历年考研翻译必背词组归纳

合集下载

历年考研真题翻译部分常考词汇总结(N-W)

本文是历年考研真题翻译部分常考的词汇的总结，希望对您的学习有所帮助。

Nativeadj.出生地的, 故乡的, 当地(人)的; 原产于某地的n.当地人, 本地人no less than不少于, 多达Notionn.概念, 观念，意愿, 打算, 意图Obligevt. & vi.迫使做; 使负义务，满足请求; 施惠vt.感激Observevt. & vi.观察; 研究vt.看到; 注意到，遵守; 遵循Obviousadj.明显的; 显而易见的Occurvi.(事件等)发生，想起，出现; 被发现Offendvt.触怒; 冒犯，使反感 vi.犯规, 触犯Operationn.操作, 运转(方式)，作用, 效力，【医】手术Ordinaryadj.普通的, 平常的; 平庸的, 平淡的Owing to由于, 因为Paralleladj.(指至少两条线)平行的，类似的; n.平行线[面]，极相似的人[事物]，类似(点), 相似(之处)Particularadj.特定的, 某一的，特殊的, 特有的 n.详情; 细目Partlyadv.在一定程度上，部分地, 不完全地Passionn.热情, 强烈感情(尤指爱、恨、怒)，爱情; 情欲，爱好;Pastadj.以前的, 过去的 n.过去,昔时; 往事 prep.(表示时间)迟于,晚于，（表示关涉)从…旁边通过Patternn.型, 样式，花样, 图案 vt.模仿; 仿制Performvt.履行, 执行, 完成(事业), 演奏, 演出Personalityn.人, 人的存在; 个性; 【心理】性格; 人格, 品格Phenomenan.现象（单数）Philosophern.哲学家，思想家; 学者Pointn.要点, 论点, 观点 vt.削尖vt. & vi.指; 指向Possibleadj.可能的, 可能存在[发生, 做到]的; 潜在的Practicen.练习, 实习，实践, 实际Predictvt. & vi.预言; 预测; 预示Predictionn.预言; 预言的事物Preservevt.保护; 维护，保藏, 蜜饯(水果); 腌制(蔬菜等);Primaryadj.首要的; 主要的; 最初的; 初级的Principlen.原理, 原则，主义; 本质,Privilegen.特权, 特别待遇或权益 vt. 给与...特权, 特免Processn.过程, 进程 vt.加工; 处理 vi.列队行进Producevt. & vi.生产, 产生, 出产，制作, 创作Provevt. 证明, 查验, 检验, 勘探, 显示vi. 证明是，【经】证实Psychologicaladj.心理的; 精神的，心理学的; 关于心理学的Quarreln.争吵, 不和, 口角vi.争吵, 争辩Ragevi.大发脾气, 动怒n.狂怒, 盛怒rather than（要)…而不…, 与其…倒不如…，宁可, 宁愿Realizevt.实现，了解; 认识到vt. & vi.变卖; 赚得Reasonn.理由; 原因，理性, 理智vt. & vi.推理; 思考Recognizevt.认出, 识别出某人[某事物]簁本文是历年考研真题翻译部分常考的词汇的总结，希望对您的学习有所帮助。

历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总

历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总AAbstractn.摘要，概要，抽象adj.抽象的，深奥的，理论的Acceleratevt.&vi.（使）加快，（使）增速，n.接受速成教育的学生Achievementn.成就；成绩；功绩，达到；完成Acquirevt.得到，养成，vt获得；招致，学得（知识等），求得，养成（习惯等），捕获，Actionn.作用，动[操]作，行动，机械装置[作用]，（小说等中的）情节Activityn.活动，活动的事物，活动性，机能，功能Actuallyadv.现实的，实际的；目前的；明确的，有效的Additionaladj.增加的，额外的，另外的Advancevt.&vi.（使）前进，（使）发展；促进，vt.提出Advantagen.利益，便利，有利方面，有利条件；优点；优势，（网球等）打成平手（deuce）而延长比赛后一方先得的一分（攻方所得称advantage in，守方所得则称advantage out）Agreevi.一致；相合同意，赞成约定，允诺，答应，相宜，调和，符合，和睦相处Almostadv.几乎，差不多，差一点；将近Amountn.量，数量，数额，总额，总数vi.合计，共计Approachvt.&vi.接近，走近，靠近；vt.接洽，交涉；着手处理；n.靠近，接近，临近Appropriateadj.适当的，恰当的；vt.挪用；占用；盗用Arguevt.&vi.争吵，辩论；vt.坚决主张，提出理由证明，说服，劝说Arisevi.&link v.呈现；出现；发生；vi.起身，起来，起立Aspectn.方面，方位，朝向Assertvt.声称，断言，维护，坚持Assumevt.假设，臆断，猜想，假装，担，担任，就职Attemptn.尝试，企图vt.尝试，企图Augmentvt.增加，提高，扩大；n.增加，提高，扩大Availabilityn.可用性，有效性，实用性BBasen.基础，底座，基地，根据地vt.把…建立在，以…为基础Behavioraladj.动作的，行为方面的Branchn.树枝，枝条，支，分科，分系；vi.出枝，树叉CCausen.原因，起因，故，理由vt.成为…的原因；导致，促使，使发生Centralizevt.使…处于中央的控制之下，把…集中于中央，成为……的中心，把……集中起来Challengen.挑战，邀请比赛，怀疑，质问，艰巨的任务vt.挑战质疑Changevt.改变，变革，交换，替换以……兑换，把……变成……（into）；n.改变，变化，变更Charactern.品质，特性，特色，特征，好的品质，人物，角色（书写或印刷）符号，（汉）字Chargevt.装（满），使饱含；控告，指责（with）；把……归咎于（to，on，upon）要（价），收（费）；n.电[载，负]荷；主管，负责，委托，管理；受照料者，费用，价钱，Choicen.选择，挑选，供选择的东西；adj.上等的；精选的Circumstancen.环境，条件，情况，境遇，经济状况Closelyadv.接近地，亲密的；adv.精密地，严密地Commentn.评论，意见，解释，批评；vt.&vi.评论；谈论Comparativeadj.比较的，相比的，相比之下的，相比而言的，相对的Compensatevt.&vi.补偿，报酬Competentadj.适当的，称职的，胜任的，有能力的，有资格的，权限内的，充足的；耐久的Completeadj.完整的，整个的；完成的，圆满的，十足的，完美的；（设备等）齐全的；vt.完成，结束Complexadj.由许多部分组成的，复杂的，难懂的n.综合体，集合体Conceptn.「哲」概念，观念，思想，（基本）原理，定则，意想Conclusionn.结束，结论，结尾，推论Concreten.凝结物，混凝土；a.具体的，实在的，混凝土的；vt.（使）凝结，用混凝土浇筑；vi.（使）凝结，用混凝土浇筑Conditionn.状况，状态；地位，健康状况，可使用的状况条件，先决条件环境，情况疾病；vt.制约，限制Conductvt.&vi.引导，带领，担任指挥；n.举止，行为Connectionn.连接，联结，联系；关系Consequencen.结果，后果；「数」后承；「逻」结论，重要（性）；重大意义Considerationn.考虑，思考；顾虑（为别人）着想；体谅，考虑的结果Contendvi.抗争，争论，争辩，斗争，n.竞[斗]争者，争论者Continuevt.继续（做某事），使延长[伸]，持续，接着说Controln.控制，支配，管理，调节，抑制，控制器，调节装置vt.控制，支配，管理（物价等），操纵，抑制Conveyvt.传导，运[传，输]送Convincevt.使相信[信服]，说服，使承认；使悔悟；使认错[罪]Cosmosn.宇宙，世界，完整的体系，秩序，和谐Createvt.创造，建立，造成，引起，产生Criticsn.评论，评论家Culturaladj.文化的，与文化有关的n.风俗，习惯，惯例，常规，传统，[the Customs]海关；[pl.]关税deal with惠顾；与…交易，和…做买卖，应付，处理；对待DDecaden.十年，十年间Definevt.精确地解释；界定，给……下定义Delightfuladj.令人非常高兴的，讨人喜欢的Demandvt.要求，请求，需要，查问，询问Demonstratevi.举行示威游行（或集会）vt.说明，演示，论证，证明Dependvi.[通常与on，upon 连用]依靠，依赖，相信，信赖，取决于，由……而定Designvt.设计；作图案；打图样，绘制，盘算，筹划，（在心中）计划，设计，企图，预谋Detailn.细节；详细；详情；琐事；枝节；琐碎Determinevt.决心，决意vi.决定；决心Difficultyn.困难；艰难，难事；困境Digitaladj.数字式的，数码的Directlyadv.直接地，径直地，conj.一…就…Disciplinevt.训练，训导，处罚，惩罚n.训练，纪律Distinctlyadv.独特的；清晰的；明显的；确定无疑的Divertvt.使转向，使转移，使消遣，vi.转移，转向，转入EEffectiveadj.有效的；生效的，事实上的，Efficiencyn.效率，效能Either…or（两者之中）任何一个，（否定句中）也Electvt.（进行）选举，推举，决定（做某事）adj.电子的；电子器件的Elegantadj.优美的，文雅的；讲究的，简洁的，Elementaryadj.基本的，初级的，小学的，简单的，容易的Elsewhereadv.在别处，到别处Emphasisn.强调，重点Enhancevt.提高，增加，加强Entitlevt.给……题名，给…称号[尊称]，给予……权利[资格] （to）；Environmentn.周围；围绕，环境（周围的状况）；自然外界Equalityn.同[平]等，均一[等]；一样Equipvt.装备，配备，装束，使具备Essentialadj.重要的，根本的，本质的，实质的，不可少的；n.[pl.]本质，实质，精华Establishvt.成立，建立，开设，确立，Eventn.事件，大事，[pl.]时事，时局；偶然可能发生的事Evidencen.证词；证据；迹象vt.表明，显示Exaggerationn.夸大[张]，（艺术等的）夸张手法Excludevt.排除；不包括在内Existvi.存在，有，生存；活着Expandvt.&vi.使…变大，扩大，扩张，张开，展开Expectvt.预料；预期vi.期望，期待，希望Expensen.消耗，花费，费用Experiencen.经验，体验，经历；阅历；vt.经历，感受，n.解释，说明；注释，辩解[明]Explorationn.探险旅行；搜寻，考察，探索Explosionn.爆炸；爆发，激增，扩大Exposevt.曝光，暴露；显露Extentn.长度，面积，范围，程度，限度Externaladj.外面的，外部的，外观的，表面的Extremeadj.尽头的，末端的，极度的，极端的；n.极端，过分FFabricatevt.编造，捏造，虚构；伪造far-reachingadj.深远的Fascinatingadj.迷人的，有极大吸引力的Faultn.缺点，缺陷；过失，过错Favorableadj.赞成的，有利的，赞许的，讨人喜欢的，起促进作用的Feelingn.知觉，感觉，感触，态度，看法Forcen.力；力量；武力；暴力；vt.强制，迫使，逼迫Formn.组成，结构，形式；表格；vt.塑造，养成，成立Formulatevt.构想出，规划，确切地阐述Functionn.功能；作用；职责；vi.工作，运行，起作用Fundamentaladj.基本的；重要的，必要的；n.基本原则，基本法则Furthermoreadv.而且，此外GGeneraladj.普遍的，全面的；总体的，一般的，通常的Gloryn.光荣，荣誉，壮丽，非常美的事物；给人荣耀的事，值得称赞的事Graspvt.抓住，理解，领会n.抓住；理解HHostn.主人（对宾客而言），（广播，电视的）节目主持人vt.主办（宴会等）；款待，作主人招待Humblyadv.谦恭地，卑贱地；粗陋地IIdentityn.身份，个性，特性，同一性，一致性Ignorevt.不顾，不理，忽视Immediateadj.立即的，即刻的；紧迫的，当前的Improvevt.&vi.改善，改进，提高Includevt.包住，关住，包含，包括，算[计]入Increasevt.&vi.增加，增大，增多n.增长；增进Individualadj.个别的，单独的，个人的，独特的n.个人Industryn.工业，制造业，工业界，[总称]企业；产业Inflationn.（充气而引起的）膨胀，通货膨胀Injuriousadj.伤害的，中伤的，不公正的Innovationn.改革，革新，创新，新观念，新方法，新发明Inquiryn.打听，询问，调查，查问Insightn.洞察力，洞悉，深刻的见解，领悟，顿悟Instinctn.本能；天性；直觉Institutionn.创立；制度；惯例；（社会或宗教等）公共机构；协会，事业机构Instrumentn.器具，仪器，乐器Integratevt.使结合成为整体vt.&vi.（使）融入Intellectualadj.智力的；理智的，善于思维的；n.知识分子Interestn.兴趣；爱好，利益；vt.使产生兴趣，引起…的意愿Internaladj.内（部）的，内在的；心灵的，精神的，国内的；Interpretvt.解释；说明；vt.&vi.口译；翻译Inventionn.发明（才能），创造（力），发明物，捏造，虚构Involvevt.使卷入；使陷入；使参与，牵涉Issuen.问题，议题；争论点，vt.出版，发行，发表，发布；vi.冒出，传出JJudgen.法官，裁判员；vt.&vi.审判；评判；断定LLargelyadv.在很大程度上，大半地，主要地Leadvt.&vi.带路，领路，指引，领导；指挥Lievi.躺，卧，位于；vi.&linkv.平放；n.谎话Linkvt.&vi.连接，联系；n.环，联系，纽带MMaintainvt.保持；继续，维护，Massn.团，块，堆，大量，众多vt.&vi.（使）集中；聚集；adj.许多的，大规模的，群众的Mathematicsn.数学Meansn.方法，手段Measurevt.&vi.量出；记录，估计，估量，仔细考虑；n.尺寸，尺度；Median.媒体Methodn.方法，办法，秩序，条理Moraladj.道德上的，有道德的；n.教育意义，寓意，道德，品行，Movevt.&vi.移动；搬动vt.使感动，激起；n.动，移动NNativeadj.出生地的，故乡的，当地（人）的；原产于某地的；n.当地人，本地人nolessthan不少于，多达Notionn.概念，观念，意愿，打算，意图OObligevt.&vi.迫使做；使负义务，满足请求；施惠；vt.感激Observevt.&vi.观察；研究；vt.看到；注意到，遵守；遵循Obviousadj.明显的；显而易见的Occurvi.（事件等）发生，想起，出现；被发现Offendvt.触怒；冒犯，使反感vi.犯规，触犯Operationn.操作，运转（方式），作用，效力，「医」手术Ordinaryadj.普通的，平常的；平庸的，平淡的Owingto由于，因为PParalleladj.（指至少两条线）平行的，类似的；n.平行线[面]，极相似的人[事物]，类似（点），相似（之处）Particularadj.特定的，某一的，特殊的，特有的n.详情；细目Partlyadv.在一定程度上，部分地，不完全地Passionn.热情，强烈感情（尤指爱、恨、怒），爱情；情欲，爱好；Pastadj.以前的，过去的n.过去，昔时；往事prep.（表示时间）迟于，晚于，（表示关涉）从…旁边通过Patternn.型，样式，花样，图案vt.模仿；仿制Performvt.履行，执行，完成（事业），演奏，演出Personalityn.人，人的存在；个性；「心理」性格；人格，品格Phenomenan.现象（单数）Philosophern.哲学家，思想家；学者Pointn.要点，论点，观点；vt.削尖；vt.&vi.指；指向Possibleadj.可能的，可能存在[发生，做到]的；潜在的Practicen.练习，实习，实践，实际Predictvt.&vi.预言；预测；预示Predictionn.预言；预言的事物Preservevt.保护；维护，保藏，蜜饯（水果）；腌制（蔬菜等）；Primaryadj.首要的；主要的；最初的；初级的Principlen.原理，原则，主义；本质，Privilegen.特权，特别待遇或权益；vt.给与……特权，特免Processn.过程，进程vt.加工；处理；vi.列队行进Producevt.&vi.生产，产生，出产，制作，创作Provevt.证明，查验，检验，勘探，显示；vi.证明是，「经」证实Psychologicaladj.心理的；精神的，心理学的；关于心理学的QQuarreln.争吵，不和，口角vi.争吵，争辩RRagevi.大发脾气，动怒n.狂怒，盛怒ratherthan（要）…而不…，与其…倒不如…，宁可，宁愿Realizevt.实现，了解；认识到vt.&vi.变卖；赚得Reasonn.理由；原因，理性，理智vt.&vi.推理；思考Recognizevt.认出，识别出某人[某事物]Refervi.谈[涉，提]及，提到，指（的是），关系到vt.送交；提交Refinevt.精炼；精制；使纯净，使文雅高尚；使去掉粗俗言行；使变得完善Reflectionn.反映，反射；映像，倒影，折射，Regardvt.把……视为，看作vi.注意；注视n.注重，考虑，Rejectvt.拒绝，谢绝；驳回n.被拒货品，不合格产品Relatevt.&vi.（把…）联系起来Relevantadj.有关的，切题的relyon信赖，依赖Requirevt.需要，要求；vi.命令，要求Researchn.研究；探讨vi.做研究，探究，探讨；vt.从事…的研究，为…而做研究Resolvevt.&vi.决定；决心，解决（问题、疑问等）restsupon有赖于，取决于Resultn.结果；效果；后果；成效；vi.发生，产生；导致，结果是Revealvt.显示；露出，泄露；透露Revolutionn.革命，彻底改变，重大变革Revolvevt.使旋[绕]转；使周转，细想，盘算SSciencen.科学，科学研究，（一门）学科；自然科学，理科linkv.好像；仿佛selectvt.选择；挑选adj.精选的，挑选出来的Servevt.&vi.（为…）服务；任（职），提供，端上Showvt.&vi.给…看，显示，说明；表明Significantadj.重要的，重大的，可观的，有意义的，Situationn.地点；场合，局面，情况，境遇，Smartadj.整洁漂亮的；思维敏捷的，伶俐的；聪明的vi.感到刺痛n.创伤Socialadj.社会（上）的，社交的，喜爱交际的Soundn.声音；响声vt.&vi.（使）发出声音；响Sourcen.源头，根[来]源，消息来源，出处，Specialadj.特别的，特殊的，专门的，专用的，Specificadj.明确的，确切的，具体的，特定的Standardn.标[基，水]准，规格[范]，典范，adj.标准的，权威的，模范的Staten.状态，状况，国家，政府，州；邦；vt.陈述；敘述Stressn.压力，紧张，重力，重音vt.重读，强调Strikinglyadv.醒目地，引人侧目地，突出的，鲜明的，Structuren.结构，构造vt.组织；制定Subjectn.主题；题目；科目；课程adj.常有[常患，常遭受]…的；倾向于…的；vt.使服从，征服，Superioradj.（级别、地位）较高的；（品质、程度）优良的，较好的；n.上级，长官，上司Supportvt.支撑；撑扶；托住；支持；n.支撑，赞助Survivevi.幸存，活下来；vt.比…活得长，经历…之后还存在n.系统；体系，制度，体制TTechniquen.技巧，手法，技术Technologyn.科技（总称）；工艺；应用科学，工业技术Thereforeadv.因此，为此，所以，故…；由此得出Thoughtn.思索，思维能力；思想，思潮traitn.人的个性，显著的特点，特征，一点点，少许（of）Transfervt.&vi.转移；迁移n.转移；转让；转录Transportn.运输，运输工具，流放犯vt.传送，运输，流放Treatn.款待，招待vt.对待，看待，处理Trendn.（海岸、河流、山脉等）走向，方向，趋势，倾向，流行，时尚UUndergovt.经历，承受Understandingn.了解；相互理解，谅解；adj谅解的；通情达理的Uniqueadj.独一无二的，仅有的，特有的，少见的Untilprep.到…为止，在…以前conj.到…为止，在…以前，直到…才Vvalidatevt.证实；确证，使生效；使有法律效力Vanishvi.消失，突然不见，绝迹Variousadj.各种不同的，各种各样的Viewn.展望，视野，眼界，观点，看法WWhereasconj.但是，而Whether…or。

