureincluding roads, harbors, highways, ports and so onwere built with foreign investment. The English, the German, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britains former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off youre going to be. That doesnt mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.55．Digital divide issomething.［A］getting worse because of the Internet ［B］the rich countries are responsible for［C］the world must guard against［D］considered positive today 56．Governments attach importance to the Internet because it .［A］offers economic potentials［B］can bring foreign funds ［C］can soon wipe out world poverty［D］connects people all over the world57．The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of .［A］providing financial support overseas［B］preventing foreign capitals control［C］building industrial infrastructure［D］accepting foreign investment58．It seems that now a countrys economy depends much on .［A］how well developed it is electronically［B］whether it is prejudiced against immigrants［C］whether it adopts Americas industrial pattern［D］how much control it has over foreign corporations核心词汇：attach［E5tAtF］v.系，贴，装，连接；使成为一部分；使依恋（at+tach钉子附上）attention［E5tenFEn］n.留意，留意力；立正；特殊照看；照料（at+tent+ion名词后缀思维伸展出去留意）colony ［5kClEni］n.殖民地；侨民；聚居区；（动植物的）群体combat［5kCmbAt］v./n.战斗,搏斗,格斗divide［di5vaid］v.分,划分,分开;安排;（by）除（di分开+vid+e分开）enormous［i5nC:mEs］a.巨大的; 极大的finance［5fainAns］n.财政,金融v.为供应资金（fin+ance最终起作用的东西资金）foundation［faun5deiFEn］n.建立，设立，创办;地基；基金，捐款；机构impoverish［im5pCvEriF］v.使贫困；使枯竭；同根词：poverty （贫困）pover+ty名词后缀。
研究生科技英语阅读课后习题close原文
Is GM Food Safe To Eat ?Traditional plant breeding involves crossing varietiesof the same species in w ays they could crossnaturally. For example, disease-resistant varieties of wh eat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these properties. T his type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.Genetic engineering ( GE) involves exchanging genes between unrelated spe cies that cannotnaturally exchange genes with each other. GE can involve the exchange of genes betweenvastly different species— e.g. putting scor pion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes. It is po ssible that a scorpion toxin gene, even when it is in maize DNA1, will still g et the organism to produce scorpion toxin— but what other effects may i thave in this alien environment? We are already seeing this problem — addi ng human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow — but i t also gives them arthritis andmakes them cross-eyed, which was entirely un predictable.It will be obvious, for example, that the gene for human intelligence will n ot have the sameeffect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA — but what side-effect would ithave? In other words, is GM food2 safe to ? The answer is that nobody knows becauselong-term tests have not been carr ied out.Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatorybodies with results of their own safety tests. Monsanto’s3 s oya beans were apparently fed tofish for 10 weeks before being approved. Th ere was no requirement for independent testing,for long-term testing, for te sting on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic4 peopl e.The current position of the UK Government is that"There is no evidence of l ong-term dangersfrom GM foods."In the US, the American Food and Drug Ad ministration5 is currently beingprosecuted for covering up research that sug gested possible risks from GM foods.A consistent all-over tan may be impossible to achieve because some body areas are much more resistant to tanning than others, a study has found.Researchers - funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC) - at the University of Edinburgh say the results explain why some holidaymakers find it so hard to achieve an even tan all over their body.The findings, published in the journal Experimental Dermatology, show that the buttock is much more resistant to sunshine but surprisingly when it does go red it tans less well than other areas.It was also found that people with no freckles tanned more easily than those without freckling.The study represents the first time that the depth of a person's tan, and not just skin redness, has been quantified.Scientists carried out the study to try and solve the puzzle of why different types of skin cancer tend to be found in different parts of the body, given that they are all caused by exposure to sunshine.The team aimed to identify whether this is linked to variations in the way different parts of the body develop a tan.The team analysed the skin of 100 volunteers, who were exposed to six dose of UVB on two areas of their body their back and their buttock.The volunteers were given an injection to minimise the rush of blood that naturally occurs after the skin is exposed to sunlight within the first 24 hours.Researchers say this redness is often confused with the start of tanning, but in fact is the skin's signal that it has been damaged.After seven days, the volunteers' skin was analysed to find what colour remained after the redness had died down. This colour recognised as a suntan comes from the skin's production of melanin, a defence that blocks the skin absorbing too much harmful UVB radiation.Jonathan Rees, Professor of Dermatology at the University of Edinburgh, who led the study said: "One A consistent all-over tan may be impossible to achieve because some body areas are much more resistant to tanning than others, a study has found.第三章New findings from the Monell Center reveal that weight gain of formula-fed infants is influenced by the type of formula the infant is consuming. The findings have implications related to the infant's risk for the development of obesity, diabetes and other diseases later in life. "Events early in life have long-term consequences on health and one of the most significant influences is early growth rate," said study lead author Julie Mennella, Ph.D., a developmental psychobiologist at Monell. "We already know that formula-fed babies gain more weight thanbreast-fed babies. But we didn't know whether this was true for all types of formula."While most infant formulas are cow's milk-based, other choices include soy-based and protein hydrolysate（水解物）-based formulas. Protein hydrolysate formulas containpre-digested proteins and typically are fed to infants who cannot tolerate the intact（完整的，原封不动的）proteins in other formulas.In adults, pre-digested proteins are believed to act in the intestine（肠）to initiate（创始，发起）the end of a meal, thusleading to smaller meals and intake of fewer calories. Based on this, the authors hypothesize that infants who were feeding protein hydrolysate formulas would eat less and have an altered growth pattern relative to infants feeding cow's milk-based formula.In the study, published online in the journal Pediatrics, infants whose parents had already decided to bottle-feed were randomly assigned at two weeks of age to feed either a cow's milk-based formula (35 infants) or a protein hydrolysate formula (24 infants) for seven monthes . Both formulas contained the same amount of calories, but the hydrolysate formula had more protein, including greater amounts of small peptides（多肽类，缩氨酸）and free amino acids.Infants were weighed once each month in thelaboratory , where they also were videotaped consuming a meal of the assigned formula. The meal continued until the infant signaled that s/he was full.Over the seven months of the study, the protein hydrolysate infants gained weight at a slower rate thaninfants fed cow milk formula. Linear growth, or length, did not differ between the two groups, demonstrating that the differences in growth were specifically attributable to weight."All formulas are not alike," said Mennella. "These two formulas have the same amount of calories, but differ considerably in terms of how they influence infant growth."When the data were compared to national norms for breast-fed infants, the rate of weight gain of protein hydrolysate infants was comparable to the breast milk standards; in contrast, infants fed cow's milk formula gained weight at a greater rate than the same breast milk standards.Analysis of the laboratory meal reveals the infants fed the protein hydrolysate formula consumed less formula during the meal."One of the reasons the protein hydrolysate infants had similar growth patterns to breast-fed infants, who are the gold standard, is that they consumed less formula during afeed as compared to infants fed cow's milk formula" said Mennella. "The next question to ask is: Why do infants on cow's milk formula overfed ?"The findings highlight the need to understand the long-term influences of infant formula composition on feeding behavior, growth, and metabolic health. Future studies will utilize measures of energy metabolism and expenditure（支出，花费）to examine how the individual formulas influence growth, and how each differs from breastfeeding.第四章NASA is planning a one-way mission to Mars in a programme called‘Hundred Years Starship’ in which, a manned spacecraft will take astronauts to Mars and leave them there forever.NASA Ames Director Pete Worden revealed that one of NASA’s main research centres, Ames Research Centre, has received 1 million dollars funding to start work on the project.Washington State University researchers had said that while technically feasible, a manned mission to Mars and back is unlikely to lift off anytime soon and so, a manned one-way mission to Mars would not only cut the costs by several fold, but also mark the beginning of long-term human colonization of the planet.Mars is by far the most promising for sustained colonization and development because it is similar in many respects to Earth and, crucially, possesses a moderate surface gravity, an atmosphere, abundant water and carbon dioxide, together with a range of essential minerals.“One approach could be to send four astronauts initially, two on each of two space craft, each with a lander and sufficient supplies, to stake a single outpost on Mars. A one-way human mission to Mars would be the first step in establishing a permanent human presence on the planet,” said Dirk Schulze-Makuch, a Washington State University associate professor.Colleague Paul Davies, a physicist and cosmologist from Arizona State University, added that they aren’t suggesting that astronauts simply be abandoned on the Red Planet for the sake of science; in fact they propose a series of missions over time, sufficient to support long-term colonization. The authors proposed that the astronauts would bere-supplied on a periodic basis from Earth with basic necessities, but otherwise would be expected to become increasingly proficient at harvesting and utilizing resources available on Mars.Eventually they envision that outpost would reachself-sufficiency, and then it could serve as a hub for a greatly expanded colonization programme.First, an appropriate site for the colony would be selected, preferentially associated with a cave or some other natural shelter, as well as other nearby resources, such as water, minerals and nutrients.