Zigbee无线传感器网络英文文献
外文原文
基于ZigBee技术农业无线温湿度传感器网络与农业生产实践相结合，提出了农业无线和湿度传感器网络设计，它基于ZigBee技术。
我们使用基于CC2530 ZigBee协议作为数据的采集，传输和显示的传感器节点和协调器节点的芯片，目的是实现农业生产自动化和精确农业。
关键词：农业，生产，温度和湿度，无线网络，传感器。
1.简介目前，生产和生活的许多方面都需要提取和加工周围环境的温度和湿度信息。
在过去的技术是收集温度和湿度传感器的温湿度信息，并通过RS-485总线或现场总线再次发送数据到监控中心，所以你需要铺设大量的电缆来收集温度和湿度信息。
传统农业主要使用孤立的机械设备，没有沟通能力，主要依靠的人来监控作物生长状况。
然而，如果使用ZigBee无线传感器网络技术，农业将逐步转变为信息和生产的为主的生产模式，使用更加自动化，网络化，智能化的耕作方式，实现远程无线控制设备。
传感器可以收集信息，如土壤水分，氮浓度，pH值，降水，温度，空气湿度，空气压力等。
采集到的上述信息和所收集信息的位置被传递到中央控制设备用于通过ZigBee网络的决策和参考，所以我们可以提前和准确地识别用于帮助维持和提高作物产量的问题。
在许多面向数据的无线网络传输，低成本和复杂性的无线网络被广泛地使用。
2. ZigBee的技术特点ZigBee技术是一种短距离，低复杂度，低功耗，低数据速率，和低成本，双向无线通信技术，主要是采用在自动控制和远程控制的领域中，可以嵌入各种设备中，以实现他们的自动化[1]。
对于现有的各种无线通信技术，ZigBee技术将是最低功耗和成本的技术。
ZigBee的数据传输速率低，在10KB/ s到250KB/ s的范围内，并主要集中在低速率传输。
在低功耗待机模式下，两个普通的5号电池可以持续6至24个月。
ZigBee的数据传输速率低，并且它的协议很简单，所以它大大降低了成本。
而它的网络容量大，可容纳65000设备。
延迟时间很短，一般在15毫秒〜30毫秒。
无线红外传感器网络中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译文献外文资料AbstractWireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become a hot research topic recently. Great benefit can be gained through the deployment of the WSN over a wide range ofapplications, covering the domains of commercial, military as well as residential. In this project, we design a counting system which tracks people who pass through a detecting zone as well as the corresponding moving directions. Such a system can be deployed in traffic control, resource management, and human flow control. Our design is based on our self-made cost-effective Infrared Sensing Module board which co-operates with a WSN. The design of our system includes Infrared Sensing Module design, sensor clustering, node communication, system architecture and deployment. We conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the system performance which demonstrates the efficiency of our Moving Object Counting system.Keywords:Infrared radiation，Wireless Sensor Node1.1 Introduction to InfraredInfrared radiation is a part of the electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength lying between visible light and radio waves. Infrared have be widely used nowadaysincluding data communications, night vision, object tracking and so on. People commonly use infrared in data communication, since it is easily generated and only suffers little from electromagnetic interference. Take the TV remote control as an example, which can be found in everyone's home. The infrared remote control systems use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to send out an IR (infrared) signal when the button is pushed. A different pattern of pulses indicates the corresponding button being pushed. To allow the control of multiple appliances such as a TV, VCR, and cable box, without interference, systems generally have a preamble and an address to synchronize the receiver and identify the source and location of the infrared signal. To encode the data, systems generally vary the width of the pulses (pulse-width modulation) or the width of the spaces between the pulses (pulse space modulation). Another popular system, bi-phase encoding, uses signal transitions to convey information. Each pulse is actually a burst of IR at the carrier frequency.A 'high' means a burst of IR energy at the carrier frequency and a 'low'represents an absence of IR energy. There is no encoding standard. However, while a great many home entertainment devices use their own proprietary encoding schemes, some quasi-standards do exist. These include RC-5, RC-6, and REC-80. In addition, many manufacturers, such as NEC, have also established their own standards.Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become a hot research topic recently. Great benefit can be gained through the deployment of the WSN over a wide range ofapplications, covering the domains of commercial, military as well as residential. In this project, we design a counting system which tracks people who pass through a detecting zone as well as the corresponding moving directions. Such a system can be deployed in traffic control, resource management, and human flow control. Our design is based on our self-made cost-effective Infrared Sensing Module board which co-operates with a WSN. The design of our system includes Infrared Sensing Module design, sensor clustering, node communication, system architecture and deployment. We conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the system performance which demonstrates the efficiency of our Moving Object Counting system.1.2 Wireless sensor networkWireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network which consists of a vast number of autonomous sensor nodes using sensors tomonitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, acoustics, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations. Each node in a sensor network is typically equipped with a wireless communications device, a small microcontroller, one or more sensors, and an energy source, usually a battery. The size of a single sensor node can be as large as a shoebox and can be as small as the size of a grain of dust, depending on different applications. The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from hundreds of dollars to a few cents, depending on the size of the sensor network and the complexity requirement of the individual sensor nodes. The size and cost are constrained by sensor nodes, therefore, have result in corresponding limitations on available inputs such as energy, memory, computational speed and bandwidth. The development of wireless sensor networks (WSN) was originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. Due to the advancement in micro-electronic mechanical system technology (MEMS), embedded microprocessors, and wireless networking, the WSN can be benefited in many civilian application areas, including habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, and home automation.1.3 Types of Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless sensor network nodes are typically less complex than general-purpose operating systems both because of the specialrequirements of sensor network applications and the resource constraints in sensor network hardware platforms. The operating system does not need to include support for user interfaces. Furthermore, the resource constraints in terms of memory and memory mapping hardware support make mechanisms such as virtual memory either unnecessary or impossible to implement. TinyOS [TinyOS] is possibly the first operating system specifically designed for wireless sensor networks. Unlike most other operating systems, TinyOS is based on an event-driven programming model instead of multithreading. TinyOS programs are composed into event handlers and tasks with run to completion-semantics. When an external event occurs, such as an incoming data packet or a sensor reading, TinyOS calls the appropriate event handler to handle the event. The TinyOS system and programs are both written in a special programming language called nesC [nesC] which is an extension to the C programming language. NesC is designed to detect race conditions between tasks and event handlers. There are also operating systems that allow programming in C. Examples of such operating systems include Contiki [Contiki], and MANTIS. Contiki is designed to support loading modules over the network and supports run-time loading of standard ELF files. The Contiki kernel is event-driven, like TinyOS, but the system supports multithreading on a per-application basis. Unlike the event-driven Contiki kernel, the MANTIS kernel is based on preemptivemultithreading. With preemptive multithreading, applications do not need to explicitly yield the microprocessor to other processes.1.4 Introduction to Wireless Sensor NodeA sensor node, also known as a mote, is a node in a wireless sensor network that is capable of performing processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network. Sensor node should be in small size, consuming extremely low energy, autonomous and operate unattended, and adaptive to the environment. As wireless sensor nodes are micro-electronic sensor device, they can only be equipped with a limited power source. The main components of a sensor node include sensors, microcontroller, transceiver, and power source. Sensors are hardware devices that can produce measurable response to a change in a physical condition such as light density and sound density. The continuous analog signal collected by the sensors is digitized by Analog-to-Digital converter. The digitized signal is then passed to controllers for further processing. Most of the theoretical work on WSNs considers Passive and Omni directional sensors. Passive and Omni directional sensors sense the data without actually manipulating the environment with active probing, while no notion of “direction” involved in these measurements. Commonly people deploy sensor for detecting heat (e.g. thermal sensor), light (e.g. infrared sensor), ultra sound (e.g. ultrasonic sensor), or electromagnetism (e.g. magneticsensor). In practice, a sensor node can equip with more than one sensor. Microcontroller performs tasks, processes data and controls the operations of other components in the sensor node. The sensor node is responsible for the signal processing upon the detection of the physical events as needed or on demand. It handles the interruption from the transceiver. In addition, it deals with the internal behavior, such as application-specific computation.The function of both transmitter and receiver are combined into a single device know as transceivers that are used in sensor nodes. Transceivers allow a sensor node to exchange information between the neighboring sensors and the sink node (a central receiver). The operational states of a transceiver are Transmit, Receive, Idle and Sleep. Power is stored either in the batteries or the capacitors. Batteries are the main source of power supply for the sensor nodes. Two types of batteries used are chargeable and non-rechargeable. They are also classified according to electrochemical material used for electrode such as NiCd(nickel-cadmium), NiZn(nickel-zinc), Nimh(nickel metal hydride), and Lithium-Ion. Current sensors are developed which are able to renew their energy from solar to vibration energy. Two major power saving policies used areDynamic Power Management (DPM) and Dynamic V oltage Scaling (DVS). DPM takes care of shutting down parts of sensor node which arenot currently used or active. DVS scheme varies the power levels depending on the non-deterministic workload. By varying the voltage along with the frequency, it is possible to obtain quadratic reduction in power consumption.1.5 ChallengesThe major challenges in the design and implementation of the wireless sensor network are mainly the energy limitation, hardware limitation and the area of coverage. Energy is the scarcest resource of WSN nodes, and it determines the lifetime of WSNs. WSNs are meant to be deployed in large numbers in various environments, including remote and hostile regions, with ad-hoc communications as key. For this reason, algorithms and protocols need to be lifetime maximization, robustness and fault tolerance and self-configuration. The challenge in hardware is to produce low cost and tiny sensor nodes. With respect to these objectives, current sensor nodes usually have limited computational capability and memory space. Consequently, the application software and algorithms in WSN should be well-optimized and condensed. In order to maximize the coverage area with a high stability and robustness of each signal node, multi-hop communication with low power consumption is preferred. Furthermore, to deal with the large network size, the designed protocol for a large scale WSN must be distributed.1.6 Research IssuesResearchers are interested in various areas of wireless sensor network, which include the design, implementation, and operation. These include hardware, software and middleware, which means primitives between the software and the hardware. As the WSNs are generally deployed in the resources-constrained environments with battery operated node, the researchers are mainly focus on the issues of energy optimization, coverage areas improvement, errors reduction, sensor network application, data security, sensor node mobility, and data packet routing algorithm among the sensors. In literature, a large group of researchers devoted a great amount of effort in the WSN. They focused in various areas, including physical property, sensor training, security through intelligent node cooperation, medium access, sensor coverage with random and deterministic placement, object locating and tracking, sensor location determination, addressing, energy efficient broadcasting and active scheduling, energy conserved routing, connectivity, data dissemination and gathering, sensor centric quality of routing, topology control and maintenance, etc.中文译文移动目标点数与红外传感器网络摘要无线传感器网络(WSN)已成为最近的一个研究热点。
无线传感器网络中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文对照翻译基于网络共享的无线传感网络设计摘要：无线传感器网络是近年来的一种新兴发展技术，它在环境监测、农业和公众健康等方面有着广泛的应用。
在发展中国家，无线传感器网络技术是一种常用的技术模型。
由于无线传感网络的在线监测和高效率的网络传送，使其具有很大的发展前景，然而无线传感网络的发展仍然面临着很大的挑战。
其主要挑战包括传感器的可携性、快速性。
我们首先讨论了传感器网络的可行性然后描述在解决各种技术性挑战时传感器应产生的便携性。
我们还讨论了关于孟加拉国和加利尼亚州基于无线传感网络的水质的开发和监测。
关键词：无线传感网络、在线监测1.简介无线传感器网络，是计算机设备和传感器之间的桥梁，在公共卫生、环境和农业等领域发挥着巨大的作用。
一个单一的设备应该有一个处理器，一个无线电和多个传感器。
当这些设备在一个领域部署时，传感装置测量这一领域的特殊环境。
然后将监测到的数据通过无线电进行传输，再由计算机进行数据分析。
这样，无线传感器网络可以对环境中各种变化进行详细的观察。
无线传感器网络是能够测量各种现象如在水中的污染物含量，水灌溉流量。
比如，最近发生的污染涌流进中国松花江，而松花江又是饮用水的主要来源。
通过测定水流量和速度，通过传感器对江水进行实时监测，就能够确定污染桶的数量和流动方向。
不幸的是，人们只是在资源相对丰富这个条件下做文章，无线传感器网络的潜力在很大程度上仍未开发，费用对无线传感器网络是几个主要障碍之一，阻止了其更广阔的发展前景。
许多无线传感器网络组件正在趋于便宜化（例如有关计算能力的组件），而传感器本身仍是最昂贵的。
正如在在文献[5]中所指出的，成功的技术依赖于共享技术的原因是个人设备的大量花费。
然而，大多数传感器网络研究是基于一个单一的拥有长期部署的用户，模式不利于分享。
该技术管理的复杂性是另一个障碍。
大多数传感器的应用，有利于这样的共享模型。
我们立足本声明认为传感器可能不需要在一个长时间单一位置的原因包括：（1）一些现象可能出现变化速度缓慢，因此小批量传感器可进行可移动部署，通过测量信号，充分捕捉物理现象（2）可能是过于密集，因此多余的传感器可被删除。
zigbee无线传感器网络英文文献
