科技文献的阅读及翻译方法4
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Alicyclic compounds (cyclohexane), terpenes, steroids Aromatic compounds: benzene, toluene, styrene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene Phenol Furan and furfural, …, purine and nucleic acid (ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid) Carbohydrates (sugars or saccharidesmonosaccharide, polysaccharide)
《毕业实习》系列教学内容之四
科技文献的阅读及翻译方法
讲授目的
最近，很多同学反应，在实习单位尤其是
外资企业，经常遇到一些不认识的产品代 号，或者是一些英文的产品说明书。而且 由于缺乏专业英语知识，在实习过程中工 作不能顺利的开展，这给许多同学带来了 困扰，也激发了学生们学习专业外语的热 情。
Contents
Preliminary knowledge
chemical bond: is the force which holds together atoms in molecules or crystals – ionic bond, covalent bond, coordination bond, hydrogen bond, metallic bond (lattice) a compound is a pure, macroscopically homogeneous substance formed from two or more elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition that cannot be separated by physical means. For example, water is a compound made out of hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of two to one. The distinction between the two disciplines is not absolute and there is much overlap, most importantly in the subdiscipline of organometallic chemistry. Generally speaking, organic compounds have carbon-hydrogen bonds, and inorganic compounds do not. Thus carbonic acid (H2CO3) is inorganic; whereas formic acid is organic, although it could as well be called "carbonous acid“, its anhydride; carbon monoxide, is inorganic.
Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
Monatomic positive ions (take the name of the element directly): Na+ sodium, K+ potassium Monatomic negative ions (with the suffix ide): Cl-(chloride), Br(bromide), F- (fluoride), I- (iodide), S2- (sulfide), N3- (nitride), O2- (oxide). eg. CuCl (copper (I) chloride) Polyatomic negative ions: NH4+(ammonium); ClO3-(chlorate), ClO4-(perchlorate), ClO2- (chlorite), ClO- (hypochlorite), NO3(nitrate), MnO4-(permanganate), HCO3-(hydrogen carbonate), H2PO4-(dihydrogen phosphate); CO32-(carbonate), SO42(sulfate), SO32-(sulfite), CrO42-(chromate), Cr2O72(dichromate), HPO42-(hydrogen phosphate); PO43-(phosphate) _ suffixes: ate (higher oxidation state), ite (lower …) _ prefixes: per (highest oxidation state), hypo (lowest…)
p+
e-
p+ N
Hydrogen
e-
Heavy hydrogen
p+ N
e-
return
Helium
2. Fundamentals in ChE
2.2 Chemistry (organic)
• Classification of organic compounds
Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne Alkyl halide Alcohol, Ether Aldehyde, Ketone Carboxylic acid, Ester, Amide Amine, Nitriles, iso-nitriles, diazo compounds amino acid, peptides and polypeptides, protein
Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
Some compounds with mon(o), di, tri, tetr(a), pent(a), hex(a), hept(a), oct(a): N2O(dinitrogen oxide), NO(nitrogen oxide), N2O3(dinitrogen trioxide), NO2(nitrogen dioxide), N2O4(dinitrogen tetroxide), N2O5(dinitrogen pentoxide)… Some acids: H2CO3(carbonic acid), H2SO4(sulfuric acid), H2SO3(sulfurous acid), HNO3(nitric acid), HNO2(nitrous acid), HClO4(perchloric acid), HClO3(chloric acid), HClO2(chlorous acid), HClO (hypochlorous acid) Coordination compounds: [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 (dichlorotetrammine-chromium (IV) chloride), [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 (hexammine-cobalt (III) chloride), [Pt(H2O)3Cl]Br (chlorotriaguo-platium (II) bromide), K3[Fe(CN)6] (potassiumhexacyano-ferrate (III) chloride), K4[Fe(CN)6] (potassiumhexacyano-ferrate (II) chloride)
Coordination compounds
return
[Cr(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 dichloro-tetrammine-chromium (IV) chloride [Cr(NH3)4Cl2] cation Cl2 anion In the cation: Cr: central metal (NH3)4: neutral ligand Cl2: anion ligand
Specialist English in Chemical Engineering （ChE）
1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals in ChE 3. Specialized Topics in ChE
1. Introduction
Necessity read & translation, representation, communication Difficulty too many similar/different words; too many fields in ChE Objective Preliminary English of ChE; extend your English words; improve your oral representation
2. Fundamentals in ChE
2.1 Chemistry (inorganic, organic)
Preliminary knowledge
Inorganic chemistry is a branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, and reactions of organic compounds Chemical reactions are known as chemical changes - changes in the structure of molecules-molecules attaching to each other to form larger molecules, molecules breaking apart to form two or more smaller molecules, or rearrangements of atoms within molecules. Chemical reactions usually involve the making or breaking of chemical bonds. Molecules: can be either polyatomic or monoatomic. Polyatomic molecules are electrically neutral clusters of two or more atoms joined by shared pairs of electrons (covalent bonds). A substance that is made up of molecules is called a molecular substance. Many familiar substances are made of molecules (e.g. table sugar, water, most gases) while many other equally familiar substances are not molecular in their structure (e.g. metals).
Periodic Table for elements (Chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev, prepared his lectures and wanted to find some way to organize his knowledge for his students to make it more understandable.)
