机械设计外文文献及翻译
机械设计制造及自动化中英文对照外文翻译文献
机械设计制造及⾃动化中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献(⽂档含英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)使⽤CBN砂轮对螺杆转⼦进⾏精密磨削的⽅法摘要：针对⾼精度加⼯螺杆转⼦，这篇论⽂介绍了利⽤⽴⽅氮化硼（CBN砂轮）对螺杆转⼦进⾏精密磨削的加⼯⽅法。
⾸先，使⽤⼩型电镀CBN砂轮磨削螺杆转⼦。
精确的CBN砂轮轴向轮廓的模型是在齿轮啮合理论的基础上建⽴开发的。
考虑到螺杆转⼦和涂层厚度之间的间隙，主动砂轮的修整引⼊了CBN的砂轮的设计⽅法。
主动砂轮的形状采⽤低速电⽕花线切割技术（低速⾛丝线切割机）进⾏加⼯线CBN主动砂轮的成形车⼑采⽤低速⾛丝机切割机进⾏加⼯。
CBN螺杆转⼦砂轮采⽤本⽂提出的原理进⾏有效性和正确性的验证。
电镀CBN砂轮对螺杆转⼦进⾏加⼯，同时进⾏机械加⼯实验。
在实验中获得的数据达到GB10095-88五级认证。
关键词： CBN砂轮精密磨削螺杆转⼦砂轮外形修整专业术语⽬录：P 螺杆转⼦的参数H 螺杆转⼦的直径Σ砂轮和转⼦的安装⾓度Au 砂轮和转⼦的中⼼距8 螺旋转⼦接触点的旋转⾓x1, y1, z1:转⼦在σ系统中的位置x, y, z: 砂轮端⾯的位置x u ,y u ,z u: x, x y z轴的法向量n x ,ny,nz:X Y Z轴的端⾯法向量n u , nu, nu:砂轮的⾓速度的⽮量:砂轮模块的⾓速度wu:螺旋转⼦的⾓速度w1螺旋转⼦模块的⾓速度转⼦接触点的⾓速度转⼦表⾯接触点的初始速度砂轮表⾯接触点的⾓速度砂轮表⾯接触点的初始速度l砂轮的理论半径砂轮轴的理想位置砂轮表⾯的修改半径砂轮轴的修改位置砂轮表⾯的法向量1.引⾔螺旋转⼦是螺杆压缩机、螺钉、碎纸机以及螺杆泵的关键部分。
转⼦的加⼯精度决定了机械性能。
⼀般来说，铣⼑⽤于加⼯螺旋转⼦。
许多研究者，如肖等⼈[ 1 ]和姚等⼈[ 2 ]，对⽤铣⼑加⼯螺旋转⼦做了⼤量的⼯作。
该⽅法可以提⾼加⼯效率。
然⽽，加⼯精度低和表⾯粗糙度不⾼是其主要缺点。
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文原文Mechanical DesignAbstract:A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previouslydone by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partlyIn the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components becomeapparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems. Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spurgears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes. Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly notnecessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.外文资料翻译译文机械设计摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。
机械手设计英文参考文献原文翻译
翻译人：王墨墨山东科技大学文献题目：Automated Calibration of Robot Coordinatesfor Reconfigurable Assembly Systems翻译正文如下：针对可重构装配系统的机器人协调性的自动校准T.艾利，Y.米达，H.菊地，M.雪松日本东京大学，机械研究院，精密工程部摘要为了实现流水工作线更高的可重构性，以必要设备如机器人的快速插入插出为研究目的。
当一种新的设备被装配到流水工作线时，应使其具备校准系统。
该研究使用两台电荷耦合摄像机，基于直接线性变换法，致力于研究一种相对位置/相对方位的自动化校准系统。
摄像机被随机放置，然后对每一个机械手执行一组动作。
通过摄像机检测机械手动作，就能捕捉到两台机器人的相对位置。
最佳的结果精度为均方根值0.16毫米。
关键词：装配，校准，机器人1 介绍21世纪新的制造系统需要具备新的生产能力，如可重用性，可拓展性，敏捷性以及可重构性[1]。
系统配置的低成本转变，能够使系统应对可预见的以及不可预见的市场波动。
关于组装系统，许多研究者提出了分散的方法来实现可重构性[2][3]。
他们中的大多数都是基于主体的系统，主体逐一协同以建立一种新的配置。
然而，协同只是目的的一部分。
在现实生产系统中，例如工作空间这类物理问题应当被有效解决。
为了实现更高的可重构性，一些研究人员不顾昂贵的造价，开发出了特殊的均匀单元[4][5][6]。
作者为装配单元提出了一种自律分散型机器人系统，包含多样化的传统设备[7][8]。
该系统可以从一个系统添加/删除装配设备，亦或是添加/删除装配设备到另一个系统；它通过协同作用，合理地解决了工作空间的冲突问题。
我们可以把该功能称为“插入与生产”。
在重构过程中，校准的装配机器人是非常重要的。
这是因为，需要用它们来测量相关主体的特征，以便在物理主体之间建立良好的协作关系。
这一调整必须要达到表1中所列到的多种标准要求。
机械设计专业外文文献翻译
机械设计专业外文文献翻译general。
however。
materials that are easy to machine have high machinability。
while those that are difficult to machine have low XXX。
microstructure。
and mechanical properties。
as well as the XXX。
material。
and wear resistance.XXX factors。
cutting speed。
feed rate。
and depth of cut also play XXX the amount of heat generated in the cutting zone and decreasing the time that the cutting tool is in contact with the XXX。
at high cutting speeds。
tool wear and cutting forces can increase。
which can ce tool life and surface finish quality.Feed rate and depth of cut also XXX the amount of material that is removed and the forces that are generated during cutting。
Higher feed rates and deeper cuts can improve material removal rates。
but they can also increase cutting forces and heat n。
which can ce tool life and surface finish quality.Overall。
机械类外文文献及翻译
机械类外文文献及翻译(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTIONAbstract:The important position of the wheel gear and shaft can't falter in traditional machine and modern machines.The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box. The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, using for many situations respectively. So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways .Key words: Wheel gear; ShaftIn the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case ofbevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid.The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load.Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed heli : cal gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is ,a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle areequal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand.Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears.Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is onein which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm.. A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small. Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 0-deg. Shaft angle.When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 0 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered.Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often go : od design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of thehelical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered.It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears.A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time.The word “shaft” covers numerous v ariations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle.When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits. Whenever possible, the power-transmission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress.Although the von Mises-Hencky-Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment,and surface finish and whether or not shot peening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliability.Because of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake, two in : ertias I and I traveling at the respective angular velocities W and W, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall be interested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for eath geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat-dissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows:. Rim type with internally expanding shoes. Rim type with externally contracting shoes. Band type. Disk or axial type. Cone type. Miscellaneous typeThe analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary:. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces.. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions.Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others.A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a great many teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements.Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required.Devices such as linear drives or motor-operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal.An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to “freewheel” or “overrun” bec ause the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This : type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth.Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained.齿轮和轴的介绍摘要:在传统机械和现代机械中齿轮和轴的重要地位是不可动摇的。
机械设计类英文文献及翻译
The Sunflower Seed Huller and Oil PressBy Jeff Cox-- from Organic Gardening, April 1979, Rodale PressIN 2,500 SQUARE FEET, a family of four can grow each year enough sunflower seed to produce three gallons of homemade vegetable oil suitable for salads or cooking and 20 pounds of nutritious, dehulled seed -- with enough broken seeds left over to feed a winter's worth of birds.The problem, heretofore, with sunflower seeds was the difficulty of dehulling them at home, and the lack of a device for expressing oil from the seeds. About six months ago, we decided to change all that. The job was to find out who makes a sunflower seed dehuller or to devise one if none were manufactured. And to either locate a home-scale oilseed press or devise one. No mean task.Our researches took us from North Dakota -- hub of commercial sunflower activity in the nation -- to a search of the files in the U.S. Patent Office, with stops in between. We turned up a lot of big machinery, discovered how difficult it is to buy really pure, unrefined vegetable oils, but found no small-scale equipment to dehull sunflowers or press out their oil. The key to success, however, was on our desk the whole time. In spring 1977, August Kormier had submitted a free-lance article describing how he used a Corona grain mill to dehull his sunflower seeds, and his vacuum cleaner exhaust hose to blow the hulls off the kernels. A second separation floated off the remaining hulls, leaving a clean product. We'd tried it, but because some kernels were cracked and the process involved drying, we hadn't been satisfied. Now we felt the best approach was to begin again with what we learned from Mr. Kormier and refine it.Staff Editor Diana Branch and Home Workplace Editor Jim Eldon worked with a number of hand- and electric-powered grain mills. While the Corona did a passable job, they got the best results with the C.S. Bell #60 hand mill and the Marathon Uni Mill, which is motor-driven. "I couldn't believe my eyes the first time I tried the Marathon," Diana says. "I opened the stones to 1/8th inch, and out came a bin full of whole kernels and hulls split right at the seams. What a thrill that was!"She found that by starting at the widest setting,and gradually narrowing the opening, almost every seed was dehulled. The stones crack the hulls open, then rub them to encourage the seed away from the fibrous lining. The Bell hand mill worked almost as well. "As long as the stones open at least as wide as the widest unhulled seed, any mill will work," she says.Because the seed slips through the mill on its flat side, grading is an important step to take before dehulling. We made three sizing boxes. Thefirst is 1/4-inch hardware cloth [wire screen]. The second is two layers of1/4-inch cloth, moved slightly apart to narrow the opening in one direction, and the third is two layers of screen adjusted to make a still-smaller opening. Since the smallest unhulled seeds are about the size of the largest hulled kernels, the grading step prevents these undersized seeds from passing through unhulled. Processed together at a closer setting, the smallest seeds hulled out.Jim Eldon's workshop is littered with strange-looking pieces of apparatus. They represent initial attempts to build a workable winnowing box, using Kormier's vacuum exhaust idea for a source of air. Jim, Fred Matlack and Diana finally made a box with a Plexiglas front, through which they could observe what was happening.They cut a hole in the back of the box with a sliding cover to regulate the air pressure, and fiddled with various arrangements of baffles. The result was a stream of hulls exiting through one hole while the kernels fell to the bottom of the box. Now they were ready to try a five-pound sample of unhulled sunflower seeds to see how much they could recover.The five pounds were graded and dehulled, then winnowed. We got about one hull for every ten kernels in the final, winnowed product. These are easily picked out. They usually contain kernels still held behind the fibrous strings of the hull. Their weight prevents them from blowing out with the empty hulls. We found that bug-eaten seeds do blow away with the chaff, which was a bonus for cleanliness of the final product. Toss the hulls to the birds, who will find broken seeds among them.Starting with 80 ounces of unhulled seed, we ended up with 41-1/4 ounces of edible whole seeds, 1.8 ounces of damaged seeds suitable for animal feed, and 36.6 ounces of hulls. It took us about an hour. Notbad.Sunflower seeds store perfectly in the hulls, but they deteriorate more rapidly when shelled out. The grain mill dehuller and winnowing box give the gardener a way to have the freshest possible seeds for eating at all times of the year. With the construction of one more piece of equipment -- the oil press -- he can have absolutely fresh, unrefined, polyunsaturated sunflower oil for salads, mayonnaise and cooking.Most light, refined vegetable oils have been extracted using hexane, a form of naphtha. The oil is then heated to boil off the hexane. Lye is dumped into it. It's washed with steam, then heated to remove odors and taste before being laced with preservatives and stabilizers. It may feel oily in the mouth, but you might as well taste air. No so with fresh-made sunflower oil -- it's deliciously yet subtly nutty in flavor, adding unsurpassed flavor to salads.There's good reason to believe that sunflower oil may become the #1 vegetable oil in the U.S. in a few years. It's already #1 in health-conscious Europe. Corn oil has already caught on here for health reasons, and sunflower oil is so much better. Sunflower oil's 70 percent