历年考研英语翻译词组汇总

历年考研英语翻译词组汇总1990年1。

be determined by 由…所决定2。

have something to do with 与…有关3。

be central to sth。

是…的核心4。

in contrast/by contrast与此相反5。

be due to 由于（常做表语）6。

be deprived of 被剥夺7。

respond to 对…作出反应8。

as the basis of 依据/根据9。

be born with 天生具有10。

In contrast 相比之下1991年11。

shut off 关上，停止，切断12。

in any case=at any rate 不管怎样，无论如何； in no case 决不13。

or so 大概，大约14。

at the rate of 以…的速率15。

take time 花费时间16。

be likely to 可能；倾向于17。

result in 导致 18。

not nearly 远不能；远非19。

head into走向；陷入（危机）20。

in the matter of 关于；就…而言21。

make…possible 使…成为可能22。

combine…with把……和…结合起来；加上23。

in the fashion of 以…方式24。

such…as 像…一样1992年25。

refer to…提到；谈到26。

agreement on 一致意见27。

be comparable to 和…相当；犹如28。

in terms of 根据；按照；在…方面29。

on the whole 总体来说；大体上看30。

draw a conclusion 得出结论31。

have the attitude towards 对…的态度32。

only if 只要33。

the same…as 与…一样34。

考研英语翻译词组

考研英语翻译词组考研英语翻译必备词组100条导语：搞定翻译题型的一个重要因素在于熟练常用词组，以下是店铺为大家精心整理的考研英语翻译必备词组100条，欢迎大家参考！1. at the thought of一想到…2. as a whole (=in general) 就整体而论3. at will 随心所欲4. (be) abundant in(be rich in; be well supplied with) 富于，富有5. access(to) (不可数名词) 能接近，进入，了解6. by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地，意外. Without accident(=safely) 安全地，7. of one's own accord(=without being asked; willingly; freely)自愿地 ,主动地8. in accord with 与…一致 . out of one's accord with 同…。

不一致9. with one accord (=with everybody agreeing)一致地10. in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照，根据11. on one's own account1) 为了某人的缘故，为了某人自己的利益2) (=at one's own risk) 自行负责3) (=by oneself)依靠自己12. take…into a ccount(=consider)把..。

考虑进去13. give sb. an account of 说明，解释 (理由)14. account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解释，说明。

15. on account of (=because of) 由于，因为。

2024年考研词汇

2024年考研词汇共100个1. Abandon -放弃2. Abstract -摘要3. Access -访问4. Accommodate -容纳5. Accumulate -积累6. Acknowledge -承认7. Adequate -充足的8. Adhere -遵守9. Aggregate -聚集10. Alleviate -缓解11. Ambiguous -模糊的12. Analyze -分析13. Apprehend -理解，逮捕14. Ascertain -确定15. Authentic -真实的16. Bureaucracy -官僚主义17. Capitulate -投降18. Categorize -分类19. Circumvent -规避20. Coherent -连贯的21. Collate -整理22. Compatible -兼容的23. Comprehensive -全面的24. Concede -承认25. Conducive -有助于26. Confer -授予，商讨27. Constitute -构成28. Convey -传达29. Corroborate -证实30. Criteria -标准31. Cumulative -累积的32. Deceptive -欺骗的33. Deduce -推断34. Deficit -赤字35. Depict -描述36. Derive -获得37. Deteriorate -恶化38. Dilemma -困境39. Discern -辨别40. Discrepancy -差异41. Disseminate -散布42. Diversify -多样化43. Dominate -主导44. Elicit -引出45. Elucidate -阐明46. Empirical -经验的47. Endeavor -努力48. Enhance -提高49. Enumerate -列举50. Erode -侵蚀51. Evaluate -评估52. Evolve -进化53. Exacerbate -加剧54. Explicate -解释55. Facilitate -促进56. Formulate -制定57. Generate -产生58. Hinder -阻碍59. Hypothesize -假设60. Implement -实施61. Implicate -牵涉62. Incentive -刺激63. Inherent -内在的64. Inhibit -抑制65. Innovate -创新66. Integrate -整合67. Interpret -解释68. Invoke -调用69. Justify -证明合理70. Magnify -放大71. Manipulate -操纵72. Mitigate -缓解73. Modify -修改74. Negate -否定75. Objectivity -客观性76. Obsolete -过时的77. Paradigm -范例78. Perceive -察觉79. Ponder -考虑80. Pragmatic -实用的81. Precede -先于82. Precipitate -促使83. Profound -深刻的84. Prohibit -禁止85. Promote -促进86. Propagate -传播87. Quantify -量化88. Reconcile -调和89. Redundant -冗余的90. Reflect -反映91. Reform -改革92. Reinforce -强化93. Reiterate -重申94. Relevance -相关性95. Replicate -复制96. Resilient -有韧性的97. Retain -保留98. Revise -修订99. Simulate -模拟100. Sustain -维持。