“Ice caves woul d go a long way to solving the needs of a settlement for water and oxygen. Mars has no ozone shield and no magnetospheric shielding, and ice caves would also provide shelter from ionizing and ultraviolet radiation,” said Schulze-Makuch.The added that in a ddition to offering humanity a “lifeboat” in the event of a mega-catastrophe on Earth, a Mars colony would provide a platform for further scientific research. Schulze-Makuch and Davies acknowledge that such a project would require not only major international cooperation, but a return to the exploration spirit andrisk-taking ethos of the great period of the Earth’s exploration.“Informal surveys conducted after lectures and conference presentations on our proposal have repeatedly shown that many people are willing to volunteer for a one-way mission,both for reasons of scientific curiosity and in a spirit of adventure and human destiny,” they wrote第五章The latest comScore data reveals that during February 2010, 43 million videos were watched on Facebook – which is a 205 percent increase on the year. Last February only 14 million videos were watched via the site.Overall online video viewing in the UK has grown by 37 percent during the last 12 months – with 5.5 billion videos watched via websites during February 2010.Google properties, mainly driven by YouTube, were still the most popular online video destinations, recording1 2.5 billion video views during February 2010, which marked a 17 percent annual increase.The BBC websites ranked second with 140 million videos viewed across its web properties during February 2010, and was followed by Megavideo, which recorded 53 million video views - during the same month.Facebook came fourth in the list, closely followed by Microsoft’s collective web properties. Channel 4 came in sixth position with 39 million videos watched during February 2010 – which was a 76 percent increase on theyear. And ITV came in eighth position recording 29 million video views – which was a 134% increase on the year. Blinkx, the popular video search engine experienced the second largest growth spurt2（急剧增长） , behind Facebook, increasing its video views by 205 per cent over the year. During February 2010, 29 million videos were viewed via the site.Sky came in 10th position, experiencing a 139 percent increase in video views, with 20 million videos watched via its sites during February 2010.The UK video market has grown substantially over the last year, with several aggregators（整合器，聚合器） entering the market, as well as the UK broadcasters increasing their own video presence. Channel 4, for instance, is concentrating on developing its own catch up service, 4oD, whilesigning syndication（辛迪加组织） deals with the likes of YouTube, and new players, likeSeeSaw3.第六章Holding a cell phone against your ear or storing it inyour pocket may be dangerous to your health. This explains a warning that cell phone manufacturers include in the small print that is often ignored when a new phone is purchased. Apple, for example, doesn’t want iPhones to come closer to you than 1.5 centimeters; Research In Motion, BlackBerry’s manufacturer, recommends 2.5 centimeters.If health issues arise from cell phone use, the possible effects are huge. Voice calls—Americans chat on cell phones 2.26 trillion(万亿) minutes annually—earn $109 billion for the wireless carriers.Devra Davis, an expert who has worked for the University of Pittsburgh, has published a book about cell phone radiation, “Disconnect”. The book surveys scientific research and concludes the question is not settled.Brain cancer is a concern that Ms. Davis examines. Over all, there has not been an increase in its incidence since cell phones arrived. But the average marks an increase in braincancer in the 20-to 29 age group and a drop for the older population.“Most cancers have multiple causes,”she says, but she points to laboratory research that suggests low-energy radiation could damage cells that could possibly lead to cancer.Children are more vulnerable to radiation than adults, Ms. Davis and other scientists point out. Radiation that penetrates only five centimeters into the brain of an adult will reach much deeper into the brains of children because their skulls are thinner and their brains contain more absorptive fluid(易吸收的液体). “No studies have yet been completed on cell phone radiation and children,”she says.Henrry Lai, a research professor in the bioengineering department at the University of Washington, began laboratory radiation studies in 1980 and found that rats exposed to radiation had damaged DNA in their brains. Ms. Davis recommends using wired headsets or the phone’s speaker. “Children should text rather than call,”she said,“and pregnant women should keep phones away from the abdomen(腹部). ”第7章The complex fracture pattern created by the earthquake in Concepción (Chile) on 27 February 2010 was to a certain extent predictable（可预言的） . GPS observations from the years before the earthquake showed the pattern of stresses that had accumulated（累积的） through the plate movements during the past 175 years in this area. The stress distribution derived from theobservations correlates（关联） highly with the subsequent fracture distribution. In all likelihood the tremor removed all the stress that had accumulated since the last earthquake in this region, which was observed by Charles Darwin in 1835. An earthquake of similar magnitude in this area is therefore unlikely in the near future. This result was presented by scientists of the GFZ German Centre for Geosciences (Helmholtz Association) in the latest edition of the scientific journal Nature (09 September 2010). "The Maule earthquake near Concepción, Chile, on the 27 Februar registered with a momentum3（势头，动量） magnitude of 8.8, makes it one of the largest earthquakes to have been recorded in its entirety via a modern network ofspace-geodetic and geophysical instruments on the ground," says Professor Onno Oncken, head of theDepartment "Geodynamics" at GFZ. "It thus offers a unique opportunity to compare detailed4observations prior to the earthquake with those taken during and after it, and tore-evaluate hypotheses regarding the predictability of such events."Measurements using the satellite navigation system GPS showed that the seafloor of the Nazca plate in the Pacific Ocean does not slide evenly under the western boundary of the South American continent. Rather, it appears from the GPS measurements that some parts of the ocean floor got locked with the subsurface（地下的） of the continent. In the gaps, however, the Nazca plate continued to push under South America. The resulting uneven5 stress pattern was released by the earthquake of the 27 February in such a way that, just like a zipper6, the locked patcheswere ruptured7（破裂的） one after the other. As a result, this seismic8gap（地震空白区） off the Chilean westcoast is now closed, one last gap remains9 in northern Chile. Here, the GFZ scientists set up a plate boundary observatory10, in order to make use of the entire range of geoscientific instruments to record the conditions before, during andafter an earthquake- an important step in understanding the processes of plate tectonics（地质构造学）.Modern Earth science may still not be able to predict the location, time and magnitude of an earthquake. But the present study offers an optimistic perspective concerning the predictability of possible fracture patterns and magnitudes of expected earthquakes.第八章UC Irvine researchers have discovered that circadian rhythms —the internal body clock —regulate fat metabolism. This helps explain why people burn fat more efficiently at certain times of day and could lead to new pharmaceuticals for obesity, diabetes and energy-related illnesses.The study was headed by Paolo Sassone-Corsi, Donald Bren Professor and chair of pharmacology. A leading expert on circadian rhythms, he discovered many of the key molecular switches governing these biological processes. He and his colleagues found that one of these, a protein called PER2, directly controls PPAR-gamma, a protein essential for lipid metabolism. Since circadian proteins are activated by 24-hour, light-dark patterns, PER2 turns onand off PPAR-gamma’s metabolic capabilities at regular intervals.“What surprised us most, though, is that PER2 targets one specific amino acid on the surface of the PPAR-gamma molecule,”Sassone-Corsi said. “This kind of specificity is very rare in cell biology, which makes it exciting, because it presents us with a singular target for drug development.”Daniele Piomelli, Louise Turner Arnold Chair in Neurosciences at UCI, and Todd Leff, associate professor of pathology at Wayne State University in Detroit, collaborated on the study, which appears this month in Cell Metabolism.Twenty-four-hour circadian rhythms regulate fundamental biological and physiological processes in almost all organisms. They anticipate environmental changes and adapt certain bodily functions to the appropriate time of day. Disruption of these cycles can profoundly influence human health and has been linked to obesity, diabetes, insomnia, depression, heart disease and cancer.Last year, Sassone-Corsi helped discover that proteins involved with circadian rhythms and metabolism areintrinsically linked and dependent upon each other to ensure that cells operate properly and remain healthy. Rajesh H. Amin and James G. Granneman of Wayne State University and UCI’s Benedetto Grimaldi, Marina Maria Bellet, Sayako Katada, Giuseppe Astarita and Jun Hirayama contributed to the current study, supported by the National Institutes of Health.9单元A UFOA UFO is the reported sighting of an object or light seen in the sky or on land,whose appearance,trajectory(轨迹),actions,motions,lights,and colors do not have a logical,conventional,or natural explanation,and which cannot be explained,not only by the original witness,but by scientists or technical experts who try to make a common sense identification after examining the evidence.UFOs (sometimes called flying saucers) became widely discussed only after the first widely publicized U.S.sighting in 1947.Many thousands of such observations have since been reported worldwide.At least 90 percent of UFO sightings can be identified as conventional objects,although time-consuming investigations are often necessary for such identification.The objects most often mistaken for UFOs are bright planets and stars,aircraft,birds,balloons,kites,aerial flares,peculiar clouds,meteors,and satellites.The remaining sightings most likely can be attributed to other mistaken sightings or to inaccurate reporting,hoaxes(恶作剧),or delusions,although to disprove all claims made about UFOsis impossible.From 1947 to 1969 the U.S.Air Force investigated UFOs as a possible threat to national security.A total of 12,618 reports was received,of which 701 reports,or 5.6 percent,were listed as unexplained.The air force concluded that “no UFO reported,investigated,and evaluated by the Air Force has ever given any indication of threat to our national security.” Since 1969 no agency of the ernment has had any active program of UFO investigation.In 1997 the U.S.Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) admitted that the itary had deceived the American public in an effort to hide information about high-altitude spy planes.These planes,the Lockheed U-2A(美国头号军火商洛克西德-马丁公司(Lockheed Martin)生产的侦察机) and the Lockheed SR-71,accounted for over half of the UFO reports during the late 1950s and 1960s.Some persons nevertheless believe that UFOs are extraterrestrial spacecraft,even though no scientifically valid evidence supports that belief.The possibility of extraterrestrial civilizations is not the stumbling block; most scientists grant that intelligent life may well exist elsewherein the universe.A fully convincing UFO photograph of a craftlike object has yet to be taken,however,and the scientific method(科学方法论) requires that highly speculative explanations should not be adopted unless all of the more ordinary explanations can be ruled out.UFO enthusiasts persist,however,and some persons even claim to have been abducted and taken aboard UFOs.No one has produced scientifically acceptable proof of these claims.10单元dreamsScientists think it will be possible to record people's dreams and then interpret them, according to a new report.They claim to have developed a system which allows them to record higher level brain activity.Dr Moran Cerf told the journal Nature: "We would like to read people's dreams."Previously the only way to access people's dreams is for psychologists to ask about them after the event and try to interpret them.Dr Cerf hopes to eventually compare people's memories of their dreams with an electronic visualisation of their brain activity.He told the BBC: "There's no clear answer as to why humans dream. And one of the questions we would like to answer is when do we actually create this dream?"The scientist believes his latest research shows that certain neurons or individual brain cells are linked with specific objects or concepts.He found that a particular neuron lit up when a volunteer thought about Marilyn Monroe.If a database was built up identifying various neurons with concepts, objects and people it would allow them to "read the subject's minds", according to Dr Cerf.However, Dr Roderick Oner, a clinical psychologist and dream expert, said that this kind of visualisation would be of limited help when it came to interpreting the "complex dream narrative".In addition to get a detailed picture of individual neurons su bjects had to have electrodes implanted deep in the brain u sing surgery.The Nature researchers used data from patients who had el ectrodes implanted to monitor and treat them for brain seizu res.However, Dr Cerf said he hoped that it would be possible at a later stage to monitor people without invasive surgery.He said it would be "wonderful" to be able to read the minds of coma patients who are unable to communicate.。
科技英语阅读答案Unit 6, 10
Unit 6 Mechanics and AutomotivesPart I EST ReadingReading 1Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1.What do you think will be the most popular mechanic field in the future? And why?(Open)2.Do you know anything about NANO-BIO technology?Nanobiotechnology is the branch of nanotechnology with biological and biochemical applications or uses. Nanobiotechnology often studies existing elements of nature in order to fabricate new devices. The term bionanotechnology is often used interchangeably with nanobiotechnology, though a distinction is sometimes drawn between the two. If the two are distinguished, nanobiotechnology usually refers to the use of nanotechnology to further the goals of biotechnology, while bionanotechnology might refer to any overlap between biology and nanotechnology, including the use of biomolecules as part of or as an inspiration for nanotechnological devices.3.Have you ever heard of CAD in engineering design?CAD: Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided drafting and design (CADD), is the use of computer technology for the process of design and design-documentation. Computer Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer. CADD software, or environments, provide the user with input-tools for the purpose of streamlining design processes; drafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes. CADD output is often in the form of electronic files for print or machining operations. The development of CADD-based software is in direct correlation with the processes it seeks to economize; industry-based software (construction, manufacturing, etc.) typically uses vector-based (linear) environments whereas graphic-based software utilizes raster-based (pixelated) environments.4.What is computational simulation and can you give an example?Simulation is the imitation of some real thing, state of affairs, or process. The act of simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviours of a selected physical or abstract system. The network computer games are typical example of computational simulation.5.How does computational simulation help engineering design?Combined with advances in CAD systems, it will be possible for mechanical engineers to collaborate in immersive interactive environments where they can design collaboratively,test hypothesis, run models and simulations and observe their creations in three dimensions much as an engineer can observe a car being built with their colleagues on the shop floor.Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Paras. 1-4) Brief introduction to the two expanding frontiers of engineering Para. 1: A vision of the engineers’ knowledge and coordination in the future.Para. 2: the two frontiers predicted.Para. 3: The requirements for the mechanical engineers in the future.Para. 4: An engine er’s point of the development of design.Part 2 (Paras. 5-8) The future of nanotechnology and biotechnologyPara. 5: Nanotechnology and biotechnology as the most influential fields.Para. 6: the core of technological innovation has shifted to biology and the environment.Para. 7: The great expectations of biotechnology.Part 3 (Paras. 9-15) The designing methods of the engineers in the futurePara. 8: The democratization of the process of designing and creating new devices.Para. 9: Futurist Rohit Talwar’s highlight of immersive interactive skills.Para. 10: The affordable vision of CAD.Para. 11: The future vision of engineers’ design independently.Para. 12: The future vision of engineers’ design at home.2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1) According to the text, what is the “very large system” the engineers have to work on?Multidisciplinary and multi-scale engineering across greater distances and timeframes2) According to the text, what is the “very small system” the engineers have to work on?Nanotechnology.3) In order to “work at the extremes”, what would the engineers probably do in thefuture?Be adept at integrating different disciplines, addressing increasingly complex customer andstakeholder requirements, and treating multiple interacting systems.4) Why would the future employers demand engineers adept at integrating differentdisciplines?They must be able to conceive and direct projects of enormous complexity that require a highly integrative view of engineering systems.5) What is the future application vision of Nano-Bio?Nanotechnology and biotechnology will dominate technological development in the next 20 years and will be incorporated into all aspects of technology that affect our lives on a daily basis. Nano-Bio will provide the building blocks that future engineers will use to solve pressing problems in diverse fields including medicine, energy, water management, aeronautics, agriculture and environmental management.6) Can you make some examples on how nanotechnology and biotechnology will beapplied?(Open)7) According to the passage, what might be the most important working method for thefuture engineers?Designing at home would be the the most important working method for the future engineers.8) How will the home-based personal fabrication become readily available?Rapid prototyping and fabrication laboratories are improving and will soon be affordable for those running home offices, teaching classes and those inventing or building as a hobby.Within 20 years, it is likely that home-based personal fabricators will be economically attractive and available to anyone who wants them.3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words or phrases you’ve learned in the text.In order to get ready for the multidisciplinary and multi-scale engineering, engineers must be adept at integrating different disciplines, addressing increasingly complex customer and stakeholder requirements. Nowadays, the application of Nanotechnology and biotechnology goes far beyond the prosaic use of nanofabrics in pants to prevent stains, but is poised for even greater application over the next 20 years. Biotechnology is now on the verge of a revolution in which genetic components are standardized and interchangeable, therefore, the engineers must design collaboratively, test hypothesis, run models and simulations and observe their creations in immersive interactive environments.Vocabulary and Structure1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.1) The disciplinary research requires cooperation among different fields of science.2) Carl works in the insurance division of the company.3) He poised himself for a jump.4) Titanium fabrication plays a very important part in aeronautics.5) Many people believe that women are more intuitive than men.6) PCs are now democratized all around the world.7) We should avoid plain prosaic statement in our compositions.8) The spectacular visual effects offered us an incredibly immersive gaming experience.9) The thesis shows us a mathematical simulation in theory.10) The structural complexity of this nanofabric product is the most important part in itsmassive production.2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.1) Biotechnology is on the verge of a revolution in which genetic components arestandardized and interchangeable.生物技术正处于基因革命的边缘。
科技英语部分课后练习答案
III: Text Organization
Part I (1-3):
A multibillion-dollar craft called the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV).
Part II (4-7): David Gump and Gary Hudson;
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III: Translation
11.每个化学元素在周期表中都有一定的原子数和 位置，可以据此来推测其特性：如何同别的元素 相互作用，能形成什么样的化合物，以及它的物 理属性。
12.固体加热到足够温度时，它所含的电子就会有 一部分离开固体表面而飞到周围的空间中去；这 种现象称为热电子放射；通常，电子管就利用这 种现象产生自由电子。
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II: Abstract Correction
The current calibration methods of the projectilevelocity measurement system are introduced, and the problem and the unreasonableness of these methods are analyzed. Based on the principle of the mathematical statistics, the calibration method is investigated that measures the projectile-velocity at the same time by the multi-group zone-block device is unbiased, uniform and efficient and uses the average of the measured value as the true value of the projectile-velocity at the point.
研究生英语阅读教程课后答案课课件
• 6.你知道希腊色拉到底是什么 吗？它本身就是一顿饭，也 是一次经历，一种情感。 它 的制作是一个娴熟而高雅的 过程。希腊神话中说：一天 晚上宙斯请中众神来奥林匹 亚 山赴宴时，他亲自创造了 希腊色拉的调制法，并亲手 把山里的各种原料收集混拌 在了一起。
研究生英语阅读教程课后答案课
14
Translation
• 1-5 BBCDA • 6-10 DCDCC • P8 II. Vocabulary
• A. Choose the best word from the four choices given to complete each of the following sentences
• 1-5 BADCB • 6-10DABAC
• 3.work off
4. Deftly
• 5. sternly
6. Desolate
• 7. brusquely 8.mutely
• 9. Make amends 10.derided
研究生英语阅读教程课后答案课
10
Keys to Cloze Lesson 4
• III.Cloze
• 1.successive 2.look down on
研究生英语阅读教程课后答案课
5
• 10 briefed
Key to exercises in Lesson 3
• I.Reading comprehension
• 1-5DACDB • 6-10ABCBA • II.Vocabulary • A. • 1-5 CABDA • 6-10DCBAD
• B.