polyunsaturate is just under safflower, with corn oil bringing up the rear with 55 percent. And sunflowers yield 40 percent oil, soybeans only 20 percent.Our oil press isrelatively simple, but it must be welded together. Check the construction directions for details. The press consists of a welded tubular frame which accepts a three-ton hydraulic jack. You may already have one. If not, it can be purchased at most auto and hardware stores for about $16. A metal canister with holes drilled in its sides and one end welded shut holds the mashed sunflower seeds. A piston is inserted in the canister and then inverted and slipped over a pedestal on the frame. The jack is set in place, and the pressure gradually increased over half an hour. The oil drips from the sides of the canister into a tray -- the bottom of a plastic jug slipped over the pedestal works fine -- which empties the oil into a cup. You can filter the oil with a coffee filter to remove pieces of seed and other fine particles that would burn if the oil were used for cooking. If it's for salads or mayonnaise, there's no need to filter it.We first tried using "confectionary" sunflower seeds for oil. These are the regular eating kernels we're used to seeing. They give less than half as much oil as the oilseed types of sunflower. Although you can use confectionary types such as MAMMOTH RUS- SIAN for oil, don't expect to get more than an ounce and a half from a pound of seed. Oilseed produces three or more ounces of oil from a pound of seed and is well worth planting along with confectionary-type seeds. Oilseed has another big advantage -- to prepare it, you can put the whole, unhulled seed into a blender and whiz it until it forms a fine meal, while confectionary seeds must be dehulled first. The entire sequence of grading, dehulling and winnowing is avoided with oilseed.Oil types produce about a tenth of a pound of seed per head in commercial production. Gardeners, with their better soil and care, invariably do better than that. Our conservative estimate is that 1,280 plants will be enough for three gallons of oil. Spaced one foot apart in rows two feet apart, 1,280 oilseed plants will take a space 40-by-56 feet, or 80-by-28 if you want a more rectangular patch to face south.We worked in pound batches, since the canister just holds one pound of mash. After blending, we heated it to 170 degrees F. (77 deg C) by placing it in a 300-degree F. (149 deg C) oven and stirring it every five minutes for 20 minutes. Heating gets the oil flowing and doubles the yield of oil. In case you're wondering,"cold-pressed" oils sold commercially are also heated, and some are subjected to the entire chemical process. The term has no firm meaning within the industry, according to the literature we've surveyed.Heating does not change the structure of fats. It will not turn polyunsaturated fats into saturated fats. In fact, Dr. Donald R. Germann in his book, "TheAnti-Cancer Diet", says that "... an unsaturated fat must be heated to high temperatures -- above 425 degrees F. or 200 degrees C. -- at least 8 or 10 times before any shift toward saturation occurs..." Dean C. Fletcher, Ph.D., of the American Medical Association Department of Foods and Nutrition in Chicago, says, "It's true that either high temperature or repeated heatingdoes change the nature of some of the unsaturated oil molecules. (But) the flavor of the oil changes as these chemical changes occur, spoiling its taste. This effect is probably more profound than any of the physiological changes the altered oil might produce within the body."From 500 gm. of heated mash, we pressed 89 gm. of oil, 89 percent of the entire amount available and twice as much as we could press from unheated oil! The decision is up to you whether or not to heat the mash, but that extra 50 percent seems like an awful lot, especially when the whole technique is so labor intensive. The oil should be stored in the refrigerator, and it's probably best to use it within a month, since it has no preservatives. Mayonnaise made with such fresh oils should be kept refrigerated and used within two weeks. The leftover cake, still containing 50 percent of its oil, is a nutritious addition to your dishes, and makes excellent feed for animals or winter birds. Store the pressed cake in the freezer.We're talking then about a sunflower patch with two kinds of plants -- confectionary such as MAMMOTH RUSSIAN and oilseed such as PEREDOVIK. The oilseed plants should be grown 12 inches apart in rows two feet apart. Four average confectionary heads yield about a pound of unhulled seed. You'll need about 35 pounds of unhulled seed, or 140plants-worth, to yield 20 pounds of hulled kernels, about what a family of four will use in a year. That many plants can be grown in an area 26-by-10 feet. That's 260 square feet. Put that together with the 2,240 square feet for the oilseed sunflowers, and you need a patch about 2,500 square feet -- 25 100-foot rows -- to keep yourself supplied year-round with super nutrition and unsurpassable taste.Winnowing Machine For Sunflower SeedsThe winnowing machine operates on the age-old principle of blowing the chaff away from the heavy grain with a controlled current of air.The unit uses a household or shop-type vacuum cleaner for its air supply. A vacuum cleaner was used as a power source because it can supply a large volume of air over an extended period of time, and most homes and farms have a vacuum cleaner.A cloth bag has been attached to the chaff chute to catch the chaff as it is separated from the seed. The bag allows the hulls to be collected and greatly reduces the amount of waste material normally blown into the air by conventional systems.The unit has been constructed in such a way that the cloth bag and cleaner box can be placed inside the seed box, making a compact package for storage.Tools Required1. Table Saw2. Drill Press3. Band Saw4. Saber SawProcedure (cleaner box)1 . Cut out the two sides of the cleaner box from 1/4-inch plywood.2. Cut out the six interior pieces of the cleaner box from 3/4 x 3-1/2-inch select pine.3. Assemble the cleaner box elements with glue and nails.4. Cut four 1/4-inch square strips of pine four inches long.5. Glue the strips around the end of the chaff chute.6. Sand all surfaces and edges.7. Finish with clear lacquer finish.Procedure (seed box)1. Cut two pieces of pine /34" x 5 /12 x 15 inches for the sides.2. Cut two pieces of pine 3/4 x 5-1/2 x inches for the top and bottom.3. Plow a /14 x 1/4 groove for the front and back panels in all four pieces.4. Rip the top board to 5 inches so that the front panel can slide into the grooves in the side boards.5. Rabbet both ends of each 15-inch side piece to accept the top and bottom boards.6. Drill a hole in the left side board 2-1/2 inches from the top. The size of the hole is determined by the vacuum cleaner hose fitting.7. Cut a 3-1/4 x 4 inch hole in the top 1/2 inch from the right end. This hole will accept the cleaner box.8. Cut two pieces of pine for the baffle.9. Drill two 1-inch holes in the bottom of the baffle box.10. Cut a piece of 1/4 x 8-1/2 x 14 inch plywood for the back panel.11. Cut a 3-inch hole, centered 1-7/8 inches from the top and left sides of the plywood back.12. Assemble the sides, baffles, top, bottom, and back panel with glue and nails.13. Cut an 8-7/16 x 15-3/4-inch piece of Plexiglas for the front.14. Cut a one-inch radius on the top corners of the front.and sand the edges.15. Drill a one-inch thumb hole centered 7/8 inch from the top edge.16. Cut a 3-1/2-inch disk of 1/4-inch plywood for the vent cover.17. Drill a 3/16-inch hole 3/8 inch from the edge of the disk.18. Mount the disk over the vent with a #10 x 1-inch screw.19. Sand all surfaces and edges of the, box.20. Finish with clear lacquer finish.MaterialsCleaner Box2 -- 7-3/4 x 7-1/2 x 3/4" plywood (sides)6 -- 3/4 x 3-1/2 x 24" for all members (baffles)4 -- 1/4 x 1/4 x 4" pine (chute cleats)22 -- 1" x 18 ga. headed nailsWhite vinyl glueClear lacquer finishSeed Box2 -- 3/4' x 5-1/2 x 15" select pine (sides)2 -- 3/4 x 5-1/2 x 8-1/2" select pine (top and bottom)1 -- 3/4 x 3-1/2 x 4-1/2" select pine (baffle)1 -- 3/4 x 4-1/2 x 4-1/2" select pine (baffle)1 -- 1/4 x 8-1/2 x 14" plywood (back)1 -- 1/4 x 3-1/2" dia. plywood (control valve)1 -- 1/4' x 8-7/16 x 15-1/4" Plexiglas (front)1 - #10 x 1" flat head screw18 - 4d finish nailsWhite vinyl glueClear lacquer finish1 -- 17 x 31" cloth laundry bagSunflower Seed Oil PressThe press was designed so that homesteaders can produce sunflower oil from their own seeds. The oil can be pressed as is or heated to 170 degrees F., which doubles oil yield.Both methods require the seed to be ground to fine powder. If you are pressing the oil seed variety, a meat grinder or electric blender will do an excellent job of grinding the seed. The confectionary type of seed will require the seed to be hulled and winnowed before it is ground. A food mill with the stones set at the coarse setting can be used to accomplish this step. The ground kernels are placed in the cylinder with the piston closing the bottom portion of the cylinder.The cylinder is mounted in the press frame and a three-ton hydraulic jack is used to supply the pressure.Because of the great pressures created by the hydraulic jack, it is important that the frame be properly constructed and firmly mounted to the work surface before the pressing operation begins. The following instructions can be given to a welder.Tools Required1. Power Hacksaw2. Metal Band Saw3. Metal Lathe4. Drill Press5. Belt or Disk Grinder6. Arc Welder7. Hand ClampsProcedure (Frame)1. Cut two pieces of 1-3/4" O.D. x 1-3/8" I.D. x 24-1/2 inch long tubing for the uprights.2. Cut one piece of 1-3/4" O.D. x 1-3/8" I.D. x 6-1/2 inch long tubing for the center tube.3. Cut one 3/4" x 2-3/4 x 5-1/2 inch steel bar for the top cross member.4. Cut two pieces of 1-3/4 x 1-3/4 x 8 inch angle iron for the base members.5. Drill two 9/32-inch holes in each base member 1/2 inch from the outer edges.6. Weld the base members, tubes and cross member together as per the drawing.7. Grind all edges to remove any burrs.8. Paint the frame.9. If a mounting board is desired, cut a piece of pine 1-1/4 x 6-1/2 x 12 inches long.10. Center the frame on the board and mark the location of the four mounting holes.11. Drill four 7/8-inch holes 1/4-inch deep to accept the T-nuts.12. Drill four 5/16-inch holes through the mounting board using the same centers created by the 7/8-inch holes.13. Round the edges of the base and sand all surfaces.14. Install four 1/4-20 T-nuts.15. Finish the base with clear lacquer finish.16. Assemble the base to the frame using four 1/4-20 x 1-1/4-inch round head bolts.Procedure (Cylinder)1. Cut a piece of 3-1/2" O.D. x 3-1/4" I.D. tubing 5-3/8 inches long.2. Face both ends on the lathe.3. Cut out a 3-1/2-inch round disk from 1/4-inch plate steel.4. Weld the disk to one end of the tube.5. Drill a series of 3/32-inch holes around the side of the tube on 1/2-inch centers.6. Remove all burrs on the inside and outside of the tube.Procedure (Piston)1. Cut out a 3-3/8-inch disk of 1/4-inch plate steel.2. Cut a 1-3/8" O.D. x 1-1/8" I.D. piece of tubing 1-1/8 inches long.3. Face both ends of the tube.4. Weld the tube in the center of the 3-3/8-inch disk. All welds should be made on the inside of the tube.5. Mount the piston in the lathe and turn the disk to fit the inside diameter of the cylinder. This will be about 3-15/64 inches in diameter.6. Remove any sharp edges.Procedure (Collector Ring)1. Cut the bottom out of a one-gallon plastic bottle. The cut line should be approximately 1-1/2 inches from the bottom of the bottle.2. Make a 1/8 x 1 inch slot at one edge of the bottom outside ring. This will allow the oil to pour into a receiving cup.3. Cut a 1-3/4-inch hole in the center of the bottom, so that the unit will fit over the center tube in the frame.MaterialsFrame2 -- 1-3/4 O.D. x 1-3/8 I.D. x 24-1/2" long H.R.S. (frame tubes)1 -- 1-3/4 O.D. x 1-3/8 I.D. x 6-1/2 inch long H.R.S. (center tube)1 -- 3/4 x 2-3/4 x 5-1/2" flat bar H.R.S. (top cross member)2 -- 1-3/4 x 1-3/4 x 8" angle iron H.R.S. (base members)1 -- 1-1/4 x 6-1/2 x 12" #2 white pine (wood base)4 -- 1/4-20 x 1-1/4 R.H. mounting bolts4 -- 1/4-20 T-nutsBlack enamel for frame (finishing material)Clear lacquer finish for wood base3 -- 1/8" dia. welding rodsCylinder1 -- 1/4 x 3-1/2" dia. C.R.S. disk (top)1 -- 3-1/2 O.D. x 3-1/4 I.D. C.R.S. tube (cylinder)1 -- 1/8 dia. welding rodPiston1 -- 1/4 x 3-3/8 D.A. C.R.S. disk (piston top)1 -- 1-1/4 O.D. x 1 I.D. x 1" long H.R.S. (piston tube)1 -- 1/8 dia. welding rodCollector Ring1 -- Bottom from a one-gallon plastic bottle (oil collector ring)葵花籽脱壳机和油压机由Jeff考克斯-从有机园艺，1979年4月，罗代尔新闻2,500平方尺，一个四口之家每年可以长到足以产生三种葵花籽国产蔬菜沙拉或烹调油和20磅的营养丰富，适合脱皮加仑种子 - 与遗留养活一个冬天的产值，破碎的种子鸟类。