历考研英语阅读与翻译词组与词汇

考研英语历年阅读与翻译真题重点词汇与短语汇总1997年考研英语重点词汇阅读理解部分：1. parliamentary adj. 议会的2 .territory n. 领土, 版图, 地域3 incurably adv.治不好地, 不能矫正地4 convincing adj.令人信服的, 有力的, 令人心悦诚服的5 flashed vi.闪光, 闪现, 反射, 使迅速6 pick up v.掘地, 捡起, 获得, 使恢复精神, 加快, 看到, 随便地认识, 加速7 bulletin n.公告, 报告8 import n.进口货(常用复数), 进口, 输入, 意思, 重要性vt.输入, 进口, 含...的意思, 重要, 引入9 sink in 被了解10 implication n.牵连, 含意, 暗示11 bitterly adv.苦苦地, 悲痛的, 厉害的12 haste n.匆忙, 急忙13 turn back v.使停止往前, 往回走, 翻回到, 重新提到, 折转, 挡住14 euthanasia n.安乐死15 dominoes 多米诺16 injection n.注射, 注射剂, (毛细血管等的)充血, (人造卫星, 宇宙飞船等的)射入轨道17 diagnose v.诊断18 terminally adv.末尾, 一定时期地19 resident n.居民adj.居住的, 常驻的20 haunting adj.常浮现于脑海中的, 不易忘怀的21 spiritual adj.精神上的22 claw n.爪, 脚爪v.抓23 consistently 一贯地，一向，始终如一地24 deserve vt.应受, 值得v.应受25 dull adj.感觉或理解迟钝的, 无趣的, 呆滞的, 阴暗的vt.使迟钝, 使阴暗, 缓和vi.变迟钝, 减少26 loneliness n.孤独, 寂寞27 welcome n.欢迎vt.欢迎int.欢迎 adj.受欢迎的28 harsh adj.粗糙的, 荒芜的, 苛刻的, 刺耳的, 刺目的29 frontier n.国境, 边疆, 边境30 charitable adj.仁慈的, (为)慈善事业的,宽恕的31 impulse n.推动, 刺激, 冲动, 推动力 vt.推动32 weary adj.疲倦的, 厌倦的, 令人厌烦的, 疲劳 v.疲倦, 厌倦, 厌烦33 hospitality n.好客, 宜人, 盛情34 casual adj.偶然的, 不经意的, 临时的35 interpret v.解释, 说明, 口译, 通译, 认为是...的意思36 superficial adj.表面的, 肤浅的, 浅薄的37 artificial adj.人造的, 假的, 非原产地的38 historically 在历史上, 从历史观点上说39 complex adj.复杂的, 合成的, 综合的 n.联合体40 assumption n.假定, 设想, 担任, 承当, 假装, 作态41 interrelationship 相互关系[联系, 影响], 干扰42 fail to 未能...翻译部分：1.monetary adj.货币的, 金钱的2.precise adj.精确的, 准确的 n.精确3.inflation n.胀大, 夸张, 通货膨胀, (物价)暴涨4.have any effect on 对…有影响5.analogy n.类似, 类推6.steering n.操纵, 掌舵, 指导7.disadvantages n.不利, 不利条件, 缺点, 劣势8.boast n.自夸, 值得夸耀的事物 v.自夸, 以有...而自豪9.average n.平均, 平均水平, 平均数, 海损vi.买进, 卖出10.digit n.阿拉伯数字, 手指或足趾,11.forecasters n.预报员12.panel n.面板, 嵌板, 仪表板, 座谈小组, 全体陪审员13.consistently 一贯地，一向，始终如一地14.favorable adj.赞成的, 称许的, 有利的, 顺利的 n.有利15.conventional adj.惯例的, 常规的, 习俗的, 传统的16.slack n.松弛, 静止, 淡季, 闲散, 家常裤adj.松弛的, 不流畅的, 疏忽的, 软弱的, 漏水的, 呆滞的, 懒散的 adv.马虎地, 缓慢地17.utilization n.利用18.take off v.拿掉, 取消, 脱衣, 起飞, 减弱, 离开, 岔开, 复制19.proved 被证实的20.thrilling adj.毛骨悚然的, 颤动的, 发抖的21.defective adj.有缺陷的, (智商或行为有)欠缺的 n.有缺陷的人,不完全变化1998年重点词汇和词组阅读理解部分1.dam n. 大坝2.capture n.捕获, 战利品 vt.俘获, 捕获, 夺取3.imagination n.想象, 空想, 想象的事物, 想象力, 听觉（imaginative；imaginary）4.at the mercy of adv. 受...支配5.do one’s bidding 听从…的命令6.be fascinated about… vt.使着迷, 使神魂颠倒 vi.入迷, 极度迷人的6.achievement n.成就, 功绩 ( graduate with excellent~)7.assertion v.断言, 声称8.cementary n.水泥, 接合剂 vt.接合, 用水泥涂, 巩固 vi.粘牢9.fertile silt 肥沃的粘土10.intended adj.有意的, 故意的,11.be deprived of adj.缺乏足够教育的；缺少食物的12.in return adv.作为报答13.reservoir n.水库, 蓄水池14.contention n.争夺, 争论, 争辩, 论点(contend v.)15.bidding for n.命令, 出价, 邀请(bid for… World Expo)16.destruction n.破坏, 毁灭( in ruins)17.far from adv.远离, 远非, 远远不, 完全不, 非但不18.impact n.碰撞, 冲击, 冲突, 影响, 效果 ( influence； affect(effect) )19.conflict n.斗争, 冲突 vi.抵触, 冲突 in conflict20.hydroelectric power adj.水力电气的; 水电站21.irrigation n.灌溉, 冲洗 (channel~)22.monster. n.怪物, 妖怪 ( devil; evil; curse; damned)23.dealing with prep.有, 以, 用, 同...,由于, 关于, 就24.tales n.[律]候补陪审员召集令25.revival n.苏醒, 复兴, 复活, 再生效, 复苏26.productivity n.生产力 ( productive rate )27.revolution n.革命, 旋转( culture ~)28.assume to be vt.假定, 设想, 采取, 呈现 (assumption)29.presiding （over） adj.主持会议的, 指挥的 v. 主持30.statistics n.统计学, 统计表31.lump n.块（尤指小块）, 肿块, 笨人 vt.使成块状, 混在一起,忍耐, 笨重地移动32.downsize v. 缩减规模33.acceleration n.加速度34.cafe n. 咖啡厅35.rebound n.回弹 v.回弹36.disjunction n.分离, 分裂, 折断37.anecdote n.轶事, 奇闻38.reflected adj.反射的,得自他人的39.Contribution Wanted n.捐献, 贡献, 投稿40.be intended to 为了41.profitable adj.有利可图的42.switch to v.切换到，转到, 转变成43.speculative adj.投机的;44.ineptly adv.不适当地, 无能地45.chief executive 总裁 ( CEO)46.revenue n.收入, 国家的收入, 税收47.far too many 太多的48.chop out 降低49.blunt adj. 直率的50.consultant n.顾问, 商议者, 咨询者51.schism n.(政治组织等的)分裂, 教派 (Taoism ; Buddhism)52.humanities 人文学科munity n.公社, 团体, 社会,54.attack （heart ~） n.进攻, 攻击, (用语言)抨击, 批评, , 抨击, 动手处理(某事) vi.攻击55.ghost n. 鬼魂56.assembly line vt.集合, 聚集, 装配 vi.集合57.worldview n. 世界观58.academic circle/field/ corruption adj.学院的, 理论的59.superstition n. 迷信(super structure； infrastructure)60.concern with v.使关心（ current affairs）61.contradict vt.同...矛盾, 同...抵触62.in dispute (debate) v.争论, 辩论, 怀疑, 抗拒, 阻止, n.争论, 辩论, 争吵63.manifesto n.宣言, 声明 v. (sth.)64.scornful n.轻蔑, 嘲笑, 被叱责的人 vt.轻蔑, 不屑做65.long for v.渴望66.prehistoric/ pretechnological 技术时代前的67.depletion n.损耗(delete) deformation n.68.epithet n.绰号, 称号(nickname)69.lump n.块（尤指小块）, 肿块, 笨人vt.使成块状, 混在一起, 忍耐, 笨重地移动70.enlightenment vt.启发, 启蒙, 教导, 授予...知识, 开导, <古>照耀71.emerging economies vi.显现, 浮现, 暴露, 形成, (由某种状态)脱出, (事实)显现出来72.census n.人口普查73.standstill n.停止, 停顿( Still Water runs deep.)74.implication n.牵连, 含意, 暗示75.enthrone vt.立...为王, 使登基, 任为主教, 崇拜76.head counting n. 人口普查77.numerically 用数字, 在数字上78.depression n.沮丧, 消沉, 低气压, 低压79.migrate (immigrant ; emigrant) vi.移动, 移往, 移植, 随季节而移居,(鸟类的)迁徙 vt.使移居, 使移植80.demographer n.人口统计学家 democracy81.overcrowdedness n. 拥挤地区82.spacious adj.广大的, 大规模的83.plagues n.瘟疫, 麻烦, 苦恼, 灾祸 vt.折磨, 使苦恼, 使得灾祸84.considerably adv.相当地( considerate; considerable)85.scatter v.分散, 散开, 撒开, 驱散86.isolation vt.使隔离, 使孤立 n.隔离种群87.geologist n.地质学者88.active volcano eruption n. 火山喷发89.interior (exterior) adj.内部的, 内的n.内部(introverted;extroverted)estones n.里程碑, 里程标, 重要事件, 转折点91.inject into 把...注入plementary adj.补充的, 补足的93.reminder n.提醒的人, 暗示94.stationary 固定的95.anchor n.锚 v.抛锚, 锚定(ankle; angle)96.frame n.结构, 体格帧,画面,框架vt.构成, 设计, n.帧,画面,框架97.geophysical adj.地球物理学的 biochemistry98.fissure n.裂缝, 裂沟, (思想, 观点等的)分歧 v.(使)裂开99.mutability n.易变性, 性情不定100. biased a. impartial a.翻译部分：1.by far adv.到目前为止2.object n.物体, 目标, 宾语, 对象 vi.反对, 拒绝, 抗议 vt.提出...来反对3.detect vt.察觉, 发觉, 侦查, 探测 v.发现 (detector; detective)4.strip vt.剥, 剥去 n.条, 带(star and stip)5.look into v.窥视, 浏览, 观察6.amazing adj.令人惊异的ndmark n.(航海)陆标, 地界标, 里程碑, 划时代的事8.in fact 实际上9.originate in 起源于10.put forward v.放出, 拿出, 提出, 推举出11.dominant adj.有统治权的, 占优势的, 支配的12.cosmos 宇宙13.burst into tears v.闯入, 开出, 突然出现14.submicroscopic adj.亚微观的15.outward adj.外面的, 公开的, n.外表, 周围世界16.condensing into 冷凝为17.galaxy (milky road) n.星系, 银河, 一群显赫的人,夺目的东西18.astrophysicist n.天体物理学家19.inflationary adj.通货膨胀的, 通货膨胀倾向的20.propel vt.推进, 驱使21.antigravity n.[物]无重量22.plausible adj.似是而非的1999年重点词汇和词组阅读理解部分1.rough adj.粗糙的, 粗略的, 大致的, 粗野的, 粗暴的, 粗略叙述的v.大体描述 adv.粗糙地2.doormat n.(放于门前的)擦鞋垫wsuit n.诉讼(尤指非刑事案件)pensate (for) v.偿还, 补偿, 付报酬5.liable for/ to be liable to 负责6.cape n. 斗篷；披风7.anticipate vt.预期, 期望,占先 v.预订, 预见, 可以预料8.stepladder n.活梯9.fall off v.下降, 跌落, 减少, 衰退, 离开10.interaction n.交互作用, 交感11.federal regulation 联邦政府规章12.manufacturer vt.制造, 加工 n.制造, 制造业, 产品13.liability n.责任, 义务, 倾向, 债务, 负债, 与assets相对14.appear to 似乎15.side with sb.(defendant) 站在被告一边16.paralysis vt.使瘫痪, 使麻痹17.helmet n.头盔, 钢盔18.recommendation n.推荐, 介绍(信), 劝告, 建议19.substantial adj.坚固的, 实质的, 真实的, 充实的20.tort n.[律]民事侵权行为21.bombard vt. 炮轰；轰击22.trivialities n.琐事23.for the benefit of adv.为...的利益24.legal liability 法律责任25.revolve v.(使)旋转, 考虑, 循环出现26.tap n.轻打, 活栓, 水龙头vt.轻打, 轻敲, 敲打出, 开发, 分接, 使流出, 选择, 攻螺纹于vi.轻叩, 轻拍, 轻声走27.make sense 使…有意义28.senior adj.年长的, 资格较老的, 地位较高的, 高级的29.transaction n.办理, 处理, 会报, 学报, 交易, 事务, 处理事务(adeal)30.access to 有权使用31.intranet 企业内部互联网merce n.商业33.available ( avail ; availability) adj.可用到的, 可利用的, 有用的, 有空的,34.focus on 集中35.target n.目标, 对象, 靶子36.update v.使现代化, 修正, 校正, 更新 n.现代化, 更新37.subscriber n.订户, 签署者, 捐献者38.custombize v.[计] 定制, 用户化39.purist n. 纯粹主义者40.special n.特派员, 专车, 专刊 adj.特别的, 特殊的, 专门的, 专用的41.contempt n.轻视, 轻蔑, 耻辱, 不尊敬, [律]藐视法庭(或国会)42.thinks / speak highly of 尊重43.distinction n.区别, 差别, 级别, 特性, 声望, 显赫44.prospective n.景色, 前景, 前途, 期望 vi.寻找, 勘探45.resort to 求助于46.strategies n.策略, 军略 ( learning ~)( sustainable development ~)47.interactivity 交互性48.board (director) n. 董事会49.silicon valley n.[化]硅, 硅元素50.plunge into n.跳进, 投入vt.使投入, 使插入, 使陷入51.embryo n. 胚胎52.on the behalf of 代表53.radical adj.根本的, 基本的, 激进的 n.激进分子54.explore v.探险, 探测, 探究55.aim at v.瞄准, 针对56.justice v.证明...是正当的57.conception n.观念, 概念 (notion)58.forsake vt.放弃, 抛弃59.pessimism n.悲观, 悲观主义60.betray ; betrayal n. vt.出卖, 背叛, 泄露(秘密), 露出...迹象61.presumptuous adj.专横的62.pick up v.掘地, 捡起, 获得, 使恢复精神, 加快, 看到, 随便地认识, 加速63.in any case adv.无论如何This is the case.plementary adj.补充的, 补足的65.vocational adj.职业的66.confusion n.混乱, 混淆67.startle v.震惊68.be opposite to 在...对面与...相反69.animal husbandry n.管理70.recommendation n.中立派, 无党派者 adj.独立自主的, 不受约束的71.fever ishly adv.兴奋地72.legislation n.立法, 法律的制定(或通过)73.be used for 用来做...be used to doing/ used to do74.consensus n.一致同意, 多数人的意见, 舆论75.unacceptable adj.无法接受的, 不受欢迎的76.make an attempt to do sth. 试图，企图77.general n.普通, 将军, 概要 adj.一般的,78.call for v.要求, 提倡, 为...叫喊, 为...叫 call at79.nucleus; nuclear family / extended family n.核子80.in the air adv.在空中, 悬而未决,81.gravity n.地心引力, 重力82.be curious about 对…好奇(curiosity)83.orbit al adj.轨道的, 眼窝的84.substitute for 代替... 替换..., 取代..85.a press conference n.会议, 讨论会, 协商会86.advisability n.明智87.frown vi.皱眉, 蹙额, 不赞成, 反对 v.皱眉88.be shocked at 对…感到震惊89.speculate on/over vi.推测, 思索, 做投机买卖90.amount to 总计，等于91.odd ball n. 标新立异者92.carry out n.进位, 射程, 运载 vt.携带, 运送, 支持, 支撑, 传送, 意味vi.被携带, 能达到93.distract v.转移94.register n.记录, 登记簿, 登记, 注册, 寄存器vt.记录, 登记, vi.登记, 注册, 挂号95.regularity n.规律性, 规则性, 整齐, 匀称96.conformity n.一致, 符合97.be blamed for 被责备 be blamed on../ to…98.definition n.定义, 解说, 精确度, (轮廓影像等的)清晰度99.partisan n.游击队100 rever v. 崇尚翻译部分1.conform to v.符合, 遵照2.attempt to 试图，企图3.significant adj.有意义的, 重大的, 重要的4.anew adv.重新, 再5.scatter v.分散, 散开, 撒开, 驱散6.partial adj.部分的, 局部的, 偏袒的, 偏爱的 n.泛音7.8.affinity n.密切关系, 吸引力, 姻亲关系, 亲合力9.methodology n.方法学, 方法论10.refer to 参考，参照11.peculiar adj.奇特的, 罕见的, 特殊的 n.特有财产, 特权12.appropriate adj.适当的13.accuse of 因某事控告某人14.method n.方法15.victim n.受害人, 牺牲者, 牺牲品16.fallacy n.谬误, 谬论17.implementation n.执行18.equate vt.使相等, [数]视为平等 vi.等同2000年重点词组与词汇阅读理解部分：1. effortless adj.容易的, 不费力气的2. handicap n.障碍, 阻碍, 障碍赛跑 v.妨碍, 使不利, 阻碍3. a driving force 动力4. a glowing period 增长时期，发展时期5. unparalleled adj.无比的, 无双的, 空前的6. scale n.刻度,衡量,比例,数值范围,比例尺,天平,等级 on a large scale7. inevitable trend adj.不可避免的, 必然的8. predominance n.优势9. at a loss 困惑10. fading n.褪色,枯萎,衰退11. textile n.纺织品 adj.纺织的12. sweep into 涌入13. on the rope (爬山者)用绳相互系在一起14. semiconductor n.[物] 半导体 semifinal15. at the heart of 关键16. casualty n.伤亡17. prosperity n.繁荣18. sensational adj.使人感动的, 非常好的Sensitive; sensible;19. look back on 回忆20. struggling adj.奋斗的, 努力的, 苦斗的21. devalued 减值的, 贬值的22. yield to 屈服, 让步yield v.23. on a diet 吃规定的饮食24. quick-witted 机智25. executive adj.实行的, 执行的, 行政的 n.执行者, 经理主管人员26. think tank n.智囊团27. drop to 下降到，跌到28. maturity n.成热, 完备, (票据)到期, 成熟 mature a. immature a.29. universal adj.普遍的, 全体的, 通用的, 宇宙的, 世界的30. mortality n.死亡率 mortal a. immortal a31. excessive work n.过度, 剩于, 无节制, 超过, 超额 adj.过度的, 额外的32. crucial adj.至关紧要的33. depend on 依赖，依靠34. kilogram n.[物]千克, 公斤35. variation n.变更, 变化, 变异, 变种, [音]变奏, 变调 vary v.36. due to adv.由于, 应归于37. suicide n.自杀, 自毁, 给自己带来伤害或损失的行为38 . fertile adj.肥沃的, 富饶的, 能繁殖的39. religious adj.信奉宗教的, 虔诚的, 宗教上的, 修道的，严格的 n.僧侣(monk), 尼姑(num ), 修道士40. offspring n.(单复数同形)儿女, 子孙, 后代, 产物41. take advantage of 利用42. diminish v.(使)减少, (使)变小43. tribal adj.部落的, 种族的 tribe n.44. mediocrity n.平常, 平庸之才45. biological adj.生物学的46. Utopia n.乌托邦, 理想的完美境界,47. physical adj.身体的, 物质的, 自然的, 物理的 n.体格检查48. transform vt. transplant; transmit; transfer; 转换, 改变, 改造, 使...变形 vi.改变, 转化, 变换n.[数]变换(式), [语]转换49 . ignorant of 不懂, 不知道50. organic adj.器官的, 有机的, 组织的, 建制的51. beyond one’s research prep.在(到)...较远的一边, 超过, 那一边adv.在远处 n.远处52. comprehensive quality n.理解, 包含53. descendant n.子孙, 后裔, 后代 descend v.54. find out v.找出, 发现, 查明(真相等), 认识到, 想出, 揭发55. advocacy n.提倡者, 鼓吹者vt.提倡, 鼓吹56. aim at v.瞄准, 针对57. farfetched adj.牵强的58. be regarded as 视为59. with regard to adv.关于60. case n.事, 病例, 案例, (语法)格Case-ending61. literature n.文学(作品), 文艺, 著作, 文献62. in brief 简单扼要地63. consequently adv.从而, 因此64. undergo vt.经历, 遭受, 忍受65. require vt.需要, 要求, 命令66. pour out v.诉说, 倾吐67. unhampered adj.无妨碍的，无阻碍的68. make up v.弥补, 虚构, 缝制, 整理, 包装, 和解, 编辑, 化妆，补足,拼凑69. imitate vt.模仿, 仿效, 仿制, 仿造 v.模仿70. at will adv.随意, 任意71. confused adj.困惑的, 烦恼的72. upsetting adj.令人心烦意乱的,令人苦恼的73. proposition n.主张, 建议, 陈述, 命题74. call for v.要求, 提倡, 为...叫喊, 为...叫75. essentially adv.本质上, 本来76. aimlessness adj.无目的的, 没有目标的77. envy n.vt.羡慕, 嫉妒78. male-dominated 男性主宰的79. questioning 质问80. sacrifice n.牺牲, 献身, 祭品, 供奉 v.牺牲, 献出, 献祭, 供奉81. rigid adj.刚硬的, 刚性的, 严格的82. in addition n.加, 加起来, 增加物, 增加, 加法83. emphasis on 强调84. mechanical adj.机械的, 机械制的, 机械似的, 呆板的85. show up v.揭露, 露出, 露面86. test n.测试, 试验, 检验 v.测试, 试验, 检验87. committee n.委员会88. frustration n.挫败, 挫折, 受挫89. drop out v.不参与, 离去, 放弃90. incident n.事件, 事变 adj.附带的, 易于发生的91. violence n.猛烈, 强烈, 暴力, 暴虐, 暴行, 强暴92. assault n.攻击, 袭击 v.袭击90. outcry n.大声疾呼81. conservative adj.保守的, 守旧的 n.保守派（open）82. emphasis n.强调, 重点 lay emphasis on…83. minister n.部长, 大臣88. raise eyebrow 质疑地89. have more to do with 与…有关90. centralization n.集中, 中央集权化91. isolated adj.隔离的,孤立的, 单独92. commute v.交换, 抵偿, 通勤93. crowded adj.拥挤的, 塞满的 crammed a.94. destiny n.命运, 定数95. vitality n.活力, 生命力, 生动性96. admired look v.赞美, 钦佩, 羡慕97. in an odd way 奇怪的是98. hypocrisy n.伪善99. barn n.[农]谷仓, 畜棚, 畜舍, 机器房100. in demand 需求 demand and supply101. decade n.十年, 十102. confess v.承认, 坦白, 忏悔103. pushing adj.有进取心的, 有冲劲的, 急切的104. acquisitive adj.想获得的, 有获得可能性的, 可学到的105. vulgar adj.粗俗的, 庸俗的, 普通的, 通俗106. materialism n.唯物主义107. journalist n.新闻记者, 从事新闻杂志业的人108. advocating n.提倡者, 鼓吹者 vt.提倡,109. participatory adj.供人分享的110. exceptional adj.例外的, 异常的(abnormal)111. formulation n.用公式表示, 明确地表达, 作简洁陈述112. at all costs adv.( =at any cost)不惜任何代价, 无论如何113. public figure n.公众, (特定的)人群, 公共场所adj.公众的, 公共的, 公立的, 公用的114. unimpressive adj.不令人信服的, 无印象的, 印象淡薄的115. as a result (of ) adv.结果116. fixed adj.固定的, 确定的, 准备好的, 固执的, 不易发挥的, <美口>(在经济上)处境...的fix-it shop117. stirring adj.激动人心的, 活跃的, 忙碌的118. prompting n.促进, 激励, 提示119. profess v.表示120. get on v.生活, 融洽相处, 进展, (使)前进,翻译部分1. act on v.对...起作用, 按...行动, 作用于2. welfare n.福利, 安宁, 幸福, 福利事业, 社会安全 adj.福利的3. be bound up with 密切相关4. rest upon 依赖于5. sector 距离6. step up v.走近, 逐步增加, 提升, 提高7. utilize vt.利用8. the best advantage 最大利益9. interfere with vi.干涉, 干预, 妨碍, 打扰10. in any case adv.无论如何11. manpower ; human resources n.人力12. remarkable adj.不平常的, 非凡的, 值得注意的, 显著的13. be exposed to 遭受, 暴露于; 接触….14. innovation n.改革, 创新15. industrialized adj.工业化的16. pattern n.模范, 式样, 模式, 样品, 格调, 图案 vt.模仿, 仿造, 以图案装饰vi.形成图案17. spreadn.伸展, 展开, 传播, 蔓延, 酒席, 宴会, 桌布v.伸展, 展开, 铺, 传播, 散布18. put them into effect 付诸实施2001年重点词组与词汇阅读理解部分1. specialization n.特殊化, 专门化, 特化作用2. response to 回答，反应，响应3. accumulation n.积聚, 堆积物4. split up 分裂5. no clear-cut distinction 没有绝对的区别6. amateur n.业余爱好者, 业余艺术家7. connotation n.含蓄, 储蓄的东西(词、语等), 内涵8. integrate into 融入到……中去9. community n.公社、团体、社会10. in particular 特别是11. consequent adj.作为结果的, 随之发生的12. imply vt.暗示, 意味13. participation in 参与14. illustrate vt.举例说明, 图解, 加插图于, 阐明15. in terms of 根据16. geology n.地质学, 地质概况17. definition n.定义, 解说, 精确度, (轮廓影像等的)清晰度18. acceptable to adj.可接受的, 合意的19. incorporate adj.合并的, 一体化的 vt.合并, 组成公司20. make entrance to 接近21. be reinforced by 加强22. refereeing n.仲裁人, , [体]裁判员 v.仲裁,23. underway adj.起步的,进行中的, 航行中的24. be reckoned as vt.计算, 估计,25. a great deal of 大量26. in the interest of 对……有利27. universalize access 普遍可以获得28. digital divide 数字鸿沟29. impoverished adj.穷困的, 无力的,用尽了的30. sovereignty n.君主, 主权, 主权国家31. distrust vt./n.不信任32. credibility n.可信性33. turn out to be 结果是34. factual adj.事实的, 实际的35. combine with v.与... ...结合36. head-scratching 令人头痛的37. puzzlement n.迷惑38. plug vt.堵, 插栓 n.塞子, 插头, 插销39. conventional adj.惯例的, 常规的, 习俗的, 传统的40. narrative adj.叙述性的 n.叙述41. disconnect v.拆开, 分离, 断开42. resident n.居民 adj.居住的, 常驻的43. community n.团体, 共有, 一致, 共同体,44. at random 随意的45. maid n.少女, 女仆46. put down root 扎根47. elite n.<法>[集合名词]精华, 中坚分子48. root in 扎根于49. clash n.冲突, 撞击声,50. sponsor n.发起人, vt.发起, v.赞助51. symposium n.讨论会, 座谈会52. be dedicated to adj.专注的, 献身的53. diversity n.差异, 多样性54. there's no question that 毫无疑问55. multinational corporation 跨国公司56. account for v.说明, 占, 解决, 得分57. affiliate v.(使...)加入, 接受为会员58. underlie vt.位于...之下, 成为...的基础59. scanty adj.缺乏的, ,俭省的,60. be broken up 坏掉的61. watch n.注视，手表62. supervise v.监视，监督63. lender n.出借人, 贷方64. gigantic adj.巨人般的, 巨大的65. take upon 承担66. lateral n.侧部, adj.横(向)的, 侧面的67. profile n.剖面, 侧面, 外形, 轮廓68. in the manner of 以... ...方式69. disgraced n.耻辱, 丢脸的人(或事) v.玷污70. passionate adj.充满热情的71. advocate n.提倡者 vt.提倡,72. preach v.鼓吹73. resignation n.辞职, 辞职书, 放弃,74. doctrine n.教条, 学说75. voluntary simplicity 自愿简朴76. breed v.(使)繁殖, 教养, n.品种,77. cling-film 薄膜78. dropping out n.滴下, 滴下物, 空投,79. redundancy n.裁员翻译部分：1. offend v.犯罪, 冒犯, ,得罪,2. equip with 装备3. personality n.个性, ,人物,4. futurologist n.未来学家5. dramatically adv.戏剧地, 引人注目地6. piece together 拼凑在一起7. pick up 偶然碰到8. integration n.综合9. synthetic adj.合成的, 人造的,10. appliance n.用具, 器具11. kitchen-rage 厨房狂躁症2002年重点词组与词汇阅读理解部分：1. indentify v.确定，证明2. relevant to 有关的，相应的3. in sympathy with 同情4. depend on 依赖，依靠5. refer to v.查阅, 提到, 谈到,6. secretary n.秘书, 书记, 部长,7. alternatively adv.做为选择, 二者择一地8. addressing 寻址, 选择, 选址9. comment on 评论10. convention n.大会, 协定, 习俗,11. arrive in 到达12. show around 参观13. accommodation n.住处, 膳宿14. push aside 把. . . . . .推开,避开15. stomp n.跺脚16. position n.位置17. common to 共同的，公共的，公用的18. appropriate adj.适当的19. inedible adj.不适于食用的,20. notorious adj.声名狼籍的21. resent v.愤恨, 怨恨22. disparaging adj.蔑视的, 毁谤的,23. scapegoat n.替罪羊24. off-the-cuff 即兴的25. familiar adj.熟悉的, n.密友,26. exaggeration n.夸张, 夸大之词27. understandment n.理解28. pick out 挑选29. inject vt.注射, 注入30. ingenuity n.机灵, 独创性, 精巧,31. cope with 对付，应对32. burdensome adj.繁重的, 烦累的,33. result in 导致34. confer n.商讨，授予35. version n.译文, 译本,36. as a result 结果是37. gizmos n.小发明38. universal adj.普遍的, 通用的, 宇宙的,39. hum to v.嗡嗡叫, 哼40. assembly n.集合, 装配,41. automated adj.自动化的42. terminal n. 终端, adj.末期, 每期的,43. control v.控制44. miniaturization n.小型化45. submillimeter n.微米46. supervision n.监督, 管理47. at least 至少48. interact vi.互相作用, 互相影响49. despite prep.不管, 尽管, 不论50. initial adj.最初的, 词首的, n.词首大写字母51. in attempting to 企图52. a fraction of n.小部分, 片断, 分数53. irrelevant adj.不相关的54. instantaneous adj.瞬间的, 即刻的,55. suspicious adj.(～ of) 可疑的, 怀疑的56. neuroscientist n.神经科学家57. return vi.归还58. jump vi.跳跃，上涨59. scary adj.引起惊慌的60. quadruple adj.四倍的, 四重的, n.四倍61. suspend vt.吊, 悬挂v.延缓62. consequence n.结果, [逻]推理, 因果关系,63. severe adj.严厉的, 剧烈的, 严重的,64. effect n.结果, 影响, vt.招致,达到(目的等)65. sensitive to adj.敏感的, 灵敏的, 感光的66. conservation n.保存, 保持, 守恒67. intensive adj.强烈的,68. consumption n.消费, 消费量, 肺病69. consultancy n. -cies 顾问（工作）70. estimate v.估计, 估价, 评估71. compared with 相比72. commodity n.日用品73. supreme adj.极度的, 极大的, 最高的74. implicaton n.暗示75. constitutional adj.构成的, 宪法的,76. intend vt.想要,意指,77. foresee vt.预见, 预知78. permissible adj.可允许的,79. justify v.证明...是正当的80. morphine n.吗啡81. principle n.法则, 原则, 原理82. mediation n.仲裁, 调停, 调解83. maintain vt.维持, 供养, 主张84. prescribe v.指示, 规定, 处(方),85. legitimate adj.合法的, 合理的, v.合法86. homicide n.谋杀87. community n. 团体,共同体, 共有, 共同体,88. acknowledge vt.承认, 答谢, 报偿89. prolonged vt.延长, 拖延90. ineffectual adj.无效的, 不成功的91. hospice n.旅客住宿处, 收容所,92. therapy n.治疗93. to the extent that 大意是说94. systematic adj.系统的, 体系的95. presumptively adv.假设地96. incompentently adv.不合格地1.decline 衰退；下降2.crude oil 原油3.barrel 桶4.triple 三倍5.scary 引起惊慌的6.quadruple 四倍7.gloom and doom 厄运8.suspend 暂停，中止；悬，挂9.grip 抓住10.hemisphere 半球11.muted 温和的，趋缓的；缄默的，无言的12.swing 摇摆；秋千13.conservation 保护；保存14.energy-intensive 能源密集型的15.emerging (economy) 新兴的（经济）（动词emerge浮现，显现，暴露）16.squeeze 挤，压榨17.against the background of 以…为背景翻译部分：1. major adj.主修的, 成年的,2. behavior n.举止, 行为3. similar adj.相似的, 类似的4. discard vt.丢弃, 抛弃5. remain vi.保持, 逗留, 剩余,6. obscure adj.暗的, 模糊的,7. interaction n.交互作用, 交感8. prescientific adj.科学以前的,9. entrench v.以壕沟防护10. illustrate vt.举例说明, 图解,11. responsibility n.责任, 职责2003年重点词组与词汇阅读理解部分:1. spymaster n.间谍组织的首脑2. lay the root for 打下基础3. be fascinated with 着迷4. believe in 相信5. espionage n.间谍, 侦探6. reshape vt.改造, 再成形,7. vocation n.召唤, 职业8. electronic adj.电子的9. decade n.十年, 十10. point-and-click 点击11. intelligence n.智力, 聪明, 智能12. increasingly adv.日益, 愈加13. influential adj.有影响的, 有势力的14. compile vt.编译, 编辑, 汇编15. by a large margin 大幅度16. advantage n.优势, 有利条件, 利益17. mastery n.掌握18. private adj.私人的, 私有的,19. corporation n.[律]社团, 法人,20. prediction n.预言, 预报21. mutually adv.互相地, 互助22. distribution n.分配,23. vacum up 清空24. predict v.预知, 预言, 预报25. sign-up 登记26. staff n.棒, 全体职员, vt.供给人员,27. back-and-forthing 来来回回28. dramatic adj.戏剧性的, 生动的29. declaration n.宣布, 宣言,30. take pride in 骄傲31. independent n.中立派, adj.独立自主的,32. paraphrase n.短语,措词33. triumph n.胜利, 成功 v.获得胜利34. misguide vt.误导35. seek to v.寻找, 探索,36. biomedical adj.生物(学和)医学的37. rull out 排除38. advocate n.提倡者, vt.提倡,39. advance in n.前进, v., 预付adj.前面的40. allegation n.主张，断言, 辩解41. cruelty to n.残忍, 残酷42. perplexed adj.困惑的, 不知所措的43. deliberately adv.故意地44. staffing 安置职工45. fair adj.美丽的, (头发)金黄的,公平的, (天气)晴朗的46. distributing v.分配,分发,分布47. encourage vt.鼓励, 怂恿48. immunization n.使免除, 使免疫49. vaccine adj.疫苗的, n.疫苗50. epidemic adj.流行的, n.时疫,51. compassionate adj.富于同情心的52. molecular adj.[化]分子的, 由分子组成的53. make clear 弄清楚54. connection between 联系55. hip n., 忧郁 adj.熟悉内情的56. at best adj.最好的 adv.最好地57. at worst adj.最坏的, 最差的58. editor n.编辑, 编辑器, 编者59. lest conj.唯恐, 以免,60. misinformation n.误报, 误传61. institution n.公共机构, 协会,62. ultimate adj.最后的, 最终的,63. citizenry n.公民成市民(集合称)64. ember n.灰烬, 余烬65. combine with v.与...结合66. merge into v.合并, 并入,67. heightened v.提高, 升高68. monopoly n.垄断, 垄断者,69. account for v.说明, 占, 得分70. freight n.货物, 运费, vt.装货,71. allow for v.虑及, 体谅72. substantial adj.坚固的, 实质的,73. coordinated n.同等者, adj.同等的, vt.调整,74. fierce competition from 激烈的竞争75. commodity n.日用品76. have them by throat 控制77. consolidation n.巩固, 合并78. captive n.俘虏, adj.被俘的,79. compete for 为... ...竞争80. appeal to v.呼吁, 上诉, 有吸引力81. federal adj.联邦的，同盟的82. extreme adj.尽头的,最后的 n.极端,83. discrimination against n.辨别, 歧视84. on the grounds 在... ...基础上85. in the long run 从长远看86. have the option of 有... ...的选择权87. subscribe v.捐款, 签署(文件),88. in practice 实际上89. position n.位置, 阵地 vt.安置,90. flourish vi.繁荣,91. despite prep.不管, 尽管,92. fortune n.财富, 命运93. cheer on 鼓励94. transaction n.学报，处理事务95. grip vt.紧握, 紧夹96. pressing adj.紧迫的 v.挤压97. inevitable adj.不可避免的, 必然的98. optional adj.可选择的, 随意的99. hip n. 忧郁 adj.熟悉内情的100. clinical depression 临床忧郁症101. surgical adj.外科的, n.外科病房, 102. failure to 未能做某事103. disintegrate vt.(使)分解, (使)碎裂104. perish vi.毁灭,枯萎105. shield n.防护物, vt.(from) 保护, 106. inability to n.无能, 无力107. unsustainable adj.不能证实的108. sustain vt.支撑, 撑住, 维持, 持续109. have a duty to 有责任110. get out of 排除111. potential adj.潜在的,势的,112. energetic adj.精力充沛的,113. dazzlingly adv.灿烂地, 耀眼地114. surgeon n.外科医生115. prevention n.预防, 防止116. productively adv.有结果地, 有成果地117. dramatic adj.戏剧性的, 生动的118. therapy n.治疗翻译部分：1. in all times 一直2. think about 思考3. wonder at 怀疑4. possess of 占有5. subject to v.使服从, 使遭受6. diversity n.差异, 多样性7. result from 起源于。