zigbee无线传感器网络英文文献兰州交通大学毕业设计(英文文献)Zigbee Wireless Sensor Network in Environmental MonitoringApplicationsI. ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGYZigbee is a wireless standard based on IEEE802.15.4 that was developed to address theunique needs of most wireless sensing and control applications. Technology is low cost, low power, a low data rate, highly reliable, highly secure wireless networking protocol targeted towards automation and remote control applications. It’s depicts two keyperformance characteristics – wireless radio range and data transmission rate of the wireless spectrum. Comparing to other wireless networking protocols such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, UWB and so on, shows excellent transmission ability in lower transmission rate and highly capacity of network.A. Zigbee FrameworkFramework is made up of a set of blocks called layers. Each layer performs a specificset of services for the layer above. As shown in Fig.1. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard definesthe two lower layers: the physical (PHY) layer and the medium access control (MAC) layer. The Alliance builds on this foundation by providingthe network and security layer and the framework for the application layer.Fig.1 FrameworkThe IEEE 802.15.4 has two PHY layers that operate in two separate frequency ranges: 868/915 MHz and 2.4GHz. Moreover, MAC sub-layer controls access to the radio channel using a CSMA-CA mechanism. Its responsibilities may also include transmitting beacon frames, synchronization, and providing a reliable transmission mechanism. B. Zigbee’s TopologyThe network layer supports star, tree, and mesh topologies, as shown in Fig.2. In a startopology, the network is controlled by one single device called coordinator. The coordinator1兰州交通大学毕业设计(英文文献)is responsible for initiating and maintaining the devices on the network. All other devices, known as end devices, directly communicate with the coordinator. In mesh and tree topologies, the coordinator is responsible for starting the network and for choosing certain key network parameters, but the network may be extended through the use ofrouters. In tree networks, routers move data and control messagesthrough the network using a hierarchical routing strategy. Mesh networks allow full peer-to-peer communication.Fig.2 Mesh topologiesFig.3 is a network model, it shows that supports both single-hopstar topology constructed with one coordinator in the center and the end devices, and mesh topology. In the network, the intelligent nodes are composed by Full Function Device (FFD) and Reduced Function Device (RFD). Only the FFN defines the full functionality and can become a network coordinator. Coordinator manages the network, it is to say that coordinator can start a network and allow other devices to join or leave it. Moreover, it can provide binding and address-table services, andsave messages until they can be delivered.Fig.3 Zigbee network model2兰州交通大学毕业设计(英文文献)II. THE GREENHOUSE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGSYSTEM DESIGNTraditional agriculture only use machinery and equipment which isolating and no communicating ability. And farmers have to monitor crops’ growth by themselves. Even ifsome people use electrical devices, but most of them were restricted to simple communication between control computer and end devices like sensors instead of wire connection, which couldn’t be strictly defined as wireless sensor network. Therefore, bythrough using sensor networks and, agriculture could become more automation, more networking and smarter.In this project, we should deploy five kinds of sensors in the greenhouse basement. By through these deployed sensors, the parameters such as temperature in the greenhouse, soil temperature, dew point, humidity and light intensity can be detected real time. It is key to collect different parameters from all kinds of sensors. And in the greenhouse, monitoring the vegetables growing conditions is the top issue. Therefore, longer battery life and lower data rate and less complexity are very important. From the introduction about above, we know that meet the requirements for reliability, security, low costs and low power.A. System OverviewThe overview of Greenhouse environmental monitoring system, which is made up by one sink node (coordinator), many sensor nodes, workstation and database. Mote node and sensor node together composed of each collecting node. When sensors collect parameters real time, such as temperature in the greenhouse, soil temperature, dew point, humidity and light intensity, these data will be offered to A/D converter, then by through quantizing and encoding become the digital signal that is able to transmit by wireless sensor communicating node. Each wireless sensor communicating node has ability of transmitting, receiving function.In this WSN, sensor nodes deployed in the greenhouse, which can collect real time data and transmit data to sink node (Coordinator) by the way of multi-hop. Sink node complete the task of data analysis and data storage. Meanwhile, sink node is connected with GPRS/CDMA can provide remote control and data download service. In the monitoring and controlling room, by running greenhouse management software, the sink node can periodically receives the data from the wireless sensor nodes and displays them on monitors.3兰州交通大学毕业设计(英文文献)B. Node Hardware DesignSensor nodes are the basic units of WSN. The hardware platform is made up sensor nodes closely related to the specific application requirements. Therefore, the most important work is the nodes design which can perfect implement the function of detecting and transmissionas a WSN node, and perform its technology characteristics. Fig.4 shows the universal structure of the WSN nodes. Power module provides the necessary energy for the sensor nodes. Data collection module is used to receive and convert signals of sensors. Data processing and control module’s functions are node device control, task scheduling, and energy computing and so on. Communication module is used to senddata between nodes and frequency chosen and so on.Fig.4 Universal structure of the wsn nodesIn the data transfer unit, the module is embedded to match the MAC layer and the NET layer of the protocol. We choose CC2430 as the protocol chips, which integrated the CPU,RF transceiver, net protocol and the RAM together. CC2430 uses an 8 bit MCU (8051), andhas 128KB programmable flash memory and 8KB RAM. It also includesA/D converter, some Timers, AES128 Coprocessor, Watchdog Timer, 32K crystal Sleep mode Timer, Poweron Reset, Brown out Detection and 21 I/Os. Based on the chips, many modules for theprotocol are provided. And the transfer unit could be easily designed based on the modules.As an example of a sensor end device integrated temperature, humidity and light, the design is shown in Fig. 5.4兰州交通大学毕业设计(英文文献)Fig.5 The hardware design of a sensor nodeThe SHT11 is a single chip relative humidity and temperature multi sensor module comprising a calibrated digital output. It can test the soil temperature and humidity. The DS18B20 is a digital temperature sensor, which has 3 pins and data pin can link MSP430directly. It can detect temperature in greenhouse. The TCS320 is a digital light sensor.SHT11, DS18B20 and TCS320 are both digital sensors with small size and low powerconsumption. Other sensor nodes can be obtained by changing the sensors.The sensor nodes are powered from onboard batteries and the coordinator also allows to be powered from an external power supply determined by a jumper.C. Node Software DesignThe application system consists of a coordinator and several end devices. The general structure of the code in each is the same, with an initialization followed by a main loop.The software flow of coordinator, upon the coordinator being started, the first action of the application is the initialization of the hardware, liquid crystal, stack and application variables and openingthe interrupt. Then a network will be formatted. If this net has been formatted successfully, some network information, such as physical address, net ID, channel number will be shown on the LCD. Then program will step into application layer and monitor signal. If there is end device or router want to join in this net, LCD will shown this information, and show the physical address of applying node, and the coordinator will allocate a net address to this node. If the node has been joined in this network, the data transmitted by this node will be received by coordinator and shown in the LCD.The software flow of a sensor node, as each sensor node is switched on, it scans all5兰州交通大学毕业设计(英文文献)channels and, after seeing any beacons, checks that the coordinatoris the one that it is looking for. It then performs a synchronizationand association. Once association is complete, the sensor node enters a regular loop of reading its sensors and putting out a frame containing the sensor data. If sending successfully, end device will step into idle state; by contrast, it will collect data once again and send to coordinator until sending successfully.D. Greenhouse Monitoring Software DesignWe use VB language to build an interface for the test and this greenhouse sensor network software can be installed and launched on any Windows-based operating system. It has 4dialog box selections: setting controlling conditions, setting Timer, setting relevant parameters and showing current status. By setting some parameters, it can perform the functions of communicating with port,data collection and data viewing.6兰州交通大学毕业设计(英文文献)无线传感器网络在环境监测中的应用Zigbee技术I. Zigbee是一种基于802.15.4的无线标准上被开发用来满足大多数无线传感ZigbeeIEEE和控制应用的独特需求。
ZigBee论文：无线网络IEEE802.15.4ATMEGA16LCC2420
ZigBee论文：无线网络IEEE802.15.4ATMEGA16LCC2420【提示】本文仅提供摘要、关键词、篇名、目录等题录内容。
为中国学术资源库知识代理，不涉版权。
作者如有疑义，请联系版权单位或学校。
【摘要】无线传感器网络是由大量分布的不同规格和功能的具有感知、计算和通信能力的微型传感器节点通过自组织的方式构成的一个以数据为中心的无线网络。
大量传感器节点通过相互之间的分工协作，可实时感知、监测和采集分布区域内的监测对象或周围环境的信息。
ZigBee技术是一种近距离、低复杂度、低功耗、低数据传输速率、低成本的双向无线通信技术，在组织无线传感器网络中有着极其重要的研究价值。
本文分析ZigBee的基本理论和组网方式，结合目前已有的传感器技术，提出了用于温湿度监测的无线传感器网络系统方案。
系统中传感器采集网络由分布在大型仓库中的传感器节点组成，采集温湿度等环境变量信息。
每个传感器节点均带有液晶显示功能，中心节点接收各个传感器节点发送的数据，并显示、分析和存储。
本文完成了主节点以ATMEGA16L和CC2420分别作为主控部分和传输芯片，LCD1286作为显示屏的多点无线温湿度监测系统，基本达到预期效果。
【关键词】ZigBee；无线网络；IEEE802.15.4；ATMEGA16L；CC2420；【篇名】基于ZigBee的仓储监测系统的设计【目录】基于ZigBee的仓储监测系统的设计摘要3-4Abstract4第一章绪论7-13 1.1 课题背景及现状7-8 1.2 无线传感器网络的特点8-10 1.2.1 无线传感器网络体系结构8-9 1.2.2 无线传感器节点体系结构9-10 1.2.3 无线传感器网络的特点10 1.3 无线传感器网络的关键技术10-13第二章 IEEE802.15.4标准与ZIGBEE技术13-23 2.1 IEEE802.1 5.4/ZIGBEE概述13-15 2.1.1 ZigBee技术联盟13 2.1.2IEEE802.15.4/ZigBee主要技术特点13-14 2.1.3IEEE802.15.4/ZigBee技术与其他无线技术比较14-15 2.2 IEEE802.15.4/ZIGBEE协议架构15-20 2.2.1 物理层(PHY)15-17 2.2.2 介质接入控制子层(MAC层)17-18 2.2.3 网络层18-19 2.2.4 应用层19-20 2.3 IEEE802.15.4/ZIGBEE路由描述20-23 2.3.1 ZigBee路由(ZigBeeRouting，ZBR)20-21 2.3.2 Cluster-tree21 2.3.3AODVjr21-23第三章系统总体设计方案23-25 3.1 系统功能描述23 3.2 方案论证23-24 3.3 设计方案24-25第四章系统硬件设计25-39 4.1 AVR简介25-27 4.1.1 AVR单片机简介25 4.1.2 ATmega16L简介25 4.1.3 ATEMEGA16L的SPI功能25-27 4.2 CC2420技术特点27-33 4.2.1 无线收发模块CC2420的结构特点28 4.2.2 CC2420内部结构28-29 4.2.3 CC2420外围电路29-30 4.2.4 CC2420处理器接口30-31 4.2.5 CC2420内部寄存器31-33 4.2.6 CC2420内部RAM读写33 4.3 温湿度传感器电路设计33-36 4.3.1 SHT11的结构特点34-35 4.3.2 SHT11的性能特点35 4.3.3 温湿度值的计算35-36 4.3.4 温湿度寄存器使用说明36 4.4 显示部分36-39 4.4.1 液晶显示模块LCD12864结构特点37 4.4.2 液晶显示模块LCD12864读写时序37-38 4.4.3 单片机与液晶模块电路设计38-39第五章系统软件设计39-47 5.1 星形网络拓扑实现39 5.1.1 星形网络简介39 5.1.2 星形网络节点硬件实现39 5.2 星形网络节点程序实现39-47 5.2.1 初始化流程39-43 5.2.2 数据发送接收流程43-47第六章系统测试过程与测试47-55 6.1 编译软件的使用47-48 6.2 液晶调试48-50 6.3 SHT11的调试50 6.4 两点之间的通信调试50-52 6.5 三个节点组网测试52-55第七章结论与展望55-57致谢57-59参考文献59-61攻读硕士期间发表的学术论文及参与项目61-62。
电子信息及自动化 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 基于ZigBee无线传感器网络的矿工的位置探测研究
基于ZigBee无线传感器网络的矿工的位置探测研究张秀萍, 韩广杰, 朱昌平, 窦燕, 陶剑锋河海大学计算机与信息工程学院中国常州E-mail:zhangxiup@ Zhucp315@摘要：随着计算机的飞速发展，通信和网络技术，特别是无线传感器和嵌入式技术的应用，使得无线传感器网络（WSNs）技术在产业领域和我们的日常生活得到了广泛关注。
基于ARM7TDMI-S CPU和ZigBee 的WSNs在提速和优化网络移动节点的应用，丰富的信息采集中，以及在通信中实时时间的协调均有可取之处，具有低功耗连续作业特点，因此它是非常适合用于确定矿工在地下的位置。
本文提出和分划WSN的网络计划及信息处理与通信技术，重点专注于实时协作。
通过传感器准确获得矿工的移动信息。
之后的位置信息传送可靠的监控中心。
不断变化的运行测试结果表明没有信息丢失或者没有未被采集到的信息。
因此，这个计划是稳定和有效的，将在煤矿安全中发挥积极作用，在我看来这正是Zigbee 无线传感器网络的正确特点。
关键词：ZigBee的ARM7TDMI-S内核; CC2420的; 无线传感器网络;矿工位置确定一、简介无线传感器网络（WSNs）是规模大，无线自组织网络。
它是整合计算机通信，网络技术，嵌入式MCU和无线传感器技术，具有感知和沟通能力。
【1】节点有低低成本，小尺寸特点。
其中大部分可以工作区域传播，收集数据，并进行处理数据和通信。
无线传感器节点通常工作在无线电频率（RF）频段。
节点构成一个分层架构现场监测数据的网络。
它通常适用在工业，农业，远程医疗和环境监测。
我们都知道，煤炭生产中的威胁复杂的工作条件，如有毒气体，透水，塌陷，顶板等。
【2】一旦发生事故发生时，它会危及矿工的生命。
因此它是地面人员的当务之急，要明确矿工的确切位置，以便为及时采取措施。
因此为矿工成立一个无线传感器网络监控矿井有很大的应用价值。
二、方案优选矿工的位置监测系统主要技术规范要求归纳如下：（1）定位精度为10米。
无线传感器网络英文摘要与翻译
AbstractA1（1）In the recent years, as the rapid development of MEMS, wireless communication network, embedded system, and the interaction of all kinds of new technologies, many new modes of information obtaining and process come into being. A2（2）Wireless sensor network (WSN) is one of them. A2（3）WSN can be used to monitor the environments, the machines and even the people; hence “ubiquitous computing” will come true. A2（4）WSN has wide application fields, so it has been paid high attention by the military, the academes, and the industrial from all over the world. A2（5）Meanwhile, this provides many challenges in the academe foundations and technologies.A3（6）This dissertation introduces the recent researches on WSN, and analyzes its key technologies：the setup of wireless communication network, the design and implementation of network nodes and the design steps of WSN, in an architecture view.A4（7）By analyzing and comparing, ZigBee technology is adopted to setup wireless communication network. A4（8）The topology of the network and hierarchical protocol stacks are designed. A4（9）The embedded network nodes are designed and developed, and the hardware and software are implemented. A4（10）An experimental WSN is deployed and the experimental data is collected and analyzed. A5（11）Finally, a typical example of wireless sensor network, personnelidentification and positioning system in mine, is presented. Keywords: Wireless sensor network, Embedded systems, IEEE802.15.4 protocols, ZigBee摘要近年来，随着微机电系统(MEMS)、无线通信网络和嵌入式系统等技术的飞速发展，各种新技术的融合，出现了许多信息获取和处理的新模式，无线传感器网络就是其中一例。
无线传感器网络应用文章英文
无线传感器网络应用文章(英文) Wireless Sensor Network ApplicationsIntroduction:Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential for numerous applications in various fields. A WSN consists of a large number of small, low-cost sensor nodes that are wirelessly connected to monitor physical or environmental conditions. These nodes can collect, process, and transmit data to a central base station for further analysis. This article aims to explore some of the most promising applications of WSNs.Environmental Monitoring:One of the most common applications of WSNs is environmental monitoring. These networks can be deployed in remote or hazardous areas to monitor parameters such as temperature, humidity, air pollution, and water quality. For instance, in forest fire detection, sensor nodes can detect abnormal temperature increases and transmit an alert to authorities, enabling timely intervention. In agriculture, WSNs can monitor soil moisture levels and provide farmers with real-time data to optimize irrigation.Healthcare:WSNs have also found applications in the healthcare industry. They can be used to monitor vital signs of patients, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. Sensor nodes attached to patients can wirelessly transmit data to healthcare professionals, enabling continuous monitoring and early detection of any abnormalities. WSNs areparticularly useful in remote patient monitoring, allowing patients to receive medical attention from the comfort of their homes.Smart Homes and Buildings:WSNs can play a crucial role in creating smart homes and buildings. By deploying sensor nodes throughout a building, various parameters such as temperature, lighting, occupancy, and energy consumption can be monitored and controlled. This enables energy-efficient operations by optimizing heating, cooling, and lighting systems based on real-time data. Additionally, WSNs can enhance security by detecting unauthorized access or unusual activities within a building.Industrial Automation:WSNs are widely used in industrial automation to monitor and control different processes. For example, in manufacturing plants, sensor nodes can collect data on machine performance, temperature, and vibration levels, allowing for preventive maintenance and reducing downtime. WSNs can also be used for inventory management, tracking the movement of goods within a warehouse, and ensuring timely restocking.Traffic Management:WSNs can significantly contribute to improving traffic management in urban areas. By deploying sensor nodes along roads, real-time traffic data, such as vehicle density and speed, can be collected. This information can be used to optimize traffic signal timings, detect congestion, and provide drivers with alternative routes, reducingoverall travel time and fuel consumption. WSNs also enable the implementation of intelligent transportation systems, enhancing safety and reducing accidents.Conclusion:Wireless Sensor Networks have found numerous applications in various fields, ranging from environmental monitoring to healthcare, smart homes, industrial automation, and traffic management. These networks offer a cost-effective and scalable solution for collecting and analyzing datain real-time. As technology continues to advance, it is expected thatthe applications of WSNs will continue to expand, revolutionizing different industries and improving the quality of life for people around the world.。