机械外文文献及翻译
与机械相关的外文及翻译Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Modular Industrial Robots by Utilizing High Level CAD Templates1、IntroductionIn the design of complex and tightly integrated engineering products, it is essential to be able to handle interactions between different subsystems of multidisciplinary nature [1]. To achieve an optimal design, a product must be treated as a complete system instead of developing subsystems independently [2]. MDO has been established as a convincing concurrent design optimization technique in development of such complex products [3,4].Furthermore, it has been pointed out that, regardless of discipline, basically all analyses require information that has to be extracted from a geometry model [5]. Hence, according to Bow-cutt [1], in order to enable integrated design analysis and optimization it is of vital importance to be able to integrate an automated parametric geometry generation system into the design framework. The automated geometry generation is a key enabler for so-called geometry-in-the-loop[6] multidisciplinary design frameworks, where the CAD geometries can serve as framework integrators for other engineering tools.To eliminate noncreative work, methods for creation and automatic generation of HLCt have been suggested by Tarkian [7].The principle of high HLCts is similar to high level primitives(HLP) suggested by La Rocca and van Tooren [8], with the exception that HLCts are created and utilized in a CAD environment.Otherwise, the basics of both HLP and HLCt can, as suggested byLa Rocca, be compared to parametric LEGOV Rblocks containing a set of design and analysis parameters. These are produced and stored in libraries, giving engineers or a computer agent the possibility to first topologically select the templates and then modify the morphology, meaning theshape,of each template parametrically.2、Multidisciplinary Design FrameworkMDO is a “systematic approach to design space exploration”[17], the implementation of which allows the designer to map the interdisciplinary relations that exist in a system. In this work, the MDO framework consists of a geometry model, a finite element(FE) model, a dynamic model and a basic cost model. The geometry model provides the analysis tools with geometric input. The dynamic model requires mass properties such as mass, center of gravity, and inertia. The FE model needs the meshed geometry of the robot as well as the force and torque interactions based on results of dynamic simulations.High fidelity models require an extensive evaluation time which has be taken into account. This shortcoming is addressed by applying surrogate models for the FE and the CAD models. The models are briefly presented below. 2.1 High Level CAD Template—Geometry ModelTraditionally, parametric CAD is mainly focused on morphological modifications of the geometry. However, there is a limit to morphological parameterization as follows:•The geometries cannot be radically modified.•Increased geometric complexity greatly increases parameterization complexity.The geometry model of the robot is generated with presaved HLCts, created in CATIA V5. These are topologically instantiated with unique internal design variables. Topological parameterization allows deletion, modification, and addition of geometricelements which leads to a much greater design space captured.Three types of HLCts are used to define the industrial robot topologically; Datum HLCt which includes wireframe references required for placement for the Actuator HLCTs and Structure HLCts, as seen Fig.2.Fig. 2 An industrial robot (left) and a modular industrial robot(right) The names of the references that must be provided for each HLCt instantiation are stored in the knowledge base (see Appen-dix A.4), which is searched through by the inference engine. In Appendix A, pseudocode examples describes how the references are retrieved and how they are stored in the knowledge base.The process starts by the user defining the number of degrees of freedom (DOF) of the robot (see Fig. 3) and is repeated until the number of axis (i) is equal to the user defined DOF.In order to instantiate the first Structure HLCt, two Datum and two actuator instances are needed. References from the two Datum instances help orienting the structure in space, while the geometries of the actuator instances, at both ends of the link, are used to construct the actuator attachments, as seen in Figs. 2 and 3. For the remaining links, only one new instance of both datum and actuator HLCts are required, since the datum and actuator instances from adjacent links are already available.Appendix A.2 shows a pseudocode example of an instantiation function. The first instantiated datum HLCt is defined with reference to the absolute coordinate system. The remaining datum HLCt instances are placed in a sequential order, where the coordinate system of previous instances is used as reference for defining the position in space according to user inputs (see also AppendixA.3). Furthermore, the type of each actuator and structure instance is user defined.Fig. 3 The high level CAD template instantiation process Since it is possible to create new HLCts in the utilized CAD tool, the users are not forced to merely choose from the templates available. New HLCts can be created, placed in the database and parametrically inserted into the models.2.2 Dynamic ModelThe objective of performing dynamic simulation of a robot is to evaluate system performance, such as predicting acceleration and time performance, but it also yields loads on each actuated axis, needed for actuator lifetime calculations and subsequent stress analysis based on FE calculations. Thedynamic model in the outlined framework is developed in Modelica using Dymola, and it constitutes a seven-axis robot arm based on the Modelica Standard library [18].The dynamic model receives input from the geometry model,as well as providing output to the FE model, which is further described in Sec. 2.3. However, to better understand the couplings between the models, the Newton –Euler formulation will be briefly discussed. In this formulation, the link velocities and acceleration are iteratively computed, forward recursivelyWhen the kinematic properties are computed, the force and torque interactions between the links are computed backward recursively from the last to the first link2.3 FE Surrogate ModelTo compute the structural strength of the robot, FE models for each robot link is created utilizing CATIA V5, see Fig. 4. For each HLCt, mesh and boundary conditions are manually preprocessed in order to allow for subsequent automation for FE-model creation. The time spent on preprocessing each FE-model is thus extensive. Nonetheless, the obtained parametric FE-model paves way for automated evaluation of a wide span of concepts. Each robot link is evaluated separately with the load conditions extracted from the dynamicmodel. The force (fi-11and fi) and torque (ţi-1and ti) are applied on the surfaceswhere the actuators are attached.2.4 Geometric Surrogate Models.Surrogate models are numerically efficient models to determine the relation between inputs and o utputs of a model [19]. The input variables for the proposed application are the morphological variables thickness and link height as well as a topological variable actuator type. The outputs of the surrogate models are mass m, Inertia I, and center of gravity ri,ci.To identify the most suitable type of surrogate model for the outlined problem, a range of surrogate models types are created and evaluated using 50 samples. The precision of each surrogate model is compared with the values of the original model with 20 new samples. The comparison is made using the relative average absolute error (RAAE) and relative maximum absolute error (RMAE) as specified by Shan et al. [20], as well as the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), calculated as seen in Eq. (3). All precision metrics are desired to be as low as possible, since low values mean that the surrogate model is accurateThe resulting precision metrics can be seen in Appendix B and the general conclusion is that anisotropic kriging [21], neural networks [22], and radialbasis functions [23] are the most promising surrogate models. To investigate the impact of increasing number of samples, additional surrogate models of those three are fitted using 100 samples, and the results compiled in Appendix B. The resulting NRMSEs for 50 and 100 samples for anistotropic kriging, neural networks, and radial basis functions can be seen in Fig.5. The figures inside the parentheses indicate the number of samples used to fit the surrogate models.Fig. 5 Graph of the NRMSEs for different surrogate models,fitted using 50 and 100 samplesAccording to Fig. 5, anisotropic kriging outperforms the other surrogate models and the doubling of the number of samples usedfor fitting the surrogate model increases the precision dramatically.2.5 FE Surrogate ModelsFor generating FE surrogate models, the anisotropic kriging was also proven to be the most accurate compared to the methods evaluated in Sec. 2.4. Here, one surrogate model is created for each link. Inputs are thickness,actuators, force (fi-11and fi) and torque (ţi-1and ti). The output for eachsurrogate model is maximum stress (MS).A mean error of approximately 9% is reached when running 1400 samples for each link. The reason for the vast number of samples, compared to geometry surrogate models, has to do with a much larger design space.利用高水平CAD模板进行模块化工业机器人的多学科设计优化1 介绍指出,除了规则,基本上所有的分析都需要信息,而这些信息需要从一个几何模型中提取。
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译unavailable。
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机械工程外文翻译
外文资料原文及译文学院：机电工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化班级：学号：姓名：Mechanical engineering1.The porfile of mechanical engineeringEngingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,itstudies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement.2.The history of mechanical engineering18th century later periods,the steam engine invention hasprovided a main power fountainhead for the industrialrevolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznicalbiting.Thus,an important branch of a new Engineering –separated from the civil engineering tools and machines on thebranch-developed together with Birmingham and the establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineers in1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanicalengineering already mainly used in by trial and error methodmechanic application technological development intoprofessional engineer the scientific method of which in theresearch,the design and the realm of production used .From themost broad perspective,the demend continuously to enhance theefficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality of work,and asked him to accept the history of the high degreeof education and training.Machine operation to stress not onlyeconomic but also infrastructure costs to an absolute minimun.3.The field of mechanical engineeringThe commodity machinery development in the develop country,in the high level material life very great degree is decided each kind of which can realize in the mechanical engineering.Mechanical engineers unceasingly will invent the machine next life to produce the commodity,unceasingly will develop the accuracy and the complexity more and more high machine tools produces the machine.The main clues of the mechanical development is:In order to enhance the excellent in quality and reasonable in price produce to increase the precision as well as to reduce the production cost.This three requirements promoted the complex control system development.The most successful machine manufacture is its machine and the control system close fusion,whether such control system is essentially mechanical or electronic.The modernized car engin production transmission line(conveyer belt)is a series of complex productions craft mechanization very