翻译词组

be likely to… 可能 not nearly 远非，远不如
head into 走向…，本句中译为“陷入”更好些 in the matter of… 关于，就…而言
make…possible 使…成为可能 combine…with… 把…和…结合起来，
1990
be determined by… 由…所决定 have something to do with… 与…有关系
in short 总之，简言之 as we call it 我们所谓的
a series of 一系列 over the years 多年来，这些年来
at the expense of 由……付费；以……为代价 vice versa 拉丁语“反之亦然
the driving force 驱动力 go through 经历
not so much…as… 可以理解为……不如……那么多，引申为与其说是……不如说是……
1993
nothing but …只不过 of course 当然，自然
by means of… 通过… by the help of… 在…的帮助下
in a sort of sense 从…上来说 manage to do sth. 设法（试图）得到…
1996
be results of… 是……的结果；由于……的原因 social needs 社会需求
to some extent 在某种程度上 come to the conclusion 得出了这样的结论
make demand of… 提出要求 scientific establishment 科研机构
as well as 和，也，又 in the past 过去

考研英语翻译必背词汇(英汉对照版)

这是 08 年整理的，最近增加了09 到 14 年部分。

所以可能大家会发现09 年到 14 年单词很少，原因是大部分单词都在早期08 年到 94 年的单词里出现过。

这一点也足以说明真题单词的重复率很大。

大家务必背诵，确保记得。

一进考场，你就会看到很多熟悉的单词。

最新补充as 作为、随着、当、因为、象;with 和、用、装有、具有 ;in 在 ...中、以 ...方式 ;A ofB 一般翻译为 B 的 A(注意数量词 a piece of paper一纸，不能翻译为“纸的” );注意 and 并列关系，弄清谁与谁并列。

14 年46) articulate清晰的表达，47) by all accounts根据、根据报道;by one’s own account根据某人自己所说， let alone更别提，48) intensity紧，abruptly突然地，sudden突然，soft柔和的，passage 段落， rarely 很少、几乎不， composer作曲家，compose作曲、编写,49)associate 联系，50)suffer 遭受 , inevitable 不可避免 , render 转换、使变成 ;13 年46) strike打、震撼，for all尽管，style风格，urge需求、督促、鼓励，decoration装饰，47) sacred神圣的，crude原始、粗糙，as opposed to与相反，shelter 避难所，48) in effect实际上，urban城市，discernible容易看出的，discern看出、识别，49)blame 批评，50)implicit 隐含的，explicit 明确的，reference 谈到、提及、参考，synthetic 人造的 ;12年46) impulse冲动，unification统一、一致，generative生产的、生成的，generate产生，47)constrain 力劝、强迫、限制， constraint 限制，48)filter 过滤 , cognitive 认知的，49)empirical 实证的、根据经验得到的 , bias 偏见，50)track 跟踪 ;11年46)erroneous 错误的， error 错误，47)sustain 支持、维持， illusion 幻觉， conscious 有意识的，48) justification合理，借口，justify证明是公正的，rationalization合理，exploitation 剥削、开发 , bottom底，49)circumstance 环境，50)upside 积极的、正面的，contain 包含，be up to 取决于，array 展示、列、一系列 ;10 年46) rescue拯救，to the effect that大意是说，failed to不能，47) intrinsic在的、固有的，regardless of不管，presence出席，absence缺席，48)creature生物，species物种，49) ecologically生态的，as such本身、相应的，50)eli mi nate 根除 , element因素，commercial商业的;9年46)institution 机构、学院， original 原始的， motive 动机47)by-product 副产品， directive 指导的， factor 因素48) ignore忽视，ignorance无知，contact联系，disposition性情、安排，49)cannot help 禁不住， secure 确保，50)tuition 学费、讲授 ;08 年46) believe相信，assert 断言 , claim 声称 , argue 争论 , assume 假设 ,maintain主, contend斗争、坚持说, point out指出, be convinced that确信, accept 接受、承认 , prove 证明 , demonstrate展示、游行、证明、表明, validate证明 , state 状态、州、说明、述 , scribe 描述 , tell 说明 , show 说明、展示 , consider考虑 , opine表达观点, difficulty困难, difficult困难的, compensate补偿, compensate for补偿, advantage优点, advantageous有优势的, advance进步、发展 , force 力量、强迫 , strength力量, power力量、权力, thus因此,therefore因此, hence因此, enable使能够, detect探察、发现, detector探测器, detective 侦探，error 错误, mistake 失误 , false 错误, flaw 缺点、瑕疵,shortcoming 缺点, reason 推理、原因, reasoned 理性的, reasoning 推理,reasonable 合理的 , observe 观察 , observation 观察 , observer 观察者 ;47) follow跟随, pure纯, purely纯粹地、完全地, abstract抽象的, attract吸引 , concrete具体的, limit限制、有限的, confine限制, certain确认;48) as well也, as well as和一样, found建立, well-founded有根据的，charge 指控、指责、充电、费用 , be charge with承担、给与，change改变, critics批评家 , criticize批评, critical关键的、重要的, criticism批评, while当、在的同时、然而 ;49) add 加, addition增加, in addition此外, additional另加的, tradition传统 , traditional传统的, humble谦虚的, humbly谦虚地, perhaps也许,possible可能, possibly可能, probable可能, probably可能地, superior比高级、有优势 , superior to比高级, super超级, inferior不如, inferior to不如,common普通, ordinary普通, banal普通的、腐的, notice注意、说明,attention 注意 , escape 逃跑 , carefully当心, careful小心的, care关心, takecare of 照顾 ;50) loss 失去 , lose 丢失 (lost), at a loss迷茫、不知所措, take a loss亏损, injurious对有伤害, injure受伤, injury受伤, intellect智力, intellectual智力、知识分子 , intelligence智力, wisdom智慧, moral道德, virtue美德, virtually实际上、事实上 , virtual 虚拟的 , character文字、角色、性格, characterize有特点 , characteristic特色;07 年46) legal法律的、合法的, law法律, preserve保存, conserve保留、保护,institution 机构、学院 , constitution宪法, view观点、景色, view as 把看作为 , regard as 把看作为 , take as 把看作为 , see as 把看作为 , special 特别 , specialize专业, specific具体的, especial尤其的, especially尤其是;peculiar奇怪的、特有的、独特的, peculiar to特有的, particular特殊的, particularly 特别是 , rather than而不是, necessary必须的, essential必不可少的 , essence 精华 , critical 关键的、重要的 , significant 重要的 , significance 重要性 , equipment装备 , equip 装有 , pack 包、装， pack with 装，facility设施 ;47) link 连接、联系 , connect 联系 , connection 联系 , on the other另一方面 , on the other hand另一方面 , on the one hand一方面 , concept概念 ,notion 观念、概念、认识 , real 真实 , reality 现实 , realize实现、认识到，in a way以这种方式 , in a manner以这种方法 , in a form以这种形式 , parallel 平行 ,parallel to 与相平行、与类似 , journal 杂志 , journalist记者 , base 基础 , basic基础的 , basis 基础 , comment 评论 , comment on评论 , cover报道、覆盖 ;48) idea 观点、理论、想法 , profound 深刻的 , profoundly深刻地 ,far-reaching 影响深远的、意义重大的、深刻的 , citizen市民 , rest on/upon依靠取决于 , rely on依靠取决于 , depend on/upon依靠取决于 , responsible负责的 , responsibility责任 , be held responsible for对负责 , response 反响、响应 , media 媒介 , news media 新闻媒体 , news agency新闻机构 , establish建立 , established已经建立的 , establishment 机构、建立 , convention传统、规 ;49) grasp抓掌握, have a grasp of掌握, command命令, have a goodcommand of掌握, feature特点, competent竞争, competition竞争,competitive 有竞争力的 , compete竞争;50) reaction反映, react反映, action行动, in action起作用,interaction互相作用 , enhance 提高 , promotion提高, promote促进, preferable愿意的、可取的 , prefer宁愿, infer推理、提示, confer商量、授予、给予, favor喜欢,flavor 风味 , favorite喜欢的, judge评判法官, judgment评判, makejudgment 做出评判 ;6年46)define 定义 , definition 下定义 , define as把定义为 , select 选择 , elect 挑选 , individual 个人的、个人 , active 活力 , activity 活动 , primary 主要的 , duty 责任 , thinking 思考、思维 , thought 思想、思维 ;47) analogous类似, analogous to与类似, analyze分析, analysis分析,function 作用、充当作用、功能 , obligation责任, be obliged to do sth被迫做某事、有责任做某事 , be obliged to sb感某人, obligate被迫, be obligatedto do sth被迫做某事，clear 清楚、明白 , course 课程、过程 , cause 原因、导致 , lead to 导致 , reveal 揭露 , decision决心, decisive果断的、具有决定意义的 , decide 决定 ;48) exclude排除, exclusive排它的、独家的, include包含, conclude得出结论 , conclusion结论, contribute贡献, contribution贡献, contribute to对做贡献、有助于 , make contribution to做出贡献, distribute分发、分散,distribution 分散 , accomplishment完成, accomplish完成, complete完全,solution解决, solve解决, resolve决心、解决, approach接近、方法, aspect方面 , inspect 视察、检查 , expect 期待 , respect 尊重方面 , task 任务 ;49) code密码, rule规则, dedicate贡献, dedicate to把献给, govern管理 , government政府, energy能力、能量, conduct行为、指挥, conduction传导 , production产品, produce生产, explore探索, exploration探索; morethan 比多, less than比少, no more than不多于, no less than不少于,more than +数字多, more than +名词/动词不仅仅不只是, more than +形容词 / 副词非常 , no more than=not any more than不也不;50) independent独立, independence独立, interdependence互相依靠,reflect影响, reflection影响、反映、思考, make reflection on思考，earn挣, involve包含、包括, salary薪水;05 年46) television电视, means工具, feeling感觉, convey传递、表达, nation民族、国家 , create 创造 , invent发明, event事件、事务, recent最近;47) multi-media大众媒体、传媒, increase增加, increasingly越来越,bring带来, publish出版, in relation to与有关, relation关系, relate亲戚,related to与有关, concern关心、关注, concerning相关的;48) alone独自, only仅仅、唯一, survive生存, underline强调、突出、下划线 , undergo经历, undertake从事、承担, undermine暗中破坏, state状态、州、述 , statistics调查、统计数据, loss失去, take a loss亏损, at a loss迷茫、不知所措 ,49) identify辨别, identity身份, respect尊重方面, expect期待, aspect方面 , represent代表, present出席、现在、礼物, presentation展示, fabricate 编造、捏造、编织 , fabric 网络、纤维 , continent大陆, task任务, demand命令 , choose 选择 , choice 选择 , strategic 战略 , policy 政策 ;50) deal with处理, deal处理, challenge挑战, scale规模, on scale 在一定规模上 , exaggeration夸、夸大, it is no exaggeration to say不夸的说,unite 联合 , unity集体、单位, divide分;04 年61) structure建造, instruction知识、教导、命令、指示、说明, instrument工具、器具 , construction建筑, process步骤、过程, procedure步骤, schedule日程表 , real 真的 , reality真实的, realize意识到, diversity多样性, diverse各样 , philosophy 哲学 , philosopher 哲学家 ;62) grateful感, gratitude感, different from与不同, vanish消失,abolish取消、撤销、废除, assimilate同化, similar相似, native本民族的, local地方 ;63) describe描述, description描述, strike罢工、打击、留下印象, striking打击、罢工 , remark 评论、标记 , remarkable著名的, accuse起诉, accuse o f 指责 , data 数据 , date 日期 ;64) interested in对感兴趣, relationship关系, relative亲戚、相关,relatively相关的, determine决心, habit习惯, habitual习惯的, though虽然;65) come to逐渐得出, believe in相信, a sort of其中一种, linguistics语言学 , physics 物理 , psychology心理学, aesthetics美学, art艺术, fine art美术 , archaeology考古学, anthropology人类学, economy经济, psychiatry精神病学 , law 法律 , media 媒体 , cross-culture跨文化, mathematics数学, math 数学 , physician 医生 , chemistry化学, humanity人文科学, form形式, formula工程式 , formulate阐明, grammar语法, pattern模式, produce生产,consequence 结果 , consequently所以;3年61) furthermore更进一步, further进一步, ability能力, able可能, enable使能够 , inability无能, modify纠正, exchange交换, environment环境, deteriorate 恶化 , subject科目、主题、主语、对象, reject排斥, refuse拒绝, fancy 幻想、喜欢 ;62)branch 分支 , inquire 询问、研究 , acquire 获得 , require 要求 , endeavor努力 , order 命令、顺序 , disorder 紊乱、疾病 , system 系统 , passion热情 , seek 寻找 , scientific科学的, science科学, phenomenon现象;63) combine联合、结合, combined with结合、加上，coupled with结合、加上 integrate结合, integration整体、一体化, perspective前景、观点, unique独特的、唯一的, distinct区别, distinctly明显的;64)complex 复杂 , complicated 复杂 , sophisticated 复杂的、狡猾的 , include包含 , conclude 得出结论 , exclude 排除 , conclusion 结论 , custom 风俗习惯 , consume消费, consumer消费者. simple简单, simplicity简单的,implicit暗含的, explicit明显的;65) make possible成为可能, research研究;2年61) almost几乎，behavior行为，trait特点，trace跟踪62) explain解释，explanation解释，hard困难, remain保持, obscure模糊， vague 模糊的，不清楚的 ;63) evolution进化, revolution革命, innovation革新创新, invention发明创造 , invest 投资 , investigation研究、调查, recognize认出，cognition认知 ;64)possess 拥有、具有 , possession 财产 , govern 管理 , government 政府、管理 , theory 学说、理论 , essential 重要 , credit 信用 , achieve 达到 ,achievement 成功 ;65)until 直到才、如果不 , till 直到才、如果不 , issue 问题、事件、发行 ,01 年71) chat 聊天 , host 主人、主持 , hold 举行 , pollution污染, contaminate污染 ;72)personality 个性 , personnel 人事、人员 , personal 个人的 , relax 放松 ,relaxation 放松 , recreation 娱乐 , digital 数字 ;73)breakthrough 突破 , break out 爆发 , breakout 爆发 , out-break 爆发 ,outset 开始 , take place 发生 , discover 发现 ;74) ultimate最终, terminate终止, termination终点、终端, century世纪 , millennium千年, decade十年, thousands of成千上万、几千, hundredsof 几百 , for the better part of decade七八年, half一半, quarter四分之一,triple三倍, double两倍;75) home家、国的, demotic国的, exotic异域的, apply申请, apply to申请 , application申请, appliance器具, control控制, operate操作,operation 操作 , cooperation合作, corporation公司company公司伙伴2000 年71) condition条件, situation情况、状况, circumstance环境状况, situate位于 , vary 变化 , varying变化的、不同的, various各种各样的, variety各种各样 , variety of 各式各样 , expert 专家 ;72) obvious明显, ambiguous模糊的, be bound up with相关, bind绑,efficient有效, efficiency效果, industry工业, agriculture农业, horticulture园艺 , in turn反过来、轮流, effort努力, all kinds各种各样;73) owing to由于、因为, remarkable显著的, mass大众、大量、大块, communication 交流 , community社区, expose暴露, be exposed to接触、面对 , introduce介绍、引入, for the reason given above由于上述原因;74)pattern 模式 , spread 扩大 , or so 大约 ;75)stress 压力、强调 , migrate 移民 , migration 移民 , immigrate 移入，emigrate移居国外arise from由引起, arise出现、上升, rise上升, give rise to导致 , raise 增加、喂养 ,1999 年71)almost 几乎 , historian 历史学家, history 历史 , practice 练习、实践 ,conform 一致 , conform to 符合、与相一致 , inform 通知 , uniform 一致 ,attempt 企图 ;72)valid 有效的 , validate 使有效证明证实 , validity 有效性 , discipline 学科 , internal 部的 , external 外部的 , quarrel 争论 , among 在中;73)transfer 转变 , transparent 透明、明显 , augment 增加 , argument 辩论 , design 设计 , designed to旨在、设计来，interpret解释、口译,interpretation 解释 , evidence证据, evident明显的;74) agreement同意, refer to提及、指, in general总之, generally总体上 , generally speaking总的来说, largely总体、主要地, appropriate适合,inappropriate 不适合 ;75)equal 平等 , equally 平等的 , equate 与相等、与一致 , equate with 与相等、与一致 , source 来源 , resource 资源 , activity 活动 , animate 有生气 ,animation 兴奋、活跃 ;1998 年71)look into 搜索寻找 , exist 存在 , exit 出口 , existence 存在 , resident 居住 , residence 居住地 , citizen 市民 ;72)giant 巨大 , enormous 巨大的 , put forward 提出 , propose 提出 ,dominant 主要的、主导的 ;73)report 报道 , finding 发现 ;74)triumph 胜利 ;75)odd 奇数、奇怪 , sound 听起来 , inflation 通货膨胀 , inflate 膨胀 ,plausible 看起来合理的 , elementary 基本的 , primary 主要的 ;1997 年71) actually事实上, in fact事实上, account解释, accountant会计;72)contract 合同 , entitle 有权、授予 , title 标题 , entitlement 权利 ;73)discuss 讨论, discussion 讨论, consider 考虑, consideration 考虑,either or 要么要么 , neither nor 两者都不 , whether or 是还是, extend扩展、延伸, treat 对待、请客 ;74)relevant 相对的 , extreme 极端的 ;75)encourage 鼓励 , instinct 本能、天生的 ;1996 年71) result结果, result from由于, result in导致, to some extent在某种程度上 , accelerate加速;72) trend趋势, detail细节, in detail详细;73) support支持, an amount of大量的, goal目标, immediate立即;74) elegant优雅的, elegance优雅, in principle大体上、原则上, principal重要的、主要的 , fascinate迷人, delight高兴;75)standard 标准 , criterion 标准 ;1995 年71) target目标, attack进攻抨击, in doing sth.在做某事的过程中, divert转移 , diversion转移,;72)predict 预言 , prediction 预言 , reliable 可靠的 , skill 技能 ;73)experiment 试验实验 , experience 经验 , avail 有用 , available 有空的、可获得的 , comparative 比较 , compare 比较 , contrast 对比、相反 ;74)quality 质量、特征 , precise 精确 ;75) favorable有利的, favor喜欢; youngster年轻人;1994 年71)not so much as 与其说不如说 , as as 与一样 , not so as 与不一样 , through 因为、通过 , insight 洞察 , welfare 福利 , health 健康 , worth 值得 , genius 天才 , improve 提高 , tool 工具 ;72)as we call it 所谓的、正如我们所说 , number 数字 , numerable 可数的、一定数量的, innumerable巨大的、无数的, expand扩大 , a series of一系列 , direction说明指导, direct说明 ;73)ignore 忽视 , careless 粗心 , fundamental 基本的 ;74)revolve 旋转 ;75)finance 财政、金融 , financial 财政的 , vice versa 反之 , etc 等等 , et al 及其它 .。