研究生英语阅读教程课后答案课
2
Exercises P 9-15
西安电子科技大学-研究生科技英语教材课后答案
V、练习参考答案练习1II、1.艾米特博士2001年毕业于哈佛大学Dr. Emmet graduated from Harvard University in 2001.2.李教授1988年在西安理工大学获得机械工程博士学位Professor Li earned his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the Xi’anUniversity of Technology in 1988.3.现在我们转向讨论一下无线网Now we shall turn to the discussion of local area networks.4.Bainbridge质谱仪是与光谱仪一样重要的仪器The B ainbridge mass spectrometer is as important an instrument as the opticalspectrometer.5.做这个实验需要多长时间How long a time [或How much time] is required to this experiment?6.压力的增加会引起体积的减少An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.7.图(2-5)话出了式(2-2)所表示的情况Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2).8.电感的单位是亨利The unit of inductance is the henry.III、1.[汉]UASMA协议采用了独特的帧结构.[英]UASMA protocol employs an unique frame structure.[改]The UAS MA protocol employs a unique frame structure.2.[汉]最后,用这种方法设计了宽带阶梯阻抗变换器.[英]At last, broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method.[改]Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method.3.[汉]先应秘密共享系统安全性的动态分析和评估[英] Dynamic analysis and evaluation of security for proactive secret sharingsystem[改]Dynamic analysis and evaluation of the security ofa proactive secret sharingsystem4.[汉]该方法适用于任意形状的一维势垒[英] The approach can be applied to one-dimensional potential barrier witharbitrary profile[改]The approach can be applied to the one-dimensional potential barrier with anarbitrary profile.5.[汉]我们提出一种基于牛顿迭代法的数值方法.[英] We propose a kind of numerical method based on the Newton’s iterativemethod.[改]We propose a numerical method based on Newton’s iterative method.练习2I、1. 该电路由一个电池,一个电感器和一个电容器组成.This circuit consists of a battery, an inductor and a capacitor.2. 试计算在a,b,c三点处的电场.Compute the electric fields at points a, b, and c.3. 这颗卫星用于美国,法国,意大利之间的通信This satellite is used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.4. 我们假设该天线是垂直的,且其损耗为零.We assume that the antenna is vertical and that its loss is zero.5. 第6,7,8章论述传输线Chapters 6, 7, and 8 deal with transmission lines.II、1. 其误差为千亿分之六Its error is six parts in 1012.2. 这台计算机所储存的信息比那台多三倍.This computer stores four times more information than that one (does).3. 不久的将来对这种设备的需求量为现在的20倍The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be 20 times what it is.4. 这个元件上的电压为零点几福特The voltage across this component is a few tenths of a volt.5.现在其内部的压力被减少了15倍Now its internal pressure is one sixteenth what it was.III、1. [汉]这个物体比那个物体重4倍多[英] This object is over four times heavy than that one is.[改]This object is over five times heavier than that one is.2. [汉]除非另有说明,我们假设使用的是硅管, I CBO可以忽略不计[英] Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used and I CBO can be neglected.[改]Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used and thatI CBO can be neglected.3. [汉]这个电路的优点是结构简单,容易调整.[英] This circuit has the advantage of simple in structure , easy to adjust.[改]This circuit has the advantages of simple structure and easy adjustment.4. [汉]图1,2,3详细地画出了这个过程[英] Fig. 1, 2, 3 show this process detaildlyFigs. 1, 2, and 3 show this process in detail.5. [汉]对于进一步的信息,参考文献[3],[5],[9].[英] For further informations, consult references [3], [5]and[9].For further information, consult references [3], [5], [9].练习3I、1. 这种新型计算机和普通计算机相比有许多优点This new type of computer has many advantages over the general type.2. 解这个微分方程把未知量求出来并不困难It is not difficult to solve this differential equation for the unknown quantity.3. 在这新的五章中,第一章论述负反馈的基本原理Of these five new chapters, the first one deals with the basic principles of negative feedback.4.这时,电流与电压相位相差90度At this point/time, current differs in phase from voltage by 90o.5. 通过分析该仪器的参数,我们就能了解它的性能By analyzing [By the analysis of] the parameters of the instrument, we can understandits performance.6. 我们要求出它在这一距离上的平均速度We will find out its average velocity over this distance.7. 电子学这门科学在现今世界太重要了The science of electronics is too important in the world today.8. 他们极为困难地解出了这道题They solved this problem with great difficulty.II、汉译英,划线部分要去使用介词短语表示.1. 若x>1,则该方程成立For x＞1, there is no solution to this equation [this equation has no solution].2. 在把这些数值代入该方程后,我们得到了下面的表达式Upon [On] substituting [substitution of] these values into [in] theequation, we obtained the following expression..3. 这个电路的工作情况类似于图1-10的电路This circuit is similar in operation to that of Fig. 1-10.4. 这台计算机的性能很好This computer is very good in performance.5. 这些波只向一个方向传播These waves travel only in one direction.III、1. [汉]本文提出了雷达目标的一种新的识别方法[英] This paper presents a new kind of recognition method of radar target.[改]This paper presents a new methodfor the recognition of radar target s.2. [汉]目标的运动状态对EKF跟踪精度的影响是非常大的[英] The influence of the moving state of the target for the tracking accuracy of the EKF.[改] The influence of the moving state of the target on the tracking accuracy of the EKF is great.3. [汉]在10月8日早上又发射了一颗通信卫星.[英] Another comsat has been launched in the morning of the 8th of October.[改]Another comsat was launched on the morning of the 8th of October.4. [汉]电压时用伏特来度量的[英] V oltage is measured with volt.[改] V oltage is measured in volt s.5. [汉]他们将赴北京参加移动通信国际会议[英] They will leave to Beijing to attend a international conference of mobile communication.[改]They will leave for Beijing to attend an international conference on mobile communication.练习4I、1. 该力垂直于桌面作用The force acts perpendicular to the surface of the table.2. 这里的三个系数有待于确定The three coefficients here remains to be determined.3. 下面两个式子在后面几章将会经常用到The two equations below will be often (frequently) used in later chapters/in thechapters which follow.4. 这里我们使用相距10厘米的两个金属球Here we use two metal balls 10 cm apart.5. 输出保持不变The output remains/stays constant/unchanged/fixed/unaltered/the same.6. 现在的教科书均讨论了这一问题All the textbooks available discuss this problem.7.计算机由于运算准确,速度快而得到了广泛的应用Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applications.8. 这个题的答案看起来的正确的The answer to this problem looks correct.9. 我们将使用一段相距距离为δ的两根平行导线Two parallel wires a distance (of)δapart carry the current i.10.现在的问题是如何测量这个元件上的电压The problem now is how to measure the voltage across this component.11.这些数据将被传送到2千米外的计算中心These data will be sent to the computing center 2 kilometers away.12. 在对上面的那个方程整理后,我们得到了下面的表达式Upon rearranging the equation above, we have [get, obtain] the following expression.13. 这些电荷能与存在的其他电荷相互作用These charges can interact with other charges present.14. 力可以没有接触而被传递,这与普通的观念相反Forces can be transmitted without contact, contrary to the common belief.15. 这个系数的典型值为0.35This coefficient is typically 0.35.II、1. [汉]在这种情况下,输入并不下降,输出也不下降.[英] In this case, the input does not fall; the output does not fall, too.[改]In this case, the input does not fall; nor neither does the output. /the output does not fall, either.2. [汉]导体的电阻不仅取决于制成导体的材料,而且取决于导体的尺寸和温度.[英] The resistance of a conductor not only depends on the material with which the conductor is made, but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.[改]The resistance of a conductor depends not only on the material of which the conductor is made, but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.3. [汉]这些科学家们对该论题很感兴趣[英] These scientists are very interesting to this topic[改] These scientists are very interestedin this topic.4. [汉]这个参数几乎不能测出来[英] This parameter almost cannot be measured[改] This parameter can hardly be measured.5. [汉]这这个实验室中,这台仪器比其它任何一台都贵[英] In this laboratory, this instrument is more expensive than any one[改]In this laboratory, this instrument is more expensive than any other one/ any one else.6. [汉]该设备的特点是体积小,重量轻.[英] The feature of this device is small in size , light in weight.[改] The features of this device aresmall size and light weight.练习5I、1. This equation can be solved in either of the following two ways/the two ways which follow.2. This baseball will soon come to rest because of its interaction with the ground.3. Our choice of this coefficient as 1 is correct.4. From its definition as the ratio of a force to a length, we can see that k has the same unit as work (does).5. Our analysis of the machine is of great significance.6. This facilitates their use in circuit analysis.II、1. This police car is equipped with a receiver the size of a matchbox.2. Wires one hundredth the diameter of a silk thread are used to connect these components.3. W e must water cool these equipments/devices.4. In the past, telephone calls were operator connected.5. AC can be changed/turned/converted/transformed/translated into/to DC, a process called/known as/referred to as rectification.6. A magnet attracts iron materials, a familiar phenomenon.7. Computers are capable of processing information, a process thatpreviously could be accomplished only inside our heads.8. An instrument for measuring current, voltage, and resistance, the multimeter is widely used in electrical engineering.III、1. Secs. 1.1 and 1.2 will discuss several other problems.2. Problems are listed/given on pp. 1-5.3. In the equations above, all h’s are the hybrid parameters.4. The mass of the standard pound is equal to 0.4535924277 kilogram s.5. All a’s and b’s in Eq. (5-1) are related to the impedance R o.6. W e must take the effect of temperature on [upon] semiconductors into account.7. In this case, the variation of output with input is very small.8. This curve shows the dependence of distance on/upon speed.IV、1. None of them can solve this special type of differential equation.2. They do not know whether this material can stand so large a force or not.3. There are M polygons altogether, each of which has N vertexes.4. These two engineers are busy (in) designing a new kind of software.5. Iron is almost as good a conductor as aluminum.练习6I、1. This image, it will be noticed, is a real image.2. This technical problem, we hope, will be solved soon.3. 210 is approximately 1000, a fact that we think is very useful in the study of digital electronics.4. A resistor of say 100 ohms should be used here.II、1. None of those textbooks have/has mentioned this point.2. All of these x values cannot satisfy the equation.3. Neither of the two conditions is satisfied here.4. In the preceding/previous chapter, we discussed all kinds of force.5. This paper describes a new method for designing aircraft.6. By the end of the last century, the company had manufactured 5 000radars.7. Since 2008, this research institute has been developing a special kind of robot.III、1. In Section 1-2, the concept of force was introduced.2. As early as the 1940s, it was found that semiconductors are very useful.3. This result can also be arrived at in another way.4. At that time no use was made of this phenomenon/…, thisphenomenon was made no use of.5. This point will be dealt with in the next section.IV、1. This computer works much better than that one (does)/This computer is much better in performance than that one (is)..2. This computer requires many more components that that one (does).3. The distance of the moon from the earth is as great as 240 000 miles.4. The greater the resistance, the longer time it takes for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage/…, the longer time is required for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.)5. The current as small as 0.1 A cannot produce enough heat.V、1. It is easy for us to determine the weight of the body. 或：We can determine the weight of the body easily.2. The two engineers are busy (in) designing a new type of computer.3. We find this concept very difficult to explain.4. None of these windows can withstand so large a force.5. Work equals [is equal to] force multiplied by/times distance.6. The results obtained agree with the experimental values. [… are in agreement with the experimental values.]