good example.The people are in the process of development in order to enable further automation of the production machinery ,the use of a computer to store and handle large volumes of data,the data is a multifunctional machine toolsnecessary for the production of spare parts.One of the objectives is to fully automated production workshop,three rotation,but only one officer per day to operate.The development of production for mechanical machinery must have adequate power supply.Steam engine first provided the heat to generate power using practical methods in the old human,wind and hydropower,an increase of engin .New mechanical engineering industry is one of the challenges faced by the initial increase thermal effciency and power,which is as big steam turbine and the development of joint steam boilers basically achieved.20th century,turbine generators to provide impetus has been sustained and rapid growth,while thermal efficiency is steady growth,and large power plants per kW capital consumption is also declining.Finally,mechanical engineers have nuclear energy.This requires the application of nuclear energy particularly high reliability and security, which requires solving many new rge power plants and the nuclear power plant control systems have become highly complex electroonics,fluid,electricity,water and mechanical parts networks All in all areas related to the mechanical engineers.Small internal combustion engine,both to the type (petrol and diesel machines)or rotary-type(gas turbines andMong Kerr machine),as well as their broad application in the field of transport should also due to mechanical enginerrs.Throughout the transport,both in the air and space,or in the terrestrial and marine,mechanial engineers created a variety of equipment and power devices to their increasing cooperation with electrical engineers,especially in the development of appropration control systems.Mechanical engineers in the development of military weapons technology and civil war ,needs a similar,though its purpose is to enhance rather than destroy their productivity.However.War needs a lot of resources to make the area of techonlogy,many have a far-reaching development in peacetime efficiency.Jet aircraft and nuclear reactors are well known examples.The Biological engineering,mechanical engineering biotechnology is a relatively new and different areas,it provides for the replacement of the machine or increase the body functions as well as for medical equipment.Artficial limbs have been developed and have such a strong movement and touch response function of the human body.In the development of artificial organ transplant is rapid,complex cardiac machines and similar equipment to enable increasingly complex surgery,and injuries and ill patients life functions can besustained.Some enviromental control mechanical engineers through the initial efforts to drainage or irrigation pumping to the land and to mine and ventilation to control the human environment.Modern refrigeration and air-conditioning plant commonaly used reverse heat engine,where the heat from the engine from cold places to more external heat.Many mechanical engineering products,as well as other leading technology development city have side effects on the environment,producing noise,water and air pollution caused,destroyed land and landscape.Improve productivity and diver too fast in the commodity,that the renewable natural forces keep pace.For mechanical engineers and others,environmental control is rapidly developing area,which includes a possible development and production of small quantities of pollutants machine sequnce,and the development of new equipment and teachnology has been to reduce and eliminate pollution.4.The role of mechanical engineeringThere are four generic mechanical engineers in common to the above all domains function.The 1st function is the understanding and the research mechanical science foundation.It includes the power and movement of therelationship dynamics For example,in the vibration and movement of the relationship;Automatic control;Study of the various forms of heart,energy,power relations between the thermodynamic;Fluidflows; Heat transfer; Lubricant;And material properties.The 2nd function will be conducts the research,the desing and the development,this function in turn attempts to carry on the essential change to satisfy current and the future needs.This not only calls for a clear understanding of mechanical science,and have to break down into basic elements of a complex system capacity.But also the need for synthetic and innovative inventions.The 3rd function is produces the product and the power,include plan,operation and maintenance.Its goal lies in the maintenance either enhances the enterprise or the organization longer-tern and survivabilaty prestige at the same time,produces the greatest value by the least investments and the consumption.The 4th function is mechanical engineer’s coordinated function,including the management,the consultation,as well as carries on the market marking in certain situation.In all these function,one kind unceasingly to use the science for a long time the method,but is not traditional orthe intuition method tendency,this is a mechanical engineering skill aspect which unceasingly grows.These new rationalization means typical names include:The operations research,the engineering economics,the logical law problem analysis(is called PABLA) However,creativity is not rationalization.As in other areas,in mechanical engineering, to take unexpected and important way to bring about a new capacity,still has a personal,marked characteristice.5.The design of mechanical engineeringThe design of mechanical is the design has the mechanical property the thing or the system,such as:the instrument and the measuring appliance in very many situations,the machine design must use the knowledge of discipline the and so on mathematics,materials science and mechanics.Mechanical engineering desgin includeing all mechanical desgin,but it was a study,because it also includes all the branches of mechsnical engineering,such as thermodynamics all hydrodynamics in the basic disciplines needed,in the mechanical engineering design of the initial stude or mechanical design.Design stages.The entire desgin process from start to finish,in the process,a demand that is designed for it and decided to do the start.After a lot of repetition,thefinal meet this demand by the end of the design procees and the plan.Design considerations.Sometimes in a system is to decide which parts needs intensity parts of geometric shapes and size an important factor in this context that we must consider that the intensity is an important factor in the design.When we use expression design considerations,we design parts that may affect the entire system design features.In the circumstances specified in the design,usually for a series of such functions must be taken into account.Howeever,to correct purposes,we should recognize that,in many cases the design of important design considerations are not calculated or test can determine the components or systems.Especially students,wheen in need to make important decisions in the design and conduct of any operation that can not be the case,they are often confused.These are not special,they occur every day,imagine,for example,a medical laboratory in the mechanical design,from marketing perspective,people have high expectations from the strength and relevance of impression.Thick,and heavy parts installed together:to produce a solid impression machines.And sometimes machinery and spare parts from the design style is the point and not the other point of view.Our purpose is to make those you do notbe misled to believe that every design decision will need reasonable mathematical methods.Manufacturing refers to the raw meterials into finished products in the enterprise.Create three distinct phases.They are:input,processing exprot.The first phase includes the production of all products in line with market needs essential.First there must be the demand for the product,the necessary materials,while also needs such as energy,time,human knowledge and technology resourcess . Finall,the need for funds to obtain all the other resources. Lose one stage after the second phase of the resources of the processes to be distributed.Processing of raw materials into finished products of these processes.To complete the design,based on the design,and then develop plans.Plan implemented through various production processes.Management of resources and processes to ensure efficiency and productivity.For example,we must carefully manage resources to ensure proper use of funds.Finally,people are talking about the product market was cast.Stage is the final stage of exporting finished or stage.Once finished just purchased,it must be delivered to the users.According to product performance,installation and may have to conduct furtherdebugging in addition,some products,especially those very complex products User training is necessary.6.The processes of materials and maunfacturingHere said engineering materials into two main categories:metals and non-ferrous,high-performance alloys and power metals.Non-metallic futher divided into plastice,synthetic rubber,composite materials and ceramics.It said the production proccess is divided into several major process,includingshape,forging,casting/ founding,heat treatment,fixed/connections ,measurement/ quality control and materal cutting.These processes can be further divide into each other’s craft.Various stages of the development of the manufacturing industry Over the years,the manufacturing process has four distinct stages of development, despite the overlap.These stages are:The first phase is artisanal,the second Phase is mechanization.The third phase is automation the forth Phase is integrated.When mankind initial processing of raw materials into finished products will be,they use manual processes.Each with their hands and what are the tools manuslly produced.This is totally integrated production take shape.A person needs indentification,collection materials,the design of a productto meet that demand,the production of such products and use it.From beginning to end,everything is focused on doing the work of the human ter in the industrial revolution introduced mechanized production process,people began to use machines to complete the work accomplished previously manual. This led to the specialization.Specialization in turn reduce the manufacture of integrated factors.In this stage of development,manufacturing workers can see their production as a whole represent a specific piece of the part of the production process.One can not say that their work is how to cope with the entire production process,or how they were loaded onto a production of parts finished.Development of manufacting processes is the next phase of the selection process automation.This is a computer-controlled machinery and processes.At this stage,automation island began to emerge in the workshop lane.Each island represents a clear production process or a group of processes.Although these automated isolated island within the island did raise the productivity of indivdual processes,but the overall productivity are often not change.This is because the island is not caught in other automated production process middle,but not synchronous with them .The ultimate result is the efficient working fast parkedthrough automated processes,but is part of the stagnation in wages down,causing bottlenecks.To better understand this problem,you can imagine the traffic in the peak driving a red light from the red Service Department to the next scene. Occasionally you will find a lot less cars,more than being slow-moving vehicles,but the results can be found by the next red light Brance.In short you real effect was to accelerate the speed of a red Department obstruction offset.If you and other drivers can change your speed and red light simultaneously.Will advance faster.Then,all cars will be consistent,sommth operation,the final everyone forward faster.In the workshop where the demand for stable synchronization of streamlined production,and promoted integration of manufacturing development.This is a still evolving technology.Fully integrated in the circumstances,is a computer-controllrd machinery and processing.integrated is completed through computer.For example in the preceding paragraph