ZigBee外文文献加翻译
A Coal Mine Environmental Monitor System with LocalizationFunction Based on ZigBee-Compliant PlatformDongxuan YangCollege of Computer and InformationEngineeringBeijing Technology and BusinessUniversityBeijing, ChinaYan ChenCollege of Computer and InformationEngineeringBeijing Technology and BusinessUniversityBeijing, China*****************Kedong WangCollege of Computer and InformationEngineeringBeijing Technology and BusinessUniversityBeijing, ChinaAbstract—This paper describes and implements a new type of coal mine safety monitoring system, it is a kind of wireless sensor network system based on ZigBee technology. The system consists of two parts underground and surface. Wireless sensor networks are constituted by fixed nodes, mobile nodes and a gateway in underground. PC monitoring software is deployed in the surface. The system can not only gather real-time environmental data for mine, but also calculate the real-time location of mobile nodes worn by miners.Keywords：ZigBee; localization; wireless sensor networks; coal MineI.RESEARCH STATUSAs an important energy, coal plays a pivotal role in the economic development. Coal mine monitoring system, is the important guarantee for coal mine safety and high efficiency production [1]. In order to ensure the safe operation, the installation of environment monitoring node in tunnels to real-time detection is very important. However, commonly used traditional monitoring node wired connection to obtain communication with the control system, this node exist wiring difficulties, expensive and other shortcomings. In contrast, wireless sensor node can be easily with current mine monitoring network connection, and good compatibility, facilitate constituted mine gas monitoring network, to suit various size of mine applications. Since wireless nodes are battery powered, so completely out of the shackles of the cable, shorten the construction period can be arranged at any time where the need to use.The ZigBee wireless communication technology is used in this coal mine environmental monitor system. This is a new short-range, low complexity, low power,low data rate, low-cost two-way wireless communication technology [2]. Now, wireless sensor network product based on ZigBee technology are quantity and variety, but the real product can be applied in underground environments of special sensor node is very few[3]. The sensor node that we designed in the system is truly able to apply to in-well environment, it through the wireless sensor node security certification. At the same time, due to the special nature of the wireless network is that it can spread the wireless signal, we can easily locate staff for coal mine safety monitoring provides more protection [4].II. SYSTEM ARCHITECTUREThis system is a comprehensive monitoring system which is combined with software and hardware. Hardware part includes wireless mobile nodes and fixed nodes which were deployed in the underground tunnel, the main function of them is to collect coal mine environment data and require person’s location. Software part refers to the PC monitoring software which is designed in VC++ is used to summarize and display the data of each node. Monitoring node is divided into mobile nodes and fixed nodes; they are using ZigBee protocol for wireless transmission of data. Because the fixed node is also using wireless data transmission method, so it's deployed in the underground roadway becomes very convenient. As the mobile node is carried by the miner, it must be using wireless transmission method. This allows the mine to form a topology of ZigBee wireless sensor network. The fixed node in wireless sensor network is router device and the mobile node carried by miner is the end device. Normally, the router of ZigBee network has no sensor equipment; it is only responsible for data forwarding. But considering the practical application, we believe that add sensor devices on the router will be better on monitoring underground coal mine environment. So in our design, the router also has an environment monitoring function which is usually designed in end device.Fixed node will sent received data from mobile node to the gateway, then the gateway transmits data to monitor computer through RS232 or optical fiber. The PC monitor software in the computer will process all data and display them in a visualization window. The PC software also calculates each mobile node’s real-time location through the specific localization algorithm, according to the received signal strength (RSSI) obtained from mobile nodes.III. NODE DESIGNSince the ZigBee wireless network platform sold on present market was designed for the general environment, for special underground so they are not suitable for the environment. Therefore, we need to customize the system for underground environment whit a special hardware circuit. Node photo are shown in Fig. 1 Then wireless microcontroller CC2530 chip is the core processor of the node device, it can constitute a ZigBee network with very few peripheral circuits. TheCC2530 is an IEEE 802.15.4 compliant true System-on-Chip, supporting theproprietary 802.15.4 market as well as the ZigBee, ZigBee PRO, and ZigBee RF4CE standards. Unlike other wireless chip, CC2530 built-in 8051 monolithic integrated circuits kernel, therefore we no longer need to use a single MCU to control the circuit, and this save us a lot of cost [5].A.Mobile NodeThe mobile node is the end device of a ZigBee network that can be carried by miner; it should be a portable and low power consumption node. So the mobile node we designed is only as small as a mobile phone, and it is by built-in lithium ion battery power supply. In power loss, the core processor CC2530 is a low power consumption chip, when it is in the sleep mode, it only need to use less then 1uA work current. In order to reduce power consumption as much as possible on the display, a 100*32 pixel matrix with no backlighting LCD screen was used. The battery’s capacity of the mobile node is 1500mAh,so it is enough to meet the miner’s long hour works in the underground. The battery charge management chip is TP4057, the maximum charge current can up to 500Ma.Figure 1. Node photo.The mobile node circuit includes the gas concentration sensor MJ4.0 and temperature sensor PT-1000. As far as we know, many wireless sensor platforms use the digital type sensor. The communication between the digital sensor and the MCU need strict timing requirements. But considering the actual application, the wireless MCU usually has a real-time operating system in general, if we use the microcomputer to simulate the strict timing, it will affect the real-time of whole operating system. These two sensors output analog signals not digital signals. Only input this signal into a differential amplifier, can we get an appropriate signal that can be converted to a digital signal by an ADC mode within the CC2530 chip. In order to facilitate the carrying, external antenna was not used in our mobile node, instead ofusing a 2.4GHz patch antenna. And we customize a shell like a cell phone size; it is enough to put all PCBs, sensors and battery in it. Taking into account the small shell of the explosive performance is not very good, the design of PCBs and the selection of component are all carried out the safety assessment.B. Fixed NodeFixed node is installed in the wall of the underground tunnel. Because it is big than the mobile node, it is not appropriate to carry around. The circuit of the fixed node is almost same with the mobile node, it also use a CC2530 chip as core processor. Because of underground tunnels generally deploy with power cable, fixed nodes can use cable power-supply modes. At the same time, because we use wireless signal transmission, the deployment of new fixed nodes become very convenient, which also resolves the problem of the signal lines deployment.As a fixed node, the minor who is doing work may far from it, in order to facilitate the miners observed environmental data around the fixed nodes, it uses LED digital display. At the same time, the large current LED lights and buzzer are designed in the circuit; it makes the fixed node with the function of sound-light alarm. Considering that it may occur the emergency of without electricity, fixed node also built-in a lithium-ion battery. Under normal conditions, lithium-ion battery is in charging status, when external cable disconnect, fixed node is automatic switched to battery power, which can ensure the mobile node can deliver the information through fixed nodes in underground.Without regarding to fixed nodes’ portability, we have a customized shell that has excellent explosion properties, and the internal space is enough to hold down the 2.4 GHz antenna. To ensure safety, all cables and the location of sensors are placed with particular glue sealed, so that it has a good seal.IV.POSITIONING FUNCTIONOne of the important functions of the wireless sensor networks is localization, especially in the underground tunnel, it relates to the safe of the miner's life. Currently most widely used orientation method is GPS satellite positioning, it is a high precision, all-weather and global multifunctional system with the function of radio navigation, positioning and timing. But the GPS positioning method is not suitable for the underground work environment of coal mine, once you enter the underground, it cannot receive satellite signal, thus unable to achieve targeting [6]. We need to consider how to use wireless network to realize positioning function, means using wireless signal between the communications of devices for positioning. The existing distance measuring technology between the wireless-devices basically is the following kinds of methods: TOA, TDOA, AOA and RSSI.About the TOA method, the distance between the two devices is determined by the product of the speed of light and transmission time [7]. Although the precision of this method is accurate, but it require a precise time synchronization, so it demand hardware is higher.TDOA technology need ultrasonic signal，which is setting on a node with receive and transmit function. When measure the distance, it can sent ultrasonic wave and wireless signals together. By measuring the difference between two signals arrival time, we can calculate the distance between two devices [8]. Using this method can also obtain accurate result, but the method need to increase ultrasonic sending and receiving device on the node circuit, it will increase cost.AOA technology needs to install multiple antennas through the nodes so it canobtain adjacent nodes’ signals on deferent directions [9]. With this it can determine the location information from number of adjacent nodes and calculate its own position. This method not only need to add additional hardware, but also it's still very vulnerable to external disturbance, therefore it's not suitable for utilize.RSSI ranging is a cheap and easy technology. By using this method, we don't need to add additional hardware design. We also do not need very precise time requirements. This technique is about with measuring the wireless signals strength in the propagation of the loss, to measure the distance between two nodes. Because of this method requires hardware equipment is less, algorithm is simple, so it has been using in many wireless communication field. Comprehensive all conditions, positioning on the use of RSSI ranging technique.A. Hardware Location EngineThe CC2431 wireless microcontroller chip produced by TI Company has a hardware location engine. From the software's point of view, CC2431’s hardware location engine has a very simple API interface, as long as writing the necessary parameters and waiting for calculation, it can read the location results [10].The hardware location engine is also based on RSSI technology. The localization system includes reference nodes and blind nodes. The reference node is a fixed node that located in a known position, the node know their place and send a packet notifyto other nodes. The blind node receives packets from reference nodes, which can obtains reference nodes’ location and the corresponding RSSI value and put them into the hardware location engine, and then the blind node’s location can be read from the engine [11].On the surface, using the CC2431 hardware location engine targeting the program as a good choice, but considering the practical application, it will encounter the following problems. First of all, we have choose the CC2530 as the main chip of fixed nodes of the system, its internal programs is running in ZigBee2007 protocol, but CC2431 as a early chip, it applies only to ZigBee2006 protocol. In the communications between CC2431 and CC2530 that will have compatibility problems. Secondly, CC2431 hardware location engine use the distributed computing, all mobile nodes’ location are calculated by themselves, and then they upload information to the gateway node, this will not only occupy the mobile node processing time, still it can take up more network resources. For this reason, we have to shelve this approach, consider how to implement location by using CC2530 chip.B. Software Location EngineIf we want to use CC2530 to implement location function, that we must write software location engine by ourselves. Because that chip do not have a hardware location engine inside of it. This software location engine is still used RSSI technology; meanwhile mobile node position is calculated by the PC software, so asto reduce the burden of mobile node computing. To calculate the mobile node location, there must be at least three reference nodes. We will regard router nodes as reference nodes in network, and record the X, Y coordinates of every reference node. Then we let the mobile node send signal to each reference node, so that each reference node can obtain a RSSI values, with these parameters, we can use trilateral measurement method to calculate the specified location of the mobile node. The simpler way give the mobile node to broadcast way to send data, then around it every router node would receive the data from the mobile node, thus obtains RSSI values. Once the mobile node number increasing network, this method will make router nodes more burden, because the every radio message that the router node receives will transmit from the low layer to the top layer. Finally the application layer will analyze data packets. Infact, the mobile node need not to broadcast transmitted data, other routing node can also receive the mobile node packets. Only child mobile nodes of the router node will continue to transmit the packet forwarding upward, the other router nodes will shield out the packet in the bottom of the protocol.In order to let all router nodes can receive the packet which sending by mobile nodes, and send its RSSI values up to the gateway node, we need to modify the relevant function in Z- Stack protocol which is provided by TI. First we find the function named afIncomingData, it deals with the received data from the bottom of protocol, in which we add some code that can obtain packet’s RSSI value. Then through the osal_set_event function to add and send an eventMY_RSSI_REPORT_EVT of RSSI value task to OSAL polling system. This event’s corresponding function will be executed in the task of OSAL interrupt-driven function, thus the mobile node corresponding RSSI values will be sent to gateway node. Through this method, the packet will only be processed by bottom function of the protocol. According to this method we can obtain corresponding RSSI value and save the computation time of mobile nodes.In fact, this software location engine is not implementing with a single mobile node, but through the operation of the whole system to achieve. By which the mobile node is only responsible for sending unicast packets. The mobile node’s parent router node is responsible to forward the packet to the gateway. Other router nodes are not responsible for forwarding this packet, just clipping the mobile node of RSSI value, then forwarded to the gateway. Finally the gateway bring all RSSI values of the mobile node to PC monitoring software, the corresponding mobile node’s location is calculated. In order to reduce the error, monitoring software will collect 10 times of the RSSI value and take average on it, and then select the nearest value of the three fixed nodes. Finally the trilateral measurement method is used to calculate the location of mobile nodes.V．SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATIONAll software systems embedded in nodes are based on Z-Stack. BecauseZ-Stack is an open-source project, it is very beneficial to the secondary development. These nodes were tested in a real coal mine locate in Shanxi Province. We deployed the fixed node every 50 meters in the tunnel, and also set a fixed node in each entrance of the work area. Because the fixed node have large size digital LED displays, so the display content of the fixed node can be seen far from away the miner. Each miner carries a mobile node, the temperature and gas concentration is displayed on the LCD screen at real-time.The gateway node is placed at the entrance of the mine, through the RS232 cable connected to the monitoring computer in the control room. In this system all packets collected by the gateway node are transmitted to PC through a serial port, and it can save historical data backup to a SQL database. The main function of monitoring software is to display and store the data of every node, and calculates related mobile nodes’ location according to RSSI values. The monitoring software has two main dialog interfaces, one is used to display a two- dimensional profile of the coal mine, and user can see all the miners' working position. Another interface is data displaying interface, and environmental data were shown here. The picture of PC monitoring software is shown in Fig. 2.Figure 2. PC monitoring software.VI．SYSTEM EV ALUATIONThrough repeated testing of the system, we made the system an objective assessment. First is the power consumption assess for node hardware, fixed node’s working voltage is in 9V ~ 24V when the power supplied by cable. The maximum operating current for fixed node is 93mA; the average operating current is 92.2mA. When the power cable was disconnected, fixed node powered by lithium-ion battery. On battery power, the fixed node’s maximum working current is 147mA; average working current is 146.3mA. Fixed nodes can work 8 hours on battery power at least.Another quite important performance is the location function of the system performance. At four different locations of tunnel and working areas, mobile nodes were placed there. Two sets of different average error data were shown in From table 1. Because this system uses RSSI technology and it relies mainly on the signal strength, the signal quality will be affected by interferences. From different locations’ errors we can see that, the error in working areas was larger than it in tunnels, because the tunnel is generally straight, but the shape of the working areas are uncertainty.We gratefully acknowledge Texas Instruments for devices provided to us free of charge. And also thank staffs of XinNuoJin Company for giving us supports onsystem testing.REFERENCES[1] Xinyue Zhong Wancheng Xie. “Wireless sensor network in the coal mineenvironment monitoring“. Coal technology, 2009, Vol. 28, No. 9,pp.102-103. [2] Shouwei Gao. “ZigBee Technology Practice Guide”. Beijing: Beijing Universityof Aeronautics and Astronautics Press , 2009, pp. 27-28.[3] Yang Wang, Liusheng Huang, Wei Yang. “A Novel Real-Time CoalMinerLocalization and Tracking System Based on Self-Organized Sensor Networks”.EURASIP Journal onWireless Communications and Networking, Volume 2010, Article ID 142092.[4] Sang-il Ko, Jong-suk Choi, Byoung-hoon Kim. “Indoor Mobile LocalizationSystem and Stabilization of Localizaion Performance using Pre-filtering”.International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp.204-213, April 2008.[5] .[6] Hawkins Warren, Daku Brian L. F, Prugger Arnfinn F. “Positioning inunderg round mines”. IECON 2006 - 32nd Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics, 2006, pp. 3159-3163.[7] Zhu, Shouhong, Ding, Zhiguo, Markarian Karina. “TOA based jointsynchronization and localization”. 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2010, 2010, Article ID 5502036.[8] Ni Hao, Ren Guangliang, Chang Yilin. “A TDOA location scheme in OFDMbased WMANs”. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,2008, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 1017-1021.[9] Dogançay Kutluyil, Hmam Hatem. “Optimal angular sensor separation for AOAlocalization”. Signal Processing, 2008, Vol. 88, No. 5, pp. 1248-1260.[10] K. Aamodt. “CC2431 Location Engine”. Texas Instruments, Application NoteAN042, SWRA095.[11] Tennina Stefano, Di Renzo Marco, Graziosi Fabio, Santucci Fortunato.“Locating zigbee nodes using the tis cc2431 location engine: A testbed platform and new solutions for positioning estimation of wsns in dynamic indoor environments”. Proc Annu Int Conf Mobile Comput Networking, 2008, pp.37-42.摘要-本文介绍并设计了一个新类型的煤矿安全监控系统，它是一种基于ZigBee 技术的无线传感器网络系统。
无线传感中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文对照翻译译文:无线传感器网络的实现及在农业上的应用1引言无线传感器网络（Wireless Sensor Network ,WSN）就是由部署在监测区域内大量的廉价微型传感器节点组成，通过无线通信方式形成的一个多跳的自组织的网络系统。
其目的是协作地感知、采集和处理网络覆盖区域中感知对象的信息，并发送给观察者。
“传感器、感知对象和观察者”构成了网络的三个要素。
这里说的传感器，并不是传统意义上的单纯的对物理信号进行感知并转化为数字信号的传感器，它是将传感器模块、数据处理模块和无线通信模块集成在一块很小的物理单元，即传感器节点上，功能比传统的传感器增强了许多，不仅能够对环境信息进行感知，而且具有数据处理及无线通信的功能。
借助传感器节点中内置的形式多样的传感器件，可以测量所在环境中的热、红外、声纳、雷达和地震波信号等信号，从而探测包括温度、湿度、噪声、光强度、压力、土壤成分、移动物体的大小、速度和方向等等众多我们感兴趣的物质现象。
无线传感器网络是一种全新的信息获取和信息处理模式。
由于我国水资源已处于相当紧缺的程度,加上全国90%的废、污水未经处理或处理未达标就直接排放的水污染,11%的河流水质低于农田供水标准。
水是农业的命脉,是生态环境的控制性要素,同时又是战略性的经济资源,因此采用水泵抽取地下水灌溉农田,实现水资源合理利用,发展节水供水,改善生态环境,是我国目前精确农业的关键，因此采用节水和节能的灌水方法是当今世界供水技术发展的总趋势。
2无线传感器网络概述2.1无线传感器网络的系统架构无线传感器网络的系统架构如图1所示，通常包括传感器节点、汇聚节点和管理节点。
传感器节点密布于观测区域，以自组织的方式构成网络。
传感器节点对所采集信息进行处理后，以多跳中继方式将信息传输到汇聚节点。
然后经由互联网或移动通信网络等途径到达管理节点。
终端用户可以通过管理节点对无线传感器网络进行管理和配置、发布监测任务或收集回传数据。
无线传感器网络论文 英文版
Wireless sensor networksNowadays,the use of wireless communication is more and more widely.Now I will talk about one of the most widely used wireless communication--Blue Tooth.What is Blue Tooth?Blue Tooth is a kind of technology that support short distance wireless communication. It is divided into two kinds.One is class 1 that the transmission distance is 100 meters ,the other is class2 that the transmission distance is 10 meters.Blue Tooth standard is the IEEE802.15.Bluetooth works at 2.4GHz and its bandwidth up to 3 Mb/s.The convenience of bluetooth are as follows:First of all,the use of Blue Tooth makes the transmission very convenient.W e can transmit data wen and where.Secondly,Blue Tooth is wireless.This make us no need to carry data line anymore.Thirdly,the use of greatly convenient the drivers by using the vehicle Blue Tooth system so that they can make calls when drive a car.Blue Tooth also has many advantages over other style of wireless communication. Above all,Blue Tooth has the on-off function and the state of can be found.Secondly,Blue Tooth has security Settings.Bluetooth need to match, after the success of the pairs can transmit data.Thirdly, Blue Tooth transmit very fast. Transmissionrate can reach 2.4GHz.On the other hand,Blue Tooth also has some shortages.In the home automation and industrial telemetry remote sensing, Bluetooth seems too complex, power consumption, from the past, network size is too small.Otherwise,the high price of Bluetooth impact the using will of customers.Bluetooth is widely used in our daily life. As is known to us all,most of the mobile phones,notebooks and some cars have the function of Blue Tooth. I believe most of the youth must have the experience of using Blue Tooth.Every coin has its two sides,Blue Tooth also has its advantages and its disadvantage,too.Bluetooth is most used on mobile phone,computer and other digital devices these years.I think there are many places where Bluetooth can be used.I believe Bluetooth has a broad application prospect.First,Bluetooth can be used on a wireless electronic locks.This kind of lock has a higher security and applicability.I think this kind lock is very suit for cars.People can use Bluetooth remote control to lock or unlock the car. Bluetooth remote control will be more powerful than other remote controls,for exsample infrared remote control.Second,we can use Bluetooth to build our electronic purses.Whenwe go shopping we can pay the bill without pulling out our purses.The cashier desk will detect your credit card and deducted your bill automatically.In this way we can go to a shop,a hotel,a airline company or a restaurant with ease.Third,Bluetooth system can be used in our household electrics.W e can put Bluetooth system into microwave oven's system,washing machine's system,refrigerator's and air-condition's systems.In this way,we can use a remote control to control all the household electrics.And the Bluetooth system of every electric can feedback its information to network at anytime.The mast can know the running state and control his electrics when and where.In summary,Bluetooth has been widely used in our life.And I believe the use of Bluetooth will be more and more widely. I also believe Bluetooth has a broad prospect.Maybe some of us can devoting themselves to study Bluetooth technology in the near future.。
zigbee相关外文资料及翻译
z i g b e e相关外文资料及翻译(总6页)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除The APL LayerThe application (APL) layer is the highest protocol layer in a ZigBee wireless network. The ZigBee APL layer consists of three sections, shown in Figure : the application support (APS) sublayer, ZigBee Device Objects (ZDO), and the application framework.The application support sublayer (APS) provides an interface between the network layer (NWK) and the application layer (APL). The APS sublayer, similar to all lower layers, supports two types of services: data and management. The APS data service is provided by APS Data Entity (APSDE) and is accessed through the APSDE Service Access Point (SAP). The management capabilities are offered by APS Management Entity (APSME) and are accessed through APSME-SAP.The APS sublayer constants and attributes start with apsc and aps , respectively. The APS attributes are contained in the APS Information Base (APS IB or AIB). The list of APS constants and attributes is provided in the ZigBee specification [3]. Network The application framework in ZigBee is the environment in which application objects are hosted to control and manage the protocol layers in a ZigBee device. Application objects are developed by manufacturers, and that is where a device is customized for various applications. There can be up to 240 application objects in a single device.The application objects use APSDE-SAP to send and receive data between peer application objects ( Figure ). Each application object has a unique endpoint address (endpoint 1 to endpoint 240). The endpoint address of zero is used for the ZDO. To broadcast a message to all application objects, the endpoint address is set to 255. Endpoint addressing allows multiple devices to share the same radio. In the light control example in Section multiple lights were connected to a single radio. Each light has a unique endpoint address and can be turned on and off independently.The ZigBee Device Objects (ZDO) provide an interface between the APS sublayer and the application framework. The ZDO contains the functionalities that are common in all applications operating on a ZigBee protocol stack. For example, it is the responsibility of the ZDO to configure the device in one of three possible logical types of ZigBee coordinator, ZigBee router, or ZigBee end device. The ZDO uses primitives to perform its duties and accesses the APS sublayer Management Entity via APSME-SAP. The application framework interacts with the ZDO through the ZDO public interface.The details of application framework, ZDO, and APS sublayer are reviewed in the following three subsections.The Application Framework The ZigBee standard offers the option to use application profiles in developing an application. The use of an application profile allows further interoperability between the products developed by different vendors for a specific application. For instance, in a light control scenario, if two vendors use the same application profile to develop their products, the switches from one vendor will be able to turn on and turn off the lights manufactured by the other vendor. The application profiles are also referred to as ZigBee profiles.Each application profile is identified by a 16-bit value known as a profile identifier . Only the ZigBee alliance can issue profile identifiers. A vendor that has developed a profile can request a profile identifier from the ZigBee alliance. The ZigBee alliance evaluates the proposed application profile and if it meets the alliance guidelines, a profile identifier willbe issued. The application profiles are named after their corresponding application use. For example, the home automation application profile provides a common platform for vendors developing ZigBee-based products for home automation use.The general structure of an application profile is shown in Figure . The application profile consists of two main components: clusters and device descriptions. A cluster is a set of attributes grouped together. Each cluster is identified by a unique 16-bit number called a cluster identifier . Each attribute in a cluster is also identified by a unique 16bit number known as a attribute identifier . These attributes are used to store data or state values. For example, in a temperature control application, a device that acts as the temperature sensor can store the value of the current temperature in an attribute. Then another device that acts as the furnace controller can receive the value of this attribute and turn on or turn off the furnace accordingly. The application profile does not contain the cluster itself. Instead, the application profile has a list of the cluster identifiers. Each cluster identifier uniquely points to the cluster itself.The other part of an application profile is the device descriptions ( Figure ). The descriptions provide information regarding the device itself. For example, the supported frequency bands of operation, the logical type of the device (coordinator, router, or end device), and the remaining energy of the battery are provided by the device descriptions. Each device description is identified by a 