考研英语翻译必背高频考察词组

考研英语翻译必背高频考察词组请…发言Give the floor to我很荣幸…It is a great pleasure for me to相关问题Relevant issues最新的调查结果Updated research result对…给予重视Attach the importance to领先技术Lead-edge technologies公使Minister Counselor自然遗产Natural heritage共同关心的问题Shared concern良好的信誉Well-deserved reputation对…表示衷心的感谢express sincere gratitude to请…讲话Let’s welcome to give a speech双边会议bilateral conference以掌声对…表示的最热烈的欢迎propose the warmest applause to 主办单位sponsor颁奖仪式the Award Ceremony贺词greeting speech隆重举行observe the grand opening of请…颁奖Let’s invite to present the award取得圆满成功achieve complete ceremony全球庆典global celebration ceremony宣布…结束 declare the closing of请全体起立，奏国歌 Please rise for the national anthem.集体管理Collective stewardship充满竞争的就业市场Competitive job market金融机构Financial institutions进取Forward-looking国民生产总值Gross National Product迎接挑战Meet the challenges公共机构Public authorities法规机制Regulatory mechanism城市居民Urban residents服务齐全的高尚城市Well-serviced formal city把…列为重要内容place as the priority不放松工作never neglect the work节约用水 water conservation对…表示衷心祝贺extend our sincere congratulations on节约用水先进城市model city of water conservation使…取得预期效果attain the results expected授予…光荣称号 confer honorable awards on为…而奋斗strive for严重缺水城市a city of severe water shortage有关单位units concerned与…比有差距compared with ,there is still some way to go预祝…圆满成功wish a complete success开源与节流并重broaden sources of income & reduce expenditure 对外贸易港口seaport for foreign trade国内生产总值National Gross Products欢聚一堂merrily gather活跃的经济带vigorous economic region基础雄厚solid foundation留下最美好的印象may you have a most pleasant impression盛世the grand occasion祝愿在停留愉快wish a pleasant stay综合性商港comprehensive commercial seaport春意盎然spring is very much in the air森林覆盖率forest coverage全球变暖global warming主要因素principal element废气排放toxic emission迸发出心灵的火花ignite the sparks of understanding建立合作桥梁build the bridge for cooperation内容翔实substantial in content能源大省major province of energy日程紧凑tight in schedule号召call upon节水的好处conservation benefits工业中水利用industrial reuse and recycling污染罚款pollution fines城市节水urban water conservation节水装置water saving fixtures地区经济regional economic港口经营多元化diversification in port operation责任和义务perform our duties and fulfill our obligations 地区行业盛会a well-known regional event of the industry 发起港initiating ports冲破藩篱break free民间团体civil society种族ethnic lines真正的合作伙伴genuine partnership违章建筑区squatter settlements享受不到without access to畅所欲言open dialogues计划经济的束缚the bounding of planning economy紧迫问题pressing issues科教兴省和走可持续发展的道路vitalize the province by science and technology and sustainable development空前膨胀unprecedentedly inflated控制增长势头curb the trend of steep rise面临严峻挑战face severe challenges清醒地看到acutely aware生态恶化ecological deterioration提高意识strengthen the awareness相互尊重，求同存异，平等互利，优势互补，借鉴经验，拓展合作，立足当前，着眼未来respect each other, seek the common ground while putting aside difference, enjoy equality and mutual benefits, complement each other’s advantages, learn each other’s experience, expand the cooperation, stand from the present and look forward to the future以此会议为契机take the opportunity of this seminar滞后lag behind转轨建制过程缓慢the transition of mechanism is slow总结经验教训draw lessons from the past以发展社区为宗旨的community development oriented当之无愧的获奖者deserved winners少数民族ethnic minorities有报酬的gainful employment性别问题gender issues手工艺品handicraft works工薪阶层income generation深入了解in-depth knowledge残疾人the handicapped不求最大，但求最好seek the best instead of the largest产业结构industrial structure城乡一体化the unified design between the city and the countryside短期行为short-term conduct房地产开发real estate development扶贫帮困help and support the poor公共绿地public lawn公用事业public utilities会展中心convention center基建规模infrastructure scale精品意识consciousness for the best精品住宅区model human settlements企业效益enterprise revenue文明乘车civil bus ride希望工程Hope Project以人为本human centered主办城市the host city综合治理comprehensively administer经济萧条economic recession记者招待会press conference钻坯rough diamond先进机器sophisticated machine强劲的增长staggering growth业界trade union统称umbrella name濒临停产边缘be close to production collapse 反省reflect on回报期period of investment return痛定思痛recall a painful experience卧薪尝胆endure present hardships to revive 兴旺期blossom period茁壮成长develop and flourish不断扩展的出口创汇者expanding export earner定下严格规则impose stringent rules市场波动market fluctuation协会章程association charter总经营额total business revenue用人单位end-user学徒期entry-level从头开始from square one高水平的high-caliber灌输或强化instill or reinforce工作性质job specification本土化项目localization programs表现评估performance appraisal不断调整和日趋完善的阶段the stage of constant adjustment and improvement产学研一体化的办学机制the educational mechanism of combining learning with research and production成人学历教育，高等教育自学考试 continuing education and self-study examination of higher education初露端倪reveal its importance for the first time翻译导游tourist interpreter复合型，应用型管理人才versatile and practical management talents结构性调整structural adjustment民俗风情customs and habits相伴而生be accompanied by学术领域academic sector应势而生come into existence as the situation requires在职培训part-time training专业方向professional emphasis资格考试qualification testTOPICAL欧洲经济委员会The Economic Commission for Europe誉满全球A world-wide reputation会议中心Conference center世界卫生组织The world Health Organization国际事务公务员International civil servants国际新闻中心International press center艺术品Works of art国际贸易中心International trading center丰富多彩的文化交融Rich cultural blend旅游胜地Holiday resort自然保护区Natural reserves封建王朝Feudal dynasty中国革命历史博物馆the Museum of the Chinese Revolution一座历史丰碑a historical monument快节奏的社会 fast-tempo society专题展览exhibitions on special subject实地考察on-the-spot investigaion经历了数千年的风吹雨打being beaten by elements for thousands of years 古典艺术精品classical art treasures世界文化遗产World Cultural Heritage紫禁城the Forbidden City文物宝库a treasure house of cultural relics私人收藏家personal collector证券交易所securities exchanges股票交易所stock exchanges有组织的买卖过程systematic market process大公司major corporation纽约证券交易所New York Stock Exchange协调税收Tax harmonization热门话题Hot topic欧盟European Union推动力Driving force统一的期望Contemplate on the harmonization国际货币组织International Monetary Fund国内需求domestic demand经济全球化economic globalization双边渠道bilateral channels亚太经合组织Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation金融危机financial crisis广泛关注arouse wide concern国际社会international community公正合理的国际经济新秩序a new and reasonable international economic order 从大局出发proceed from the whole situation财政政策financial policy共同繁荣common prosperity贸易投资自由化trade and investment liberalization日新月异progress with each passing day知识经济knowledge economy教职工faulty members订阅subscribes to杂志期刊journals and periodicals娱乐体育设施recreations and athletic facilities文科系arts department应用科学applied science诺贝尔奖金获得者recipients of Nobel Prize文化和个人素质intellectual and personal qualities生活费living expenses团队意识sense of community成人教育学院continuing education school仿真实验室simulation laboratory教育部Ministry of Education土木工程civil engineering全国重点大学national key university信息技术information technology函授生correspondence student外国留学生international student教育展览会Education Exhibition组委会organizing committee主要内容main component热点话题much-talked-about topic共同关心的信息mutually concerned information洁水资源fresh water resource在过去的二十年里over the last couple of decades 适耕地land available for farming可用清洁水fresh water available新兴经济emerging economies全球变暖global warming生态危机ecological crisis通向繁荣之路path to prosperity抓住机遇seize the opportunity引人注目的环境remarkable environmental progress 垃圾处理garbage disposal生活必需品the bare necessities of life消费品consumer goods消费习惯consuming habit捕鱼量the volume of fishing造纸业paper-making industry木材储量timber reserves森林覆盖面积forest-covering area对内投资inward investment创业精神entrepreneurship表示敬意pay tribute to津贴和拨款subsidies and grants恐怖主义问题problem of terrorism将生命献给了最崇高的事业gave their lives to the highest calling 恐怖主义的目标target of terrorism加强力量intensified our effort使归案受审bring to justice国际条约international treaties世界知识产权组织World Intellectual Property Organization私营部门the private sector知识产权intellectual property总干事Director Geneor在进入新的千年之际at the threshold of the new millennium成员国member countries纲领性文件programmatic document基本人权fundamental human rights殖民枷锁colonialist shackles任重道远the burden is heavy and the road is long网络电话业internet phone industry广阔的发展前景vast potential for future development电话音质telephone sound quality即时传输instantaneous transmission全球卫星定位系统GPS(Global Positioning System)中继站Relay station智能交通管理系统Intelligent traffic management systems分子生物学Molecular biology能源综合利用comprehensive utilization of energy认识科学cognitive science生产力productive force推动力量driving force相对论the theory of relativity行为科学behavior science知识科学knowledge economy新兴产业rising economy层出不穷emerge one after another科教兴国战略the strategy of economic development through science-technology and education 可持续发展sustainable development试点工程pilot program严峻挑战serious challenges运行机制operational mechanism中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences综合国力the overall national strength磁悬浮铁路magnetic suspended railway根本原因root causes青少年犯罪juvenile crime bill闲聊idle talk轻易接近easy access to绝不容忍zero tolerance预算平衡balanced budget担负起责任step up to its responsibilities执法者law enforcement professionals提款卡debit card磁条magnetic stripe停车计费表parking meter密码personal identification number具备双重功能pull double duty电子交易electronic versions加强性芯片chip-enhanced versions热衷于这个主意be hot for the idea遥控器remote controller无孔不入all pervasive增强性能strengthen the property减少故障to reduce the breakdown原动力motive power高架铁路aerial train汽车废气的排放discharge of automobile exhaust fumes 毗邻而居be adjacent to最新型的，最优良的state-of-the art三维的，立体的three-dimensional开拓性的，独创的ground-breaking组委会organizing committee创新方法innovative approach市场合作伙伴marketing partner走向未来的一次飞跃a giant leap into the future用钱拉选票cash for votes贿赂丑闻bribery scandal草地网球lawn tennis发球区service court处于执牛耳的地位occupy a leading position体育道德精神sportsmanship以全体运动员的名义in the name of all the athletes借助不正当的手段resort to unjust means请...发言Give the floor to我很荣幸...It is a great pleasure for me to相关问题Relevant issues最新的调查结果Updated research result对...给予重视Attach the importance to领先技术Lead-edge technologies公使Minister Counselor自然遗产Natural heritage共同关心的问题Shared concern良好的信誉Well-deserved reputation对...表示衷心的感谢 express sincere gratitude to请...讲话 Let's welcome to give a speech双边会议 bilateral conference以掌声对...表示的最热烈的欢迎 propose the warmest applause to 主办单位 sponsor颁奖仪式 the Award Ceremony贺词 greeting speech隆重举行 observe the grand opening of请...颁奖 Let's invite to present the award取得圆满成功 achieve complete ceremony全球庆典 global celebration ceremony宣布...结束 declare the closing of请全体起立，奏国歌 Please rise for the national anthem.集体管理Collective stewardship充满竞争的就业市场Competitive job market金融机构Financial institutions进取Forward-looking国民生产总值Gross National Product迎接挑战Meet the challenges公共机构Public authorities法规机制Regulatory mechanism跨越新千年的门槛The threshold of our transition into the new millennium 联合国人居中心UNCHS (United Nations Center for Human Settlements)城市居民Urban residents服务齐全的高尚城市Well-serviced formal city把...列为重要内容 place as the priority不放松工作 never neglect the work节约用水 water conservation对...表示衷心祝贺 extend our sincere congratulations on节约用水先进城市 model city of water conservation使...取得预期效果 attain the results expected授予...光荣称号 confer honorable awards on为...而奋斗 strive for严重缺水城市 a city of severe water shortage有关单位 units concerned与...比有差距 compared with ,there is still some way to go预祝...圆满成功 wish a complete success开源与节流并重 broaden sources of income &reduce expenditure对外贸易港口 seaport for foreign trade国内生产总值 National Gross Products欢聚一堂 merrily gather活跃的经济带 vigorous economic region基础雄厚 solid foundation留下最美好的印象 may you have a most pleasant impression盛世 the grand occasion祝愿在停留愉快 wish a pleasant stay综合性商港 comprehensive commercial seaport春意盎然 spring is very much in the air 森林覆盖率forest coverage。

唐静翻译必背800词

in advance 预先，提前，事先
/ədˈvæntɪdʒ/
n. 优势；利益
take advantage of 利用
vi. 获利
vt. 有利于；使处于优势
advocate /ˈædvəkeɪt/
v. 提倡，拥护 n. 拥护者；辩护者
Advocate Science 崇尚科学
aesthetics
词 striking 我并没有列举，因为这二者意思完全可以根据构词法知道，而不至于弄错。
： A 字母开头 (20 单词)
众号 alliance 公 ambiguous
allocate ambition
alone amend
alter among
alternative amount
analogous
analyze
vt. 增加，添加 n. 加法
adj. 充足的；适当的
adj. 邻近的，毗连的 n. 管理；行政
adj. 成年的；成熟的 n. 成年人 n. 发展；前进 vt. 提出；预付 vi. 前进；进展 adj. 预先的；先行的
adequate for 足够的，适合 adjacent sea 近海；邻海 administration building 行政办公楼 young adult 年轻人
/ɛs'θɛtɪks/
n. 美学；美的哲学 aesthetic appreciation 审
affect
/əˈfekt/
美 vt. 影响；感染
vi. 倾向；喜欢
第 5 页，共 59 页
关注公众号【夏夏考研】免费获取更多考研课程
公众号：禾拟
agency aggregate
agreement

[考研英语]考研翻译中必须掌握的词汇

考研翻译中必须掌握的词汇如果感觉很多，记不完的话，可以详细的掌握一下90年、92年、96年、99年、03年、05年和06年中的词汇和短语。

这不失为一种“临时抱佛脚”，或者说“亡羊补牢”的做法。

其实，也是一个学生的问题带给我的思考。

这两天上课，好多同学都问我：老师，到现在了，还有那么一点时间，我基础不是特别好，我怎么复习呢，现在看书又不是那么能沉下心来看，怎么办？当时，我思考了一下，觉得问的是基础问题，到今天，考试还有20天，而如果再抱着大纲背单词，打基础，似乎已经来不及了。

回家路上，在思考这个问题，怎么办？结果，我还是想到了真题，真题中的单词。

为什么用真题，已经强调过无数次，所以，不说这个道理了。

而到如今，马上就要考了，为什么还要记单词呢？是基于以下几点考虑：1．这是来自真题中的单词，就完全是可能会再一次重新考的单词。

2．记这些单词的心态是，我能记住就记住，记不住就算了；同时，记这些单词的时间，最好不要集中记忆，不要给自己“我今天就要把这些单词全记住了再休息”这样一种暗示。

因为复习到现在，基础知识够好的人，可以把这些单词全部用自己零散的时间来解决了；如果基础知识不人，感觉回天乏术，多的又不想看，那么这些单词就相对而言，是属于“少而精”，需要掌握的单词了，也需要自己花点休息的时间，磨磨蹭蹭的背呗。