练习7I、1. It will take a few months to design this kind of aircraft with the help of a computer.2. It is left as a problem to [for] the reader to show that this expression holds.3. The program to be executed is stored in this unit.4. This valley acts as the foundation on which to build the dam.5. In this laboratory there are many kinds of instrument for students to choose from.6. Let t0equal/be equal to zero.7. The farther away the target (is), the longer time it takes for the echo to return.8. For the series to converge, x must be less than 1.9. We find this concept very difficult to understand.10. This method makes it much easier to detect targets.11. This factor will affect the ability of a computer to store information.12. We have to find out how large to make r so as for the series to converge.13. This is a pen to draw pictures with.14. Elasticity is the tendency of a body to return to its original condition after being deformed.15. Ordinary matter is said to be electrically neutral.16.This property makes it possible for metals to be made into any shape.17. This table is unfit for a student to do experiments on.18. Now we consider what path of integration to take.II、1. The sine law of the variation of light intensity with the cylinder diameter has been emphasized.2. Not only do temperature and light affect the conductivity, but the addition of impurities to semiconductors also makes it change greatly.3. V arious satellites are frequently launched to obtain information about/on space.4. Our semiconductor industry came into being at the end of the 1950s.5. My colleagues and I would like to express our thanks to Professor W. Smith for his great help.练习8I、1. The amplifier amplifies the received signals.2. Moving molecules have kinetic energy.5. Fig. 1 – 3 shows the photo of a freely falling body.3. Speed equals distance divided by time.4. V oltage equals/is equal to current multiplied by resistance.5. The resistance of air increases with the increased/increasing/an increase in speed.6. A transformer is a device consisting of two or more coilswound on/round an iron core.7. It is necessary to find out the current flowing through this component.8. This book, properly used, will be of great help to the reader.9. Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of its energy.10. Given/Knowing time and speed, we/one can find out distance.11. Having studied this chapter, the student will understand/will have understood the principle of a computer.12. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.13. Several comsats were launched, all of them (being) high-altitude satellites.14. Called “the mother of all networks,”the Internet is a widely used international network.15. This force can be resolved into two components, one (being) horizontal and the other vertical.II、1.Let us construct/draw a circle with the origin as the center and of radius R.2.This parameter should be measured with E grounded.3. With no resistance in the circuit,the current will increase indefinitely.4. With this in view, we have written this book.5. This paper introduces a new design method/technique, with emphasis on its principle. III、1.Let us consider designing a computer.2.We refer to these components as being passive.3.This involves taking the Fourier transform.4.On/Upon rearranging the above equations, we obtain the following set ofequations.5.In using this equation, it does not matter which plane is considered as 1.IV、1. Given/Knowing resistance and current, one/we can determine/calculate voltage.2. The price of this instrument is high.3. A robot is a special kind of electronic device.4. The current starts flowing at the very moment we close the circuit.5. They have been designing a new type of computer these six months.练习9I、1. The problem was not solved until a completely different method was introduced.2. Nearly 100 years passed before the existence/presence of subatomic particles was confirmed by experiment/experimentally.3. The year this device was invented, World War II broke out.4. Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller particles.5. These two resistors should be selected/chosen so that the transistor can operate normally.6. The body is in such a state that it can do work.II、1. The relation that voltage is the product of current and resistance applies to all the dc circuits.2. The discovery that magnetism can produce current is extremely important in the field of electricity.3. An equation is an algebraic statement that two algebraic expressions are equal.4. There is evidence that no life exists on the moon.5. The question now arises whether the algorithm is of practical use.6. In this case there is no guarantee that the series is convergent.7. There is a growing/increasing awareness that these techniques/methods are very useful.8. One of/Among the most noteworthy achievements at that time was the realization that light consists of electromagnetic waves.9. This is due to/is caused by/results from the fact that there are many free electrons in conductors.10. Besides/In addition to the factthat the properties of the material should be included in the analytical model, we must take other factors into account.III、1.These features make it difficult for electronic counter-measure systemsto intercept, analyze and jam this kind of signal.2. The existence of and the ability to control these phenomena make those devicespossible.3. The variation of/in the number of the filter’s teeth has a greater effect on the performance of its passband than the variation of/in its dimensions.4. Scalar detection will result in the loss of some phase information.5. Fig. 6 shows the schematic diagram of measuring scatter parameters by the natural parameter transformation method.练习10I、1. Now it remains to be determined when the series converges.2. It is clear from Dubamel’s Theorem that this limit exists.3. It follows from Maxwell’s hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electric field, a magnetic field is produced.4. It does not matter whether the magnet is moved in this case.5. Temperature determines in what direction the transfer of heat will take place.6. It is now a well-known fact that all matter consists of tiny particles.II、1. What a generator does is (to) change mechanical energy into electrical energy.2. What this chapter describes/What is described in this chapter is of great importance.3. Matter is what can occupy space.4. What we have discovered in this experiment is the entirely new realm of electrical phenomenon.5. This direction is opposite to what has been assumed.6. Magnitude, direction, and place of application are what we call the three elements of a force.7. These numbers constitute what is known as the real number system.8. In what follows, we shall acquaint ourselves with some basic concepts.III、1. An x-band wave-guide test system is shown in Fig.7. [或：Fig. 7 shows …].2. This method lowers the requirement for the hardware of a sample network.3. On the basis of the above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial, a novel configuration results. [或：The above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial results in a novel configuration.]4. Finally, an analysis of packet loss probability is made by computer simulation.5. The sparse ratio of the resulting impedance matrix is as high as 40%.练习11I、汉译英，划线部分用定语从句表示1. 我们用来测量一个电阻上的电压的仪表被称为电压表The meter (that/which) we use to measure the voltage across a resistor is called a voltmeter.2.计算机是人类所曾有过的最有效的助手Computers are the most efficient assistants (that) man has ever had.3. 现在这种病不再是原来那样的严重问题了Now this disease is no longer the serious problem (that) it once was.4. 雷达可以测出无线电回波返回所需的时间Radar can measure the time (that) it takes for the radio echo to return.5. 我们必须计算出该物体被提起的距离We must calculate the distance (that/through which) the body is lifted.6. 一个物体的方向也是很重要的The direction (that/in which) a body moves is also very important.7. 这个质点每秒钟震动的次数被叫做频率The number of times (that/by which) this particle vibrates per/a second is called/termed/named/known as/spoken of as/referred to as frequency.8.我们使这两个比值相等，由此得到了最简式We equate these two ratios, from which the simplest formula follows/results.9. 需要确定y分量降为零的时间It is necessary to determine the time when/that/at which the y-component has decreased to zero.10.. 其每一个点y坐标均为零的曲线救市x轴The curve the y-coordinate of each point on which is zero is just the x-axis.II、汉译英，要求划线部分用‘介词+which’来表示1. 该圆切割实轴的点处于α= ω处The point at which the circle cuts the axis of reals is where α= ω.2. 重力意思是地球吸引物体的力The force of gravity means the force with which the earth attracts a body.3.电子在其上面产生图像的显像管的表面成为荧光屏The surface of a picture tube upon which the electrons produce the picture is called the screen.4. 作者要感谢本书所属的那套丛书的编辑们The author would like to express thanks to the editors of the series of which this book is a part/to which this book belongs.5. 这是给定的两个矢量为其边的一个平行四边形This is a parallelogram of which the two given vectors are/form sides.6. 压强等于总的力除以被施加的面积The pressure is equal to the total force divided by the area over which it is exerted.7. 组成水的两个两个元素是氢和氧The two elements of which water consists are hydrogen and oxygen.8. 这取决于产生电子的效率This depends on the efficiency with which electrons are produced.9. 这两个定律是建立其它所有定律的基础These two laws are the foundation on which all other laws are built.10. 水结冰的温度一般是0度The temperature at which water freezes is generally 0o C.III、汉译英，要求划线部分用as从句来表示1. 如标题所示，本章将讨论非线性方程As the title indicates, this chapter will discuss nonlinear equations.2.顾名思义，流体就是一种容易流动的物质As the name shows, a fluid is a substance which flows readily.3. 这个单力产生的效应与那几个力一起产生的效应相同This single force produces the same effect as is produced by those forces together.4.现在我们能够理解像出现在物理中的这种微分方程了Now we are able to solve such differential equations as occur in physics.5. 这个功能可以用像在上一节中所描述的全家器来完成This function can be accomplished by using the full adder as was described in the previous section.6. 这些概念使我们能够理解静电学，即人们通常所说的‘静电’中广泛的现象These concepts enable us to understand a wide range of phenomena in electrostatics, or “static electricity,”as it is called.7. 这个电流，正如预料的那样，是十分小的This current is, as predicted, very small,8.首先让我们来考虑一下如第2页上所示的那个最简单的电路First let us consider the simplest circuit as shown on page 2.IV、汉译英，划线部分要求用‘than’等从句表示1. 这个值比我们预料的稍高一点This is a slightly higher value than we predicted.2. 这个反应堆能产生比它消耗得多的燃料This reactor can produce more fuel than it consumes.3.让我们来考虑一下当力矩为零的情况Let us consider the case when the torque is zero.4. 我们必须确定开关闭合后的电流和电压值We must determine the values of currents and voltages after the switch closes.5. 自从本书首次出版以来的十年间，金属加工业发生了巨大的变化During the ten years since this book was first published, significant changes have taken place/have been seen in metal-making.V、1. 【汉】甚至在这种情况下，这些协议也能为数量有限的用户提供质量可接受的语音服务【英】Even in this case these protocols can provide limited number of users the acceptable quality of voice service.【改】Even in this case these protocols can provide a limited number of users with the acceptable quality of voice service.2.【汉】本文截杀了8098微控制器与386PC机串行通信的方法【英】This paper presents a method of a 8098 microcontroller to series-communicate with 386 personal computer【改】This paper presents a method foran 8098 microcontroller to series-communicate with a 386 personal computer.3 【汉】对均衡器参数对均衡性能的影响进行了详细的分析【英】The effect of equalizer parameters for equalization performance is analyzeddetailedly.【改】The effect of equalizer parameters on equalization performance is analyzedin detail. [A detailed analysis is made of the effect of equalization parameters onequalization performance.]4.【汉】图1中的接受机每个信息包括射频放大器，混频器，中频放大器，A/D转换器等【英】Each receiver channel in Fig. 1 includes a RF amplifier、mixer、IFamplifier and A/D converter etc.【改】Each receiver channel in Fig. 1 contains an RF amplifier,a mixer,an IFamplifier, an A/D converter, etc.（注意：句尾的句号与缩略词“etc.”的黑点重合在一起了）5.【汉】异常成都越大，残留的失配就越，曲线就上扬【英】Larger the abnormal extent ，larger is the residual mismatch, and the curvegoes up.【改】The larger the abnormal extent (is), the larger is the residual mismatch, withthe curve going up.练习12I、1. be grounded;2. be carried;3. be raised;4. be;5. not try;6. be; be satisfied;7. be;8. be; was; have; 10. were concentrated; 11. had been; 12. were moving; 13. is going to rain; 14.be; 15. leakII、汉译英，要求使用虚拟语气1. 一旦出现不正常情况，立即刮泥电源Should anything abnormal happen, switch/turn off the power supply at once/immediately.2. 如果当时不适用电子计算机，他们解这个题就要花费很长时间Had electronic computers not been used, it would have taken them a long time to solve this problem.3.在原方程中检验一下所有解是十分重要的It is very important that all solutions (should) be checked in the original equation.4.人们建议这个设计应立即加以修改It is suggested that this design (should) be modified at once.5. 若没有半导体，卫星通信就不可能了。
科技英语阅读课后答案