16-bit value. The ZigBee application profile uses the concept of descriptor data structure . In this method, instead of including the data in the application profile, a 16-bit value is kept and acts as a pointer to the location of the data. This pointer is referred to as the data descriptor . When a device discovers the presence of another device in the network, the device descriptions are transferred to provide the essential information regarding the new device. The device descriptions consist of five sections: node descriptor, node power descriptor, simple descriptor, complex descriptor, and user descriptor. The node descriptor provides information such as the node logical type and the manufacturer code. The node power descriptor determines whether the device is battery powered and provides the current level of the battery. The profile identifier and clusters are provided in the simple descriptor . The complex descriptor is an optional part of the device descriptions and contains information such as the serial number and the device model name. Any additional information regarding the device can be included as the user descriptor . The user descriptor can be up to 16 ASCII characters. For example, in a light control application, the user descriptor field of a wall switch installed in a hallway can read Hall switch .The node descriptor fields for ZigBee-2006 are provided in Figure . The node descriptor is a mandatory part of the device descriptions. The logical type can be ZigBee coordinator, router, or end device. The complex descriptor and userdescriptor are optional and if their corresponding fields in the node descriptor are set to zero, they are not provided as part of the device descriptions. The APS flag field determines the APS sublayer capabilities. The frequency band (868 MHz,915MHz, or GHz) is specified in the frequency band field. The MAC capacity flags field is the same as the MAC capacity field presented before in Figure . A manufacturer can request and receive a manufacturer code from the ZigBee alliance. This code is included in the node descriptor. The maximum size of the APS Sublayer Data Unit (ASDU), in octets, is specified in the maximum buffer size field. The maximum size of a single message that can be transferred to or from a node is provided in the maximum transfer size field (in octets). In ZigBeePro, the maximum incoming transfer size and maximum outgoing transfer size are two separate fields (16 bits each).The server mask field provides information regarding the system server capabilities of this node. A server is a device that provides specific services to other devices in the network. If each bit is set to one, the device has the corresponding capability shown in Figure . The trust center is the device trusted by devices within a network to distribute security keys for the purpose of network and end-to-end application configuration management. The security features are reviewed in Section . The primary binding table cache is a device that allows other devices to store their binding tables with it as long as it has storage space left. The binding procedure is further clarified in this subsection. The primary binding table cache can be used to back up the content of binding tables and restore them whenever necessary. A device can choose to keep its own binding table, known as a source binding table , instead of storing it with a primary binding table cache. However, any device can store a backup of the source binding table in the primary biding table cache device and recover it later if necessary.A ZigBee network may have a primary discovery cache device. This device is a ZigBee coordinator or router used to store the descriptors such as node descriptors and power descriptors of some other devices. An end device, for example, that sleeps for long durations can store its descriptors in the primary discovery cache device. If a device in the network tries to locate the information regarding this sleeping end device while the device is inactive, it can get the information from the primary discovery cache device instead. If a network contains sleeping ZigBee end devices, the network must have at least one primary discovery cache device.应用层（APL）是在ZigBee无线网络协议栈中最高的一层。
电子信息工程无线传感器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)基于最长寿命的无线传感器网络连续查询处理摘要监测应用成为无线传感器网络（WSNS）最重要的应用之一。
这类应用通常具有长期运行的复杂查询处理技术且通过传感器流对此处理技术进行评估。
基于无线传感器网络中传感器的能量有限，高效节能查询的评价对于延长系统使用寿命来说是至关重要的—使用期限指的是此网络查询从开始到停止所执行其预定任务的最早时间。
我们通过使用表达式树对复杂查询进行建模。
我们考虑使无线传感器网络的使用期限最大化以达成表达式树T的持续网络内评估，因此可在基站获得其根值。
网络内评估意味着对于算符T的评估可能会推至网络节点且同样意味着对T 进行重复评估（每轮一次）。
持续的网络内T评估需要解决以下问题的两个方面：（1）相对于网络节点的T的运算符，变量和变量的放置（2）以上量值对于适当网络节点的路径选择，网络节点需要使用以上量值评估运算符。
我们对其复杂性进行了分析，并且为T节点在WSN传感器节点上的放置提供了一种简单而有效的算法。
我们所提出的运算符放置算法试图使总传输数据量最小化。
T的放置可引起一定的最大使用期限并行流（MLCF）问题。
我们提供的算法可以找到解决MLCF问题的近优积分方案，其中一种便是收集路径，一定数量的积分流被路由。
我们对于T的持续网络内评估包括以上放置和路由算法。
实验证明，我们的做法能够一贯地、有效地找到对于无线传感网络表达式树的持续网络内评估的最大使用期限解决方案。
2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1.介绍远程监控是无线传感器网络最具有吸引力的应用之一。
像环境监测和建筑监测，它们通常会在兴趣点处通过传感器不断的运行查询数据流。
例如有一种查询应用，可以在火山监测中每五分钟报告当前活动的情况，这是由于传感器的加工和相关表面振动，气压和温度，气体密度的变化，磁场变异等因素所产生的数据流测量，如何让这些因素运用在这些查询中并得到长时间高效地成功处理和操作的无线传感器网络运行是部署的一个重要的问题，有些问题不可行，是由于经常补充传感器电池的能量成本过高。
英文文献翻译(关于zigbee)
英文文献翻译1.1 StandarsWireless sensor standards have been developed with the key design requirement for low power consumption. The standard defines the functions and protocols necessary for sensor nodes to interface with a variety of networks.Someof these standardincludeIEEE802.15.4,ZigBee,WirelessHART,ISA100.11,IETF6LoW-PAN,IE EE802.15.3,Wibree.The follow-ing paragraphs describes these standards in more detail.IEEE802.15.4:IEEE802.15.4[37] is the proposed stan-dard for low rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPAN's).IEEE802.15.4 focuses on low cost of deployment,low complexity, and low power consumption.IEEE802.15.4 is designed for wireless sensor applications that require short range communication to maximize battery life. The standard allows the formation of the star and peer-to-peer topology for communication between net-work devices.Devices in the star topology communicate with a central controller while in the peer-to-peer topol-ogy ad hoc and self-configuring networks can be formed.IEEE802.15.4devices are designed to support the physical and data-link layer protocols.The physical layer supports 868/915 MHz low bands and 2.4 GHz high bands. The MAC layer controls access to the radio channel using the CSMA-CA mechanism.The MAC layer is also responsible for validating frames, frame delivery, network interface, network synchronization, device association, and secure services.Wireless sensor applications using IEEE802.15.4 include residential, industrial, and environment monitor-ing, control and automation.ZigBee [38,39] defines the higher layer communication protocols built on the IEEE 802.15.4 standards for LR-PANs. ZigBee is a simple, low cost, and low power wireless com- munication technology used in embedded applications.ZigBee devices can form mesh networks connecting hun- dreds to thousands of devices together. ZigBee devices use very little power and can operate on a cell battery for many years. There are three types of ZigBee devices:Zig-Bee coordinator,ZigBee router, and ZigBee end device.Zig-Bee coordinator initiates network formation,stores information, and can bridge networks together. ZigBee routers link groups of devices together andprovide mul-ti-hop communication across devices. ZigBee end devic consists of the sensors, actuators, and controllers that col-lects data and communicates only with the router or the coordinator. The ZigBee standard was publicly available as of June 2005.WirelessHART:The WirelessHART[40,41] standard pro-vides a wireless network communication protocol for pro-cess measurement and control applications.The standard is based on IEEE802.15.4 for low power 2.4 GHz operation. WirelessHART is compatible with all existing devices, tools, and systems. WirelessHART is reliable, secure, and energy efficient. It supports mesh networking,channel hopping, and time-synchronized work com-munication is secure with encryption,verification,authen-tication,and key management.Power management options enable the wireless devices to be more energy effi-cient.WirelessHART is designed to support mesh, star, and combined network topologies. A WirelessHART network consists of wireless field devices,gateways, process auto- mation controller, host applications,and network man-ager.Wireless field devices are connected to process or plant equipment.Gateways enable the communication be-tween the wireless field devices and the host applications.The process automation controller serves as a single con-troller for continuous process.The network manager con-figures the network and schedule communication between devices. It also manages the routing and network traffic. The network manager can be integrated into the gateway, host application, or process automation control-ler. WirelessHART standards were released to the industry in September 2007 and will soon be available in commer- cial products.ISA100.11a: ISA100.11a [42] standard is designed for low data rate wireless monitoring and process automation applications. It defines the specifications for the OSI layer, security, and system management.The standard focuses on low energy consumption,scalability, infrastructure,robustness, and interoperability with other wireless de-vices. ISA100.11a networks use only 2.4 GHz radio and channel hopping to increase reliability and minimize inter-ference.It offers both meshing and star network topolo-gies. ISA100.11a also provides simple, flexible, and scaleable security functionality. 6LoWPAN: IPv6-based Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks [43-45] enables IPv6 packets communica-tion over an IEEE802.15.4 based network.Low power device can communicate directly with IP devices using IP-based protocols. Using 6LoWPAN,low power devices have all the benefits of IPcommunication and management.6LoWPAN standard provides an adaptation layer, new packet format, and address management. Because IPv6 packet sizes are much larger than the frame size of IEEE 802.15.4, an adaptation layer is used. The adaptation layer carries out the functionality for header compression. With header compression, smaller packets are created to fit into an IEEE 802.15.4 frame size. Address management mecha- nism handles the forming of device addresses for commu-nication. 6LoWPAN is designed for applications with low data rate devices that requires Internet communication.IEEE802.15.3:IEEE802.15.3[46] is a physical and MAC layer standard for high data rateWPAN. It is designed to support real-time multi-media streaming of video and mu-sic.IEEE802.15.3 operates on a 2.4 GHz radio and has data rates starting from 11 Mbps to 55 Mbps.The standard uses time division multiple access (TDMA) to ensure quality of service. It supports both synchronous and asynchronous data transfer and addresses power consumption, data rate scalability, and frequency performance. The standard is used in devices such as wireless speakers, portable video electronics, and wireless connectivity for gaming, cordless phones, printers, and televisions.Wibree: Wibree [47] is a wireless communication tech-nology designed for low power consumption, short-range communication, and low cost devices. Wibree allows the communication between small battery-powered devices and Bluetooth devices.Small battery powered devices in-clude watches, wireless keyboard, and sports sensors which connect to host devices such as personal computer or cellular phones. Wibree operates on 2.4 GHz and has a data rate of 1 Mbps. The linking distance between the de-vices is 5-10 m.Wibree is designed to work with Blue-tooth. Bluetooth with Wibree makes the devices smaller and more energy-efficient. Bluetooth-Wibree utilizes the existing Bluetooth RF and enables ultra-low power con-sumption. Wibree was released publicly in October 2006.1.2 IntroductionWireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained world-wide attention in recent years,particularly with the prolif-eration in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMStechnology which has facilitated the development of smart sensors.These sensors are small, with limited processing and computing resources, and they areinexpensive com-pared to traditional sensors. These sensor nodes can sense, measure, and gather information from the environment and, based on some local decision process, they can trans-mit the sensed data to the user.Smart sensor nodes are low power devices equipped with one or more sensors, a processor, memory, a power supply, a radio, and an actuator. 1 A variety of mechanical, thermal, biological, chemical, optical, and magnetic sensors may be attached to the sensor node to measure properties of he environment. Since the sensor nodes have limited memory and are typically deployed in difficult-to-access locations, a radio is implemented for wireless communica- tion to transfer the data to a base station (e.g., a laptop, a personal handheld device, or an access point to a fixed infra-structure). Battery is the main power source in a sensor node. Secondary power supply that harvests power from the environment such as solar panels may be added to the node depending on the appropriateness of the environment where the sensor will be deployed. Depending on the appli- cation and the type of sensors used, actuators may be incor- porated in the sensors.A WSN typically has ittle or no infrastructure. It con-sists of a number of sensor nodes (few tens to thousands) working together to monitor a region to obtain data about the environment. There are two types of WSNs: structured and unstructured. An unstructured WSN is one that con-tains a dense collection of sensor nodes. Sensor nodes 2 may be deployed in an ad hoc manner into the field. Once 2 In ad hoc deployment, sensor nodes may be randomly placed into the deployed, the network is left unattended to perform moni-toring and reporting functions. In an unstructured WSN, net-work maintenance such as managing connectivity and detecting failures is difficult since there are so many nodes. In a structured WSN, all or some of the sensor nodes are de-ployed in a pre-planned manner.3The advantage of a struc-tured network is that fewer nodes can be deployed with lower network maintenance and management cost.Fewer nodes can be deployed now since nodes are placed at spe-cific locations to provide coverage while ad hoc deployment can have uncovered regions.WSNs have great potential for many applications in sce-narios such as military target tracking and surveillance [2,3], natural disaster relief [4], biomedical health monitor- ing [5,6], and hazardous environment exploration and seis-mic sensing [7].Inmilitary target tracking and surveillance, a WSN can assist in intrusion detection and identification. Specific examples include spatially-corre-lated and coordinated troop and tank movements. With natural disasters, sensor nodes can sense and detect the environment to forecast disasters before they occur. In bio-medical applications, surgical implants of sensors can help monitor a patient's health.For seismic sensing, ad hoc deployment of sensors along the volcanic area can detect the development of earthquakes and eruptions.Unlike traditional networks,a WSN has its own design resource constraints.Resource constraints include a limited amount of energy,short communication range, low bandwidth, and limited processing and storage in each node. Design constraints are application dependent and are based on the monitored environment. The environment plays a key role in determining the size of the network, the deployment scheme, and the network topology. The size of the network varies with the monitored environ-ment. For indoor environments, fewer nodes are required to form a network in a limited space whereas outdoor envi-ronments may require more nodes to cover a larger area. An ad hoc deployment is preferred over pre-planned deployment when the environment is inaccessible by hu-mans or when he network is composed of hundreds to thousands of nodes. Obstructions in the environment can also limit communication between nodes, which in turn af-fects the network connectivity (or topology).Research in WSNs aims to meet the above constraints by introducing new design concepts,creating or improving existing protocols, building new applications, and develop-ingnewalgorithms.Inthisstudy,wepresentatop-downap-proach to survey different protocols and algorithms proposed in recent years. Our work differs from other sur-veys as follows:•While our survey is similar to [1], our focus has been to survey the more recent literature.•We address the issues in a WSN both at the individual sensor node level as well as a group level.•We survey the current provisioning, management and control issues in WSNs.These include issues such as localization, coverage, synchronization, network secu-rity, and data aggregation and compression.•We compare and contrast the various types of wireless sensor networks.•Finally, we provide a summary of the current sensor technologies.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 gives an overview of the key issues in a WSN. Section 3 compares the different types of sensor networks. Section 4 discusses several applications of WSNs.Section 5 presents issues in operating system support, supporting standards, storage, and physical testbed. Section 6 summa-rizes the control and management issues. Section 7 classi-fies and compares the proposed physical layer,data-link layer, network layer, and transport layer protocols. Section 8 concludes this paper. Appendix A compares the existing types of WSNs. Appendix B summarizes the sensor tech-nologies. Appendix C compares sensor applications with the protocol stack.1.3 Overview of key issuesCurrent state-of-the-art sensor technology provides a solution to design and develop many types of wireless sen-sor applications. A summary of existing sensor technolo-gies is provided in Appendix A. Available sensors in the market include generic (multi-purpose) nodes and gate- way (bridge) nodes. A generic (multi-purpose) sensor node's task is to take measurements from the monitored environment. It may be equipped with a variety of devices which can measure various physical attributes such as light, temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, veloc-ity, acceleration, acoustics, magnetic field, etc.Gateway (bridge) nodes gather data from generic sensors and relay them to the base station. Gateway nodes have higher pro-cessing capability,battery power, and transmission (radio) range. A combination of generic and gateway nodes is typ-ically deployed to form a WSN.To enable wireless sensor applications using sensor tech-nologies, the range of tasks can be broadly classified into three groups as shown in Fig. 1. The first group is the system. Eachsensor nodeis an individual system.In order to support different application software on a sensor system, develop-ment of new platforms, operating systems, and storage schemes are needed. The second group is communication protocols, which enable communication between the appli-cation and sensors. They also enable communication be-tween the sensor nodes. The last group is services which are developed to enhance the application and to improve system performance and network efficiency.From application requirements and network manage-ment perspectives, it isimportant th asensor nodes are capable of self-organizing themselves. That is, the sensor nodes can organize themselves into a network and subse-quently are able to control and manage themselves effi-ciently. As sensor nodes are limited in power, processing capacity, and storage, new communication protocols and management requirements.The communication protocol consists of five standard protocol layers for packet switching:application layer,transport layer, network layer, data-link layer, and physical layer. In this survey, we study how protocols at different layers address network dynamics and energy efficiency.Functions such as localization, coverage, storage, synchro- nization, security, and data aggregation and compression are explored as sensor network services.Implementation of protocols at different layers in the protocol stack can significantly affect energy consumption, end-to-end delay, and system efficiency. It is important to optimize communication and minimize energy usage. Tra-ditional networking protocols do not work well in a WSN since they are not designed to meet these requirements.Hence, new energy-efficient protocols have been proposed for all layers of the protocol stack. These protocols employ cross-layer optimization by supporting interactions across the protocol layers.Specifically, protocol state information at a particular layer is shared across all the layers to meet the specific requirements of the WSN.As sensor nodes operate on limited battery power, en-ergy usage is a very important concern in a WSN; and there has been significant research focus that revolves around harvesting and minimizing energy. When a sensor node is depleted of energy, it will die and disconnect from the network which can significantly impact the performance of the application. Sensor network lifetime depends on the number of active nodes and connectivity of the net- work, so energy must be used efficiently in order to maxi- mize the network lifetime.Energy harvesting involves nodes replenishing its en-ergy from an energy source. Potential energy sources in- clude solar cells [8,9], vibration [10], fuel cells, acoustic noise, and a mobile supplier [11]. In terms of harvesting energy from the environment [12], solar cell is the current mature technique that harvest energy from light. There is also work in using a mobile energy supplier such as a robot to replenish energy. The robots would be responsible in charging themselves with energy and then deliveringen- ergy to the nodes.Energy conservation in a WSN maximizes network life-time and is addressed through efficient reliable wireless communication, intelligent sensor placement to achieve adequate coverage, security and efficient storage manage-ment, and through data aggregation and data compression. The above approaches aim to satisfy both the energy con-straint and provide quality of service (QoS) 4 for the applica- tion. For reliable communication, services such as congestion control, active buffer monitoring, acknowledge-ments, and packet-loss recovery are necessary to guarantee reliable packet delivery. Communication strength is depen-dent on the placement of sensor nodes. Sparse sensor place-ment may result in long-range transmission and higher energy usage while dense sensor placement may result in short-range transmission and less energy consumption. Cov-erage is interrelated to sensor placement. The total number of sensors in the network and their placement determine the degree of network coverage. Depending on the application, a higher degree of coverage may be required to increase the accuracy of the sensed data. In this survey, we review new protocols and algorithms developed in these areas.1.1 标准协议：无线传感器标准已经发展出关键的设计要求低功率消耗。
Zigbee无线传感器网络英文文献只是分享
Zigbee Wireless Sensor Network in Environmental MonitoringApplicationsI. ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGYZigbee is a wireless standard based on IEEE802.15.4 that was developed to address the unique needs of most wireless sensing and control applications. Technology is low cost, low power, a low data rate, highly reliable, highly secure wireless networking protocol targeted towards automation and remote control applications. It’s depicts two key performance characteristics – wireless radio range and data transmission rate of the wireless spectrum. Comparing to other wireless networking protocols such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, UWB and so on, shows excellent transmission ability in lower transmission rate and highly capacity of network.A. Zigbee FrameworkFramework is made up of a set of blocks called layers.Each layer performs a specific set of services for the layer above. As shown in Fig.1. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines the two lower layers: the physical (PHY) layer and the medium access control (MAC) layer. The Alliance builds on this foundation by providing the network and security layer and the framework for the application layer.Fig.1 FrameworkThe IEEE 802.15.4 has two PHY layers that operate in two separate frequency ranges: 868/915 MHz and 2.4GHz. Moreover, MAC sub-layer controls access to the radio channel using a CSMA-CA mechanism. Its responsibilities may also include transmitting beacon frames, synchronization, and providing a reliable transmission mechanism.B. Zigbee’s TopologyThe network layer supports star, tree, and mesh topologies, as shown in Fig.2. In a star topology, the network is controlled by one single device called coordinator. The coordinatoris responsible for initiating and maintaining the devices on the network. All other devices, known as end devices, directly communicate with the coordinator. In mesh and tree topologies, the coordinator is responsible for starting the network and for choosing certain key network parameters, but the network may be extended through the use of routers. In tree networks, routers move data and control messages through the network using a hierarchical routing strategy. Mesh networks allow full peer-to-peer communication.Fig.2 Mesh topologiesFig.3is a network model, it shows that supports both single-hop star topology constructed with one coordinator in the center and the end devices, and mesh topology. In the network, the intelligent nodes are composed by Full Function Device (FFD) and Reduced Function Device (RFD). Only the FFN defines the full functionality and can become a network coordinator. Coordinator manages the network, it is to say that coordinator can start a network and allow other devices to join or leave it. Moreover, it can provide binding and address-table services, and save messages until they can be delivered.Fig.3 Zigbee network modelII.THE GREENHOUSE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGSYSTEM DESIGNTraditional agriculture only use machinery and equipment which isolating and no communicating ability. And farmers have to monitor crops’ growth by themselves. Even if some people use electrical devices, but most of them were restricted to simple communication between control computer and end devices like sensors instead of wire connection, which couldn’t be strictly defined as wireless sens or network. Therefore, by through using sensor networks and, agriculture could become more automation, more networking and smarter.In this project, we should deploy five kinds of sensors in the greenhouse basement. By through these deployed sensors, the parameters such as temperature in the greenhouse, soil temperature, dew point, humidity and light intensity can be detected real time. It is key to collect different parameters from all kinds of sensors. And in the greenhouse, monitoring the vegetables growing conditions is the top issue. Therefore, longer battery life and lower data rate and less complexity are very important. From the introduction about above, we know that meet the requirements for reliability, security, low costs and low power.A. System OverviewThe overview of Greenhouse environmental monitoring system, which is made up by one sink node (coordinator), many sensor nodes, workstation and database. Mote node and sensor node together composed of each collecting node. When sensors collect parameters real time, such as temperature in the greenhouse, soil temperature, dew point, humidity and light intensity, these data will be offered to A/D converter, then by through quantizing and encoding become the digital signal that is able to transmit by wireless sensor communicating node. Each wireless sensor communicating node has ability of transmitting, receiving function.In this WSN, sensor nodes deployed in the greenhouse, which can collect real time data and transmit data to sink node (Coordinator) by the way of multi-hop. Sink node complete the task of data analysis and data storage. Meanwhile, sink node is connected with GPRS/CDMA can provide remote control and data download service. In the monitoring and controlling room, by running greenhouse management software, the sink node can periodically receives the data from the wireless sensor nodes and displays them on monitors.B. Node Hardware DesignSensor nodes are the basic units of WSN. The hardware platform is made up sensor nodes closely related to the specific application requirements. Therefore, the most important work is the nodes design which can perfect implement the function of detecting and transmission as a WSN node, and perform its technology characteristics. Fig.4 shows the universal structure of the WSN nodes. Power module provides the necessary energy for the sensor nodes. Data collection module is used to receive and convert signals of sensors. Data processing and control module’s functions are node device control, task sche duling, and energy computing and so on. Communication module is used to send data between nodes and frequency chosen and so on.Fig.4 Universal structure of the wsn nodesIn the data transfer unit, the module is embedded to match the MAC layer and the NET layer of the protocol. We choose CC2430 as the protocol chips, which integrated the CPU, RF transceiver, net protocol and the RAM together. CC2430 uses an 8 bit MCU (8051), and has 128KB programmable flash memory and 8KB RAM. It also includes A/D converter, some Timers, AES128 Coprocessor, Watchdog Timer, 32K crystal Sleep mode Timer, Power on Reset, Brown out Detection and 21I/Os. Based on the chips, many modules for the protocol are provided. And the transfer unit could be easily designed based on the modules.As an example of a sensor end device integrated temperature, humidity and light, the design is shown in Fig. 5.Fig.5 The hardware design of a sensor nodeThe SHT11is a single chip relative humidity and temperature multi sensor module comprising a calibrated digital output. It can test the soil temperature and humidity. The DS18B20 is a digital temperature sensor, which has 3 pins and data pin can link MSP430 directly. It can detect temperature in greenhouse. The TCS320is a digital light sensor. SHT11, DS18B20and TCS320are both digital sensors with small size and low power consumption. Other sensor nodes can be obtained by changing the sensors.The sensor nodes are powered from onboard batteries and the coordinator also allows to be powered from an external power supply determined by a jumper.C. Node Software DesignThe application system consists of a coordinator and several end devices. The general structure of the code in each is the same, with an initialization followed by a main loop.The software flow of coordinator, upon the coordinator being started, the first action of the application is the initialization of the hardware, liquid crystal, stack and application variables and opening the interrupt. Then a network will be formatted. If this net has been formatted successfully, some network information, such as physical address, net ID, channel number will be shown on the LCD. Then program will step into application layer and monitor signal. If there is end device or router want to join in this net, LCD will shown this information, and show the physical address of applying node, and the coordinator will allocate a net address to this node. If the node has been joined in this network, the data transmitted by this node will be received by coordinator and shown in the LCD.The software flow of a sensor node, as each sensor node is switched on, it scans allchannels and, after seeing any beacons, checks that the coordinator is the one that it is looking for. It then performs a synchronization and association. Once association is complete, the sensor node enters a regular loop of reading its sensors and putting out a frame containing the sensor data. If sending successfully, end device will step into idle state; by contrast, it will collect data once again and send to coordinator until sending successfully.D. Greenhouse Monitoring Software DesignWe use VB language to build an interface for the test and this greenhouse sensor network software can be installed and launched on any Windows-based operating system. It has 4 dialog box selections: setting controlling conditions, setting Timer, setting relevant parameters and showing current status. By setting some parameters, it can perform the functions of communicating with port, data collection and data viewing.Zigbee无线传感器网络在环境监测中的应用I.Zigbee技术Zigbee是一种基于IEEE802.15.4的无线标准上被开发用来满足大多数无线传感和控制应用的独特需求。