3．哦，顺便说一声，我整理的是翻译中的重点词汇。

而阅读文章中需要掌握的单词，周雷老师那本书上，对每一篇文章中的重点单词都标注出来了，建议大家只看周老师标注出来的[大纲单词]，因为超纲词毕竟是少数。

4．红色是需要掌握的，并且可能是会再次出现的词汇。

5．选择的时候带有个人主观性，没有完全精确的数据统计。

凭个人记忆在选择的，如果上一篇文章中出现的常考词，下篇文章再出现，我也可能会标注出来。

但是，在同一篇文章中，尽量不重复。

1990年英译汉试题People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions. (61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as” nature vs. nurture”.(62)Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict belie ve that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63)That our environment has little，if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support the “nurture” theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our考研翻译中必须掌握的词汇(1)biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence，offered by the two theories. Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we ar e born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say，they don’t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.(64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States，blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are biologica lly inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists，in contrast，say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.1991年英译汉试题The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.(72)New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001?To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States. By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it poss ible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home.In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all，people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.1992年英译汉试题“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct—the meaning of the word has never been clear. (71)There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily，make distinctions，reason logically，and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character，social adjustment，physical endurance，manual skills，or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to—it was not designed for such purposes. (72)To criticise it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticising a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair.(73)Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us be gin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one’s best，the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do，and the intellectual ability to do it. (74)The first two must be equal for all who are being compared，if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable，and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies，of course，in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his tes t; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence”. (75)On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence，but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared，and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.1993年英译汉试题(71)The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference，but there is just the same kind of difference，between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person，as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales，and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. (72)It is not that the scales in the one case，and the balance in the other，differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.Y ou will understand this better，perhaps，if I give you some familiar examples. (73)Y ou have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction（归纳法）and deduction，that by the help of these operations，they，in a sort of sense，manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws，and that out of these，by some special skill of their own，they build up their theories. (74)And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes，and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words，you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms，you will discover that you are quite wrong，and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.There is a well-known incident in one of Moliere’s plays，where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose（散文）during the whole of his life. In the same way，I trust that you will take comfort，and be delighted with yourselves，on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period. (75)Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning，of the very same kind，though differing in degree，as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.1994年英译汉试题According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71)Science moves forward, they say, not so much through theinsights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) “In short”, a lea der of the new schoo l contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.” (73) Over the years, tools and technolog y themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, <<<<Newton>>>>, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as <Edison> attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo's role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.(74)Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.1995年英译汉试题The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading dependspartly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades research productive, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in thiscontext. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kids of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kinds of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.1996年英译汉试题The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. (71)Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. (72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. (73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good ” as opposed to “bad”science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. (74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. (75)New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start.(71)Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. (72)Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “I don't like this contract”?The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. (73)It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental,question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it. (74)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view, which hol ds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.(75)When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.考研英语1998年英译汉试题They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. (71)But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing andexpected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy.)(72)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventfully, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. (73)Astrophysicists wor king with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.(74)If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. (75)Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plaus ible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.考研英语1999年英译汉试题(71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.(72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.(73)During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodolgy is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. (74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the variousbranches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accus ed of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. (75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to soc ial science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.考研英语2000年英译汉试题Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. (71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. (72)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.(73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, (74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has theeffect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. (75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropr iate programs and putting them into effect.考研英语2001年英译汉试题In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing v irtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.(71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.(73)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take plac e. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,” he says. (74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start o f man-machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people。

历年考研英语翻译词组汇总

历年考研英语翻译词组汇总1990年1. be determined by 由…所决定2. have something to do with 与…有关3. be central to sth. 是…的核心4. in contrast/by contrast与此相反5. be due to 由于（常做表语）6. be deprived of 被剥夺7. respond to 对…作出反应8. as the basis of 依据/根据9. be born with 天生具有10. In contrast 相比之下1991年11. shut off 关上，停止，切断12. in any case=at any rate 不管怎样，无论如何；in no case 决不13. or so 大概，大约14. at the rate of 以…的速率15. take time 花费时间16. be likely to 可能；倾向于17. result in 导致18. not nearly 远不能；远非19. head into走向；陷入（危机）20. in the matter of 关于；就…而言21. make…possible 使…成为可能22. combine…with 把……和…结合起来；加上23. in the fashion of 以…方式24. such…as 像…一样1992年25. refer to…提到；谈到26. agreement on 一致意见27. be comparable to 和…相当；犹如28. in terms of 根据；按照；在…方面29. on the whole 总体来说；大体上看30. draw a conclusion 得出结论31. have the attitude towards 对…的态度32. only if 只要33. the same…as 与…一样34. by lack of=for lack of 因为缺乏1993年35. nothing but 只不过是36. by means of 通过；借助于37. by the help of 通过…的帮助38. in a sort of sense 从某种意义上来说39. manage to do sth. 设法做到40. extract …from 从……提炼出41. out of…起源；来源；根据42. build up 建立；树立43. by no means 绝不44. be compared with 与……相比45. a sort of 某种46. set…… in motion开始；47. differ in…在…方面不同48. go through 经历；经受；仔细检查49. in the one case =on the one hand50. in the course of the day=during the day51. a train of=a series of=an array of=a variety of1994年52. revolve around 围绕…转；以…为中心53. not so much…as 与其说…不如说…54. because of 由于55. move forward 向前发展56. in short 简而言之；总之57. as we call it 我们所谓的58. the reach of science 科学能够到达的范围59. a series of 一系列60. over the years 多年以来61. turn…on…转向，朝向62. rather than 而不是63. at the expense of=at the cost of 以…为代价64. vice versa反之亦然65. depend on 取决于66. driving force 驱动力1995年67. social inequality 社会不公68. in doing sth 在…过程中69. divert…from 把…从…转移70. lie with 取决于；在于71. be validated by 被…验证/证实72. whether…or 是……还是73. depend upon…and on 取决于…还取决于…74. depend upon…and upon 取决于…还取决于…75. such…as 例如，象这种的76. in general 通常；大体上；一般而言77. for example 比如78. compensate for 补偿；赔偿79. underprivileged youngster 贫困的/下层社会的年轻人80. grow up 长大81. under…circumstances 在…环境下1996年82. be results of 由于…83. social needs 社会需求84. to some extent 在一定程度上85. come to the conclusion 得出结论86. make demand of 对…提出要求87. scientific establishment 科研机构88. in detail 详细地89. a certain amount of 一定数量的90. not related to… 与…没有关系91. immediate goals 当前目标92. be unable to do 不能够…93. in principle 原则上；基本上；一般而言94. deal with 应付；解决；处理95. new forms of thought 新的思维方式96. as well as 和97. new subjects for thought 新的思维对象/内容98. in the past 过去99. give rise to sth 导致；引起；使…产生1997年100. scoial contract 社会合同101. an agreed account of 共识102. human rights 人权103. leads ……to 导致104. at the outset 从一开始；开始的时候105. invite sb. to do sth. 使某人认为106. duties and entitlements 权利和义务107. extend to 给与108. no…at all. 根本不是109. arguing from the view that…以…的角度看110. different from…… 与…不同111. in every relevant respect 在所有相关的方面112. in action 起作用113. laugh at 嘲笑1998年114. even more important 更重要的是115. be able to 能够116. look into 洞察；观察117. put forward 放出；拿出；提出118. work with 与…共事/合作；起作用119. close in on 接近，差不多120. as expected 正如预期的121. a refinement of 一种更为完美的1999年122. as…as… 和…一样123. conform to 符合；遵照124. see…as 把…看作125. less…and more 与其说…不如说…126. intellectual discipline 知识学科127. whether…or 是…还是…128. refer to 指代…129. peculiar to …特有的130. appropriate to 适合的；恰当的131. apply to 适合于；存在于132. view…as 把…看成；把…当成133. equate…with 把…等同于…；认为…是2000年134. speclialized scientists 专家135. centralized control 中央控制136. under…conditions在…条件下137. such as 比如138. it is obvious that 很明显…139. be bound up with与…联系在一起；与…有关系140. be directly bound up with 与…直接相关141. in turn 依此；轮流；又142. rest upon…取决于143. of all kinds 所有种类的…144. owing to 由于145. be exposed to sth. 暴露于；接触到146. be forced to do sth. 被迫做…147. for the reasons given above 由于上述原因148. far-reaching 意义深远的；影响很大的149. spread over 遍布；覆盖150. arise from 由…产生的；由…带来的151. migration movement 人口流动152. modern means of transport 现代交通手段153. population explosion 人口爆炸2001年154. pollution monitor 污染监测器155. digital age 数字时代156. be regarded as…被当成是157. piece together 拼合；汇聚；综合158. hundreds of 数以百计的159. around the world 全世界160. key breakthroughs and discoveries 重大突破与发现161. take place 发生162. point out 指出163. lead to 导致164. home appliances 家用电器165. result in 导致166. man-machine integration 人机一体化2002年167. behavior science 行为科学168. human nature 人性169. natural selction 自然选择170. a little more than a hundred yeras 一百多年171. what is called 所谓的172. trace…to… 从…寻找根源；从…研究173. state of mind 心态174. and so on诸如此类175. partly because…and partly because…部分是因为…部分是因为…176. be h eld responsible for…被认为应该对…负责177. be given credit for… 为…受到称赞178. with it 随之2003年179. cross-cultrual perspective 跨文化的角度180. concrete research 具体研究181. subject…to…使…服从于182. in… manner 以…方式；用…方法183. seek to 力图；试图；设法184. combined with 加上；连同185. bring to 加进；使用；采用186. define…as… 把…定义为187. makes…possible 使…成为可能2004年188. language and thought 语言和思维189. have some connections with…与…有联系；190. take root 生根；被牢固树立191. be obliged to sb. 感激某人192. die out 灭绝193. so…that… 如此…以至于194. accuse sb. of… 指责某人干某事195. be interested in doing sth. 对…感兴趣196. come to 开始；逐渐；进而197. believe in 相信198. a sort of某种的199. habitual thought 习惯思维200. grammatical pattern 语法结构2005年201. publishing houses 出版社202. as elsewhere 像其他地方一样203. bring together 使联合；使团结204. in relation to 有关205. one another/each other 互相206. out of… 在…当中207. make up 组成208. no less than 多达；不少于209. take a loss 亏损210. deal with 对付；处理211. on such a scale 如此规模的212. it is no exaggeration to say…毫不夸张地说213. the connecting fabric of the Old Continent 欧洲大陆的联系网络/把欧洲大陆连成一个整体2006年214. define…as… 把…定义为215. elect…as 把…当作216. be analogous to… 与…类似；与…相似216. contribute to… 有助于217. be charged with…承担…；负责…218. dedicate…to…把…献给…；把…用于…219. make reflections on…对…进行思考220. rules of conduct 行为准则221. moral code 道德标准223. moral judgments 道德判断224. not…any but=noting but225. more than 不只是2007 年226. special preserve 特殊权利227. intellectual equipment 知识才能228. everyday realities 日常现实229. on a daily basis 每天230. established conventions and special responsibilities 已有传统和特殊责任231. a clear grasp/c ommand of… 对…的清晰领会232. leagal learning 法律学习234. link…to 把…同…联系起来235. be parallel to 类似于236. on a daily basis 每天237. established conventions 既定惯例2008年238. enable…to… 使…。

历年考研翻译常考学科名词和必背单词

历年考研翻译常考学科名词和必背单词学科专有名词inter/crossdisciplinenarysociologypsychologyanthropologylinguisticsestheticsconstructionismdisconstructionismdeterminismmodernismpostmodernismcolonialismpostcolonialismfeminismpsychiatryfine arts哲学 Philosophy 逻辑学 Logic 伦理学 Ethics 美学 Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学 Economics 理论经济学 Theoretical Economics 政治经济学 Political Economy 经济思想史 History of Economic Thought 经济史 History of Economic 人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学 Applied Economics 国民经济学 National Economics 区域经济学 Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学） Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 统计学Statistics 法学 Law 法学 Science of Law 法学理论 Jurisprudence 法律史 Legal History 经济法学Science of Economic Law 环境与资源保护法学 Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law 国际关系学 International Relations 外交学 Diplomacy 社会学 Sociology 社会学 Sociology 人口学 Demography 人类学Anthropology 新闻传播学Journalism and Communication 新闻学 Journalism 传播学Communication 艺术学 Art 艺术学Art Theory 历史地理学 Historical Geography 应用数学 Applied mathematics 运筹学与控制论Operational Research and Cybernetics 物理学 Physics 理论物理 Theoretical Physics 粒子物理与原子核物理 Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics 原子与分子物理Atomic and Molecular Physics 化学 Chemistry 无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry 天文学 Astronomy 天体物理 Astrophysics 地理学Geography 自然地理学 Physical Geography 人文地理学大气科学Atmospheric Sciences 气象学Meteorology 海洋科学 Marine Sciences 地质学 Geology地球化学Geochemistry 生物学 Biology 植物学 Botany 动物学 Zoology 生理学Physiology 水生生物学Hydrobiology 微生物学Microbiology 神经生物学Neurobiology 遗传学 Genetics同学们在使用这批单词时最好对应着真题看。

考研英语翻译必背高频考察词组(三)汇总

考研英语翻译必背高频考察词组(三文明乘车 civil bus ride希望工程 Hope Project以人为本 human centered主办城市 the host city综合治理 comprehensively administer经济萧条 economic recession记者招待会 press conference钻坯 rough diamond先进机器 sophisticated machine强劲的增长 staggering growth业界 trade union统称 umbrella name濒临停产边缘 be close to production collapse 反省 reflect on回报期 period of investment return痛定思痛 recall a painful experience卧薪尝胆 endure present hardships to revive 兴旺期 blossom period茁壮成长 develop and flourish不断扩展的出口创汇者 expanding export earner定下严格规则 impose stringent rules市场波动 market fluctuation协会章程 association charter总经营额 total business revenue用人单位 end-user学徒期 entry-level从头开始 from square one高水平的 high-caliber灌输或强化 instill or reinforce工作性质 job specification本土化项目 localization programs表现评估 performance appraisal不断调整和日趋完善的阶段 the stage of constant adjustment and improvement 产学研一体化的办学机制 the educational mechanism of combining learning with research andproduction成人学历教育, 高等教育自学考试 continuing education and self-study examinationof highereducation初露端倪 reveal its importance for the first time翻译导游 tourist interpreter复合型,应用型管理人才 versatile and practical management talents 结构性调整 structural adjustment民俗风情 customs and habits相伴而生 be accompanied by学术领域 academic sector应势而生 come into existence as the situation requires在职培训 part-time training专业方向 professional emphasis资格考试 qualification testTOPICAL欧洲经济委员会 The Economic Commission for Europe誉满全球 A world-wide reputation会议中心 Conference center世界卫生组织 The world Health Organization国际事务公务员 International civil servants国际新闻中心 International press center艺术品 Works of art国际贸易中心 International trading center丰富多彩的文化交融 Rich cultural blend旅游胜地 Holiday resort自然保护区 Natural reserves综上就是小编给大家提供的高分技巧, 技巧就是牢固的知识点和强悍的答题思路, 预祝所有考生 2016考研有个好成绩。