simulation problems,the computer will allow all road vehicles compatible with the change in red.So that everyone can steady traffic.Scientific analysis of movement,timing and mechanics of the disciplines is that it is composed of two pater:staticsand dynamics.Statics analyzed static system that is in the system,the time is not taken into account,research and analysis over time and dynamics of the system change.Dynameics from the two componets.Euler in 1775 will be the first time two different branches: Rigid body movement studies can conveniently divided into two parts:geometric and mechanics.The first part is without taking into account the reasons for the downward movement study rigid body from a designated location to another point of the movement,and must use the formula to reflect the actual,the formula would determine the rigid body every point position. Therefore,this study only on the geometry and,more specifically,on the entities from excision.Obviously,the first part of the school and was part of a mechanical separation from the principles of dynamics to study movement,which is more than the two parts together into a lot easier.Dynamics of the two parts are subsequently divided into two separate disciplines,kinematic and dynamics,a study of movement and the movement strength.Therefore,the primary issue is the design of mechanical systems understand its kinematic.Kinematic studies movement,rather than a study of its impact.In a more precise kinematic studies position,displacement,rotation,speed,velocity and acceleration of disciplines,for esample,or planets orbiting research campaing is a paradigm.In the above quotation content should be pay attention that the content of the Euler dynamics into kinematic and rigid body dynamics is based on the assumption that they are based on research.In this very important basis to allow for the treatment of two separate disciplines.For soft body,soft body shape and even their own soft objects in the campaign depends on the role of power in their possession.In such cases,should also study the power and movement,and therefore to a large extent the analysis of the increased complexity.Fortunately, despite the real machine parts may be involved are more or less the design of machines,usually with heavy material designed to bend down to the lowest parts.Therefore,when the kinematic analysis of the performance of machines,it is often assumed that bend is negligible,spare parts are hard,but when the load is known,in the end analysis engine,re-engineering parts to confirm this assnmption.机械工程1.机械工程简介机械工程是工程学的一个分支，它研究机械和动力的产，尤其是力和动力。
机械设计理论外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译
外文原文：Machine design theoryThe machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineering material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productThe machine design must regard as the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good personnel design should dare to propose the new idea. moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee bringssuccessfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons absolutely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, them perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operated. Design personnel's basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem:(1) Designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability(2) Does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products?(3) Produces this kind of product is whether economical?(4) Product service is whether convenient?(5) Product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seek these better methods.Recent year, the engineering material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker's health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer's aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because thematerial does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material.Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete thematerial in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees .its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case are because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular;(d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.译文：机械设计理论机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。
机械类英语论文及翻译
机械类英语论文及翻译Mechanical design involves the n of machines。
which are composed of mechanisms and other components that can transform and transmit ___ machines include engines。
turbines。
vehicles。
hoists。
printing presses。
washing machines。
and ___ and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to ___。
the term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design.When ___。
___ to take into account。
The n and structural aspects of the device。
as well as the ___。
___ apply not only to machines but also to other mechanical devices。
such as switches。
cams。
valves。
vessels。
and mixers.Mechanical design is a critical field in ___ disciplines。
It plays an essential role in the ___ the success of a mechanical design project。
it is essential to follow a set of rules for design。
机械工程毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计论文外文资料原文及译文学院：机电工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化班级：学号：姓名：Mechanical engineering1.The porfile of mechanical engineeringEngingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,it studies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement.2.The history of mechanical engineering18th century later periods,the steam engine invention has provided a main power fountainhead for the industrial revolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznical biting.Thus,an important branch of a new Engineering – separated from the civil engineering tools and machines on the branch-developed together with Birmingham and the establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineers in 1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanical engineering already mainly used in by trial and error method mechanic application technological development into professional engineer the scientific method of which in the research,the design and the realm of production used .From the most broad perspective,the demend continuously to enhance the efficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality ofwork,and asked him to accept the history of the high degree of education and training.Machine operation to stress not only economic but also infrastructure costs to an absolute minimun.3.The field of mechanical engineeringThe commodity machinery development in the develop country,in the high level material life very great degree is decided each kind of which can realize in the mechanical engineering.Mechanical engineers unceasingly will invent the machine next life to produce the commodity,unceasingly will develop the accuracy and the complexity more and more high machine tools produces the machine.The main clues of the mechanical development is:In order to enhance the excellent in quality and reasonable in price produce to increase the precision as well as to reduce the production cost.This three requirements promoted the complex control system development.The most successful machine manufacture is its machine and the control system close fusion,whether such control system is essentially mechanical or electronic.The modernized car engin production transmission line(conveyer belt)is a series of complex productions craft mechanizationvery good example.The people are in the process of development in order to enable further automation of the production machinery ,the use of a computer to store and handle large volumes of data,the data is a multifunctional machine tools necessary for the production of spare parts.One of the objectives is to fully automated production workshop,three rotation,but only one officer per day to operate.The development of production for mechanical machinery must have adequate power supply.Steam engine first provided the heat to generate power using practical methods in the old human,wind and hydropower,an increase of engin .New mechanical engineering industry is one of the challenges faced by the initial increase thermal effciency and power,which is as big steam turbine and the development of joint steam boilers basically achieved.20th century,turbine generators to provide impetus has been sustained and rapid growth,while thermal efficiency is steady growth,and large power plants per kW capital consumption is also declining.Finally,mechanical engineers have nuclear energy.This requires the application of nuclear energy particularly high reliability and security,which requires solving many new rge power plants and the nuclear power plant control systems have become highly complex electroonics,fluid,electricity,water and mechanical parts networks All in all areas related to the mechanical engineers.Small internal combustion engine,both to the type (petrol and diesel machines)or rotary-type(gas turbines and Mong Kerr machine),as well as their broad application in the field of transport should also due to mechanical enginerrs.Throughout the transport,both in the air and space,or in the terrestrial and marine,mechanial engineers created a variety of equipment and power devices to their increasing cooperation with electrical engineers,especially in the development of appropration control systems.Mechanical engineers in the development of military weapons technology and civil war ,needs a similar,though its purpose is to enhance rather than destroy their productivity.However.War needs a lot of resources to make the area of techonlogy,many have a far-reaching development in peacetime efficiency.Jet aircraft and nuclear reactors are well known examples.The Biological engineering,mechanical engineering biotechnology is a relatively new and different areas,it provides for the replacement of the machine or increase thebody functions as well as for medical equipment.Artficial limbs have been developed and have such a strong movement and touch response function of the human body.In the development of artificial organ transplant is rapid,complex cardiac machines and similar equipment to enable increasingly complex surgery,and injuries and ill patients life functions can be sustained.Some enviromental control mechanical engineers through the initial efforts to drainage or irrigation pumping to the land and to mine and ventilation to control the human environment.Modern refrigeration and air-conditioning plant commonaly used reverse heat engine,where the heat from the engine from cold places to more external heat.Many mechanical engineering products,as well as other leading technology development city have side effects on the environment,producing noise,water and air pollution caused,destroyed land and landscape.Improve productivity and diver too fast in the commodity,that the renewable naturalforces keep pace.For mechanical engineers and others,environmental control is rapidly developing area,which includes a possible development and production of small quantities of pollutants machine sequnce,and the development of new equipment and teachnology has been to reduce and eliminate pollution.4.The role of mechanical engineeringThere are four generic mechanical engineers in common to the above all domains function.The 1st function is the understanding and the research mechanical science foundation.It includes the power and movement of the relationship dynamics For example,in the vibration and movement of the relationship;Automatic control;Study of the various forms of heart,energy,power relations between the thermodynamic;Fluidflows; Heat transfer; Lubricant;And material properties.The 2nd function will be conducts the research,the desing and the development,this function in turn attempts to carry on the essential change to satisfy current and the future needs.This not only calls for a clear understanding of mechanical science,and have to breakdown into basic elements of a complex system capacity.But also the need for synthetic and innovative inventions.The 3rd function is produces the product and the power,include plan,operation and maintenance.Its goal lies in the maintenance eitherenhances the enterprise or the organization longer-tern and survivabilaty prestige at the same time,produces the greatest value by the least investments and the consumption.The 4th function is mechanical engineer’s coordinated