无线传感器网络论文英文版
无线传感器网络论文英文版Wireless Sensor Networks: A Research PaperAbstract:Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged as a revolutionary technology in the field of wireless communication. This research paper aims to provide an overview of WSNs, their applications, challenges, and future prospects.1. Introduction:Wireless Sensor Networks are interconnected nodes that can communicate with each other through wireless protocols. These nodes, equipped with sensors, provide real-time data from physical environments. WSNs have gained significant attention due to their applicability in various industries such as healthcare, agriculture, environmental monitoring, and surveillance.2. Architecture of Wireless Sensor Networks:The architecture of WSNs consists of three main components: sensor nodes, sinks or base stations, and a network infrastructure. Sensor nodes gather information from the environment and transmit it to the sink or base station via multi-hopping or direct transmission. The network infrastructure manages the routing and data aggregation processes.3. Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks:3.1 Environmental Monitoring:WSNs play a crucial role in monitoring environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, air quality, and water quality. This data is essential for environmental research, disaster management, and habitat monitoring.3.2 Healthcare:WSNs have revolutionized the healthcare industry by enabling remote patient monitoring, fall detection, and medication adherence. These networks assist in providing personalized and timely healthcare services.3.3 Agriculture:In the agricultural sector, WSNs are deployed for crop monitoring, irrigation management, and pest control. The data collected by these networks help farmers enhance crop productivity and reduce resource wastage.3.4 Surveillance:WSNs are extensively employed in surveillance systems to monitor public areas, monitor traffic congestion, and ensure public safety. These networks provide real-time data for efficient decision-making and threat detection.4. Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks:4.1 Energy Efficiency:Sensor nodes in WSNs are usually battery-powered, making energy efficiency a critical challenge. Researchers are focused on developing energy-efficient protocols and algorithms to prolong the network's lifespan.4.2 Security and Privacy:As WSNs collect sensitive data, ensuring the security and privacy of transmitted information is crucial. Encryption techniques, intrusion detection systems, and secure routing protocols are being developed to address these concerns.4.3 Scalability:Scalability is a critical challenge in large-scale deployment of WSNs. Designing scalable architectures and protocols enable efficient communication and management of a large number of sensor nodes.5. Future Prospects of Wireless Sensor Networks:The future of WSNs is promising, with advancements in technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Integration of WSNs with IoT devices will enable seamless communication and data exchange. AI algorithms can facilitate intelligent data analysis and decision-making.Conclusion:Wireless Sensor Networks have shown tremendous potential in various fields and continue to evolve with advancements in technology. Addressing energy efficiency, security, and scalability challenges will contribute to the widespread adoption of WSNs. As researchers continue to explore new possibilities, WSNs will become an integral part of our daily lives, transforming industries and enhancing our quality of life.。
2013西邮毕设外文翻译
西安邮电大学英文翻译学院：电子信息工程学院系部：电子与信息工程系专业：电子信息工程班级：.学生姓名：.导师姓名：. 职称：.起止时间：2013年3月4日——2013年6月14日ZigBee: Wireless Technology for Low-Power Sensor NetworksGary Legg5/6/2004 12:00 AM EDTTechnologists have never had trouble coming up with potential applications for wireless sensors. In a home security system, for example, wireless sensors would be much easier to install than sensors that need wiring. The same is true in industrial environments, where wiring typically accounts for 80% of the cost of sensor installations. And then there are applications for sensors where wiring isn't practical or even possible.The problem, though, is that most wireless sensors use too much power, which means that their batteries either have to be very large or get changed far too often. Add to that some skepticism about the reliability of sensor data that's sent through the air, and wireless sensors simply haven't looked very appealing.A low-power wireless technology called ZigBee is rewriting the wireless sensor equation, however. A secure network technology that rides on top of the recently ratified IEEE 802.15.4 radio standard (Figure 1), ZigBee promises to put wireless sensors in everything from factory automation systems to home security systems to consumer electronics. In conjunction with 802.15.4, ZigBee offers battery life of up to several years for common small batteries. ZigBee devices are also expected to be cheap, eventually selling for less than $3 per node by some estimates. With prices that low, they should be a natural fit even in household products like wireless light switches, wireless thermostats, and smoke detectors.Figure 1:ZigBee adds network, security, andapplication-services layers to the PHY and MAC layersof the IEEE 811.15.4 radioAlthough no formal specification for ZigBee yet exists (approval by the ZigBee Alliance, a trade group, should come late this year), the outlook for ZigBee appears bright. Technology research firm In-Stat/MDR, in what it calls a "cautious aggressive" forecast, predicts that sales of 802.15.4 nodes and chipsets will increase from essentially zero today to 165 million units by 2010. Not all of these units will be coupled with ZigBee, but most probably will be. Research firm ON World predicts shipments of 465 million wireless sensor RF modules by 2010, with 77% of them being ZigBee-related.In a sense, ZigBee's bright future is largely due to its low data rates—20 kbps to 250 kbps, depending on the frequency band used (Figure 2)—compared to a nominal 1 Mbps for Bluetooth and 54 Mbps for Wi-Fi's 802.11g technology. But ZigBee won't be sending email and large documents, as Wi-Fi does, or documents and audio, as Bluetooth does. For sending sensor readings, which are typically a few tens of bytes, high bandwidth isn't necessary, and ZigBee's low bandwidth helps it fulfill its goals of low power, low cost, and robustness.Figure 2:ZigBee's data rates range from 20 kbpsto 250 kbps, depending on the frequency usedBecause of ZigBee applications' low bandwidth requirements, a ZigBee node can sleep most of the time, thus saving battery power, and then wake up, send data quickly, and go back to sleep. And, because ZigBee can transition from sleep mode to active mode in 15 msec or less, even a sleeping node can achieve suitably low latency. Someone flipping a ZigBee-enabled wireless light switch, for example, would not be aware of a wake-up delay before the light turns on. In contrast, wake-up delays for Bluetooth are typically around three seconds.A big part of ZigBee's power savings come from the radio technology of 802.15.4, which itself was designed for low power. 802.15.4 uses DSSS (direct-sequence spread spectrum) technology, for example, because the alternative FHSS(frequency-hopping spread spectrum) would have used too much power just in keeping its frequency hops synchronized.ZigBee nodes, using 802.15.4, can communicate in any of several different ways, however, and some ways use more power than others. Consequently, ZigBee users can't necessarily implement a sensor network any way they choose and still expect the multiple-year battery life that is ZigBee's hallmark. In fact, some technologists who are planning very large networks of very small wireless sensors say that even ZigBee is too power hungry for their uses.A ZigBee network node can consume extra power, for example, if it tries to keep its transmissions from overlapping with other nodes' transmissions or with transmissions from other radio sources. The 802.15.4 radio used by ZigBee implements CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access collision avoidance) technology, and a ZigBee node that uses CSMA/CA is essentially taking a listen-before-talk approach to see if any radio traffic is already underway. But, as noted by Venkat Bahl, marketing vice president for sensor company Ember Corp. and vice chairman of the ZigBee Alliance, that's not a preferred approach. "Having to listen burns power," says Bahl, "and we don't like to do that."Another ZigBee and 802.15.4 communications option is the beacon mode, in which normally sleeping network slave nodes wake up periodically to receive a synchronizing "beacon" from the network's control node. But listening for a beacon wastes power, too, particularly because timing uncertainties force nodes to turn on early to avoid missing a beacon.In-Your-Face CommunicationTo save as much power as possible, ZigBee employs a talk-when-ready communication strategy, simply sending data when it has data ready to send and then waiting for an automatic acknowledgement. According to Bob Heile, who is chairman of both the ZigBee Alliance and IEEE 802.15, talk-when-ready is an "in-your-face" scheme, but one that's very power efficient. "We did an extensive analysis that led to the best power-saving strategy in various kinds of environments from quiet to noisy," Heile says. "We discovered that, hands down, we were better off just sending the packet and acknowledging it. If you don't get an ack, it just means you got clobbered, so send it again. You wind up having much better power management than if you listen and determine if it's quiet before you talk."Fortunately, this in-your-face strategy leads to very little RF interference. That's largely because ZigBee nodes have very low duty cycles, transmitting only occasionally and sending only small amounts of data. Other ZigBee nodes, as well as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth modules, can easily deal with such small, infrequent bursts.ZigBee's talk-when-ready scheme doesn't suit all purposes, however. For example, in a network of thousands of tiny sensors dropped into a war zone to monitorenemy troop movements, the power savings provided still might not be enough. With each network node sending data periodically—and with transmissions repeated numerous times through other nearby nodes of a mesh network configuration in order to reach a network controller—large numbers of packet collisions and retransmissions could waste power and significantly shorten sensor node battery life. If the sensor batteries are very small andpower-limited, that's especially problematic.Although contention for airwave access isn't generally a problem for ZigBee, it can be. Sensor-network company Dust Networks, in fact, says contention issues are keeping the company from turning to ZigBee—for now, at least—even though Dust remains a member of the ZigBee Alliance. "Each ZigBee device needs to contend for airspace with its neighbors," says Dust director of product management Robert Shear, "so there's inevitably some contention and some inefficiency." To avoid ZigBee's access contention, Dust uses contention-free TDMA (time division multiple access) technology. ZigBee, through the 802.15.4 MAC layer, provides guaranteed time slots in a scheme that somewhat resembles TDMA, but only as part of an optional "superframe" that's more complex and less power-efficient than TDMA.ZigBee has still more power-saving tricks up its sleeve, however. For example, it reduces power consumption in ZigBee components by providing for power-saving reduced-function devices (RFDs) in addition to more capable full-function devices (FFDs). Each ZigBee network needs at least one FFD as a controller, but most network nodes can be RFDs (Figure 3). RFDs can talk only with FFDs, not to other RFDs, but they contain less circuitry than FFDs, and little or no power-consuming memory.Figure 3:ZigBee networks can contain as many as65,536 nodes in a variety of configurationsZigBee conserves still more power by reducing the need for associated processing. Simple 8-bit processors like an 8051 can handle ZigBee chores easily, and ZigBee protocol stacks occupy very little memory. An FFD stack, for example, needs about 32 kbytes, and an RFD stack needs only about 4 kbytes. Those numbers compare with about 250 kbytes for the far more complex Bluetooth technology.From ZigBee's relatively simple implementations, cost savings naturally accrue. RFDs, of course, reduce ZigBee component costs by omitting memory and other circuitry, and simple 8-bit processors and small protocol stacks help keep system costs down. Often, an application's main processor can easily bear the small additional load of ZigBee processing, making a separate processor for ZigBee functions unnecessary.But the main strategy for keeping ZigBee prices low is to have big markets and high volumes. The ZigBee Alliance, by making ZigBee an open standard and by vigorously promoting interoperability among ZigBee devices, expects that ZigBee will be very big in applications such as home and building automation. The alliance is currently working on interoperability procedures for those particular applications, which it expects to complete later this year along with ZigBee Specification 1.0.One reason for optimism about ZigBee adoption for home automation and security is its ease of use. ZigBee networks are self-forming, making it easy even for consumers to set them up. "In the residential space, there's no configuration involved," says the ZigBee Alliance's Heile. "You take something out of the box, put the batteries in, and maybe do something as simple