考研英语翻译常见必背单词

考研翻译备考必背单词assumption假定，假设assump假定，承担assumed假定的assuming假如…erroneous错误的error错误erroneously ad.sustain维持sutainable合理利用的illusion幻想，错觉conscious有意识的consciousness n.justification正当理由rationalization解释rationalize v.exploitation剥削，利用exploit利用，剥削，开发superiority优越感superior有优越感的，更好的inferiority 低等，劣等，劣势inferior较差的，级别低的design设计、计划wrong不公正对待situation局面、状况、形势upside好的一面be up to sb.由某人决定array大量v.布置limitation限制limite限制authority权力、当权者、权威jump to急忙做distinctly清楚地distinct清楚的、确切的、有区别的distinction差别、优秀、特质shaky不稳定的、不牢靠的on the effect that意思是、大意是说insect昆虫fail to do不能做instrinsic固有的、本身的instrinsicly ad.somewhat有点、有几分、稍微creature生物preserve维护、保护prey v.捕食n.猎物、受害者species种、物种forestry林业、林学ecology生态学ecological a.ecologist n.ecologically生态地non—commercial没有商业价值的community群落、社区、团体eliminate排除、清除elemination n.element部分function功能n.运转v.worth价值institution机构institute建立motive动机gradually逐渐地、缓慢地by-product副产品note注意conduct行为、管理方式factor 因素disposition性格dispose使倾向于disposed倾向于deal with对待、打交道、相处chief首要的、主要的secure v.获得a.可靠的、稳固的security保护措施、安全thus从而、因此distinguish区分broad广泛的consider考虑tuition教学believe相信，assert断言,claim声称,argue争论,assume假设,maintain主张,contend 斗争坚持说,point out指出,be convinced that确信,accept接受,prove证明, demonstrate展示游行证明,validate证明,state状态，州，说明，陈述,scribe描述,tell 说明,show说明展示,consider考虑,opine表达观点,difficulty困难,difficult困难的, compensate补偿,compensate for补偿,advantage优点,advantageous有优势的,advance 进步发展,force力量被迫,strength力量,power力量,thus因此,therefore因此,hence 因此,enable使能够,detect探察发现,detector侦探侦测器,error错误,mistake失误, false错误,flaw缺点瑕疵,shortcoming缺点,reason推理原因,reasoned理性的, reasoning推理,reasonable合理的,observe观察,observation观察,observer观察者; follow跟随,pure纯,purely纯,abstract抽象的,attract吸引,concrete具体的,limit 限制有限的,confine限制,certain确认;as well也,as well as和一样,found建立,charge指控,change改变,critics批评家, criticize批评,critical关键的重要的,criticism批评,while当然而;add加,addition增加,in addition此外,additional另加的,tradition传统,traditional 传统的,humble谦虚的,humbly谦虚地,perhaps也许,possible可能,possibly可能, probable可能,probably可能地,superior比高级有优势,superior to比高级,super超级, inferior不如,inferior to不如,common普通,ordinary普通,banal普通的陈腐的,notice注意说明,attention注意,escape逃跑,carefully当心,careful小心的,care关心,take care of照顾;loss失去,lose丢失(lost),at a loss迷茫不知所措,take a loss亏损,injurious对有伤害,injure受伤,injury受伤,intellect智力,intellectual智力知识分子, intelligence智力,wisdom智慧,moral道德,virtue美德,virtually实际上事实上, virtual虚拟的,character文字角色性格,characterize有特点,characteristic特色; legal法律的合法的,law法律,preserve保存,conserve保留保护,institution机构, constitution宪法,view观点景色,view…as把看作为,regard…as把看作为,take…as 把看作为,see…as把看作为,special特别,specialize专业,specific具体的,especial 尤其的,especially尤其是;peculiar奇怪的特有的独特的,peculiar to特有的, particular特殊的,particularly特别是,rather than而不是,necessary必须的, essential必不可少的,essence精华,critical关键的重要的,significant重要的, significance重要性,equipment装备,equip装有,facility设施;link连接,connect联系,connection联系,on the other另外,on the other hand另一方面,on the one hand一方面,concept概念,notion观念概念,real真实,reality现实,in a way以这种方式,in a manner以这种方法,in a form以这种形式,parallel平行,parallel to与相平行,journal杂志,journalist记者,base基础,basic基础的,basis基础,comment 评论,comment on评论,cover报道覆盖评论;idea观点理论想法,profound深刻的,profoundly深刻地,far-reaching影响深远的意义重大的深刻的,citizen市民,rest on/upon依靠取决于,rely on依靠取决于,depend on/upon 依靠取决于,responsible负责的,responsibility责任,be held responsible for对负责, response反响响应,media媒介,news media新闻媒体,news agency新闻办,establish建立,established已经建立的,establishment机构建立,convention传统;grasp抓掌握,have a grasp of掌握,command命令,have a good command of掌握,feature 特点,competent竞争,competition竞争,competitive有竞争力的,compete竞争,50)reaction反映,react反映,action行动,in action在起作用,interaction互相作用, enhance提高,promotion提高,promote促进,preferable愿意的可取的,prefer宁愿, infer推理提示,confer商量,favor喜欢,flavor风味,favorite喜欢的,judge评判法官, judgment评判,make judgments of对做出评判;define定义,definition下定义,define…as…把定义为,select选择,elect挑选, individual个人的,active活力,activity活动,primary主要的,duty责任,thinking思考思维,thought思想思维;analogous类似,analogous to与类似,analyze分析,analysis分析,function作用, obligation责任,be obliged to do sth被迫做某事有责任做某事,be obliged to sb感谢某人,obligate被迫,be obligated to do sth被迫做某事，clear清楚明白,course课程,cause原因导致,lead to导致,reveal揭露,decision决心,decisive果断的具有决定意义的,decide决定;exclude排除,exclusive排它的独家的,include包含,conclude得出结论,conclusion结论,contribute贡献,contribution贡献,contribute to对做贡献,make contribution to 做出贡献,distribute分发分散,distribution分散,accomplishment完成,accomplish 完成,complete完全,solution解决,solve解决,resolve解决,be charged with承担, approach接近方法,aspect方面,inspect研究洞察,expect期待,respect尊重方面,task 任务;code密码,rule规则,dedicate贡献,dedicate to把献给,govern管理,government政府,energy能力能量,conduct指挥,conduction指挥,production产品,produce生产,explore 探索,exploration探索;more than比多,less than比少,no more than不多于,no less than不少于,more than+数字多,more than+名词/动词不仅仅不只是,more than+形容词/副词非常,no more than=not any more than不也不;independent独立,independence独立,interdependence互相依靠,reflect影响, reflection影响,make reflection on影响,earn挣,involve包含包括,salary薪水; television电视,means工具,feeling感觉,convey传递表达,connect联系连接,nation 国家,create创造,invent发明,event事件,recent最近;multi-media大众媒体,increase增加,increasingly逐渐的,bring带来,publish出版,in relation to与有关,relation关系,relate亲戚,related to与有关,concern关心, concerning相关的;alone独自,only仅仅唯一,survive生存,underline强调突出下划线,undergo经历, undertake从事承担,undermine暗中破坏,state状态州陈述,statistics调查统计数据, loss失去,take a loss亏损,at a loss迷茫不知所措,identify辨别,identity身份,respect尊重方面,expect期待,aspect方面,represent 代表,present出席现在礼物,presentation展示,fabricate编造捏造编织,fabric网络纤维,continent大陆,task任务,demand命令,choose选择,choice选择,strategic战略, policy政策;deal with处理,deal处理,challenge挑战,scale规模,on…scale在一定规模上, exaggeration夸张夸大,it is no exaggeration to say不夸张的说…,unite联合,unity 集体单位,divide分;structure建造,instruction建立,instrument器械器具,construction建筑,process步骤过程,procedure步骤,schedule日程表,real真是,reality真实的,realize意识到, diversity多样性,diverse各样,philosophy哲学,philosopher哲学家;grateful感谢,gratitude感谢,different from与不同,vanish消失,abolish取消撤销废除,assimilate同化,similar相似,native本国,local地方;describe描述,description描述,strike罢工,striking打击罢工,remark评论标记, remarkable著名的,accuse起诉,accuse…of…指责,data数据,date日期;interested in对感兴趣,relationship关系,relative亲戚相关,relatively相关的, determine决心,habit习惯,habitual习惯的,though虽然;come to逐渐得出,believe in相信,a sort of其中一种,linguistics语言学,physics 物理,psychology心理学,aesthetics美学,art艺术,fine art美术,archaeology考古学, anthropology人类学,economy经济,psychiatry精神病学,law法律,media媒体, cross-culture跨文化,mathematics数学,math数学,physician医生,chemistry化学, humanity人文科学,form形式,formula工程式,formulate阐明,grammar语法,pattern 模式,produce生产,consequence结果,consequently所以;furthermore更进一步,further进一步,ability能力,able可能,enable使能够, inability没能力的,modify纠正,change改变,charge费用,exchange交换,environment 环境,deteriorate恶化,subject科目,reject排斥,refuse拒绝,fancy幻想;branch分支,inquire询问研究,acquire获得,require要求,endeavor努力,order命令顺序,disorder无命令,system系统,passion热情,seek寻找,scientific科学的,science 科学,phenomenon现象;combine联合结合,integrate结合,integration整体一体化,perspective前景观点, unique独特的唯一的,distinct区别,distinctly区别的;complex复杂,complicated复杂,sophisticated复杂的狡猾的,include包含,conclude 得出结论,exclude排除,conclusion结论,custom风俗习惯,consume消费,consumer消费者.simple简单,simplicity简单的,implicit暗示,explicit明示;make…possible成为可能,research研究;almost几乎behavior行为trait特点trace跟踪explain解释explanation解释，hard困难,remain保持,obscure模糊;evolution进化,revolution革命,innovation革新创新,invention发明创造,invest投资, investigation研究调查检测,recognize认出;possess拥有具有,possession财产,govern管理,government政府管理,theory学说理论, essential重要,credit信用,achieve达到,achievement成功;until直到,till一直,issue问题事件发行,chat聊天,host主人主持,hold举行,pollution污染,containment污染;personality个性,personnel人事,personal个人的,relax放松,relaxation放松, recreation娱乐,digital数字;breakthrough突破,break out爆发,breakout爆发,out-break爆发,outset开始,take place发生,discover发现;ultimate最终,terminate终止,termination终点终端,century世纪,millennium千年, decade十年,thousands of成千上万几千,hundreds of几百,for the better part of decade 七八年,half一半,quarter四分之一,triple三倍,double两倍;home家国内的,demotic国内的,exotic异域的,apply申请,apply to申请,application 申请,appliance器具,control控制,operate操作,operation操作,cooperation合作, corporation公司company公司伙伴condition条件,situation情况状况,circumstance环境状况,situate位于,vary变化, varying变化的不同的,various各种各样的,variety各种各样,variety of各式各样, expert专家;obvious明显,ambiguous模糊的,be bound up with相关,bind绑,efficient 有效,efficiency效果,industry工业,agriculture农业,horticulture园艺,in turn 反过来,effort努力,all kinds各种各样;owing to由于因为,remarkable显著的,mass大众大量,communication交流,community 社区,expose暴露,be exposed to暴露于接触,introduce介绍引入,for the reason given above由于上述原因;pattern模式,spread扩大,or so大约;stress压力强调,migrate移民,migration移民,arise from由引起,arise出现上升,rise 上升,give rise to导致,raise增加喂养,while当然而,almost几乎,historian历史学家,history历史,practice练习,conform 一致,conform to符合与相一致,inform通知,uniform一致制服,attempt企图;valid有效的,validate使有效证明证实,validity有效性,discipline学科,internal内部的,external外部的,quarrel争论,among在中;transfer转变,transparent透明明显,augment增加,argument辩论,design设计, interpret解释口译,interpretation解释,evidence证据,evident明显的;agreement同意,refer to提及涉及,in general总之,generally总体上,generally speaking总的来说,largely总体,appropriate适合,inappropriate不适合;equal平等,equally平等的,equate与相等与一致,equate…with与相等与一致,source 来源,resource资源,activity活动,animate有生气,animation兴奋活跃;look into搜索寻找,exist存在,exit出口,existence存在,resident居住,residence居住,citizen市民;giant巨大,enormous巨大的,put forward提出,propose提出, dominant主要的主导的;report报道,finding发现;triumph胜利;odd奇数奇怪,sound听起来,inflation通货膨胀,inflate膨胀,plausible看起来合理的,elementary基本的,primary主要的; actually事实上,in fact事实上,account解释,accountant会计;contract合同,entitle使有权,title标题,entitlement权利;discuss讨论,discussion讨论,consider考虑,consideration考虑,either…or要么要么, neither…nor两者都不,whether…or是还是,extend扩展延伸,extend to对待,treat请客;relevant相对的,extreme极端的;encourage鼓励,instinct本能天生的;result结果,result from由于,result in导致,to some extent在某种程度上,accelerate 加速;trend趋势,detail细节,in detail详细;support支持,an amount of大量的,goal目标,immediate立即;elegant优雅的,elegance优雅,in principle大体上原则上,principal重要的,fascinate 迷人,delight高兴;standard标准,criterion标准;target目标,attack进攻抨击,in doing sth.在做某事的过程中,divert转移,diversion 转移,;predict预言,prediction预言,reliable可靠的,skill技能;experiment试验实验,experience经验,avail有用,available有空的可获得的, comparative比较,compare比较,contrast对比相反;quality质量,precise精确; favorable喜欢,favor喜欢;youngster年轻人;not so much…as与其说不如说,as…as与一样,not so…as与不一样,through因为通过, insight洞察,welfare福利,health健康,worth值得,genius天才,improve提高,tool 工具;as we call it所谓的正如我们所说,number数字,numerable可数的一定数量的, innumerable巨大的无数的,expand扩大,a series of一系列,direction说明指导,direct 说明;ignore忽视,careless粗心,fundamental基本的;revolve旋转;finance财政金融,financial财政的,vice versa反之,etc等等,et al及其它.。