function,including the management,the consultation,as well as carries on the market marking in certain situation.In all these function,one kind unceasingly to use the science for a long time the method,but is not traditional or the intuition method tendency,this is a mechanical engineering skill aspect which unceasingly grows.These new rationalization means typical names include:The operations research,the engineering economics,the logical law problem analysis(is called PABLA) However,creativity is not rationalization.As in other areas,in mechanical engineering,to take unexpected and important way to bring about a new capacity,still has a personal,marked characteristice.5.The design of mechanical engineeringThe design of mechanical is the design has the mechanical property the thing or the system,such as:the instrument and the measuring appliance in very many situations,the machine design must use the knowledge of discipline the and so on mathematics,materials science and mechanics.Mechanical engineering desgin includeing all mechanical desgin,but it was a study,because it also includes all the branches of mechsnical engineering,such as thermodynamics all hydrodynamics in the basic disciplines needed,in the mechanical engineering design of the initial stude or mechanical design.Design stages.The entire desgin process from start to finish,in the process,a demand that is designed for it and decided to do the start.After a lot of repetition,the final meet this demand by the end of the design procees and the plan.Design considerations.Sometimes in a system is to decide which parts needs intensity parts of geometric shapesand size an important factor in this context that we must consider that the intensity is an important factor in the design.When we use expression design considerations,we design parts that may affect the entire system design features.In the circumstances specified in the design,usually for a series of such functions must be taken into account.Howeever,to correct purposes,we should recognize that,in many cases thedesign of important design considerations are not calculated or test can determine the components or systems.Especially students,wheen in need to make important decisions in the design and conduct of any operation that can not be the case,they are often confused.These are not special,they occur every day,imagine,for example,a medical laboratory in the mechanical design,from marketing perspective,people have high expectations from the strength and relevance of impression.Thick,and heavy parts installed together:to produce a solid impression machines.And sometimes machinery and spare parts from the design style is the point and not the other point of view.Our purpose is to make those you do not be misled to believe that every design decision will needreasonable mathematical methods.Manufacturing refers to the raw meterials into finished products in the enterprise.Create three distinct phases.They are:input,processing exprot.The first phase includes the production of all products in line with market needs essential.First there must be the demand for the product,the necessary materials,while also needs such as energy,time,human knowledge and technology resourcess .Finall,the need for funds to obtain all the other resources. Lose one stage after the second phase of the resources of the processes to be distributed.Processing of raw materials into finished products of these processes.To complete the design,based on the design,and then develop plans.Plan implemented through various production processes.Management of resources and processes to ensure efficiency and productivity.For example,we must carefully manage resources to ensure proper use of funds.Finally,people are talking about the product market was cast.Stage is the final stage of exporting finished or stage.Once finished just purchased,it must be delivered to the users.According to product performance,installation and may have to conduct further debugging in addition,some products,especially those very complex products User training is necessary.6.The processes of materials and maunfacturingHere said engineering materials into two main categories:metals and non-ferrous,high-performance alloys and power metals.Non-metallic futher divided into plastice,synthetic rubber,composite materials and ceramics.It said the productionproccess is divided into several major process,includingshape,forging,casting/ founding,heat treatment,fixed/connections ,measurement/ quality control and materal cutting.These processes can be further divide into each other’s craft.Various stages of the development of the manufacturing industry Over the years,the manufacturing process has four distinct stages of development, despite the overlap.These stages are:The first phase is artisanal,the second Phase is mechanization.The third phase is automation the forth Phase is integrated.When mankind initial processing of raw materials into finished products will be,they use manual processes.Each with their hands and what are the tools manuslly produced.This is totally integrated production take shape.A person needs indentification,collection materials,the design of a product to meet that demand,the production of such products and use it.From beginning to end,everything is focused on doing the work of the human ter in the industrial revolution introduced mechanized production process,people began to use machines to complete the work accomplished previously manual. This led to the specialization.Specialization in turn reduce the manufacture of integrated factors.In this stage of development,manufacturing workers can see their production as a whole represent a specific piece of the part of the production process.One can not say that their work is how to cope with the entire production process,or how they were loaded onto a production of parts finished.Development of manufacting processes is the next phase of the selection process automation.This is a computer-controlled machinery and processes.At this stage,automation island began to emerge in the workshop lane.Each island represents a clear production process or a group of processes.Although these automated isolated island within the island did raise the productivity of indivdual processes,but the overall productivity are often not change.This is because the island is not caught in other automated production process middle,but not synchronous with them .The ultimate result is the efficient working fast parked through automated processes,but is part of the stagnation in wages down,causing bottlenecks.To better understand this problem,you can imagine the traffic in the peak driving a red light from the red Service Department to the next scene. Occasionally you will find a lot less cars,more than being slow-moving vehicles,but the results can be found by thenext red light Brance.In short you real effect was to accelerate the speed of a red Department obstruction offset.If you and other drivers can change your speed and red light simultaneously.Will advance faster.Then,all cars will be consistent,sommth operation,the final everyone forward faster.In the workshop where the demand for stable synchronization of streamlined production,and promoted integration of manufacturing development.This is a still evolving technology.Fully integrated in the circumstances,is a computer-controllrd machinery and processing.integrated is completed through computer.For example in the preceding paragraph simulation problems,the computer will allow all road vehicles compatible with the change in red.So that everyone can steady traffic.Scientific analysis of movement,timing and mechanics of the disciplines is that it is composed of two pater:statics and dynamics.Statics analyzed static system that is in the system,the time is not taken into account,research and analysis over time and dynamics of the system change.Dynameics from the two componets.Euler in 1775 will be the first time two different branches: Rigid body movement studies can conveniently divided into two parts:geometric and mechanics.The first part is without taking into account the reasons for the downward movement study rigid body from a designated location to another point of the movement,and must use the formula to reflect the actual,the formula would determine the rigid body every point position. Therefore,this study only on the geometry and,more specifically,on the entities from excision.Obviously,the first part of the school and was part of a mechanical separation from the principles of dynamics to study movement,which is more than the two parts together into a lot easier.Dynamics of the two parts are subsequently divided into two separate disciplines,kinematic and dynamics,a study of movement and the movement strength.Therefore,the primary issue is the design of mechanical systems understand its kinematic.Kinematic studies movement,rather than a study of its impact.In a more precise kinematic studies position,displacement,rotation, speed,velocity and acceleration of disciplines,for esample,or planets orbiting research campaing is a paradigm.In the above quotation content should be pay attention that the content of the Euler dynamics into kinematic and rigid body dynamics is based on the assumptionthat they are based on research.In this very important basis to allow for the treatment of two separate disciplines.For soft body,soft body shape and even their own soft objects in the campaign depends on the role of power in their possession.In such cases,should also study the power and movement,and therefore to a large extent the analysis of the increased complexity.Fortunately, despite the real machine parts may be involved are more or less the design of machines,usually with heavy material designed to bend down to the lowest parts.Therefore,when the kinematic analysis of the performance of machines,it is often assumed that bend is negligible,spare parts are hard,but when the load is known,in the end analysis engine,re-engineering parts to confirm this assnmption.机械工程1.机械工程简介机械工程是工程学的一个分支，它研究机械和动力的产，尤其是力和动力。
机械设计类英文文献及翻译
机械设计类英文文献及翻译Mechanical Design Literature:1. Title: "Mechanical design of an innovative wind turbine blade"Authors: A. Smith, B. JohnsonJournal: Renewable EnergySynopsis: This paper presents the mechanical design of a novel wind turbine blade. The design involves the utilization of advanced materials and structural analysis techniques to improve the efficiency and durability of the blade. The results show promising performance and potential for future applications in the wind energy industry.Translation: "一种创新风力发电机叶片的机械设计"期刊：可再生能源摘要：本文介绍了一种新型风力发电机叶片的机械设计。
该设计利用先进材料和结构分析技术，以提高叶片的效率和耐久性。
结果显示出良好的性能和未来在风能产业中的潜力。
2. Title: "Design and performance analysis of a robotic exoskeleton for rehabilitation"Authors: C. Wang, D. LiJournal: Robotics and Autonomous SystemsSynopsis: This study focuses on the mechanical design and performance analysis of a robotic exoskeleton for rehabilitation purposes. The exoskeleton is designed to assist patients with mobility impairments in their daily activities. The paper discusses the design considerations, kinematic analysis, and performance evaluation of the exoskeleton, providing insightsfor future improvements in rehabilitation robotics.Translation: "一种用于康复的机器人外骨骼的设计和性能分析"期刊：机器人与自主系统摘要：本研究针对一种用于康复目的的机器人外骨骼进行了机械设计和性能分析。
(完整版)机械类外文文献翻译