科技英语阅读课后答案【篇一：科技英语阅读习题答案汇总】tions: reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence.1) facebook allows anyone who declares themselves to be aged 13 or older to become amember of the website.2) the websites membership was initially limited by the founders to harvard students, but wasexpanded to other colleges in the boston area, the ivy league, and stanford university.3) facebook later expanded membership eligibility to employees of several companies,including apple inc. and microsoft.4) the media often compares facebook to myspace, but one significant difference between thetwo websites is the level of customization.5) the patent may encourage facebook to pursue action against websites that violate the patent,which may potentially include websites such as twitter.4. directions: change the following sentences into nominalized ones.1) network security has become a major concern for organizations and individuals.2) for these reasons, making an operating system ready and available is helpful.3) the security policy development process may also involve the identification of protection.4) rather, it is a brief description of a number of important product features, such as the input method, network connectivity, operating system, and database capabilities.5) while formulating the interview plan, designers should work closely with project stakeholders who have access to users.unit 43. directions:1) given that robots generally lack muscles, they cant rely on muscle memory (the trickthat allows our bodies to become familiar over time with movements such as walking or breathing) to help them more easily complete repetitive tasks.2) for autonomous robots, this can be a bit of a problem, since they may have toaccommodate changing terrain in real time or risk getting stuck or losing their balance.3) one way around this is to create a robot that can process information from a variety ofsensors positioned near its ―legs‖ a nd identify different patterns as it moves, a team of researchers report sunday in nature physics.4) some scientists rely on small neural circuits called central pattern generators (cpg) tocreate walking robots that are aware of their surroundings.5) bernstein center for computational neuroscience researcher poramate manoonpongand max planck institute for dynamics and self-organization researcher marc timme are leading a project that has created a six-legged robot with one cpg that can switch gaits depending upon the obstacles it encounters.4. directions: change the following sentences into the passive-voice ones. 1) a novel twist is introduced on this traditional approach (by the new field of experimentalphilosophy).2) the search to unders tand people’s ordinary intuitions is continued (by experimentalphilosophers).3) this is accomplished by using the methods of contemporary cognitive science—experimental studies, statistical analyses, cognitive models, and so forth.4) just in the past year or so, this new approach has been being applied (by a number ofresearchers) to the study of intuitions about consciousness.5) how people think about the mind can be better understood by by studying how peoplethink about three different types of abstract entities.unit 7 genetic engineering2. directions: complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. change the form ifnecessary.1) restriction enzyme is an endonuclease that cuts dna at sites defined by its recognition sequence.dna限制内切酶是一种酸内切酶，它能够在其识别序列指定的部位切割dna。
研究生英语阅读教程Unit1课后作业及答案
研究生英语阅读教程Unit1课后作业及答案V ocabulary: Choice QuestionC 。
1The Car Connectivity Consortium was founded under U.S. law as a limited liability corporation. CA assetsB businessC responsibilityD investmentC ）2Suffering was easier to bear than the bitterness he felt corroding his spirit.CA inspiringB revealingC destroyingDreleasing2、Reading Comprehension: Choice QuestionB The "black swan" in Paragraph 4 means that the thing in question________.A is preciousBrarely happensCis only our dreamD catches our attention4）A By "the pattern seems clear" (Paragraph 1), the author implies that what happened at Deepwater Horizon________.A has its unique reasonsB is not an isolated eventC is avoidable if taken seriouslyD is unavoidable no matter what5）A By "it would be foolish to think that the only risks we are still underestimating are the ones that have suddenly becomesalient" in Paragraph 9, the author means to stress that________.A there are also risks in fields other than the oil industryB there are more risks in the oil industry than we have knownC we no longer underestimate the risks in the oil industryD we should be careful not to underestimate the risks again in the future.A 6）The author describes in detail the greenhouse gas effect to________.A re mind people of the possible risks aheadB t ry to persuade the global warming skepticsC tell people to face reality and take initiativesD convince people of the reliability of his information3、V ocabulary: Choice Question7）D）Sales are reminiscent of the 2008 holiday season when merchandise was marked down 50% to 80%. Aback fromB different fromCbetter thanD similar to4、Reading Comprehension: Choice QuestionC The author specifically mentions Joe Barton's criticism of BP to emphasize that________.A public opinions matter in the case of the oil spillsB the oil industry should impose pressure on BPC BP has indeed made unforgivable wrong decisionsD the fight against the oil industry is inconsistent5、V ocabulary: Choice Question9）D ou agree to waive the claim, which speaks well for your friendly attitude and close cooperation.A startB continueC changeD quit6、Reading Comprehension: Choice Question10 B Things with the high stakes________.A should be left to the market aloneB can be better handled with government helpC can be better solved by the market than the governmentD may be made worse by government intervention11）D Michael Greenstone would summarize the role played by the 1990 law as________.A beneficialB unpredictableC negligibleD adverse12 D The author's purpose in writing the article is to________.A call on the public to condemn the oil industryB offer solutions to the problems in the oil industryC expose the deal between the industry and the governmentD analyze the reasons behind the oil disasters and issue warnings7、Cloze13）.（20分）There are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the right word or phrase from the list given below for each of the blanks. Change the form if necessary.unexpected regardless of necessarily puzzle altersevere come up with shrink wisdom tendResearchers in California have found that birds around San Francisco Bay have slowly gotten bigger over the last 27 to 40 years. The finding is certainly interesting—because it counterssome conventional_ _ wisdom 1__on how animals respond to climate change.A well-known ecological rule, called Bergmann's Rule, states that animals__ tend 2__to be larger at higher latitudes. It is believed that this occurs because larger animals are better able to conserve body heat. Bergmann's Rule, then, would suggest that animals will__ shrink 3__in size as their native climates get warmer."We had the good fortune to find a(n)_ unexpected _4__result," Rae Goodman, the researcher at the SanFrancisco State who led the study explained, "but we were then left with the_ puzzle _5__of figuring out what was going on."They__6 come up with __several possibilities, all indicating that birds—and ultimately other animals—may respond to climate change in unexpected ways. One theory is that the larger body size was caused by fat stores which have increased in response to__ severe7__weather events. Another was that changes in plant ecology could have__ altered 8__the birds' diet, leading to increased body sizes.__ Regardless of 9__the specific mechanism, it is clear that climate change is causing significant shifts in traits—like body size—that don't usually exhibit much flexibility.Though the finding was unexpected, however, it was not _ necessarily _10__ all bad news. "It gave me a little more hope," Study Co-Author Gretchen LeBuhn explained, "that these birds are able to respond—hopefully in time—to changes in climate."8、V ocabulary: Choice Question14）B About 1% to 2% of the population are affected by temporary loss of smell: drugs, pollution and pregnancy can all distort the senses.A work withB interfere withC associate withD come with15 A Humans have trouble evaluating risks that are not salient.A noticeableB uniqueC acceptableD real9、V ocabulary: Blank Filling）Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.1. The Secretary of State for Environment has the power to_ cap _1__councils which plan to spend excessively.2. __2 In the wake of __two heart surgeries, Clinton, 65, has lost 25 pounds and appears fit.3. Ernest seems to have as many lives as the__ proverbial3__cat.4. Most of my worries__ stem from 4__wondering whether or not I'm pleasing the woman I'm with.5. At room temperature, the__ odds 5__of that happening are once in a billion years.6. It is very wet here, a big surprise_ given _6__the fact this isa polar desert.7. Celebrity sometimes makes people think they are fireproof: their fans love them__ come what may 7__.8. _ Far from _8__being relaxed, we both felt so uncomfortable that we hardly spoke.9. If anything, money spent on political donations and lobbying holds more__ sway 9__when it is unexamined.10. __ In retrospect 10__, I wished I had thought about alternative courses of action.10、Reading Comprehension: Choice Question17）C People's fear of planes after the 9/11 attacks________.A is understandableB drives them crazyC cannot be fully justifiedD proves to be well-grounded11、V ocabulary: Choice Question18）B His wife set about upbraiding him for neglecting the children.A encouragingB criticizingC understandingD hating19）A For the would-be online criminals, the likelihood of their getting caught and punished is vanishingly small, yet the profits are great.A extremelyB probablyC unfortunatelyD slightly20）C Do you look forward to old age, or do you dread frailty, loss of memory and dependence on others?A lonelinessB povertyC weaknessD illness12、Reading Comprehension: Choice Question21 D How might Robert Stavins comment on the BP executives and their mistakes?A Nobody in their right mind would make such mistakes.B They have everything in their power to avoid the mistakes.C These mistakes are actually beyond human control.D These mistakes, though serious, reflect common human weakness.13、V ocabulary: Choice Question22）D I greatly enjoy these meetings unless I have to make a speech, in which case I'm in a state of dreadful anxiety.A unexpectedB naturalC understandableD terrible。
2024年研究生考试考研英语(二204)试题与参考答案