as button-press security—bring two devices close together, push the buttons until the green lights come on, and you're done."ZigBee networks can also self-form in commercial and industrial settings, but professional installers will have tools that provide additional control, particularly for security. ZigBee security is flexible, says Heile, to give both consumer and professional users what they need. "You don't have to have 128-bit public-key encryption for a smoke detector," he says, "but if I'm in a high-rise office complex, that's exactly the level of security I'm going to have for my fluorescent light fixtures. If you're in a high-rise building on Fifth Avenue, you don't want someone going down the street and turning your lights off."Proprietary CompetitionCompetition for ZigBee comes almost entirely from proprietary technologies. Sensor company Dust, as noted, is sticking with its own technology, and Ember, although pushing strongly into the ZigBee arena, plans to keep offering its proprietary EmberNet as well. In addition, Zensys is providing its Z-Wave technology to customers. Sylvania, for example, is already using Z-Wave for lighting control, while ZigBee systems remain at least several months away.By offering interoperability, however, ZigBee adds capabilities that proprietary products can't. For example, says Ember's Bahl, interoperability allows the ZigBee nodes of a lighting system to work with the ZigBee network of an HVAC system, or vice versa. "Philips Lighting is really excited about this," Bahl, says, "because it turns them from a ballast manufacturer into the infrastructure backbone of a building-automation system."Needless to say, many of the major semiconductor companies, and especially those that are big in embedded systems, are eagerly anticipating ZigBee's entry into mass markets. Freescale Semiconductor (until recently known as Motorola's Semiconductor Products Sector) is already providing ZigBee-ready technology to select customers. Other semiconductor companies, including AMI, Atmel, Microchip, Philips, and Renesas, are members of the ZigBee Alliance.ZigBee will likely be slow to penetrate the industrial market for wireless sensors, however. According to market research firm ON World, it will take five to seven years to convince industrial customers of the reliability, robustness, and security of wireless-sensor systems. ON World does predict significant long-term growth of ZigBee in industry, though. By 2010, the company projects, RF modules used in industrial monitoring and control will reach 165 million units, up from 1.9 million in 2004. About 75% of those, ON World predicts, will be based on ZigBee and 802.15.4.Eventually, ZigBee could go into a wide variety of applications. In household appliances, it could help monitor and control energy consumption. In automotive applications, it could provide tire-pressure monitoring and remote keyless entry. ZigBee could also be used in medical devices or even in computer peripherals, such as wireless keyboards or mice.Concern is increasing, though, that ZigBee could turn into a one-size-fits-all technology that doesn't fit any application particularly well. Some skeptics, for example, worry that an attempt to make ZigBee all-encompassing could make the ZigBee protocol stack too large for ZigBee's twin goals of very low power consumption and very low cost. If that happens, then ZigBee's low-power,low-data-rate niche—narrow as it is—will have proven to be too broad. And then, perhaps, we'll need yet another wireless standard to go with the burgeoning number we already have.About the AuthorGary Legg is a Boston-based freelance writer. He holds a BSEE degree and is a former editor and executive editor of EDN magazine.ZigBee：无线技术，低功耗传感器网络加里莱格美国东部时间2004年5月6日上午12:00技师（工程师）们在发掘无线传感器的潜在应用方面从未感到任何困难。
英文翻译
ZigBee无线传感器网络在环境监控的应用摘要无线传感器网络（WSN）信息时代是最显著的技术之一。
无线传感器网络是由成百上千个具有感知、执行和通信能力的节点组成，在全世界范围内引起了广泛的研究。
本文介绍了无线传感器网络的优势，并分析WSN在环境监测中的应用。
此外，我们解释了为什么选择ZigBee技术作为无线通信的方式。
最后，在蔬菜大棚中，我们设计基于ZigBee技术及使用CC2430电路板的无线传感器网络工程，并验证方案的正确性和可行性。
关键词：环境监测；无线传感器网络；zigBee ；CC2430；温室I. 引言无线传感器网络（WSN），由成百上千个具有传感、执行和通信功能的节点组成，与有线的传感器网络相比，在高精度，容错性，灵活性，成本，自组织性和鲁棒性方面具有更大的优势。
此外，在许多领域中它有望成为一个非常显著可实现的技术，所以它广泛应用于军事，环境，健康，家庭以及其他的商业领域。
环境监测是无线传感器网络一个典型的应用领域，因为随着环境问题的持续关注，越来越多的环境数据应该被采集和无线传感器网络的出现为数据的获取提供了设施途径。
如图1所示的是由英特尔研究实验室和加州大学伯克利做的研究，利用无线传感器网络监控缅因州的大鸭岛的环境和分析海燕巢的环境。
在无线传感器网络领域中，温室监测系统也是一个特定环境监测的应用，它可以监测农作物病虫害，土壤PH值，施肥条件等。
随着无线网络技术的发展，短距离无线通信技术而包括蓝牙，无线网络，ZigBee和等越来越吸引专家这个领域。
他们的特点和这些技术的应用都有自己的市场定位。
本文的其余部分安排如下：在第二部分中，我们将介绍ZigBee技术组成和技术特点。
在第三部分中，介绍目前的温室环境监控系统，此外，在第四部分中我们给出了温室监控系统的分析和测试并获得测试结果。
最后，是对本文的总结。
图1大鸭岛海燕监控II. ZigBee技术ZigBee是基于IEEE802.15.4的无线标准，它的发展是为了满足大多数无线传感和控制应用的特殊的需求。
关于煤矿以及Zigbee的外文文献加翻译
摘要-本文介绍并设计了一个新类型的煤矿安全监控系统，它是一种基于ZigBee 技术的无线传感器网络系统。
该系统包括地下和地面两部分。
地下的无线传感器网络由固定节点，移动节点和网关构成。
电脑监控软件部署在地面。
该系统不仅可以实时收集矿井环境数据，也可以通过计算矿工所穿的移动节点来实时定位。
关键词：ZigBee；定位；无线传感器网络；煤矿一、研究现状作为一种重要的能源，煤炭在经济发展中起着举足轻重的作用。
煤矿监控系统是煤矿安全和生产效率高的重要保证[1]。
为了确保安全运行，环境监测节点的安装是非常重要的。
然而，常用的传统监控节点通过有线连接获得与控制系统的通信，这个节点存在布线困难，价格昂贵等缺点。
相比之下，无线传感器网络节点可以很容易地与当前矿井监测网络连接，和良好的兼容性，方便组成煤矿瓦斯监测网络，以适应各种大小煤矿的应用。
由于无线节点是电池供电，所以完全摆脱线缆的束缚，缩短建设周期，可以随时安排使用。
这是一个新的短距离，低复杂度，低功耗，低数据速率，低成本的双向无线通信技术[2]。
现在，无线传感器ZigBee无线通信技术应用于煤矿环境监测系统。
基于ZigBee技术的网络产品的数量和种类很多，但真正的产品可以应用在地下环境中的特殊传感器节点是很少的[3]。
我们设计的系统，是真正能够适用于在井下环境，它通过无线传感器网络节点的安全认证。
同时，由于无线网络的特殊性质，它可以传播无线信号，我们可以很容易地找到工作人员以便对煤矿安全监控提供更多的保护[4]。
二、系统架构该系统是一个软件和硬件综合监控系统的融合。
硬件部分包括无线移动节点和固定节点而被地下隧道部署，它的主要功能是收集煤炭矿山环境的数据和人的位置。
电脑监控软件由VC++设计，是用于以总结和展示每个监控节点中移动节点和固定节点的数据。
他们正在使用的数据由无线传输ZigBee协议传输，由于在固定节点也使用无线数据传输的方法，所以在地下巷道部署变得非常方便。
毕设文献英文翻译无线传感器网络zigbee低功耗
译文及原稿译文题目ZigBee：无线技术，低功耗传感器网络原稿题目ZigBee: Wireless Technology for Low-Power Sensor NetworksZigBee：无线技术，低功耗传感器网络加里莱格美国东部时刻2004年5月6日上午12:00技师（工程师）们在发掘无线传感器的潜在应用方面从未感到任何困难。
例如，在家庭安全系统方面，无线传感器相对于有线传感器更易安装。
而在有线传感器的装置通常占无线传感器安装的费用80%的工业环境方面一样正确（适用）。
而且相较于有线传感器的不切实际乃至是不肯能而言，无线传感器更具应用性。
虽然，无线传感器需要消耗更多能量，也就是说所需电池的数量会随之增加或改变过于频繁。
再加上对无线传感器由空气传送的数据靠得住性的怀疑论，所以无线传感器看起来并非是那么吸引人。
一个低功率无线技术被称为ZigBee，它是无线传感器方程重写，可是。
一个安全的网络技术，对最近通过的IEEE 无线标准（图1）的顶部游戏机，ZigBee 的许诺，把无线传感器的一切从工厂自动化系统抵家庭安全系统，消费电子产品。
与的合作下，ZigBee提供具有电池寿命可比普通小型电池的长几年。
ZigBee设备估计也廉价，有人估量销售价钱最终不到3美元每节点，。
由于价钱低，他们应该是一个自然适应于在光线如无线互换机，无线自动调温器，烟雾探测器和家用产品。
（图1）虽然尚未正式的规范的ZigBee存在（由ZigBee联盟是一个贸易集团，批准应该在今年年末），但ZigBee的前景似乎一片光明。
技术研究公司In-Stat/MDR 在它所谓的“谨慎进取”的预测中预测，节点和芯片销售将从今天大体上为零，增加到2010年的165万台。
不是所有这些单位都将与ZigBee结合，但大多数可能会。
世界研究公司预测的到2010年射频模块无线传感器出货量亿美量，其中77％是ZigBee的相关。
从某种意义上说，ZigBee的光明前途在专门大程度上是由于其较低的数据速度20 kbps到250 kbps的，用于取决于频段频率（图2），比标称1 Mbps的蓝牙和54的Mbps的Wi - Fi的技术。
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Ｚigbee Wｉreｌess Sensor Ｎetworｋin Eｎvironmｅntal Monｉｔoｒｉng ApplicaｔionsI.ﻩZIGBEＥTECHNOLＯGＹＺigbeｅis a wiｒeless stanｄarｄbasｅd oｎIEEE8０2.15．４ｔｈaｔw ａs deveｌopeｄto ａｄdｒeｓs the unique nｅeds of most wiｒeｌess seｎｓｉｎg ａｎｄcｏntrol aｐplｉcationｓ. Tｅｃｈｎoｌｏｇy iｓlow cost, ｌow power，a ｌｏｗdａtａｒatｅ，highly rｅliable，ｈighly secure ｗireleｓs net ｗoｒkiｎg protｏcol tａrgeｔed towａrｄsａｕｔomａｔiｏn ａnd ｒｅmote con ｔｒol apｐlicatiｏns.It’s ｄepictｓｔwo keｙpｅrｆormance chaｒａｃterisｔicｓ–wirelｅｓs radio rａnｇe and ｄata trａnｓmissiｏｎｒatｅｏｆthｅｗｉrelesｓspeｃtrum.Cｏmpaｒｉnｇto otheｒwｉｒeless neｔwｏrking prｏｔｏco ｌｓｓuch as Bluｅtoｏth, Wi-Fi, UWB andｓoｏｎ, shoｗｓｅｘcｅｌlent ｔranｓmissioｎabilityｉｎlｏweｒｔransmissｉoｎraｔe and higｈｌy capacity of nｅｔwork.A. ZｉgｂeｅFrameworkＦrameworｋis ｍade up of a set oｆbｌocｋs called ｌayeｒs.Ｅach layｅｒpｅrforｍｓa specifｉc set oｆservices for the layer abovｅ.Ａs shｏｗｎin Fｉg.1. Ｔｈe IEＥE 8０2.15.４ｓｔandarｄdefinｅs thｅtwo loｗｅr ｌayers: ｔｈｅｐhysiｃaｌ（PHY)ｌaｙer aｎd thｅmediumａｃｃeｓs ｃoｎtｒｏｌ(MAC)lａｙer. Ｔhe Alｌiａncｅbｕiｌds ｏn this foundation by pｒoviding the ｎｅtｗork ａnd seｃurity ｌaｙｅr and the framework for the ａpｐliｃａtion layeｒ.Fig.1 FraｍewｏrkThe IEＥE 802．1５.4ｈａs two PHY lａyerｓthat ｏperate ｉn tｗo separate ｆrequenｃy ranges: 8６８／９15ＭHz and ２.4ＧHz. Mｏreoveｒ，ＭAC suｂ－layｅr cｏntｒoｌs aｃcesｓto thｅrａdiｏchａnｎel usinｇａＣSMＡ-CＡｍecｈaｎism. Ｉtｓrespｏｎsｉbilities mａy also ｉncluｄｅｔransmｉｔtｉｎｇbeacon ｆrameｓ, syncｈrｏｎｉzation, aｎｄpｒoｖiding a ｒelｉable trａnｓmiｓsｉoｎmechanism.B. Ｚigbee’s TopoｌogyThe netｗork layer supports sｔａr, tｒｅe，and mesh toｐoｌogiｅｓ, as sh ｏwn in Fｉg.２. Iｎａstar tｏpology，the nｅｔwｏrk iｓcontrolled ｂyｏne ｓiｎgｌｅdｅｖｉce ｃａlled cooｒdｉnatoｒ. Thｅcoordinaｔor is ｒｅｓpons ｉbｌe for initiating ａnd ｍaintainｉng the ｄevicｅs ｏnｔhe netwoｒk．Ａll othe ｒdevicｅs，knowｎas ｅnｄdevｉｃes，dｉrectly comｍunicatｅｗith ｔhe coorｄinａtor. Ｉｎmesh aｎdｔrｅe tｏｐoｌｏgies，ｔhe coordinatｏr is ｒesponsible for ｓtａrtiｎｇｔhｅｎｅtwork ａnd foｒchoｏsing cｅrtain keｙｎe ｔｗorｋparａmｅteｒs, bｕt the nｅtwork may bｅｅｘｔendｅd throughｔhe use ofｒｏuｔers. Ｉｎtreeｎetworks, ｒｏuters ｍoｖe ｄatａａndｃｏnｔrol messageｓthrough the neｔwｏrk usｉｎg a ｈierarchicaｌrouｔingｓtraｔeｇy. Meｓh neｔｗｏrｋｓａｌlｏw fuｌl ｐeer-to-pｅeｒcoｍmunｉcation．Fｉg.2 ＭeｓｈtｏpologieｓＦig．３is ａｎｅtｗorｋmｏdeｌ，it ｓhｏwｓｔｈaｔsupports both ｓing ｌe-ｈoｐstａr ｔopologｙcoｎstrｕcteｄwith one coordinatｏr in thｅcenter anｄthe end dｅvices, and mesh toｐoｌogｙ. In ｔhe nｅtwoｒｋ，tｈe ｉntｅlligenｔｎodes aｒe comｐｏｓed ｂy Fuｌl Funｃtion Ｄｅviｃe (ＦFD）andＲeduced Funｃtｉon Devｉce （RFD)．Oｎly thｅFＦN defiｎｅs the fulｌfuｎctionality ａnｄcan bｅｃomeａｎetwｏｒｋｃoｏrdinａtｏr.Cｏorｄｉnatoｒmanages thｅnetwｏrk，ｉt is tｏsay that cｏｏrｄiｎator cａn starｔ a netwoｒkａnｄａllowother ｄｅvｉcｅsｔoｊoｉｎor leａvｅit. Mｏreｏver, it caｎpｒｏvidｅｂｉｎdｉng anｄaddreｓs-ｔaｂle sｅrvｉcｅs, aｎd ｓave mesｓages until tｈey can beｄelｉvｅreｄ.Fｉg.3 Zｉgｂeｅｎetwork modeｌII.THＥGREENHOＵSE ＥNVIＲＯＮＭENTAL MOＮITＯRIＮGSYSTEM DESIＧＮTraｄｉtionａl ａｇｒicuｌtｕre oｎly usｅmａchｉneｒy and equipment ｗｈｉch iｓolaｔｉng and nｏｃｏmｍｕｎiｃaｔing abｉｌity. Ａnd ｆａrmｅrs hａve to monｉｔｏr croｐs’ growth by tｈemselvｅs. Eｖｅn if some ｐeｏple uｓe elecｔrical deｖiｃｅｓ, ｂut mosｔｏｆtheｍwere reｓｔｒｉcteｄtｏsiｍple ｃｏmmｕnicatiｏn bｅｔｗeen ｃoｎtｒol comｐｕtｅr anｄｅnd dｅvicｅs lｉｋe senｓorｓinstｅad of wire conｎecｔｉon,wｈich couldｎ’t ｂe striｃtｌｙｄeｆineｄaｓｗｉｒeless sensｏr neｔwoｒk.Ｔherefore, by tｈrｏugh using seｎsｏｒｎetwｏrｋs and，agriculｔurｅcｏuld become mｏｒe automatiｏｎ，morｅnetworkｉng and ｓｍarｔer．In tｈis pｒojｅｃt, ｗe should dｅpｌoy fivｅkiｎｄs ｏｆsensors iｎｔｈｅgｒeeｎhｏｕse basement.Ｂy ｔｈｒoｕgh thesｅdｅpｌoyｅd senｓoｒs，the ｐarameters sucｈaｓtｅmperaｔure iｎthe ｇreenhoｕse，soil teｍperａｔurｅ，dew ｐoiｎt，hｕmidity ａnｄlight inｔｅｎsitｙcaｎbe ｄetecteｄrｅａl time. It is key to cｏlleｃt different pａrameters frｏm all kinds of sensors．And in the greenhouse, mｏnitoｒiｎg the ｖegetables groｗｉnｇcｏndｉtiｏns is tｈe ｔoｐissue.Therｅｆore，lonｇer bａｔｔｅｒy lｉfe and lｏweｒｄａta rate anｄless complｅxity arｅvｅryｉmporｔaｎt. From tｈe introductioｎaｂouｔabove,ｗeｋnｏw that ｍeet thｅreqｕireｍｅｎtsｆor reｌiａbilｉｔy, ｓecuriｔｙ, lｏｗcostsａｎｄｌow ｐoｗeｒ.A. ＳystemＯｖerviewThe oｖｅrvｉeｗof Ｇreenｈouｓｅenvironmental mｏnitoｒing sysｔem，ｗhicｈis ｍadｅｕp ｂyｏne siｎk node （ｃoordinator), many sｅnｓor nodes,wo ｒkstaｔion aｎd daｔabaｓe.Ｍote nｏｄｅａnd sensor ｎｏｄe tｏgethｅrｃｏmpｏｓed of ｅａｃh ｃｏｌlectｉng node. Ｗhｅn sｅｎsors colleｃt parａmeters rea ｌtime, sｕch as tempeｒature in the grｅenｈｏｕse, soil temperatuｒe,ｄew ｐoiｎt, huｍｉdity anｄlｉght intensiｔy，these ｄａｔa wｉll ｂeｏｆfereｄto A/D converter,thｅn bｙｔｈroｕｇｈｑuantizing ａnd encoding beｃoｍe tｈeｄigiｔａl signal that iｓaｂle tｏｔｒanｓmit by ｗireleｓs ｓensoｒcommunicatｉng nodｅ. Eaｃｈwireless seｎｓor coｍmuｎicaｔｉng node ｈａs ａbｉlity of tran ｓｍｉttｉｎg，ｒｅceiviｎg fｕｎcｔion.Iｎthis WSN,seｎsoｒｎodes dｅployｅd inｔｈｅgreeｎhouse, whiｃh can coｌleｃｔrｅal time ｄata andｔransmiｔdata to ｓink noｄe (Cooｒdiｎａtoｒ) by tｈｅwａy oｆmｕlti-ｈoｐ.Ｓink nｏde cｏmplete the task of datａaｎalysis aｎｄdata ｓtｏragｅ．Meanwhile，ｓink noｄｅｉs ｃonnecｔed ｗith ＧPRS/CDMＡcan prｏvｉde remotｅcoｎｔｒoｌaｎd data doｗnload serviｃe. Ｉn the mｏｎitorｉng aｎdｃoｎｔrolｌing rooｍ, ｂy running greeｎｈouse maｎａｇemｅnt softwarｅ，the sink noｄe caｎｐｅrioｄically ｒeceｉves tｈｅdata frｏm ｔｈｅｗiｒelｅsｓsensｏｒnodｅｓanｄdisplayｓthem on moｎitorｓ.ﻫB．Node Ｈａrdware ＤｅｓiｇnSｅnsoｒｎodeｓare ｔhe basiｃunits oｆＷSN. Ｔhe ｈａrdｗaｒｅｐlaｔforｍｉs ｍade ｕｐseｎsｏr nｏdｅs clｏsely relａｔed tｏthe ｓｐecｉfiｃappｌｉcaｔion requireｍｅntｓ．Thｅrefｏre, tｈe mosｔimportant work ｉs the nod ｅs dｅsign which cａn perfeｃt iｍpleｍｅnt tｈｅfuｎcｔion of dｅtectinｇand tr ａnsmissｉon as a ＷSN node, anｄｐerforｍits techｎｏlogy cｈaracteｒistics. Fig.４shｏws the universａｌstrucｔurｅoｆｔｈe WＳＮnodes. Powｅｒmｏｄu ｌｅprovｉdｅs the ｎｅｃｅssａrｙeｎerｇｙfor tｈe sｅｎｓor nｏdes.Ｄata collｅcｔｉｏnｍoｄuｌe ｉs ｕｓed ｔｏrecｅｉｖe and coｎverｔsｉgnals ｏfｓensｏｒs. Datａproceｓｓingａnd cｏntrol moduｌe’s fuｎcｔions are noｄｅdeviceｃontrol，tasｋsｃｈｅdｕling, aｎd ｅnergy compｕting aｎｄｓo o ｎ. Cｏmｍｕｎicatｉonｍｏdｕle ｉsｕｓed to send data bｅtwｅen nodes and ｆrequency chosen ａnd sｏon.Fig.4 Univeｒsal stｒucture of tｈe wsｎnodesIn the data ｔransfer unit，ｔｈe ｍodｕｌｅis embｅdｄｅd ｔo matｃｈｔｈe ＭＡC layer aｎｄｔheＮET layeｒｏf tｈe ｐrｏtocol.We ｃhooｓe ＣＣ243０asｔhe prｏtoｃｏl chips, ｗhｉch inｔeｇrａted thｅCPU, ＲF ｔｒansce ｉveｒ, nｅt proｔoｃol and thｅRAM together. ＣC2430 usｅｓan 8 bit MＣU （8051), ａnd hａｓ12８KＢproｇｒａmmａble ｆｌash memoｒyａnd 8ＫB ＲAM. Iｔalｓo ｉncｌudesＡ/D conｖeｒtｅr，soｍｅTimｅrｓ,AES1２８Ｃoproｃeｓｓor, Ｗatchdｏg Timｅr,32K ｃrｙsｔal Slｅep mｏdeＴimer, Ｐoｗer o ｎReset, Bｒoｗn out Deｔｅｃtｉｏn ａnd21 I/Ｏｓ.Based on ｔheｃhips, ｍaｎｙｍｏdulesｆｏr the pｒoｔocｏl aｒe provｉdeｄ.And tｈe traｎｓfeｒuｎｉｔcouｌd ｂe eａsiｌyｄesigneｄbased oｎthe moｄｕles.Ａs an ｅxａmpｌｅof a sensor eｎd dｅvicｅintegratｅdｔempｅratｕrｅ, hu ｍidity and lｉght，the deｓiｇn ｉs shown ｉn Fiｇ. 5.Fig.５Thｅhardware design ｏf a seｎsor node The SHT11 is a singｌe chip relative hｕｍiｄity ａnｄtempｅrature multｉsｅｎsor ｍoｄulｅcomprisiｎg ａcａlibratｅｄdigｉtal output. It can tesｔthe sｏｉl ｔｅｍperａtｕｒe aｎd humidｉｔy.ThｅＤS18B２0 iｓ a digitａl tempeｒatu ｒｅｓensor, which has３pins anｄｄatａｐin cａn ｌiｎk MＳP4３０diｒecｔly．Ｉt cａn deｔecｔｔｅmｐeraｔｕre ｉn greenhoｕse. TｈｅTCS320ｉs a digita ｌlight ｓeｎsｏｒ.ＳHT１1, DS18B20ａｎd TCS３２0ａｒｅbｏｔh digitａl ｓensoｒs with smaｌｌsｉｚe aｎｄlow pｏwｅｒconsumptioｎ．Othｅr seｎsｏｒｎoｄes ｃaｎbe ｏｂtaineｄby chanｇing tｈｅsensｏｒs.The sensor nｏdes aｒe powered fｒom onbｏard bａtteries and tｈe ｃｏoｒdinato ｒａlｓｏalｌoｗs ｔｏbe powｅreｄfrｏm aｎeｘtｅrnaｌpｏｗｅr sｕpｐly determined by a jｕmper．Ｃ.Nｏde Softwａre ＤesｉｇｎＴhｅａpplication ｓystｅｍconsistsｏf aｃｏｏrdinａtor ａｎd sｅｖeｒａl ｅnd deviｃeｓ．The gｅｎeｒal ｓｔrｕcture of ｔhe coｄe in eaｃh ｉs the ｓame，wｉth an initiａlization followed ｂｙa mａiｎloop.The software floｗoｆcoｏrdiｎaｔｏｒ, upｏn thｅcｏｏrdinatｏr bｅing ｓｔarted,thｅfirst acｔion of the apｐｌicatiｏn is ｔｈe iniｔｉａlization oｆtｈe hardware, liquidｃｒystal，stack aｎｄａpplｉcatioｎvａriablｅs and opｅning ｔhｅinterｒｕpt.Ｔhenａnetｗｏrk wｉll be formaｔted. Ｉf this neｔhas beｅn ｆormatｔed successfully,some networｋinformatiｏｎ, such ａｓphyｓical address, neｔID,chａｎnel nuｍber will be shown on ｔhｅＬCD. Thｅn ｐrogram wｉｌl stｅp ｉｎto apｐlication layer aｎd monｉtoｒsｉgnaｌ. If tｈeｒe ｉs ｅnd devicｅor rouｔer wanｔtoｊoiｎin tｈis net,LＣD wｉll sｈowｎthis infｏｒmaｔion，and sｈoｗtｈｅｐhysical adｄｒess ｏｆaｐplｙing node, an ｄthｅcooｒｄinatｏｒwilｌａlｌoｃaｔe ａnet adｄｒess to tｈｉsｎｏdｅ. Ｉｆthe node haｓbｅｅn joineｄin this network，ｔhe data tranｓmittedｂy this node will be receｉved by coｏrｄinａtoｒaｎd shown ｉｎthｅLＣＤ．The software flow ｏf a ｓensｏr nｏｄe, ａs eａch ｓeｎsor node is switchｅd on, ｉｔscans all channelｓaｎd, aｆter seｅing anｙbｅａcｏns, cheｃks thaｔthｅcoordinatoｒis the one ｔhat it is lookｉng for.Iｔthen pｅrforｍs a sｙnchroniｚaｔion aｎd ａssociａtioｎ．Oｎcｅaｓsoｃiａtion is completｅ, theｓensor ｎode enｔers aｒｅgular loop ofｒeaｄiｎｇiｔｓsenｓorｓand puttｉng out a f ｒame containing the sｅnsoｒdatａ．Ｉf senｄｉｎg successfｕlly，end deviｃe will ｓtep ｉnｔo idle ｓtate; ｂｙｃｏntrａsｔ,ｉt wｉll collecｔdata onｃe a ｇain anｄｓeｎd to coorｄinatｏr unｔil ｓｅnｄｉng sucｃｅｓｓfuｌly.D.Ｇｒeｅnhouse Mｏｎiｔoｒｉng Ｓoftwａre ＤｅsignWe uｓｅＶＢlanguaｇe to buｉｌd aｎｉnｔerface ｆoｒｔhe test ａｎd ｔｈｉs greenhouse senｓor networｋsoｆtware cａｎbｅｉnstaｌlｅd and launched on anｙWindows-based operating ｓyｓteｍ. Ｉt has ４ｄiaｌｏg box selｅctions: ｓeｔting coｎtrollｉngｃｏndiｔｉons, seｔting Timer，setting ｒelevant paraｍｅterｓａｎd sｈｏwing cｕrｒenｔstａtus. Ｂy sｅtｔｉng soｍｅｐaraｍe ｔers, it cａｎｐerfｏrm thｅｆuncｔioｎs oｆcommｕnｉcａting ｗith port, ｄａta collｅctｉoｎand daｔa viewiｎｇ.ﻬZigbｅe无线传感器网络在环境监测中的应用Ｉ.Zigｂｅｅ技术Ziｇbee是一种基于IEEＥ80２.15.４的无线标准上被开发用来满足大多数无线传感和控制应用的独特需求。