考研必背单词

英语考研必背单词出现频率单词中文意思33process n.过程；工序；程序；vt.加工，处理26growth n.增加，增长（量）；生长，发展26technology n.工艺，技术26theory n.理论，原理；学说；看法，见解25economy n.经济（制度），经济情况；节约，省俭23behavior n.行为，举止；运转情况23behaviour n.行为，举止；运转情况21account n.账（目），账户；叙述，说明；vi.说明（原因等）；（数量、比例方面）占21economic adj.经济（学）的，经济上的20individual adj.单独的，个人的19product n.产品，产物；乘积19rate n.（比）率；速度，进度；价格，费用18create vt.创造，创建，创作；引起，产生17decline vi.／n.下降，减少，衰退；婉拒17hard adj.硬的，坚固的；烈性的；困难的；adv.努力地；猛烈地：困难地16ability n.能力，本领；才能，才智15professional adj.专业的；高水准的15spot n.斑点，污点；地点；一点儿；vt.认出，发现；玷污15tend vi.倾向，趋向于；vt.照管，护理15view n.眼界；风景；（常用pl.）看法；vt.看待；观察14advocate vt/n.鼓吹（者），拥护（者）14amount n.数量vi.合计；等同14community n.团体，社会；界，族；社区;群落14concern vt.关联；关心；n.企业；焦虑；关心14environment n.环境，周围状况14factor n.因素，要素14intelligence n.智力，智慧；情报14likely adj.可能的，有希望的adv.可能14return v./n.回来；归还，送还；回答14social a.社会的；交际的13consequence n.结果，后果；重要（性），重大13drug n.药物；（pl.）麻醉品，毒品13expert n.专家，能手；adj.熟练的，内行的13extend vi.延续；达到vt.提供，发出13industrial adj.工业的，产业的13moral adj.道德（上）的；n.寓意，教育意义12action n.行为；活动；作用12adult n.成（年）人adj.成年人的，已成熟的12ambition n.雄心；野心12competition n.竞争，比赛12capacity n.容量，容积；能力，才能12detail n.细节，详情vt.详述，细说12evidence n.根据，证据；迹象，形迹12evolution n.进化，演化，渐进12fund n.基金，专款；现款；vt.为…提供资金12inflation n.通货膨胀；（充气使）膨胀12local adj.当地的，地方的；局部的12maintain vt.维持；维修，保养；主张12management n.经营；管理（部门）；管理人员12productivity n.生产力，生产率12survive vt.幸免于；比…活得长；vi.幸存12universe n.宇宙，世界；范围，领域11learn vt.学会；得知；vi.学习；了解10advertising n.广告宣传；广告业，广告事务10affect v.影响；感动10benefit n.益处v.有益，得益10debate v./n.辩论，争论10directly ad.直接地；立即10element n.要素；元素；基础；自然环境10essential adj.必不可少的；本质的n.（常pl.）要素，要点；必需品10identify vt.把…等同于；认出，鉴定vi.认同10intend vt.想要.打算，企图10investment n.投资（额）10reasonable adj.合理的；通情达理的；公道的；尚好的10responsibility n.责任（心）；职责，义务10opportunity n.时机，机会10personality n.人格，个性；人物10private adj.私人的；秘密的9alter vt.改变，变更9appropriate adj.适当的；vt.私占；拨款用9boom n.叫喊声；繁荣；vi.隆隆作响；迅速增长9combine v.联合，化合；n.联合企业9corporation n.公司，团体9enterprise n.进取心，事业心；（企）事业单位9federal adj.联邦的9gas n.煤气；气体；汽油9highly adv.高（度）地，非常9issue n.问题，争论点；v.颁布，出版；分发；流出，发出9organization n.团体，机构；组织体制9organisation n.团体，机构；组织体制9principle n.原理，原则；信条9project n.计划；项目；工程；vt.投射，放映；（使）伸出9recognize vt.认出；承认；表彰，报偿9recognize vt.认出；承认；表彰，报偿9specific adj.特有的；具体的；n（pl.）详情，细节9structure n.结构，构造；建筑物；vt.构造；安排9substance n.物质；实质；内容；根据9trend n.趋势，倾向；时新款式，时尚8activity n.活跃，活力；（常pl.）活动8advantage n.优点，有利条件；利益8aspect n.外表；（问题等的）方面8attitude n.态度，看法；姿势8balance v.使平衡，称；n.天平；平衡；差额，结余8characteristic adj.特有的，典型的；n.特征8claim vt./n.声称，断言；索取8comment n.评论，意见vi.评论8constitute vt.组成；设立8contract v.订（约）；缩小；n.合同，包工8creative a.创造（性）的，有创造力的8culture n.教养，教育；文化；培植，培养8historical adj.历史（上）的，史学的8interpret vt.解释，说明，诠释；vi.口译，翻译8manner n.方式，方法；态度，举止；风度，礼貌，规矩8mass n.大量；团，块；（pl）群众；质量8obtain vt.获得；vi.通用，流行8powerful adj.强大的，有力的；强壮的8predict vt.预告，预言，预测8risk n.风险，危险；冒险；vt.冒……的危险8robot n.机器人，自动机械8shift v.转移；改变，转变；n.转换；轮（或换）班8species n.种，类7approach v./n.接近；n.途径；方法7argument n.争论，辩论；论点，论据7assume vt.假定；承担；呈现7blueprint n.计划，蓝图7climate n.气候；风气，气氛7competitive adj.（好）竞争的；求胜心切的；有竞争力的7complex adj.复杂的；复合的；n.综合体7concept n.概念，观念，思想7confuse vt.使困惑；混乱，混淆7critical adj.危急的，决定性的，关键性的；批评（判）的7crude adj.天然的；生的；粗鲁的7emerge vi.出现；发生，显露7employee n.受雇者，雇员7existence n.存在；生存，生活（方式）7innovation n.新方法，新事物；革新7interview n./v.接见，会见；面试；采访7involve vt.使卷入，使参与；包含，牵涉7journal n.定期刊物；日志7link v.连接，联系；n.环节，联系，纽带7manifest adj.明显的；vt.使显现；证明7motion n.运动；手势，眼色；提议；v.（向……）打手势，示意7obvious adj.显然的，明显的7performance n.执行；表演7policy n.政策，方针；保险单7possibility n.可能（性）；可能的事7pressure n.压（力）；压迫；vt.对……施加压力（或影响）7property n.财产，资产；性质，特性7prospect n.前景；v.勘探，勘察7relate vi.有关联；和睦相处；vt.使互相关联；叙述7resource n.（pl.）资源；谋略7source n.源（泉），发源地；来源，出处7suicide n.自杀；自取灭亡6access n.进入；入口；vt.存取（计算机文件）6acquire vt.取得，获得，学到6adapt vt.使适应；改编，修改；vi.适应6additional adj.附加的，另外的，添加的6aggressive adj.（贬）侵略的；（褒）敢做敢为的，积极的6amateur n./adj.业余爱好（者的）6analysis n.分析（报告）6apply vi.申请，请求；适用于；vt.应用，运用6arise vi.出现，发生；引起，起源于；起身6assumption n.假定，臆断；担任，承担6assure vt.使确信，使放心；确保6authority n.权威，专家；权力；（常用pl.）官方，当局6avoid vt.避免，避开；预防6bias n.偏见；偏袒，偏心；vt.使有偏见6brief adj.简洁的；v.简短介绍，简要汇报6cash n.现金；v.兑现，付（或收）现款6challenge vt.向……挑战；n.挑战；难题6committee n.委员会6conflict n.冲突；战斗；vi.冲突，抵触6consideration n.考虑；体贴，关心6constant adj.不断的；始终如一的；忠实的；n.常数6consumption n.消耗量，消费量6contact vt./n.（与……取得）联系6convention n.大会；协定，公约；惯例6convince vt.使确信，使信服，说服6cosmic adj.宇宙的6data n.资料，数据6definition n.定义；清晰（度），鲜明（度）6delivery n.交付，投递；分娩；演讲的风格（方式）6demonstrate vt.说明,演示；论证；表露；vi.游行示威（或集会）6deny vt.否认；拒绝给予，拒绝……的要求6digital adj.数字的6discipline vt./n.纪律；学科；训练；惩罚6distinction n.差别；区分，辨别；优秀6educate v.教育，培养，训练6effective adj.有效的；事实上的6electronic adj.电子的6emphasis n.强调，重点6enable vt.使能够，使可能，使可行6error n.错误，差错6establish vt.建立，设立，创办；确定6extent n.广度，宽度；范围，程度6focus v.聚焦；n.焦点，焦距；（活动等的）中心6function n.功能；函数；vi.运行，起作用6fundamental a.根本的，基础的；n.（常pl.）基本原则6gene n.基因6genius n.天才，天赋；天才人物6giant n.巨人；才智超群的人；adj.巨大的6humor n.幽默（感）；脾性，情绪，心情；v.使满足，迁就6humour n.幽默（感）；脾性，情绪，心情；v.使满足，迁就6implication n.含意，暗示；牵连6improvement n.增进；改进（处）6independent adj.独立自主的；中立的；无关的6influence vt./n.影响（力）n.势力，权势6instinct n.本能，直觉；生性，天性6intention n.意图，意向，目的6invention n.发明，创造；捏造，虚构6item n.条款，项目；（新闻等的）一条6mechanism n.机械装置；机构；机制6observation n.注意，观察；言论；（常pl.）观察数据6odd adj.古怪的；奇数的；剩余的；n.（pl.）可能性6offend vt.冒犯；使不舒服；违犯6oppose vt.反对，反抗6panel n.控制板，仪表盘；专门小组6phenomenon n.现象；非凡的人（或物）6physical adj.物理（学）的；物质的；身体的6potential adj.潜在的，可能的n.潜力，潜能6prolong vt.延长，拉长，拖延6psychological adj.心理（学）的6reflect v.反射；反省，深思；反映6relevant adj.有关的，切题的6remark v.评论，谈论；注意到，察觉；n.评语，议论，意见6requirement n.要求；需要（的东西）6respond vi.回答，答复；响应6response n.回答，答复；反应，响应6responsible adj.负责任的；重要的；有责任感的6revolution n.革命；旋转，转数6rob vt／vi.抢劫，盗取6scale n.刻度；级别；规模；鳞；（pl.）天平6secure adj.安全的，可靠的；vt.获得；使安全6site n.位置，地点；vt.使坐落在，设置6status n.地位，身份；情形，状况6stock n.库存，现货；股票；v.储备；adj.常备的6stress n.压力，紧张；重音；强调；vt.强调；重读6sufficient adj.足够的，充分的6survey n.测量；概括论述；调查6sympathy n.同情（心）；支持；（pl.）慰问6threaten v.（构成）威胁，可能发生6unemployment n.失业（人数）6vote vi.投票；n.选票；选举；投票总数5abroad adv.国外，在国外；到处5appeal vi/n.呼吁；申诉；（有）吸引力；求助5captive n.俘虏；adj.被俘虏的；被迷住的5infrastructure n.基础结构，基本设施（如运输、动力等）5premium n.保险金；奖品；adj.高级的；售价高的5resign vi.辞职；vt.放弃；使顺从5span n.跨距，范围；v.横越5title n.题目，标题；称号，头衔；权益，权利5unlikely adj.未必的，靠不住的4abandon vt.抛弃；放弃4acknowledge vt.承认；告知收到，致谢4addition n.（增）加，加法；附加（物）4advertisement n.（登）广告；公告4aid n.援助；助手，辅助物（设备）；v.帮助，援助4annoy vt.使恼怒，使生气，打搅4apparent a.表面上的；显然的，明白的4appreciate vt.鉴赏；领会；感激；vi.增值4artificial adj.人工的；假的，矫揉造作的4assemble v.（人）集合，聚集；（物）装配4attribute vt.把……归因于；n.属性4basis n.基本，根据，原则4bid vt.命令；祝，表示；v./n.出价，投标；n.企图，努力4career n.履历，生涯；职业4ceremony n.典礼，仪式；礼仪4character n.特征；性格，品质；人物，角色；（汉）字4commercial adj.商务的；商业（性）的；n.商业广告4commit vt.将……托付给；使承担义务，献身于；犯（错误）4commodity n.商品，货物4comparative adj.比较的，相对的4comparison n.比较；比拟，比喻4compensation n.补偿，赔偿4conduct vt.指挥；管理；传导；n.行为；管理（方式）4conference n.讨论，会谈；（正式）会议4confidence n.信任，信心，自信；秘密4confront vt.遭遇；勇敢地面对；使对质4contrast v./n.（形成）对比，对照4conventional adj.常规的；普通的4criminal adj.犯罪的，刑事的；n.罪犯4crisis n.危机，危急关头；关键时刻4critic n.批评家，评论家4current adj.流行的，当前的；n.（潮）流；电流；趋势4cycle n.循环，周期；vi.循环4define vt.限定，规定；给……下定义，解释4deprive vt.剥夺，使丧失4derive v.起源，衍生；追溯……的起源4deserve vt.应受，值得，应得4device n.装置，设备，器械；手段，策略4diminish vt.（使）减少，减小，降低4disappear vi.不见，消失4discard vt.打出（无用的牌）；抛弃，丢弃4easily ad.容易地，不费力地4efficient adj.效率高的，有能力的4employer n.雇佣者，雇主4entitle vt.给（书、文章）题名；给……权利（或资格）4estimate vt./n.估计，估量；n.评价，看法4executive a.执行的，实施的；n.董事，行政负责人4expense n.花费；（pl.）开支4export v./n.出口，输出（品）4external adj.外部的，外面的，外表的4fascinate vt.强烈地吸引，迷住4fashion n.方式，样子；流行款式，时装4fatal a.致命的；重大的，决定性的4flash n.闪光（灯）；vi.闪光，闪烁；飞驰，掠过4forbid vt.不许，禁止4formal adj.形式的；正式的4formation n.形成（物），构成4former adj.以前的，在前的；n.前者4gross adj.总的，毛重的；臃肿的；vt.获得……总收入（或毛利）；n.总额4guarantee n.保证（书）；vt.保证，担保4happiness n.幸福，幸运，快乐4harmful adj.有害的4hence adv.因此；从此4illustrate vt.阐明；（给……作插图）说明4imply vt.暗示，含有……的意思4indicate vt.指出，指示；表明，示意4inevitable adj.不可避免的，必然（发生）的4injure vt.伤害，损害，损伤4intellectual n.知识分子；adj.智力的，善于思维的4intelligent adj.聪明的，有才智的4internal adj.内部的，内地的，国内的；内心的；内在的4justify vt.证明……正当（或有理），为……辩护4label n.标签，标记；称号；vt.贴标签于；把……称为4manufacture vt.制造，加工；n.制造（业）；产品4modify vt.修改，更改；（语法上）修饰4monopoly n.垄断（物、商品），专卖商品4mostly adv.几乎全部地，主要地，基本上4neglect vt./n.忽视，忽略；疏忽，玩忽4network n.（广义）网络，网状物；（狭义）广播网，电视网4nevertheless adv.仍然，然而，不过4notion n.概念，观念；意图，想法4nuclear adj.核能的，原子核的；核心的4offspring n.子孙，后代，结果4originate v.起源于，产生；创造，开创4pace n.步（速），速度，节奏；vi.踱步4painful a.（引起）疼痛的；困难的4politics n.（单数性）政治（学）；（复数性）政纲，政见4possess vt.占有，拥有4poverty n.贫困，贫穷4privilege n.特权，优惠4profit n.利润；收益；v.有益于；得益4promote vt.促进，发扬；提升；推销4proportion n.比例；部分；均衡，相称4pursue vt.追踪，追赶；从事；追求4radical adj.根本的；激进（派）的；n.激进分子4range n.（变动）范围；一系列；v.变动；涉及；使排列成行4rarely adv.很少，难得4reality n.现实，实际；真实4register n./v.登记，注册4regulate vt.控制，管理；调整，调节4reject vt.拒绝；退回；n.被拒货品，不合格产品4remarkable adj.引人注目的；非凡的4replace vt.取代；把··放回原处；更换4represent vt.象征；描绘；代表4restriction n.限制，约束4reveal vt.揭露；（事物）展现，显示4reward n./vt.报酬，酬金；报答，奖赏4rival vt.与……竞争；adj.竞争的；n.竞争对手4scatter vt.撒（播）；使散开，驱散4security n.安全，安定，保证4skilled adj.熟练的，有技能的；需要技能的4storage n.储藏（量），保管；库房4strive vi.努力，奋斗，力求4style n.风格；式样；时尚；vt.（根据新款式）设计4surplus n.剩余，盈余；adj.过剩的，多余的4surround vt.包围；环绕，围绕4survival n.幸存（者），残存物4target n.目标，对象，靶子；vt.瞄准4tendency n.趋向，趋势4trace vt.查出；追溯；描摹；n.痕迹，踪迹；微量4tradition n.惯列，传统4transform vt.把……转换成；变换，改革4union n.工会，同盟；联合；一致4utility n.功用，效用；（常pl.公用事业4valid adj.有根据的；有效的4visible adj.看得见的，可见的，有形的4wisdom n.智慧，明智；格言，名言4worthwhile adj.值得（做）的3abuse vt./n.滥用；辱骂，虐待3acquisition n.获得（物），取得3activate vt.使活动起来，使开始起作用3alternative adj.两者择一的n.供选择的东西3anticipate vt.预料，期望；先于··行动3assess vt.估价，评估，评定3assign vt.分配，布置；指定；指派，选派3assignment n.（分派的）任务；分配，委派3associate vi.交往；vt.使联想；使联合；n.伙伴，同事；adj.副的3attain vt.达到，获得3ban v./n.禁止3bind vt.捆绑，捆扎；使结合；约束；装订3budget v.（编）预算；安排，规划；n.预算（拨款）；adj.合算的，廉价的3candidate n.侯选人；应考者3casual adj.碰巧的；随便的；临时的；3census n.人口普查，统计3chemical a.化学的；n.（pl.）化学制品，化学药品3circumstance n.环境，条件，形势；（pl.）境况，状况3colleague n.同事，同僚3compel vt.强迫，迫使3complaint n.抱怨；控告；疾病3compose vt.创作，为……谱曲；组成，构成；使平静3comprehension n.理解（力）3conclusion n.结尾；推论，结论3confusion n.混淆；混乱；困惑3congress n.代表大会；（C）国会，议会3connection n.连接，联系3considerate adj.体贴的，体谅的3contend v.斗争；竞争；主张3context n.上下文，语境；环境，背景3contrary a.相反的，对抗的；n.相反，对立面3contribute v.贡献出，捐赠，捐助；投稿3counsel v./n.忠告；n.法律顾问，辩护人3crucial adj.至关重要的，决定性的3decrease v./n.减少，减小3democratic adj.民主的，有民主精神（或作风）的3dependent adj.依靠的，依赖的；取决于3dispute v./n.争论，争议3disregard vt.不理会，漠视；n.忽视，漠视3distort vt.扭曲；歪曲，曲解；vi.变形3distract vt.使分心，转移；迷惑3diverse adj.多种多样的3draft n.草稿，草案；汇票；征兵；vt.起草；招募3drift vi.漂泊，游荡；n.漂流（物）；大意3economics n.经济学；（pl.）经济状况，经济因素，经济意义3efficiency n.效率，效能，功效3endanger v.危及，危害3endure v.持续；忍受，忍耐3enlarge v.扩大；放大3enlighten vt.启发，开导3enormous a.庞大的，巨大的，极大的3ensure vt.保证，担保，确保3equip vt.装备，配备；使有准备3equivalent adj.等价的；相当的；n.等价物3essay n.短文，文章3establishment n.建立；机构，企业；当权人物3evolve v.（使）发展，（使）进化，（使）演变3exceed vt.超出；越出3excess n.超越；过量，过度；adj.过量的，额外的3extreme adj.末端的；极端的，极度的；n.极端，过分3fade v.（使）褪色；逐渐消失；凋谢3failure n.没做到；失败3fiction n.（总称）小说；虚构3flourish vi.繁荣，茂盛，兴旺3folk n.（常pl.）人们；adj.民间的3forecast v.／n.预报，预测3formulate vt.用公式表示；规划；阐明3generate vt.生殖；生产；引起，导致3geology n.地质学；地质情况3global adj.全球的，全世界的；总的，完整的3grant n.拨款，授予物；vt.授予，同意，准予3gravity n.重力；严重；庄重，严肃3handle n.把手vt.触摸；操作；处理，对待3harm n./vt.伤害，损害，危害3helpful a.有帮助的；有益的，有用的3hesitate vi.犹豫，踌躇；含糊，支吾3highlight vi.使显著，突出；n.精彩场面3hospitality n.友好款待，好客3ideal n.理想的东西（或人）；adj.理想的；想像的3immigrant n.移民，侨民3immune adj.免疫的；不受影响的；免除的3impact n./v.冲击，碰撞；影响，作用3import vt./n.进口，输入3impose v.把……强加于；征（税），处以（罚款、监禁）3inferior adj.下等的，下级的；次的；n.下级，晚辈3inform vt.通知，报告；vi.告发，检举3inquiry n.打听，询问；调查3instance n.例子，例证，事例3instant n.瞬间；adj.立即的；紧急的；速溶的3instrument n.仪器，器械，工具；乐器3insurance n.保险（业,费）3interact vi.互相作用，互相影响3irritate vt.使恼怒，使烦躁；使疼痛3keen adj.热心的，喜爱的；敏锐的；锋利的3legislation n.法律，法规；立法3leisure n.空闲时间，闲暇；悠闲3liability n.责任；（常pl.）负债；累赘3logical adj.逻辑（上）的，符合逻辑的3mankind n.人类3mathematical adj.数学（上）的3military adj.军事的，军队的；n.军方；陆军3mode n.方式，式样3moreover adv.而且，此外3motive n.动机，动因，目的3multitude n.大量，许多；民众3novel n.（长篇）小说；adj.新颖的，新奇的3oblige vt.迫使，责成；（使）感激，施恩于3opponent n.敌手，对手；反对者3optimistic adj.乐观（主义）的3organic adj.有机物的，有机体的3output n.产量；输出（功率）；vt.输出（信息、数据等）3phase n.（方）面；阶段；vt.分阶段实行（或计划）3pollution n.污染。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

历年考研翻译必背词组归纳1990 年1. be determined by 由…所决定2. have something to do with 与…有关3. be central to sth. 是…的核心4. in contrast/by contrast与此相反5. be due to 由于（常做表语）6. be deprived of 被剥夺7. respond to 对…作出反应8. as the basis of 依据/根据9. be born with 天生具有10. In contrast 相比之下1991年11. shut off 关上，停止，切断12. in any case=at any rate 不管怎样，无论如何; in no case 决不13. or so 大概，大约14. at the rate of 以…的速率15. take time 花费时间16. be likely to 可能；倾向于17. result in 导致18. not nearly 远不能；远非19. head into走向；陷入（危机）20. in the matter of 关于；就…而言21. make…possible 使…成为可能22. combine…with 把...和…结合起来；加上23. in the fashion of 以…方式24. such…as 像…一样1992年25. refer to…提到；谈到26. agreement on 一致意见27. be comparable to 和…相当；犹如28. in terms of 根据；按照；在…方面29. on the whole 总体来说；大体上看30. draw a conclusion 得出结论31. have the attitude towards 对…的态度32. only if 只要33. the same…as 与…一样34. by lack of=for lack of 因为缺乏1993年35. nothing but 只不过是36. by means of 通过；借助于37. by the help of 通过…的帮助38. in a sort of sense 从某种意义上来说39. manage to do sth. 设法做到40. extract …from 从。

提炼出41. out of…起源；来源；根据42. build up 建立；树立43. by no means 绝不44. be compared with 与。

相比45. a sort of 某种46. set.. in motion开始；47. differ in…在…方面不同48. go through 经历；经受；仔细检查49. in the one case =on the one hand50. in the course of the day=during the day51. a train of=a series of=an array of=a variety of 1994年52. revolve around 围绕…转; 以…为中心53. not so much…as 与其说…不如说…54. because of 由于55. move forward 向前发展56. in short 简而言之；总之57. as we call it 我们所谓的58. the reach of science 科学能够到达的范围59. a series of 一系列60. over the years 多年以来61. turn…on…转向，朝向62. rather than 而不是63. at the expense of=at the cost of 以…为代价64. vice versa反之亦然65. depend on 取决于66. driving force 驱动力1995年67. social inequality 社会不公68. in doing sth 在…过程中69. divert…from 把…从…转移70. lie with 取决于；在于71. be validated by 被…验证/证实72. whether…or 是...还是73. depend upon…and on 取决于…还取决于…74. depend upon…and upon 取决于…还取决于…75. such…as 例如,象这种的76. in general 通常；大体上；一般而言77. for example 比如78. compensate for 补偿；赔偿79. underprivileged youngster 贫困的/下层社会的年轻人80. grow up 长大81. under…circumstances 在…环境下1996年82. be results of 由于…83. social needs 社会需求84. to some extent 在一定程度上85. come to the conclusion 得出结论86. make demand of 对…提出要求87. scientific establishment 科研机构88. in detail 详细地89. a certain amount of 一定数量的90. not related to… 与…没有关系91. immediate goals 当前目标92. be unable to do 不能够…93. in principle 原则上；基本上；一般而言94. deal with 应付；解决；处理95. new forms of thought 新的思维方式96. as well as 和97. new subjects for thought 新的思维对象/内容98. in the past 过去99. give rise to sth 导致；引起；使…产生1997年100. scoial contract 社会契约101. an agreed account of 共识102. human rights 人权103. leads ...to 导致104. at the outset 从一开始；开始的时候105. invite sb. to do sth. 使某人认为106. duties and entitlements 权利和义务107. extend to 给与108. no…at all. 根本不是109. arguing from the view that…以…的角度看 110. different from.... 与…不同111. in every relevant respect 在所有相关的方面 112. in action 起作用113. laugh at 嘲笑1998年114. even more important 更重要的是115. be able to 能够116. look into 洞察；观察117. put forward 放出；拿出；提出118. work with 与…共事/合作；起作用119. close in on 接近，差不多120. as expected 正如预期的121. a refinement of 一种完善的1999年122. as…as… 和…一样123. conform to 符合；遵照124. see…as 把…看作125. less…and more 与其说…不如说…126. intellectual discipline 知识学科127. whether…or 是…还是…128. refer to 指代…129. peculiar to …特有的130. appropriate to 适合的；恰当的131. apply to 适合于；存在于132. view…as 把…看成；把…当成133. equate…with 把…等同于…；认为…是2000年134. specialized scientists 专家135. centralized control 中央控制136. under…conditions在…条件下137. such as 比如138. it is obvious that 很明显…139. be bound up with与…联系在一起；与…有关系140. be directly bound up with 与…直接相关141. in turn 依此；轮流；又142. rest upon…取决于143. of all kinds 所有种类的…144. owing to 由于145. be exposed to sth. 暴露于；接触到146. be forced to do sth. 被迫做…147. for the reasons given above 由于上述原因148. far-reaching 意义深远的；影响很大的149. spread over 遍布；覆盖150. arise from 由…产生的；由…带来的151. migration movement 人口流动152. modern means of transport 现代交通手段153. population explosion 人口爆炸2001年154. pollution monitor 污染监测器155. digital age 数字时代156. be regarded as…被当成是157. piece together 拼合；汇聚；综合158. hundreds of 数以百计的159. around the world 全世界160. key breakthroughs and discoveries 重大突破与发现 161. take place 发生162. point out 指出163. lead to 导致164. home appliances 家用电器165. result in 导致166. man-machine integration 人机一体化2002年167. behavior science 行为科学168. human nature 人性169. natural selction 自然选择170. a little more than a hundred yeras 一百多年171. what is called 所谓的172. trace…to… 从…寻找根源；从…研究173. state of mind 心态174. and so on诸如此类175. partly because…and partly because…部分是因为…部分是因为…176. be held responsible for…被认为应该对…负责177. be given credit for… 为…受到称赞178. with it 随之2003年179. cross-cultrual perspective 跨文化的角度180. concrete research 具体研究181. subject…to…使…服从于182. in… manner 以…方式；用…方法183. seek to 力图；试图；设法184. combined with 加上；连同185. bring to 加进；使用；采用186. define…as… 把…定义为187. makes…possible 使…成为可能2004年188. language and thought 语言和思维189. have some connections with…与…有联系；190. take root 生根；被牢固树立191. be obliged to sb. 感激某人192. die out 灭绝193. so…that… 如此…以至于194. accuse sb. of… 指责某人干某事195. be interested in doing sth. 对…感兴趣196. come to 开始；逐渐；进而197. believe in 相信198. a sort of某种的199. habitual thought 习惯思维200. grammatical pattern 语法结构2005年201. publishing houses 出版社202. as elsewhere 像其他地方一样203. bring together 使联合；使团结204. in relation to 有关205. one another/each other 互相206. out of… 在…当中207. make up 组成208. no less than 多达；不少于209. take a loss 亏损210. deal with 对付；处理211. on such a scale 如此规模的212. it is no exaggeration to say…毫不夸张地说213. the connecting fabric of the Old Continent 欧洲大陆的联系网络/把欧洲大陆连成一个整体2006年214. define…as… 把…定义为215. elect…as 把…当作216. be analogous to… 与…类似；与…相似216. contribute to… 有助于217. be charged with…承担…；负责…218. dedicate…to…把…献给…；把…用于…219. make reflections on…对…进行思考220. rules of conduct 行为准则221. moral code 道德标准223. moral judgments 道德判断224. not…any but=nothing but225. more than 不只是2007 年226. special preserve 特殊权利227. intellectual equipment 知识才能228. everyday realities 日常现实229. on a daily basis 每天230. established conventions and special responsibilities 已有传统和特殊责任231. a clear grasp/command of… 对…的清晰领会232. leagal learning 法律学习234. link…to 把…同…联系起来235. be parallel to 类似于236. on a daily basis 每天237. established conventions 既定惯例2008年238. enable…to… 使….能够239. be superior to 优于; be inferior to 劣于240. succeed with 在方面取得成功241. well-founded 有说服力的242. the power of reasoning 推理能力243. the common run of men 普通人 244. moral character 道德品质245. be injurious to 对…有害。