2024年研究生考试考研英语(二204)复习试题与参考答案一、完型填空（10分）Section A: Reading Comprehension (Part A: Multiple Choice Questions)In this section, there is a passage with 20 blanks. For each blank in the passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.The world of fashion is an ever-changing landscape, where trends come and go with the speed of light. The following passage explores the dynamics of this dynamic industry.Fashion designers often work under immense pressure to keep up with the latest trends. The competition to create unique and eye-catching designs is fierce. (1)________, they are expected to produce new collections every few months, which can be quite a challenge.1.A. Despite this high demandB. Because of this high demandC. However, this high demandD. In order to meet this high demandFashion weeks, held in major cities around the world, are where new trendsare showcased to the public. (2)________, these events are a mix of glamour and chaos, attracting thousands of fashion enthusiasts and industry professionals.2.A. ConsequentlyB. MoreoverC. HoweverD. NeverthelessDesigners must be aware of the cultural and social contexts of their audiences to create designs that resonate. (3)________, understanding consumer behavior is crucial in the fashion industry.3.A. FurthermoreB. In contrastC. MoreoverD. NonethelessThe process of creating a new collection is both creative and logistical. First, designers brainstorm ideas and sketch their concepts. (4)________, they need to source fabrics, materials, and accessories.4.A. NextB. ThereforeC. HoweverD. Moreover(5)________, designers must also consider the sustainability and ethical aspects of their work.B. ConsequentlyC. HoweverD. MoreoverOnce the collection is complete, it is presented to buyers, who decide whether to purchase the designs for their stores. (6)________, this stage is critical to a designer’s success.6.A. As a resultB. MoreoverC. HoweverD. ConsequentlyFashion is not just about clothing; it is a reflection of personal style and identity. (7)________, it can also be a powerful statement about social issues and causes.7.A. AlthoughB. HoweverC. MoreoverD. FurthermoreThe impact of social media on the fashion industry cannot be overstated. Platforms like Instagram and TikTok have given designers a global audience and a direct line to consumers. (8)________, this has transformed the way fashion trends are discovered and followed.B. ConsequentlyC. HoweverD. MoreoverFashion is a global industry, but it is also deeply rooted in local cultures.(9)________, designers must balance the desire to be innovative with the need to respect and incorporate traditional elements.9.A. ConsequentlyB. MoreoverC. HoweverD. NeverthelessThe economic aspect of the fashion industry is significant, with billions of dollars spent on clothing and accessories each year. (10)________, the industry faces challenges such as overproduction and waste.10.A. AdditionallyB. ConsequentlyC. HoweverD. MoreoverAnswers:1.A2.B3.A4.A5.A6.A7.C8.A9.B10.C二、传统阅读理解（本部分有4大题，每大题10分，共40分）第一题Reading PassageIn the wake of the global financial crisis, there has been a growing interest in the role of corporate governance in shaping a company’s financial performance. Corporate governance refers to the system by which businesses are directed and controlled. It in cludes the relationships between a company’s management, its board, its shareholders, and other stakeholders. The effectiveness of corporate governance has become a key issue for investors and regulators alike.The crisis exposed several weaknesses in the traditional models of corporate governance, particularly those that rely heavily on external oversight. Critics argue that such models are prone to conflicts of interest, lack transparency, and can be influenced by short-term financial pressures. In contrast, somescholars advocate for a more inclusive approach that involves a stronger role for shareholders and a focus on long-term value creation.The following passage discusses the impact of corporate governance on a company’s financial performance.PassageThe impact of corporate governance on a company’s financial performance is a topic of considerable debate. Studies have shown that well-governed companies tend to outperform their poorly governed counterparts. This is attributed to several factors. Firstly, effective governance structures ensure that decisions are made with the best interests of shareholders in mind. Secondly, strong corporate governance promotes accountability and transparency, which can enhance investor confidence. Lastly, good governance practices often lead to better risk management and strategic planning.However, the relationship between corporate governance and financial performance is complex and multifaceted. It is not always the case that better governance leads to better financial results. For instance, excessive shareholder activism can disrupt management and hinder the company’s ability to execute its business strategy. Moreover, the quality of governance can vary significantly across different industries and regions.1、What is the main focus of the passage?A. The causes of the global financial crisisB. The effectiveness of traditional corporate governance modelsC. The role of shareholders in corporate governanceD. The relationship between corporate governance and financial performance2、According to the passage, what is one factor that contributes towell-governed companies outperforming others?A. Lack of shareholder activismB. Strong corporate governance structuresC. Short-term financial pressuresD. Excessive oversight by external bodies3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to better financial performance?A. AccountabilityB. TransparencyC. Strategic planningD. Long-term financial planning4、What does the passage suggest about the relationship between corporate governance and financial performance?A. It is always a positive correlation.B. It is complex and multifaceted.C. It is influenced by shareholder activism.D. It is only relevant in well-governed companies.5、The author’s attitude towards the effectiveness of traditional corporate governance models can be best described as:A. SkepticalB. SupportiveC. IndifferentD. CriticalAnswers1、D2、B3、D4、B5、D第二题Passage:The digital age has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. With the advent of the internet and social media, the traditional newspaper industry has faced significant challenges. One such challenge is the declining circulation of print newspapers. This essay explores the reasons behind the decline and discusses the impact it has on journalism and society.In the past, newspapers were the primary source of news and information for most people. They provided comprehensive coverage of local, national, and international events. However, the rise of the internet has changed the landscape. People now have access to news and information at their fingertips, often from sources that are not as reliable as traditional newspapers. This shifthas led to a decrease in print newspaper circulation.Several factors contribute to the decline of print newspapers. Firstly, the internet offers convenience and speed. People can get news updates in real-time, without the need to wait for the morning newspaper to arrive. Secondly, the cost of purchasing a newspaper is a significant factor. Many people find it more cost-effective to access news online for free. Lastly, the traditional newspaper format is often considered outdated by younger generations, who are more accustomed to digital media.The decline of print newspapers has had a profound impact on journalism. With reduced circulation, newspapers are facing financial difficulties, which can lead to cutbacks in staff and resources. This, in turn, can result in a loss of quality and diversity in news reporting. Additionally, the decline of print newspapers has implications for the democratic process. Informed citizens are essential for a healthy democracy, and the availability of diverse news sources is crucial for fostering an informed electorate.Despite the challenges, there is hope for the future of journalism. Many newspapers have adapted by embracing digital technologies. They are investing in online platforms and mobile applications to reach a wider audience. Some have even started experimenting with virtual reality to provide immersive news experiences. These innovations may help newspapers survive and thrive in the digital age.Questions:1、What is the main topic of the passage?A. The benefits of digital media over print mediaB. The challenges faced by the traditional newspaper industryC. The impact of the internet on news consumption habitsD. The future of journalism in the digital age2、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a contributing factor to the decline of print newspapers?A. The convenience and speed of the internetB. The cost of purchasing a newspaperC. The preference for digital media among younger generationsD. The quality of news reporting in print newspapers3、According to the passage, what is the potential consequence of the decline in newspaper circulation?A. An increase in the number of reliable news sources onlineB. A loss of quality and diversity in news reportingC. A more informed and engaged citizenryD. A decrease in the number of journalists4、How are newspapers adapting to the digital age according to the passage?A. By reducing their staff and resourcesB. By embracing digital technologies and online platformsC. By focusing on local news and community engagementD. By charging for access to their online content5、What is the author’s overall tone regarding the future of journalism?A. PessimisticB. OptimisticC. IndifferentD. ConfusedAnswers:1、B2、D3、B4、B5、B第三题The following is a passage from a recent article on the impact of technology on education. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.Technology has revolutionized the way we live, work, and learn. In the realm of education, the integration of technology has brought about significant changes. One of the most notable advancements is the use of online learning platforms, which have become increasingly popular among students and educators alike. These platforms offer flexibility, convenience, and access to a vast array of resources. However, despite these benefits, there are concerns about the effectiveness of online learning and its impact on traditional educational methods.Online learning platforms provide students with the opportunity to study at their own pace and from the comfort of their homes. This flexibility is particularly appealing to working professionals who wish to further their education without interrupting their careers. Moreover, these platforms often feature interactive elements such as videos, quizzes, and forums, which enhance the learning experience. Educators also benefit from these tools, as they can reach a wider audience and provide personalized feedback to students.Despite the advantages, some argue that the lack of face-to-face interaction in online learning can hinder the development of crucial skills such as critical thinking and communication. Traditional classroom settings offer a dynamic environment where students can engage in discussions, ask questions, and learn from each other. Furthermore, the social aspects of education, such as teamwork and networking, are often diminished in online environments.1、What is one significant advantage of online learning platforms mentioned in the passage?2、How do online learning platforms benefit educators?3、What is a concern expressed about online learning in terms of student development?4、According to the passage, what is often diminished in online environments?5、What is the author’s overall stance on the impact of technology on education?1、The opportunity to study at one’s own pace and from the comfort of their homes.2、The ability to reach a wider audience and provide personalized feedback to students.3、The lack of face-to-face interaction can hinder the development of crucial skills such as critical thinking and communication.4）The social aspects of education, such as teamwork and networking.5）The author acknowledges the benefits of technology in education but also expresses concerns about its impact on traditional methods and student development.