文献翻译英文原文：NOVEL METHOD OF REALIZING THE OPTIMAL TRANSMISSION OF THE CRANK-AND-ROCKER MECHANISM DESIGN Abstract: A novel method of realizing the optimal transmission of the crank-and-rocker mechanism is presented. The optimal combination design is made by finding the related optimal transmission parameters. The diagram of the optimal transmission is drawn. In the diagram, the relation among minimum transmission angle, the coefficient of travel speed variation, the oscillating angle of the rocker and the length of the bars is shown, concisely, conveniently and directly. The method possesses the main characteristic. That it is to achieve the optimal transmission parameters under the transmission angle by directly choosing in the diagram, according to the given requirements. The characteristics of the mechanical transmission can be improved to gain the optimal transmission effect by the method. Especially, the method is simple and convenient in practical use.Keywords：Crank-and-rocker mechanism, Optimal transmission angle, Coefficient of travel speed variationINTRODUCTIONBy conventional method of the crank-and-rocker design, it is very difficult to realize the optimal combination between the various parameters for optimal transmission. The figure-table design method introduced in this paper can help achieve this goal. With given conditions, we can, by only consulting the designing figures and tables, get the relations between every parameter and another of the designed crank-and-rocker mechanism. Thus the optimal transmission can be realized.The concerned designing theory and method, as well as the real cases of its application will be introduced later respectively.1ESTABLISHMENT OF DIAGRAM FOR OPTIMAL TRANSMISSION DESIGNIt is always one of the most important indexes that designers pursue to improve the efficiency and property of the transmission. The crank-and-rocker mechanism is widely used in the mechanical transmission. How to improve work ability and reduce unnecessary power losses is directly related to the coefficient of travel speed variation, the oscillating angle of the rocker and the ratio of the crank and rocker. The reasonable combination of these parameters takes an important effect on the efficiency and property of the mechanism, which mainly indicates in the evaluation of the minimum transmission angle.The aim realizing the optimal transmission of the mechanism is how to find themaximum of the minimum transmission angle. The design parameters are reasonably combined by the method of lessening constraints gradually and optimizing separately. Consequently, the complete constraint field realizing the optimal transmission is established.The following steps are taken in the usual design method. Firstly, the initial values of the length of rocker 3l and the oscillating angle of rocker ϕ are given. Then the value of the coefficient of travel speed variation K is chosen in the permitted range. Meanwhile, the coordinate of the fixed hinge of crank A possibly realized is calculated corresponding to value K .1.1 Length of bars of crank and rocker mechanismAs shown in Fig.1, left arc G C 2 is the permitted field of point A . Thecoordinates of point A are chosen by small step from point 2C to point G .The coordinates of point A are 02h y y c A -= (1)22A A y R x -= (2)where 0h , the step, is increased by small increment within range(0,H ). If the smaller the chosen step is, the higher the computational precision will be. R is the radius of the design circle. d is the distance from 2C to G .2cos )2cos(22cos 33ϕθϕϕ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡--+=l R l d (3) Calculating the length of arc 1AC and 2AC , the length of the bars of themechanism corresponding to point A is obtained [1,2].1.2 Minimum transmission angle min γMinimum transmission angle min γ(see Fig.2) is determined by the equations [3]322142322min 2)(cos l l l l l l --+=γ (4) 322142322max 2)(cos l l l l l l +-+=γ (5) max min180γγ-︒=' (6) where 1l ——Length of crank(mm)2l ——Length of connecting bar(mm)3l ——Length of rocker(mm)4l ——Length of machine frame(mm)Firstly, we choose minimum comparing min γ with minγ'. And then we record all values of min γ greater than or equal to ︒40 and choose the maximum of them.Secondly, we find the maximum of min γ corresponding to any oscillating angle ϕ which is chosen by small step in the permitted range (maximum of min γ is different oscillating angle ϕ and the coefficient of travel speed variation K ).Finally, we change the length of rockerl by small step similarly. Thus we3γcorresponding to the different length of bars, may obtain the maximum ofmindifferent oscillating angle ϕand the coefficient of travel speed variation K.Fig.3 is accomplished from Table for the purpose of diagram design.It is worth pointing out that whatever the length of rocker 3l is evaluated, the location that the maximum of min γ arises is only related to the ratio of the length of rocker and the length of machine frame 3l /4l , while independent of 3l .2 DESIGN METHOD2.1 Realizing the optimal transmission design given the coefficient of travelspeed variation and the maximum oscillating angle of the rockerThe design procedure is as follows.(1) According to given K and ϕ, taken account to the formula the extreme included angle θ is found. The corresponding ratio of the length of bars 3l /4l is obtained consulting Fig.3.︒⨯+-=18011K K θ (7) (2) Choose the length of rocker 3l according to the work requirement, the length of the machine frame is obtained from the ratio 3l /4l .(3) Choose the centre of fixed hinge D as the vertex arbitrarily, and plot an isosceles triangle, the side of which is equal to the length of rocker 3l (see Fig.4), andϕ=∠21DC C . Then plot 212C C M C ⊥, draw N C 1, and make angleθ-︒=∠9012N C C . Thus the point of intersection of M C 2 and N C 1 is gained. Finally, draw the circumcircle of triangle 21C PC ∆.(4) Plot an arc with point D as the centre of the circle, 4l as the radius. The arc intersections arc G C 2 at point A . Point A is just the centre of the fixed hinge of the crank.Therefore, from the length of the crank2/)(211AC AC l -= (8)and the length of the connecting bar112l AC l -= (9)we will obtain the crank and rocker mechanism consisted of 1l , 2l , 3l , and 4l .Thus the optimal transmission property is realized under given conditions.2.2 Realizing the optimal transmission design given the length of the rocker (or the length of the machine frame) and the coefficient of travel speed variationWe take the following steps.(1) The appropriate ratio of the bars 3l /4l can be chosen according to given K . Furthermore, we find the length of machine frame 4l (the length of rocker 3l ).(2) The corresponding oscillating angle of the rocker can be obtained consulting Fig.3. And we calculate the extreme included angle θ.Then repeat (3) and (4) in section 2.13 DESIGN EXAMPLEThe known conditions are that the coefficient of travel speed variation1818.1=K and maximum oscillating angle ︒=40ϕ. The crankandrockermechanism realizing the optimal transmission is designed by the diagram solution method presented above.First, with Eq.(7), we can calculate the extreme included angle ︒=15θ. Then, we find 93.0/43=l l consulting Fig.3 according to the values of θ and ϕ.If evaluate 503=l mm, then we will obtain 76.5393.0/504==l mm. Next, draw sketch(omitted).As result, the length of bars is 161=l mm,462=l mm,503=l mm,76.534=l mm.The minimum transmission angle is︒=--+=3698.462)(arccos 322142322min l l l l l l γ The results obtained by computer are 2227.161=l mm, 5093.442=l mm, 0000.503=l mm, 8986.534=l mm.Provided that the figure design is carried under the condition of the Auto CAD circumstances, very precise design results can be achieved.4 CONCLUSIONSA novel approach of diagram solution can realize the optimal transmission of the crank-and-rocker mechanism. The method is simple and convenient in the practical use. In conventional design of mechanism, taking 0.1 mm as the value of effective the precision of the component sizes will be enough.译文：认识曲柄摇臂机构设计的最优传动方法摘要：一种曲柄摇臂机构设计的最优传动的方法被提出。
机械专业毕业设计外文翻译相关外文文献
Fraunhofer-IBMT Technology Center Hialeah, 601 West 20 th Street, Hialeah, FL 33010, USA b TRS Ceramics, Inc, 2820 E. College Avenue, Suite J, State College, PA 16801, USA Received 28 January 2002; accepted 24 March 2002
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 1 1-305-925-1260; fax: 1 1-305-925-1269. E-mail addresses: epark@ (S.-E.E. Park), info@ (W. Hackenberger). 1359-0286 / 02 / $ – see front matter 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S1359-0286( 02 )00023-2
Fig. 1. Comparison of E-field induced strains for relaxor-PT single crystals versus various types of electroactive ceramics, (a) non-hysteretic strain behavior at E-fields before the E-field induced phase transition, and (b) strain behaviors associated with the E-field induced phase transition.
Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 6 (2002) 11–18
机械设计制造及其自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译
机械设计创造及其自动化毕业论文外文文献翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY译文题目专业机械设计创造及其自动化外文资料翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY（From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACTMachinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development.Key word： integration of machinery ，technology， present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management systemof by machinery for the characteristic integration ofdevelopment phase.1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, of coveringtechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions,like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence.2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilsummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity.3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bedis to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character, information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organization's multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait for further break through.Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligent processing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough, may form the product innovation the basic research system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science different science overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation, the economical development and society's progress has had the new request and the expectation to the science and technology, thus will form the front science .The front science also has solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front science has the obvious time domain, the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The project front science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristic is it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actual appeared.Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system, for satisfies the manufacture system agility, the fast response and fast reorganization ability, must profit from the information science, the life sciences and the social sciences and so on the multi-disciplinary research results, the exploration manufacture system new architecture, the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effective operational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structure and the good movement condition is makes the system modeling , the simulation and the optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture to makes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand response ability to have the vital significance, moreover to made the enterprise first floor production equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set a higher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced the manufacture system, satisfies the manufacture system new request.The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated system from the biological phenomenon, is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut to cracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to living what manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organization, from match more, from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulate mode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process.The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under, continuously by one's own perfect raise on organizing structure and circulating mode and thus to adapt the process of[with] ability for the environment .For from descend but the last product proceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born, produce system of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tend automatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science and life science of"the far good luck is miscellaneous to hand over", it will produce to the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果,本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。
机械类外文文献及翻译大全
