语言学教程总结Chapter 1

语言学教程总结Chapter 1(一)

语言学历史：

时间语言理论理论基础主要特征作用

公元前4c---19c 传统语文

学

传统哲学

观，文化观

语言工具观

静止规定型

表达工具，语

法翻译法

19c 历史比较

语言学经验论，机

械，达尔文

进化论

生物机体观

比较发展型

语言翻译法

20初---60s 结构主义

语言学分析哲学，

行为主义

理论方法

系统结构观

严谨描写型

符号,系统,任

意结构句型

50,60s （系统）功

能语言学受社会学

行为主义

社会现象观

交际功能观

社会，交际功

能

57年转换生成

语言学混合哲学，

心智主义

天赋心智观

智慧演绎型

先天，心智，

生成

70s 认知语言

学体验哲学，

心智建构

主义

体验互动观

认知归纳型

体验，认知，

像似，CL教

学

1What is language?

○1Ronald W ardhaugh: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.

(a)systematic (b)arbitrary (c)symbolic (d)vocal (e)human-specific ○2Language is a means of verbal communication. It is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place effectively if the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles.

2Design features of language (the features that define our human languages)

○1Arbitrariness 任意性

(a) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning

For example: the dog barks bowwow in English but 汪汪汪in Chinese.

(b) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level

According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.

(c) Arbitrariness and convention

The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.

○2Duality 二层性

“By Duality”is meant the property of having two levels of structures such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principle of organization.

○3creativity 创造性

(a)Language is resourceful because of its duality and its

recursiveness. W e can use it to create new meanings.

(b)W ords can be used in new ways to mean new things, and

can be instantly understood by people who never come

across that usage before.

(c)Birds, bees, crabs, spiders, and most other creatures

communicate in some way, but the information imparted

its severely limited and confined to a small set of

message.

(d)Because of duality the speakers is able to combine the

basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences,

most of which are never before produced or heard.

(e)The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical