语言学第四章chapter4

▪ (7) I hear _____ yesterday. (noun phrases: it, the car, a dog, Peter, a new car, the scholar with an American accent)
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英语语言学：第4章
4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis
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英语语言学：第4章
▪ Adverbs are words that describe or add to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence, and which answers the questions introduced by how, where, when, etc. carefully, slowly, then, now
▪ Adjectives are words that describe the thing, quality, state or action which a noun refers to. beautiful, red
▪ Verbs are words used to refer to various actions and states involving the “things” in events. run, walk, seem
▪ Articles, Exclamations, Numerals
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英语语言学：第4章
▪ The definitions above are useful for identifying most forms, but they are never completely accurate. A different approach might focus on some other properties of the word classes.
▪ Syntax: study of the internal structures of sentence and the rules for the combination of words. Difference between morphology and syntax
▪ Morphology: the internal structure of words Syntax: the combination of words
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▪ Immediate constituent analysis (IC analysis) has two ways of representation: ➢ Tree diagram ➢ brackets
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Tree diagram
▪ (8) The man bought a car.
4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis
4.5 Constituent Structure Grammar
4.6 Transformational Grammar
4.7 Systemic Functional Grammar
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4.1 Introduction
▪ Pronouns are words which may replace nouns or noun phrases.
▪ Conjunctions are words used to connect and indicate relationships between events and things.
英语语言学：第4章
Chapter 4 Syntax
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outline
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Word Classes
4.3 The Prescriptive Approach
4.4 The Descriptive Approach
4.4.1 Structural analysis
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Syntactic rules
▪ (1) a. The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds.
b. The blackbirds fear the cries of the hunter. ▪ (2) a. Jack looked up the word.
rules allow for the generation of grammatical sentences in a language.
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4.3 The Prescriptive Approach
▪ Definition: An approach taken by some grammarians, mainly in eighteenth-century England, who lay down rules for the correct or “proper” use of English by following Latin.
(Bloomfield: 直接成分分析法)
▪ Language is linear and hierarchical. We can analyze language from its largest level to the smallest level, that is from its construction to its constituents by means of substitutability and expansion.
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4.2 Word Classes
▪ Nouns are words used to refer to people, objects, creatures, places, events, qualities, phenomena and abstract ideas as if they were all things. cats, dogs, war, wedding, courage, beauty, rain, love, hatred
.Biblioteka Baidu
英语语言学：第4章
4.4.1 Structural analysis
▪ A descriptive approach studying the distribution of linguistic forms in a language by means of test frames, which can be sentences with empty slots in them.（分布、测试框架、替代、纵聚合关系）
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Phrase structure rules
▪ Representation(通过词性表征句法): The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds Art + N + V + Art + N+Prep+Art + N
▪ The rules which govern the structure of phrases are known as phrase structure rules or rewrite rules. Such
▪ The approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents is called immediate constituent analysis (IC).
▪ The first divisions or cuts of a construction are called immediate constituents and the final cuts as the ultimate constituents.
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▪ The first divisions or cuts of a construction are called immediate constituents and the final cuts as the ultimate constituents.
end a sentence with. (funny)
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英语语言学：第4章
4.4 The Descriptive Approach
▪ Definition: An approach taken throughout the 20th century which attempts to describe the regular structures of the language as it is used by collecting samples. Various techniques may be employed.
b. Jack looked the word up. ▪ (3) *Cries fear the the of hunter blackbirds the.
Conclusion: The structure of sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not every sequence of words is a sentence. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences.
▪ Prepositions are words used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place and other connections involving actions and things.
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Brackets
▪ Brackets can also be used but are arguably less easy to read.
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▪ (a) You must not split infinitives. ▪ (b) You must not end a sentence
with a preposition. ➢To boldly go. →To go boldly. ➢Preposition is not a word you can
▪ (4) The _____ makes a lot of noise. (nouns: car, radio, child, dog)
▪ (5) I heard a _____ yesterday. (nouns: car, radio, child, dog)
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▪ (6) _____ makes a lot of noise. (noun phrases: it, the car, a dog, Peter, a new car, the scholar with an American accent)
▪ For example, a noun can be defined as a form that comes after an article (a, an and the) and can take inflections for possessive (-’s) and plural (-s). Of course, not all nouns (eg. information and mud) have all these characteristics.