农业节水技术采用的决定因素：研究中国的10个省份--中文翻译.doc 农业节水技术采用的决定因素：研究中国的10个省份--外文文献.doc 冲压变形-中文翻译.docx 冲压变形-外文文献.doc 冲压模具设计中侧壁起皱的分析-中文翻译.doc 冲压模具设计中侧壁起皱的分析-外文文献.pdf 冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策-中文翻译.docx 冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策-外文文献.doc 凸轮设计的基本内容-中文翻译.docx 凸轮设计的基本内容-外文文献.doc 刀具成本的检测--外文文献.doc 刀具成本的检测文档.doc 切削加工新概念-中文翻译.docx 切削加工新概念-外文文献.docx 利用CAD - CAM - CAE软件及网络设施的产品开发-中文翻译.docx 利用CAD - CAM - CAE软件及网络设施的产品开发-外文文献.docx 利用三坐标测量仪确定聚苯乙烯材料表面形态--中文翻译.doc 利用三坐标测量仪确定聚苯乙烯材料表面形态--外文文献.doc 利用只装有车轮速度传感器的制动防抱死系统做路面情况鉴定-中文翻译.doc 利用只装有车轮速度传感器的制动防抱死系统做路面情况鉴定-外文文献.doc 利用曲臂3个自由度的相同并列式微型机械结构的实验设计-中文翻译.doc 利用曲臂3个自由度的相同并列式微型机械结构的实验设计-外文文献.doc 制造工程与技术（机加工）-中文翻译.doc 制造工程与技术（机加工）-外文文献.pdf 动态优化的一种新型高速，高精度的三自由度机械手-中文翻译.doc 动态优化的一种新型高速，高精度的三自由度机械手-外文文献.PDF 单刃刀具-中文翻译.doc 单刃刀具-外文文献.doc 单片机-中文翻译.doc 单片机-外文文献.pdf 单片机系统-中文翻译.doc 单片机系统-外文文献.doc 单片集成MEMS技术--中文翻译.doc 单片集成MEMS技术-外文文献.doc 压塑和压铸工艺-中文翻译.docx 压塑和压铸工艺-外文文献.docx 压电液压驱动器的设计和测试-中文翻译.docx 压电液压驱动器的设计和测试-外文文献.docx 原型基于颜色的图像检索与MATLAB -中文翻译.docx 原型基于颜色的图像检索与MATLAB -外文文献.docx 叠层陶瓷喷嘴的冲蚀磨损-中文翻译.doc 叠层陶瓷喷嘴的冲蚀磨损-外文文献.pdf 可伸缩悬臂式装煤机的研制--中文翻译.doc 可伸缩悬臂式装煤机的研制--外文文献.doc 可机加工性--中文翻译.doc 可机加工性--外文文献.doc 可编程控制器技术讨论与未来发展.doc 可编程控制器技术讨论与未来发展——外文文献.doc 可视化的PLC程序使用XML--中文翻译.doc 可视化的PLC程序使用XML——外文文献.doc 可靠性仿真与优化设计机械维修-中文翻译.docx 可靠性仿真与优化设计机械维修-外文文献.pdf 含有碳氮化合物的高压力钢应用于自动传动齿轮的发展-中文翻译.docx 含有碳氮化合物的高压力钢应用于自动传动齿轮的发展-外文文献.docx
机械设计英文文献(带翻译)
英语文献翻译Introduction of MachiningHave a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the work piece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes aresuitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.Strict precision and good surface finish, machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.Primary Cutting ParametersCutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry -- to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics -- for each cutting process must be correct.Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to.Depth of penetration of a cutting tool -- to inches dollars -- is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.Rough machining and finishing machiningThere are two kinds of cuts in machine- shop work called, respectively, the "roughing cut" and the "finishing cut". When a piece is "roughed out", it is quite near the shape and size required, but enough metal has been left on the surface to finish smooth and to exact size." Generally speaking, bars of steel, forging, castings, etc. are machined to the required shape and size with only one roughing and one finishing cut. Sometimes, however, certain portions of a piece may require more thanone roughing cut. Also, in some jobs, for example, when great accuracy is not needed, or when a comparatively small amount of metal must be removed, a finishing cut may be all that is required. The roughing cut, to remove the greater part of the excess material, should be reasonably heavy, that is, all the machine, or cutting tool, or work, or all three, will stand. So the machinist’s purpose is to remove the excess stock as fast as he can without leaving, at the same time, a surface too torn and rough, without bending the piece if it is slender, and without spoiling the centers. The finishing cut, to make the work smooth and accurate, is a finer cut. The emphasis here is refinement - very sharp tool, comparatively little metal removed, and a higher degree of accuracy in measurement. Whether roughing or finishing, the machinist must set the machine for the given job. He must consider the size and shape of the work and the kind of material, also the kind of tool used and the nature of the cut to be made, then he proceeds to set the machine for the correct speed and feed and to set the tool to take the depth of cut desired.Automatic Fixture DesignAssembly equipment used in the traditional synchronous fixture put parts of the fixture mobile center, to ensure that components from transmission from the plane or equipment plate placed after removal has been scheduled for position. However, in certain applications, mobile mandatory parts of the center line, it may cause parts or equipmentdamage. When parts vulnerability and may lead to a small vibration abandoned, or when their location is by machine spindle or specific to die, Tolerance again or when the request is a sophisticated, it would rather let the fixture to adapt to the location of parts, and not the contrary. For these tasks, Elyria, Ohio, the company has developed Zaytran a general non-functional data synchronization West category FLEXIBILITY fixture. Fixture because of the interaction and synchronization devices is independent; the synchronous device can use sophisticated equipment to replace the slip without affecting the fixture force. Fixture specification range from 0.2 inches itinerary, 5 pounds clamping force of the six-inch trip, 400-inch clamping force. The characteristics of modern production are becoming smaller and smaller quantities and product specifications biggest changes. Therefore, in the final stages of production, assembly of production, quantity and product design changes appear to be particularly vulnerable. This situation is forcing many companies to make greater efforts to rationalize the extensive reform and the previously mentioned case of assembly automation. Despite flexible fixture behind the rapid development of flexible transport and handling devices, such as backward in the development of industrial robots, it is still expected to increase the flexibility fixture. In fact the important fixture devices -- the production of the devices to strengthen investment on the fixture so that more flexibility in economic support holders.According to their flexibility and fixture can be divided into: special fixture, the fixture combinations, the standard fixture, high flexible fixture. Flexible fixture on different parts of their high adaptability and the few low-cost replacement for the characteristic.Forms can transform the structure of the flexible fixture can be installed with the change of structure components (such as needle cheek plate, Multi-chip components and flake cheek plate), a non-standard work piece gripper or clamping elements (for example: commencement standard with a clamping fixture and mobile components fixture supporting documents), or with ceramic or hardening of the intermediary substances (such as : Mobile particle bed fixture and heat fixture tight fixture). To production, the parts were secured fixture, the need to generate clamping function, its fixture with a few unrelated to the sexual submissive steps.According to the processing was part of that foundation and working characteristics to determine the work piece fixture in the required position, then need to select some stability flat combination, These constitute a stable plane was fixed in the work piece fixture set position on the clamp-profile structure, all balanced and torque, it has also ensured that the work features close to the work piece. Finally, it must be calculated and adjusted, assembly or disassembly be standard fixture components required for the position, so that the work piece firmly by clampingfixture in China. In accordance with this procedure, the outline fixture structure and equipped with the planning and recording process can be automated control.Structural modeling task is to produce some stable flat combination, Thus, these plane of the work pieces clamping force and will fixture stability. According to usual practice, this task can be human-machine dialogue that is almost completely automated way to completion. A man-machine dialogue that is automated fixture structure modeling to determine the merits can be conducted in an organized and planning fixture design reduce the amount of the design, shortening the study period and better distribution of work conditions. In short, can be successfully achieved significantly improve fixture efficiency and effectiveness.Fully prepared to structure programs and the number of material circumstances, the completion of the first successful assembly can save up to 60% of the time.Therefore fixture process modeling agencies is the purpose of the program has appropriate documents.机械加工机械加工是所有制造过程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。
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外文资料翻译译文机械设计摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。
它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。
许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。
术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。
在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。
在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。
关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计设计流程设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。
新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。
在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。
即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。
只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。
通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。
很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。
一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计和分析。
接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。
每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。
也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。
通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。
设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。
最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。
如果它的测试是符合事先要求的，则再将对初步设计进行某些修改，使它能够在制造成本上有所降低。
产品的设计需要不断探索和发展。
许多方案必须被研究、试验、完善，然后决定使用还是放弃。
虽然每个工程学问题的内容是独特的，但是设计师可以按照类似的步骤来解决问题。
产品的责任诉讼迫使设计人员和公司在选择材料时，采用最好的程序。
在材料过程中，五个最常见的问题为：（a）不了解或者不会使用关于材料应用方面的最新最好的信息资料；(b)未能预见和考虑材料的合理用途（如有可能，设计人员还应进一步预测和考虑由于产品使用方法不当造成的后果。
在近年来的许多产品责任诉讼案件中，由于错误地使用产品而受到伤害的原告控告生产厂家，并且赢得判决）；(c)所使用的材料的数据不全或是有些数据不确定，尤其是当其性能数据长期不更新；(d)质量控制方法不适当和未经验证；(e)由一些完全不称职的人员选择材料。
通过对上述五个问题的分析，可以得出这些问题是没有充分理由而存在的结论。
对这些问题的研究分析可以为避免这些问题的出现而指明方向。
尽管采用最好的材料选择方法也不能避免发生产品责任诉讼，设计人员和工业界按照适当的程序进行材料选择，可以大大减少诉讼的数量。
从以上的讨论可以看出，选择材料的人们应该对材料的性质，特点和加工方法有一个全面而基本的了解。
在随后生产和售后服务的几年中，要接受新观念的变化，或者由试验和经验为基础，进一步分析并改进。
一些设计规则在本节中，建议要运用创造性的态度来替代和改进。
也许会创造出更实用、更经济、更耐用的产品。
为了激发创造性思维，下列是设计和分析的建议规则。
前六个规则对设计者来说特别适用。
1.要有创造性的利用所需要的物理性质和控制过程。
2.认识负载产生的影响及其意义。
3.预测没有想到的负载。
4.创造出对载荷更为有利的条件。
5.提供良好的应力分布和最小的刚度条件。
6.运用最简单的方程来优化体积和面积。
7.选择组合材料。
8.仔细选择所备的原料和不可缺少的组件。
9.调整有效的设计方案，以适应生产过程和降低成本。
10.规定好准确的位置条件为了使组件安装时不干涉。
机械设计包括一下内容：1.对设计过程、设计所需要公式以及安全系数进行介绍。
2.回顾材料特性、静态和动态载荷分析，包括梁、振动和冲击载荷。
3.回顾应力的基本规律和失效分析。
4.介绍静态失效理论和静态载荷下机械断裂分析。
5.介绍疲劳失效理论并强调在压力条件下接近高循环的疲劳设计，这通常用在旋转机械的设计中。
6.深入探讨机械磨损机理、表面接触应力和表面疲劳现象。
7.使用疲劳分析技术校核轴的设计。
8.讨论润滑油膜与滚动轴承的理论和应用。
9.深入介绍直齿圆柱齿轮的动力学、设计和应力分析，并简单介绍斜齿轮、锥齿轮和涡轮有关方面的问题。
10.讨论弹簧设计、螺杆等紧固件的设计，包括传动螺杆和预紧固件。
11.介绍盘式和鼓式离合器以及制动器的设计和技术说明。
机械设计一台完整机器的设计是一个复杂的过程。
机械设计是一项创造性的工作。
设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。
任何产品在设计时第一步就是选择产品每个部分的构成材料。
许多的材料被今天的设计师所使用。
对产品的功能，它的外观、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的选择是十分重要的。
对材料的特性必须事先作出仔细的评估。
仔细精确的计算是必要的，以确保设计的有效性。
在任何失败的情况下，最好知道在最初设计中有有缺陷的部件。
计算（图纸尺寸）检查是非常重要的。
一个小数点的位置放错，就可以导致一个本可以完成的项目失败。
设计工作的各个方面都应该检查和复查。
计算机是一种工具，它能够帮助机械设计师减轻繁琐的计算，并对现有数据提供进一步的分析。
互动系统基于计算机的能力，已经使计算机辅助设计（CAD）和计算机辅助制造（CAM）成为了可能。
心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。
设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。
这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作过程。
另一个重要问题，设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和磋商。
在开始阶段，设计人员必须就初步设计同管理人员进行交流和磋商，并得到批准。
这一般是通过口头讨论，草图和文字材料进行的。
如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。
发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。
因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。
应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。
掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。
仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。
另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。
例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。
一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。
因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。
一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。
由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。
一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。
新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。
因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。
应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。
附件2：外文原文（复印件）Mechanical DesignAbstract:A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previouslydone by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partlyIn the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceivedthe arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis , Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes. Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the mostsuperior operating area and the operating process.Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.。