Alicyclic compounds (cyclohexane), terpenes, steroids Aromatic compounds: benzene, toluene, styrene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene Phenol Furan and furfural, …, purine and nucleic acid (ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid) Carbohydrates (sugars or saccharidesmonosaccharide, polysaccharide)
《毕业实习》系列教学内容之四
科技文献的阅读及翻译方法
讲授目的
最近，很多同学反应，在实习单位尤其是
外资企业，经常遇到一些不认识的产品代 号，或者是一些英文的产品说明书。而且 由于缺乏专业英语知识，在实习过程中工 作不能顺利的开展，这给许多同学带来了 困扰，也激发了学生们学习专业外语的热 情。
Contents
Preliminary knowledge
chemical bond: is the force which holds together atoms in molecules or crystals – ionic bond, covalent bond, coordination bond, hydrogen bond, metallic bond (lattice) a compound is a pure, macroscopically homogeneous substance formed from two or more elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition that cannot be separated by physical means. For example, water is a compound made out of hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of two to one. The distinction between the two disciplines is not absolute and there is much overlap, most importantly in the subdiscipline of organometallic chemistry. Generally speaking, organic compounds have carbon-hydrogen bonds, and inorganic compounds do not. Thus carbonic acid (H2CO3) is inorganic; whereas formic acid is organic, although it could as well be called "carbonous acid“, its anhydride; carbon monoxide, is inorganic.
Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
Monatomic positive ions (take the name of the element directly): Na+ sodium, K+ potassium Monatomic negative ions (with the suffix ide): Cl-(chloride), Br(bromide), F- (fluoride), I- (iodide), S2- (sulfide), N3- (nitride), O2- (oxide). eg. CuCl (copper (I) chloride) Polyatomic negative ions: NH4+(ammonium); ClO3-(chlorate), ClO4-(perchlorate), ClO2- (chlorite), ClO- (hypochlorite), NO3(nitrate), MnO4-(permanganate), HCO3-(hydrogen carbonate), H2PO4-(dihydrogen phosphate); CO32-(carbonate), SO42(sulfate), SO32-(sulfite), CrO42-(chromate), Cr2O72(dichromate), HPO42-(hydrogen phosphate); PO43-(phosphate) _ suffixes: ate (higher oxidation state), ite (lower …) _ prefixes: per (highest oxidation state), hypo (lowest…)
p+
e-
p+ N
Hydrogen
e-
Heavy hydrogen
p+ N
e-
return
Helium
2. Fundamentals in ChE
2.2 Chemistry (organic)
• Classification of organic compounds
Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne Alkyl halide Alcohol, Ether Aldehyde, Ketone Carboxylic acid, Ester, Amide Amine, Nitriles, iso-nitriles, diazo compounds amino acid, peptides and polypeptides, protein
Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
Some compounds with mon(o), di, tri, tetr(a), pent(a), hex(a), hept(a), oct(a): N2O(dinitrogen oxide), NO(nitrogen oxide), N2O3(dinitrogen trioxide), NO2(nitrogen dioxide), N2O4(dinitrogen tetroxide), N2O5(dinitrogen pentoxide)… Some acids: H2CO3(carbonic acid), H2SO4(sulfuric acid), H2SO3(sulfurous acid), HNO3(nitric acid), HNO2(nitrous acid), HClO4(perchloric acid), HClO3(chloric acid), HClO2(chlorous acid), HClO (hypochlorous acid) Coordination compounds: [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 (dichlorotetrammine-chromium (IV) chloride), [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 (hexammine-cobalt (III) chloride), [Pt(H2O)3Cl]Br (chlorotriaguo-platium (II) bromide), K3[Fe(CN)6] (potassiumhexacyano-ferrate (III) chloride), K4[Fe(CN)6] (potassiumhexacyano-ferrate (II) chloride)
Coordination compounds
return
[Cr(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 dichloro-tetrammine-chromium (IV) chloride [Cr(NH3)4Cl2] cation Cl2 anion In the cation: Cr: central metal (NH3)4: neutral ligand Cl2: anion ligand
Specialist English in Chemical Engineering （ChE）
1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals in ChE 3. Specialized Topics in ChE
1. Introduction
Necessity read & translation, representation, communication Difficulty too many similar/different words; too many fields in ChE Objective Preliminary English of ChE; extend your English words; improve your oral representation
2. Fundamentals in ChE
2.1 Chemistry (inorganic, organic)
Preliminary knowledge
Inorganic chemistry is a branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, and reactions of organic compounds Chemical reactions are known as chemical changes - changes in the structure of molecules-molecules attaching to each other to form larger molecules, molecules breaking apart to form two or more smaller molecules, or rearrangements of atoms within molecules. Chemical reactions usually involve the making or breaking of chemical bonds. Molecules: can be either polyatomic or monoatomic. Polyatomic molecules are electrically neutral clusters of two or more atoms joined by shared pairs of electrons (covalent bonds). A substance that is made up of molecules is called a molecular substance. Many familiar substances are made of molecules (e.g. table sugar, water, most gases) while many other equally familiar substances are not molecular in their structure (e.g. metals).
Periodic Table for elements (Chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev, prepared his lectures and wanted to find some way to organize his knowledge for his students to make it more understandable.)