第四题Passage:The rise of the internet has had a profound impact on the way people communicate, access information, and conduct business. One of the most significant changes brought about by the internet is the shift from traditional, print-based media to digital, online media. This shift has been particularly noticeable in the realm of news reporting and consumption. While traditional media outlets like newspapers and magazines have been slow to adapt, the rise of online news platforms has transformed the industry.1、The first paragraph primarily discusses:A. The negative effects of the internet on traditional media.B. The impact of the internet on various aspects of human life.C. The transformation of the news industry due to the internet.D. The slow adaptation of traditional media outlets to the internet.2、The word “profound” in the first sentence is closest in meaning to:A. Temporary.B. Shallow.C. Deep.D. Irrelevant.3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a change brought about by the internet in the first paragraph?A. The way people communicate.B. The way people access information.C. The way people consume media.D. The way people write letters.4、The phrase “slow to adapt” in the second paragraph suggests that:A. Traditional media outlets have quickly embraced the internet.B. Traditional media outlets have been resistant to change.C. Traditional media outlets are the fastest-growing segment of the industry.D. Traditional media outlets have been more successful than online platforms.5、The author’s tone throughout the passage can best be described as:A. Critical.B. Objective.C. Supportive.D. Enthusiastic.Answers:1、C2、C3、D4、B5、B三、阅读理解新题型（10分）Passage:Astronomy, the study of the universe, has always been a popular field of research. With the advancement of technology, we have been able to explore the cosmos and uncover many fascinating facts about our universe. One of the most intriguing discoveries is the existence of exoplanets, or planets outside our solar system. These planets have different characteristics and environments compared to those in our solar system, which makes them a subject of great interest for scientists.Exoplanets come in various sizes and orbit their stars at different distances. Some of them are located in the habitable zone, where conditions mightallow for the existence of liquid water on their surfaces. This has sparked a hope that we might find signs of life on these distant worlds. However, the search for life on exoplanets is not an easy task, as the conditions on these planets can be extremely harsh.To study exoplanets, scientists use a variety of techniques, including the transit method, the radial velocity method, and the direct imaging method. The transit method involves observing the brightness of a star as an exoplanet passes in front of it, which can reveal the size and orbit of the planet. The radial velocity method measures the tiny wobbles of a star caused by the gravitational pull of an orbiting exoplanet, allowing scientists to estimate its mass. The direct imaging method is the most challenging but provides detailed information about the planet’s surface, atmosphere, and orbit.Despite the progress made in exoplanet research, there are still many challenges ahead. One of the challenges is the difficulty in observing exoplanets due to their immense distance from Earth. Another challenge is the limited information we have about these planets, as most of the data comes from indirect observations. However, as technology continues to improve, scientists are optimistic that we will be able to overcome these challenges and learn more about the mysterious exoplanets.Questions:1.What is the main topic of the passage?a) The history of astronomyb) The existence of exoplanetsc) The challenges of studying exoplanetsd) The different methods used to study exoplanets2.Why are exoplanets of great interest to scientists?a) They are easier to study than planets in our solar systemb) They might contain signs of lifec) They have unique characteristics and environmentsd) They are located in the habitable zone3.According to the passage, what is the transit method used for?a) Measuring the mass of an exoplanetb) Observing the surface of an exoplanetc) Estimating the size and orbit of an exoplanetd) Measuring the wobbles of a star4.What is one of the challenges in studying exoplanets?a) The difficulty in observing them due to their distance from Earthb) The limited information we have about these planetsc) The harsh conditions on exoplanetsd) The limited technology available for studying exoplanets5.What can be concluded about the future of exoplanet research from the passage?a) It will be abandoned due to the challenges involvedb) It will be limited to indirect observations onlyc) It will continue to progress as technology improvesd) It will be focused on studying only the planets in our solar systemAnswers:1.b2.b3.c4.a5.c四、翻译（本大题有5小题，每小题3分，共15分）第一题Translate the following Chinese passage into English.中文段落：随着互联网技术的飞速发展，人们的生活方式发生了翻天覆地的变化。
研究生英语阅读教程答案-重庆大学出版社 Unit3 Technology
Unit 3 Technology课后练习答案Passage ARethinking What Leads the Way: Science, or New Technology?KEYS TO EXERCISESI. Reading comprehension1. D2. B3. A4. A5. B6. B7. B8. A9. D 10. DII. Vocabulary1. A2. A3. B4. B5. B6. C7. D8. B9. C 10. A11. D 12. A 13.D 14.A 15.A 16.C 17.A 18. B 19. A 20. AIII. Word bank1.cautious2. discrete3. arrive at4. prognostication5. reassessment6. inspiration7. endow8. automated9. elusive 10. theoreticalIV. Cloze1. A2. B3. D.4. D5. B6. A7. B8. A9. C 10. B1. A 12. B 13. C 14. D 15. CV. Translation1.Happiness is an illusion for some people and elusive to others, but for families who get theirrecipes right, happiness is an all-pervasive emotion that follows them wherever they go and whatever they do.2.Psychologists have also found that if you sleep after thinking about your problems there is abetter chance that you arrive at a solution the next day.3.Setbacks can help you accumulate experience, and experience can, in return, enrich yourmind.4.His talk was evocative of the bygone days.5.In this world, what is it to set apart people who love each other?6.What can't be denied is that technology, no matter its faults, makes life a whole lot easier. Itallows us to communicate with more people in less time; it can make conversation simple—no small talk required. It can be therapeutic: robots are now used to help care for the elderly. But it can also be seductive, providing more stimulation than our natural lives. But is anyone of those feelings on par with the kind we feel when engaged in real, face-to-face intimacy? Online, you can ignore others' feelings. In a text message, you can avoid eye contact. That doesn't spell disaster, but it does mean we might want to start thinking about the way we want to live.VI. Discussion1.How does technology influence our life?2.How do you think about the issue of food safety?课文参考译文重新考量孰先孰后：科学还是技术？设想一下如果没有显微镜、望远镜以及像DNA自动测序这样更为先进的新进技术的话，科学会是什么状态？这样的科学仍然植根于人类的感知和推理。
研究生科技英语阅读课后答案(全)
Unit 1Genetically Modified Foods—Feed the World?II.Vocabulary1. alternative2. modification3. devastating4. rigorous5. collaborate6. recoup7. incentive8. restriction9. subjected to10. array of 11.attribute … to12.being exposed…to13.incorporate… into14.fortified with15. suffers fromIII.Translation(1) vocal green lobbies 主张环保的游说集团arable land 耕地面积vitamin A deficiency 缺乏维生素Anutritionally improved crops 增进营养成分的农作物restore the balance 避免这一损失staple crops主要粮食作物neutralize aluminum toxicity中和铝的毒性overall crop productivity农业总产量transport infrastructures运输基础设施target rich markets把富裕国家的市场作为目标I 阅读理解，共6篇，每篇5个问题，共30分。
II 完型填空，1篇，阅读教材前10课的课后题，15个选项10个空，所考空格会发生变化，共10分。
III 翻译1.英译汉，共2篇段落翻译，一篇是阅读教材前10课课文中的段落，一篇是翻译教材中语篇翻译，共10分。
2.汉译英，共10句，阅读教材前10课课后题，共20分。
IV 写作1. 应用文写作，80字左右，共10分。
2.大作文，180字左右，共20分。
(2) 转基因食品来源于转基因生物体。
转基因生物体自身发生了特定变化，基因工程技术使得其DNA发生这种变化成为可能。
完整版本研究生英语阅读教程基础级第三版本课后练习习题答案Lesson1246812.doc
Lesson 1 World English: A Blessing or a Curse (p7)1. There has been much opposition from social groups,B from the farmingcommunity.A. straightforwardly(直接地)B. notably （显著地，尤其）C. virtually （事实上）D. exceptionally（例外地）译文：社会团体，尤其是农业团体，对此有许多反对意见。
2. The A view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline,dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominant（占支配地位的）B. credulous （轻信的）C. inclusive （包含的）D. sustainable（可持续的）译文：英国和其他西方国家的主流观点认为，老龄化意味着衰落、依赖、孤立，而且往往是贫穷。
3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by themost D of governments.A. tough （困难的）B. demanding（苛求的）C. diverse （不同的）D. benign （有利的；善良的）译文：但是，这样的礼物不可能由法官或最仁慈的政府颁发给所有人。
4. The foreman read the C of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudice（偏见）B. verification（政审）C. verdict （判断；裁决）D. punishment（惩罚）译文：陪审团念了十四遍有罪判决，为每位被告都念了一遍。
研究生科技英语阅读答案
Unit 1Genetically Modified Foods—Feed the World?prehension and Appreciation1. What is the author’s overall position on this issue? Is he for or against genetically modified foods?He is on the side of GM foods, and he thinks that fears that genetically modified, pest-resistant crops might kill good insects as well as bad appear unfounded.2. Do you know GM foods are already part of our lives? What kind of GM foods have you had? How does the author support the fact that the genetic is out of the bottle? Have you got any clue of allusion and parody used in the expression ―the genetic is out of the bottle‖?The author uses the fact that a third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology and more than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year to show the genetic is out of the bottle.It is frome Genie in a Bottle, the first hit single and signature song from Christina Aguilera’s debut album.3. The entry of GM foods into the food chain raises the debate about biotech in many countries, what is the general attitude of wealthy countries toward this issue? What about the developing countries on this issue?In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from -- and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks?4. What are the effects of the fact that nearly 800 million people around the world are undernourished?The effects are devastating. About 400 million women of childbearing age are iron deficient, which means their babies are exposed to various birth defects. As many as 100 million children suffer from vitamin A deficiency, a leading cause of blindness. Tens of millions of people suffer from other major ailments and nutritional deficiencies caused by lack of food.5. How can biotech help to cure the children with vitamin A deficiency? Biotechnologists have developed genetically modified rice that is fortified with beta-carotene -- which the body converts into vitamin A -- and additional iron.6. How do you like the GM, pest-resistant crops? How does the author support the idea that fears that GM, pest-resistant crops might kill good insects as well as bad appear groundless?The GM, pest-resistant crops can improve farming productivity in places where food shortages are caused by crop damage attribution to pests, drought, poor soil and crop viruses, bacteria or fungi. They are quite amazing and seemingly a mircle.The author uses 2 examples to support his idea that fears that GM, pest-resistant crops might kill good insects as well as bad appear groundless:(1). The European corn borer, for example, destroys 40 million tons of the world's corn crop annually, about 7% of the total. Incorporating pest-resistant genes into seeds can help restore the balance.(2). In trials of pest-resistant cotton in Africa, yields have increased significantly.7. How does biotech help to solve the problem of crop failures due to viruses, droughts and soils with excess aluminum?By incorporating varieties of genes into the seeds, biotech can help to create virus-resistant crops, which can reduce that damage, as can drought-tolerant seeds in regions where water shortages limit the amount of land under cultivation. Biotech can also help solve the problem of soil that contains excess aluminum, which can damage roots and cause many staple-crop failures. A gene that helps neutralize aluminum toxicity in rice has been identified.8. Is biotech the only chance for developing countries to overcome hunger?Biotech is far from being the whole answer. In developing countries, lost crops are only one cause of hunger. Poverty plays the largest role.9. What problems is biotech confronted with? Are there some companies responding to the needs of poor countries? How did they help the poor countries?Biotech has its own "distribution" problems. Private-sector biotech companies in the rich countries carry out much of the leading-edge research on genetically modified crops. Their products are often too costly for poor farmers in the developing world, and many of those products won't even reach the regions where they are most needed. To our great joy and ease, there are some of these companies responding to needs of poor countries. A London-based company, for example, has announced that it will share with developing countries technology needed to produce vitamin-enriched "golden rice".10. If GM foods fail to transform agriculture in many developing countries, what is the daunting question the author visualizes for the developing countries? Why is it daunting?Biotech is not a panacea, but it does promise to transform agriculture in many developing countries. If that promise is not fulfilled, the real losers will be their people, who could suffer for years to come.II.Vocabulary1. alternative2. modification3. devastating4. rigorous5. collaborate6. recoup7. incentive8. restriction9. subjected to10. array of 11.attribute … to12.being exposed…to13.incorporate… into14.fortified with15. suffers fromIII.Translation(1) vocal green lobbies 主张环保的游说集团arable land 耕地面积vitamin A deficiency 缺乏维生素Anutritionally improved crops 增进营养成分的农作物restore the balance 避免这一损失staple crops主要粮食作物neutralize aluminum toxicity中和铝的毒性overall crop productivity农业总产量transport infrastructures运输基础设施target rich markets把富裕国家的市场作为目标(2) 转基因食品来源于转基因生物体。